
٣һԴϣȨ߻ԭ浥λӭҵ;                          
ڣ鱻롶йƬͼѼйƬͼѼڱ󣬻ӭɢ  
ۣصַhttps://www.bannedbook.org  ǽhttps://git.io/jww                                  




йִ塷



Ŀ¼

 µ¹

 ޶ǰ

 ԣɽϵй
       һйĸＸֲͬļ㷽ʽ
       ɽ֮ϵġȶ
       ʮԺйʲô仯

һ ͣɷƸ
      һɾѧҵı۳
      ͨDDɷƸ
      ۳סµ˼
      ġйڹݵĽɫ

ڶ¡ 2090ʼġȦ˶
      һȦ˶йչ
      Ȩ͸Ȧ˶
      Ȩߵʢ磺ϷֹأӶڲƲ
      ġ̵ľ޶ͶʴӺζ
      塢زγɵĲƸڶ
      ĭķزг޷֧й
      ߡȦ˶йԭʼʷϵĵλ
      ˡȦءеѰԾøĸӰ

£ҵĸΪʲôʧ
      һ ҵĸĹ켣
       ҵλʲʧ
      ʲΪʲôģʧ
      ġʲʧ֪
      塢 ʲʧ
      ҵĸǷְʲô

¡йѰĸԴ
      һѰԴ
      ϵѰ
      ʷϵġ̰ĻѰĻԨԴ
      ġѰɱ
      塢ºǸĸɹĹؼ

¡йʱԭʼ 
      һ˭Ļߣ
      ԭʼ۹̵ɡ缰Ȼ
      ԭʼ۹еʱ
      ġԭʼɶйԶӰ

¡йľ
      һΡúµĲͬ仯

              (˾Դķ)
       й˶ҵµĿ
       ƻг
       ġõʧ״̬
       塢Ϊʧ
       ᲻ȵµķ䷨
       ߡƸ׷󣭣ʧʷ
       ˡƸ

¡ƶγɺ
       һ90йƶ˿ڵγɹ
       ˮнķƶȼ
       еĽṹ
       ġڵ԰

ڰ¡ ˿.ҵ뷸
       һԪýṹеũл
       лͺ
       ũͶתƣ񹤳
       ġͶĹȹũ񹤵ıҴ
       塢񣺺֯Ĵڻ
       ֵþŮԷ
       ߡ¼˿ľ
       ˡ˿⣺ϵļ̳

ھ¡йũ̵֯ʧ
       һũ
       йũڷ֯ĸ
       ϻƵĻ䣺طγ
       ġڰ׺йᷨλ̵
       塢ݸΪʵ
       йũ֯ʧܵӰ
       ߡʧȥصũ·ڣ

ʮ¡ɫ֯Ĳ
       һй¾á
       ɫû
       ɫû壺֯
       ġ֯ĶĶӰ
       塢֯·Ĺϵ
       Աںɫû
       ߡ¾÷ĵغ

ʮһ¡йṹݱԷ
       һӢŵγɻ
       ײĵλ״
       ǰṹݱе

 йĸĵʧ
       һйľøĸë󶫻˽Ϊת
       ˭ܸĸɹ˭ĸۣ
       ڡɡ롰ĸɡ
       ġ20͵й׽ʲô⣿
       塢йȨʲô֧ţ
       йǰ;ֹ

߽ 

  
 

µ¹ 					
 				 				 					 					
ȣҪлHAMBURGER EDITION HIS VERLAGS. GmbH֧֣ǻʶ࣬ʹⱾΪйдܹڵ¹档ҪлHelmut Forster-LatschǾ裬Ϊ¹ߴ˽йĴ

  й֮Ķ˵ǹйҪԵڹйӴгйгǷʢǸԽáⱾȻרŷйгǱгҪ򣬼йгԴڵйᡣ

  йʴֱͶʵϽڷչйҵλЩҵйʱԸͨýӰййʴͥմʹйһѾж෴ǣͶ߱йƶȻʴսӡݲȫͳƣҵڻлߵ¼һֱ״̬йڽ10ٵ50ܰ64%ó׼йء 2003˾йӻ¸ĸܰ͸ߴ1,500ڻҵл̳Ϊҵ˾˵ҵл߳ɱһΪͬ漰10%ҡЩҵǵĸ϶طӪΪʲôһйȾ̰۸ܵġйɫĶⱾ飬߻˽Ϊʲôòл߷ʽΪйгŵĽԿס

  й̵ͶʸػĹأҲһ۲ݵ⡣߸ѼݷֻܵóһۣһͶʧܶȻռʵһ룬йҵ50ҵУ22δӪӪ28ҵУֻ2/3ҵӮȫܼ㣬Ͷʵֻ̣1/4Ե˽ӡ3/4Խζˡ

  ЩЩйضġһܡй©ȫǳżȻԵȥйΪ˰족ҵ˰ղ죬ȡ˰Żݣһ·ִҷίҷչĸίԱᣩһݱָйĿǰʹ࣬Ѿйľðȫγвȡʵ˰Żݡʵ񲿹Ա鼱֮£ֻ200512ѮһݣйۼʹʵĽ5,590.23ԪнһʽѾأйĿǰעҵ504,568ңʵеĲ2/32005518ڱٿġƸ̳ϣй񲿳ڽойӮĳɼ˵Ӫ28ͶҵУֻ2/3Ӯ͸¶һݵ񲿲ƺĹԳƣйûнֱͶʴͳƣձʹõġۼʵʹʽһָ꣬ûзӳͶҵֹӪʵ2004ףйʴԼ2,500ԪΪ5,014Ԫͬʵۻһ롣

  ЩеҵӮ״ΣΪ֤ȥ7£й˰ַܾ˰Ա³55ҵ𣬵Ϊвǽ֮б˰֮ʵ ֲͳҲ֤йӯ״ãգ㶫ʡͳƾֶԹ㶫696صͶҵе飬ֹ㶫ʡͱɽʿ롣

  20054£Դ˹ͨӵһʵͷ׷׳йг2000굽2001겿Ͷ̳йгΪһ˳ô2005һѾǡڶ˳

  ʵ֤й͸˸ܶصĹȣʴʹйչгϷ£˳ӦйܵƶȻͶߵܵˡйɫ̰ĻʴҾͶйԱлߣҲδؾܹԱġʩᡱӮ

  ߳ϣʶйӰȷʵлһ棬ΪйȽĹƶľҵᡣη˵Ӧ˵Ϊνʴйͨٽйľ÷չٽйһġʱйʵвأһʳ˵ԱйϵӰǳԡ̽鱾ҪйùϵҪйȨΣʹйڹϵȨѹᣬȨ״̬һһ񻯡20044¹ʣ˶ҽڵ¹ʱȽϺá2003 12ǰͺܲͬй̬⡣ѧ߹ڵϽ飺ҪйõľùϵܶйרȨκȻĲֻе¹ҶڣзǷԭ򣬶йӵȨ״̬ӶڶͶ߰йܹԱһࡰ˳ơҵлΪͨɣʿΪܻ߷˻ռ̿Ϊ̰ٵļŮѧָ̨ʱ޷ṩıйԱܵĻ¸ʽЩҵİй̰ٺ޺֮ǣӶıйԸڣϵġˮۡҡˮۣɸ֮ۡ˵ҪͳΪԼ룬뽫ͳ֮֡ϵάܹȺı߽磬Ҫ̫ࡰ˳ơй̰Ҫڵǧװٴ̬Լ͸Ҽȫỷ̰۸ܸ޼ɵйҲ˳Ϊʱӹ

  ¹鳤ֶ?ٶ20054Ѯйʱֵйҵġա糱йϣٶǴձġʷ̿顱 ۸ʷٶûйֵҪ󡣵й뵳Уʱ˵һйĸвĻһҪʡȥõķԼ̷ʡʹȥֻվڵµĸ߶ϣԷеڡ

  һ߶ȸܵ޷й쵽չ֮;йҪ˽йʵ״ҲҪйȡȨ

  Ȿܹ𲿷ֵ¹߳Խٽй̣עйȨ״̬Ҿ͸еǳοˡ

  
  2005819д  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                      

޶ǰ 					
  				 				 					 					
һ

  йĳȻѾ7ǰˣйķչȴ֤˱Ԥ⡣̸ȨгΪĸ߶θܣѸٵغữ롰ڰ׺⣬ũȨåƣƶ⡭һǳصķչÿÿй½ЩĸоĶǵĶ¼ΪԩȡЩ˷ָαֶΣȫѹֹԼһʰθȨåҾͲ껹ڴѧڼ䣬һλѧʦϿ̸ʱ˵һλΪѧߣҵģΪſԼʤй״֤Ҫ˿ڵȫȷġΪһйˣһеǳΪ״Ը⿴ġ

  λҲǡñ˱ߵĸܣΪһλѧߣʵķչ֤ҵдⱾʱ˼ȷģΪһйˣȷʵԸйδչƵԤǴġΪԤġﻯѧ֮߳ΪյȨåṲͬľ棬дйִ塷һĳԡ

  Ϊ̸һΪйʵ֤ʵ޶Ҫ˼һ1998ԺϣԾһЩɾڣһЩṹԵ罫2000귢ڡݡ־йΪй塷ġƪйΪŭġйṹݱԷһΪĵʮһ£дǰйдĽ̫಻ֱԵĽɣʣΪ˶йĸĻжϡ

  

  Ȿ6꣬й飬ֵһһΪййξӢ뾭þӢ֮ˡһ˵γɾһʱڵ̵棬ͨ1999ܱ˽оã֮ۡʽΡ֪ʶྫӢĺù᲻й¸֮˷Ĺϵһ棬ĵΪйξӢ뾭þӢ˿һƶͨһȴв¸ˣСȽ롰ȽĻĴԭΪ绪ŵĶ³ڣ󣬻кųơϺ׸ й˾㡣Щ۾ḻй¸Ƿ׷ǹ벻ͨΪʲôйһὫ죬ڡλƿЭǰΣʾһסһȴֽΪﷸвǸȷУϭ¡ǱǰìܵĸϢŪûлȻ̻ȻЩǵﷸй³裿Ͷй½ҲڵһʮͰˮϰ£йͶʵװȫΪϱΪʲôʱҲήҵͷϣ

  ʵй¸ֿ֮ۻҵĹϵȫйת¸¸ġйɫעġйľøĸʵǡȨгḶ́һ·ƽһ潫ԭԡСʽڵġڶáϷһٷȨĳЩ򳷳гáһУ¢Կƴ󲿷ξԴԱŴٷȨ˽˾õķչȡٳϵг̶ȡõľӪ⣬ƶת׬ȡ¢ӮǹȨӻʩĽ˵ڵйԱ͹ˡڹԱ໥ϵγɹУƸԽԽΪȨľȡ󣬵ȴԶδΪ˽˾öٷȨԣ˽ǮڹȨǰȱԣҲȱԣȻǳԣȴȱȫУйǴƾӺ⣬йʱӵԭ

  ⼸˳ΪɡһЩ޷֪سɹӵ⣭ܻᵼĳһĳһ㼶Ĺϵͳ̱ΪˡĸɲйطСͶգһǳӵζĲԼȴŭй֣ΪǨڶƽƲƵΪ治ϧƴơǼ¸;ȴԿй¸͵ġУȻҪֺĻַزкıи֡װǡϷ⼸ȨԤĵط

  йǺϱϾʱҽ̰۸Ϊԭ򣬻ƶһЩ£ʾԼ̶ȲߵǰִңկյȹҶЩһ㣬ټ漯Ŭץ˵İѱȡ棬Ƿ̰۸ܳ˴֡ѽڡÿһ¸ıȻһε𡣿˵ЩĹֻйξϷеһĻѣȷǵһĻҲһĻĿǰ̨¹Ϸ˵ֳΪϷ

  Ҫ֮йڵƶȾйĸǡҲҲ١ˡνÿ߿Էһ˵ֳΪ˷ʳνɡйֻеĹߣԲʧߣЩһʱĸڣԼĹߡֻҪйҵǻڡΪѧѧҡͨȨǮ׻۲ƸʹӳӼĺҲѱԼǡĺ󳾣ڼᡰ֮󡱡

  

  6䣬й˵̬仯ҲǱעҼǵǰⱾ֮ȷʵз׶֮ЧӦáˮܸʡ֮㡣߸߱ߣⱾ齫ĸﱳĺڰʾı˼й˼άһǵõÿһܲ򵱵ԱƼ飬һЩطػù飬ĶʹǾ֮ʱͶԱ˽ҲƼù300౾ʱ򣬴Ҷ뻳ϣܻᱻԱɱΣ˽ʵڣЩԴѾⱾ쾡µķôĿģܵ취Щɣ

  һֱǵһλŹĴҽһλⱾ飬ǴҶڿԱϲΪЩ飬ЩûɹԸ𣿶ǱΪ潰иǿ鼸ƽԭ̻һֱΪоġΡеĳй滮ûڿ֮СΪλڻƽضΣٸ߸ӵܴ⣬˵仰͵ĳ޸ʵǵסˣҲﲻЩֻð֦ȫһй԰ǵסȨĸ߹ٱŷڵйܹڴڣûЩ굽ŷһЩң֮£Щ˹ʵ̫ˣҵȻϣôȥΪʲôӹǲ̤ʵмǮ뽫ŮͰΪԱЩ£Ҳףӳˡôܵôܵĸɲ飬ܹóãû취ţһ107ʣµ3ҲøҪȻͻᱻץΪ㲻̰۸ܣͲ̤ʵϣץץܣͼԶչɡ

  FǶԹµģԸԸ⣬ó̫⣺ܣ˾ãΪйһͷɵFȻ־ˣ˿ġ師һй19957°䲼ʮŴǹϿַ 19931994ַ꣬ųҴ400ںҵͨߡġߴ硱ϣǿĿֹظ裬ҵṹڵʱǼ꣬мѪǿĿʹټȵǰʹ޲ѡ˵ʹ£Ŀ̫ݣùǺF´ǣһ·޲һҿޣֻҪڹǡ

  ȻFһ㣺˵ԶԶСƶȵ漯Ѿʼҡγ̸ڵĹϵ磬սΪ˵ıʱ˵ҲСġ쵼ĹԺѾ˿ʼſЦ?ڭ»ٵ糵λйʷе ?ڭ¡ϻӶս֮ʱʧܵѲɱ⡣

  ۻִƹԺʮ꣬йסйøĸ֮ʱ2080ĸĸйüƻû˼ʮĹԴĸʱڣ׼Ч90ľøĸǸԴ޾֮ʱ80ǲƸ⡢ũƲԼطȨåữءƽĶۣЩⲢǾ⣬ĺҲֻھڡFҲֻܽЩ⵱ ⡱Դθðҩ֢һֻ򲻶ҩȴ˿ҩЧ

  FʮзǼ׵һ£á˵ö࣬٣ɹĸ١ݾѾǳˡؼ˭ܱøãFʷʲô2000Ѿ˵һ䡰ֻϣжԺȫ˵һ䡮һ٣̰١ҾͺˡκҵĹԱصĻְҵ£йȴһλĸߵԼмΣҪϸϸƷζ

  

  ߵ켣ҲΪⱾȸı䡣1998굽1999䣬йҰܶٻһߵռ仹ֻܵơйߵַָѾ˲֮йУߵȻҲͳˡġ֮ԣ̡塱֮󣬱дһϵйܵ£ǡйṹݱԷһģŭй֡ھ񳤴ȫӼȺ󣬱߲òʹй굱جΰľ߶Ըȥ롣ҪҽԼľдȴһֱûдĳ嶯ֲò˼֮⣬ҪΪڻʱ򡣵УһǳػصйҲСȥľѣ亹ȥĴʹҪг²Ƕܹġ

  ڵ̬ǾӢ̬7Ҳ˺ܴ仯ȮѾһձеѧйѾԸʵǵ뷨ǣֻҪҹúãҵ¡ĸᶼʧߡʤ̭ġ塱ǽԼĸж20037£λش½̽׵Ѷ̸ǻعľһλѾ͵ƴѧڶ̸塯дȻйʵҿž;öģдЩʲôѾᣬҲԼͽϣʱжȹЩ飬۲ĲλڣҲųֿ˲Ǹ𡣵ȴ֪̬Ǿʹйķ꣬һջҪֻҪһūڣÿ˶пΪūΪġūƶȡڣκ˾Ͳܱ֤ԼԼԼܹΪū

  λ̸һΪ֮ݣҼˡҹ̸ĸͬסһӴԺһλŮ游ǾӸ߸ɣ丸ĸǸУʦŮѧҵǰϦڹ˾ʵϰܵ˾ɧţ߶ȥصѧУͬŮͬѧ̸£ͬѧͬȰҪǣǸᣬڰλŮʹĪ丸ĸҲŭģеóһۣǸסϲλﱲһôѵҪӣ

  ڡ֮󲻾ãˡ9?11ѣҿʲôΰεһλũͣѸߣܹٴũڰԹ˾Ϊ˺ƣ̬ţԼƶԼĿйѧڵĿδرǸϲǣǴݲȵ̸´ʱҾͲ뵽йҲһܽܺõĽܹųٳȨƣ˼ɵͳûκεģǸжðһ뵽˵汲ǵĸʹܹڵϽһɵĹҡҶһ£սǰϦڡʿ谸֮ʱǾҪҪӢһսۡĽǣսҲǽڱģδȴɱ⡣Ȼֻǳ⣬ô⣬Ҫǵĺ

  

  һᵽScholar at Riskthe Scholar Rescue FundĿ为Rob QuinnѵʱǸҼʱİΪҴӹӳṩ˱ѧϰȹѵʱڡ һҪл֥ӸѧŦԼдѧ˹ѧԺԼڸͬѧڣǰѧȹʱʹܹѧϰӢĲĽƣ״̬еԻָ

  һҪл˹ٴѧPerry LinkڣǸṩؽİԭ򣬻һЩѣҲһһǵ֣ҽԶסǵĿ顣ʱµй֮洦ɼܹѩ̿ȴԽԽ١

  ˻Ҷɷũ(Cheng Xiaonong)лһֱݸлġְйƸĸо1989ӦFriedrich Ebert StiftungDeautche Institute fuer Wirtschaftsforschungѧʱġ¼ʹ⡣Ƶľҵر⡣Ϊ֧ذںܹоĹ¶ʹࡣ

  ϣһ죬ңԼƵ߶ܹ־״̬£˸ϵػصйΪһйһй־ʿΪ֮ܶĿꡣ

  20058ٸNew Jersey  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ԣɽϵй 					
  				 				 					 					
ԸĸǰйĿȽһ£֪ëʱιԣȻǽйѵԨԸĸԺйĿȴܲһ¡ֹΪڳľøĸƶ£йǿڳΪϵľǿִֵжһԼйϺݡڵִеĹ۸Ϊݣйٷͳ롶ձıΪйìܴײٳйûı״Ľ

  йûɵĹ֮һ¢еý壬ýöΪĺࡱϢ£йˣӴĹҲѿȫйδҲˡ

  1998ġй塷һ飬Ϊ֪ʶӶйĸһ־дԵĽⱾشһ⣺øĸΪйʲôԴԺ󣬱֮ʿͳй֧Ŷãйʲôʱ

  ش൱Ѷȡʷ¼֤ҪδĳʱϽᷢĳ¼Ԥ⣬ûܳΪ֪ǶĳضĽṹԱ䶯Ԥ⣬һԸùʷʵ˽Ĺ۲ܹ顣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

һйĸＸֲͬļ㷽ʽ 					
  				 				 					 					
ĸǷֵãڸĸоõʲô

  ع˳20ľøĸй˶Ҫһ⡣ھˡĸʹ̰۸Űƶ̬ϵͳ⵽ƻԵײռ˿ڵ14ΣľʱйѾʶйٵⲻǡ費ҪĸǡҪʲôĸĸĿǰȱӢбġĸڴϴΣֻʹй̵Σ

  йĸĵʧӲͬвͬļ㷽

  1չʾľ޴󡰳ɾ͡

  йȻֻ㡰ɾ͡ͼڸǸĸһЩԺйչʾÿľԼġִϺݡڵȾ÷ĳУƸͬҪĲƸķ״ԼЩִ֮ĹƶȴڸڹĺϷԻҲ˲йоĿϺѧ߶йķչֹۿݡйϰԵضͳһص㣬ȴЩѧ߳һЩ濼Ƕӡڸĸ￪ŹУйѾѧùγɶйۣһЩеѧ߳ڵй˱йܷ뾳ǩ֤ܽйӰѧġּӵĴʵˡۡãһЩойѧߣǻѧߣйܹӮйøУй죬йȡһЩԼҲ֪ʵĲϣǻоıҪҲѧӮõλġʱйЩѧ֮γһֵעġѭ¢˸ϢйоϵȨṩߣһЩѧ߸Щойʵжֱ࣬йѡصڡοϢֽܹйоıСй򱾹֤йýĳɾΪѧߵѧо֤ϿɣڱǡʵǰԱĴ󲿷йڵУѧߵġѧ֤൱гġȻйЩѧ֤ϻำ衰ԡϵѧ˵Ͼ̫ʣ˱ڸ

  αʷ۷棬ɴͬһĿǰڰ鹹ĸɹ״йϢֻҪȽҪıֽձ롶ŦԼʱͲѿĶֻĶұֽıţһóӡйһûġ硱֡ѻظ1,000ͳˡġɡʷֳһЩ˶ ĸʱڵıֽŲɣЩëвٳɷݵݣȻйѧ֤ĸʱڵΰ󾭼óɾ͡˵ĸĸǰֻ޴ʹθѹרֶǿ˵ѣôЩǻߡѧֶοƹڴýѧ磬һֶ֮ڿƹ֮ߡ

  2ѧΪı绤

  ڶּ㷽ڿܵѧ¡йݾѧҶԡĸɵط䲻ʵȻģǲֻչ˼ٲȨġĸǽΪ֡ĸѧ绤Ϊһ֡ۡȣǹһ硱ֻˣһԱҵңΪ˷ѧߣײų硱֮⣻Ȼǽ֤йġĸ븶Ĵۣ⡰ۡҪ̸ܣáԴǮԴȨ֡ȨǮסΪɱСЧ󡱵ġ׷ʽΪַͨʽܴʹйþת졣ǰй𼫴۵ġѧҲҪġѧһ߶ٻе⣬ֱö֮صйѧãΪһɷнµġѧ⡱мλйѧѧҾҪ漯ϡ͵ĴйϵȽе۴ѧ峣ڣҪһȨλƸĵȼСƶ¿4,800ʧҵˣ½ѧҷΪȺֻ󣬶йȶвҪ 4,800˵⡣

  3ṫԡȨ˽лĸĸ

  ּ㷨ֱ90кڲŽˮ棬ǾǸ᳣ʶĸĵʧֹ۵ѧΪйøĸʵʾһٷ̡Щѧ߹ĵǣ20ġĸУһ˵õ棿ͨʲôֶλǵǲǽײĻϣϰ20ꡰĸУ־һʲôλã

  ⲿѧΪйⳡĸԡȨгΪ㣬Ȩ˽лΪΪĸ︶۵ռ˿80ϵײ񣬶ܡĸɹֻٲȨײ㡣㷨йĸĵߵʡߵʵ˼йġĸ𽥳Ϊй˼1998һֳֳֻң2000꿪ʼܵĴѹ˺ڹڵýѵòκαᡣƻθѹ£ȫ߱ţʧҵũйٷýϳʧˡ

  й塷һ飬ȿʼйĸĵߵʣ̽ʾ˳20ľøĸʵȨͨȨʱһ;ΪȸһȺˣйṫڣ ˸ĸеߡռй˿5ȨǵĲƸӶռ˿80ϵ²Դġ

  ķ˵й1978꿪ʼľøĸӱֻǶë󶫵˽Ϊĸһ䣭Ϊ˽1949Ժйñв׼1978Ժĸĸ̵УйȨȴȨԼһ׼͡ȫͷһıԵ͵ȨλãúɫȨ˾Ȩѡ֡гüӼȨΡܽй뷱ٸǿֻܵһΣ

  ⱾҪĹ۵ǣȨгǸıйƸֵʼ㣬ҲйĸһԿסй޷˷ɵƶԸܣһ1998Ϊййĸĳ㡣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ɽ֮ϵġȶ 					
  				 				 					 					
ĸĸȻΪйȶĺ벿־ڼнųƸĸĸΪйԺ롰ɡ۵㲻ͬǣ ɡΪй˼ë󶫵ιԴĺô̸ǣһУΪй20͵ļȨε·ıȻ

  1йһ޴Ļɽ

  1989귢ġġ¼йĸķˮ롣ġǰйĸĸ˼ά롰ġԺкܴĲͬȣġǰĸĸԡ¡ΪĿģ̭ë˼ĽԸıƻơġԺԡ̡ơ͡ΪĿģǿȶѹһСġǰġĸԸ۰̨СŷĳɹΪ籣ǫѷͿŵ̬ʾҪѧϰƶȵĳġԺǰͶŷġʧܽѵΪ䣬Ըء䱸ΪУʵųΪִΣϹȻȨƣʾβй顣ϵı仯磬ϴӴ˿ɲһЩ˿

  йǸһרĹңȫһ湲ͬ塣йάڲʱΨһ飬Ҫһвѿ״̬йŬʵûκ֯ȡйͳййȻᵼйıɴ۳߼ǣΪйڱ͵̹ͨĸɵּڴ˻γɵġгãȨΡ

  йͼǳάڹеĵλ˶йȡˡ羸ߡҪйȨεĺԽԽһȫйҪ21ͳʼԽܣΨмϣһ㣺ͨȨĴʸ棬ʹһЩνڵĽ̨Ӷάйȶ

  ֿʵǹйͨαȫάȶأ̬˿Դã̬һʵ񣬾һ״̬ϵĻ׺ԣԵģҲǷƶȲһǿԼ

  1̬ƻ

  й̬ѾŷǳصΣвȾ࣬ˮȾȾйȾѧȾѸʴйļ壬йδвӹйĻ̬ʹһֱӶ״̬УĸʵĴʹãصݼɳμȸ񻯵Ѿ֡ɳĮռ38ʹ˾رͽŵйѩϼ˪ԿԴӶʽɵһּì֣ܵԴۺʽͣԴȴﵽߣλֵĿΪҵ24ͶԭϽ֮һתΪƷ

  ҪɫGDPΪ÷չ̬ۣй20ķչ˵ǸֵֻҪĶһܾÿȱ棬й̬Ⱦ״ͻĿ֮Св㣬йˮȾɵʧҪռGDP8%пԺ㣬Ⱦʹйչɱƽˮƽ7%Ⱦ̬ƻɵʧռGDP15%йһֳָ2005Ƹ̳ķбʾйѾΪڹ̬ڳ˿ڣȫ22ʡҪǨ1.86ˣܹ˿ڵĹ㶫Ϻ㽭ϵʡֻܽ3,000ˡʱȫ1.5˿Ϊ̬

  2ƻ

  ӵйڿǰġֻ״̬Աĸ߶ȸԵ°ܻеķչйҡھùϵУ԰ܻΪʧйĺͬԼֻв60

  °ܻԴͷ׷йһϢṩߣͳ롰Ϊά󡱶ţϾ˫طȨΪѾåûб𡣴ԱǾ˸óġΪܹ֮ʱתͬףڹУԱϰùǻٵԼŵĻѻɿ˽ܡϣ֮ͬйء˵Լ¼У˿ʾǽԼ˵ʩʵУЩԱ̰ܻߡμ̣գΪٳѸٸȻĶ䣬йһߵĹҡ

  κιң¶ϵһҪճűȷɸΪҪãΪṩжǷǱ׼淶ǵΪ׼򡣶йǷжϱ׼ѾصĻң̰۸ܵͬ绤ΪйѧǾ׷ʱ멡

  йֻʣһǿȨѹ

  290йͳη

  ̰۸ŰƶѸʧҵ߱鲼ȫ磬ữƼӿ״̬£й֮ûһɢɳı棬ȫйȡһϵбȣйǿ˸ֶΣִҺʹõαܾ죬һпγɵ֯ѿ״̬Ӷʹйڴһɢɳ״̬޷γ֯ĶԿΣϽһЩʵֶΣͳڲץ̰۸ܵȰѱƹԱַ̰۸ܵҪĿĲڿƸܣڽڲϴйĹԱǲ֪йڵľ濰ǣҲ˶ĵͬĿǰ֡ڽΡǺ֪ܰľ޴һǰֻһ㲿ѡǲչٳֻб̭֡ͳʱڣйʱزȡµʶ̬սԣǿԹļȨƣ뾭þӢ֪ʶӢĽˣӶɹڶάν ȶ

  1ʶ̬ս

  ʵµʶ̬սǿĿƷ棬ִʱڱȵСƽʱҪö࣬αȽߵøԶʾĽ˼ơȫսȷĿԭDDһвȶضɱѿ״̬κĶֿ²ܲʵЧȡӲʩԣʵëʱθѹ׳ɹҲķСȽ϶ԣʱ˼۹ȽϽʱԵôֱֱӡ

  ԳΪݵйʶ̬սԣ빫Ŀศɣ

  ѧУǿѧ˼ͨġʷſιλԡǵйȳֳݵì ӡͨʶ̬ǿй䣬ݡǷṩϢ۶ɵһۺЧӦ

  ǿýĿơй¢˼ý壬ʱëʱýƶȻáסҵߵθֶΣʹŴҵԱԾͬĺࡱһɫҲʹ֪֪ʶӢûκؿС1999꿪ʼйϼӴʽͶ룬˲ټרҵĴѧ羯죬ƶ棬ϣסƥڵġҰ

  ֪ʶӲȡ롰ѹеĲԡġ֪֮ʶӢ¶λ90йߣøѧΪն֪ʶӢڡʵ̬ȵ֪ʶӢȡĴѹ涨ý粻׼Щ˵¼ƷЩڵĹλԸַɽǿƸʹӰ켫֪ʶӢɹټأѲסȺ뷽跨ʹ뿪йӲʩĲԼЧ֪ʶӢʶ֪ʶӢݱԴռ״̬ѧ򣬶ȡȮĹ̬ȣ˵ġ״оȫӭڵֵҪ

  2Ӣ˵γ

  90йϼԼ˽׼棬Ա뾭þӢ֮佨˷ǳе˽ϵ90ڣйܲƸ 85ѾΪӢǵ֮й˵ԼĽ׼սԣġ۸ξӢ뾭þӢչ˹ĽͿռ䣬 ˽ʱ뵳ֻþþӢ˸Ϸͨй֪ʶӢ80Ļǣв׼һԺ󣬾ͻҪϵȨһ90ȫйβǽþӢӵ֪ʶӢ֮ڹ棬ǽµΡ

  ڵײ㶯ңйԽԽѹطԵСģȺԷѾΪйطճҵⷽѾ˷ǳḻľ顣ÿ귢ʧҵũȺԿ¼ܲӴ֮Чνܲڴ˴ָС棬ʧҵһµԴʧҵ˵ķжҪԹũ䣬һץġҷӡйһϳͣ˸ϾԴݿ壬ҪʱͷôȴٳΪȺԷ¼еġͷ򡱡

  ھӢǿ£ûκԴײ㶯ȻȴŷֻܾĳһЧѹȥ޷ɶйԵвһѾåȨ˵ȨѾɡȨй綯йΪǷѧУҲǡȨʵ

  3ӢǶδѡ

  йδһȽֹۡǽǴǰõ񻰰οԼһйWTOԺʹйεǸ߿ƼĽѶɴڴйŷǰһ񻰣ֻ˵ǳִһԸϣΪWTOǹľϷ򣬲ͨıһҵƶȣڶڱйػ飬йͶʼԪġ̡ܹGolden Shield)ΪйÿƼֶμǿƹ˾Ϊҵ棬ȿֺؼӴĸ߿Ƽ·ع̡

  ôйľӢײԼ᣿

  йһػĴͻĻɽй˼ظܵؿ±ͻĵػ𡣲йľӢŷǳѵγ˹ʶθѹֶά״ľ棬һңǰʯͬ٣ƶͬ顣Ǵ90йķصڷֹײ㶯ҷĻ㡣

  йŽײΣʵй֪ʶӢҪǿҵö࣬90йġʱӡCapital Flight)أٸ߹ѽڴ½ͨ;ѹĲƸУѾڹʵضйǵĿֻǸǮĺõطѡô󡢰ĴǡŷһЩҽйѧΪչõһٴ룬ΪйӴ󡣾ͳƣйÿѧʽߴ40Ԫ˵ƱҲһѡƱôйϲŮͥδţѾԼδѡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ʮԺйʲô仯 					
  				 				 					 					
ڽйӣҪǡ÷չһ֦㡱ھᷢչ帣ĸƣԼйΪֶݵľ֧˾޴ĻЩʵȥ롣ʮǰйĴ쵼˵ĸһ㵱УѾԿǶԽʱڵй񻯲Ǻ֪װͿҲձһ̬

  ýһֱΪйýгǿ顰հסָй޴гйһֱмӣ2005ǷӢһ֣¡йšľ档5¿ʼܿ׷ױйЩýıУǿһ״ãԣδϣйDDйδŵκΡĸЩýȴйһһĸ񻰣2003һڡ㡱ϲݵ˶Ѿ֮һ¾磬ԼҪСĸǹʴý׷׾౨ơйδƸĸԤ顱һЩʴýɷñʱ۱νֻƸĸȫһġĸͼ˵ĸƸĸ𣬵һЩýζҪ˳֮ΪƸĸԤסһĸ񻰡й֪ýýĸ񻰣ֱ20058 2գйĻųϷڼǿĻƷڹİ취Žýйг÷顣ڶຣý崹ͷɥBBCĲ85շϢ˵ȥ깫ĿýгߣЩʩȻһˣʹýҲʧDDBBCһֱӪйýĸ񻰣񻹲ϳӪĻӰйʵΪйδҪýгйĹԱǴûʾýҪĸ෴ǲҪǿơҹ㲥Ӱܾ־ֳⴺ20037м׼ԶģýĽɫǡĺࡱý弰ý£ԼýȻҪеȷ۵Ρ ӾҲ˵йý幫˾ҪҵģʽչӪҪʱⱣʶ̬ԣ縺ȷ۵񡣡

  ߾ԸýйгֻЩýɵĻԭȥӭרͳߵҪЩýרǰڱǰδµȴûлгԭǲ֪йýҵʱԭֻڵڶλһԭȻԭ

  Щйý̬һԢԹ£һλũǣһͷ¿Ӹ·Ϊ˼¿ӼӿŲũ¿ӵıǰζһݣ¿׷ݡй⼸šũ򡱵ĽɫһЩýͷ׷ݵġ¿ӡѡݡйʾýйг׼ʸרͳҪǷߣǱڷߣǵͷڷûеͷ֮ǰרͳ߻ڡ¿ӡǰζݡֻҪһͷݾջءΪרѾɹ֤ý׷νʵԭֻΪ׬ȡǮĻӶѡ

  йÿһĸйٷ۽綼󵼳ɡƸĸһЩѧ볪ͣһֱЩѧΪʲôҪ˽ʹõĴ𸴾ȻǣҪһ˫ѥӣ干ȥֻҪȥͿﵽĿġ׶԰̺Сʱõķʽ硰ĳĳСѽֺܺãǸС컨һָá֮ڶԴһ50ִ飬ڶȡȨ28гֱ˻ȨıַʽǱѧߵġǻۡЩѧ߸˱󣬱߲ʵǣÿζѧ˰죬йĹȴյԽԽֵעйͬ2003ڼ䣬ɴƸĸﲻ⡣ڵĸֻĸƸĸйѧ봫ýһ۵÷ǳҵйƸĸǽֽϵг̡

  ʵҪжйĴ쵼˺νЩʲô£ֻҪ㣺һй״Ϊδĵ·ֻ״ˡëʱǡȨΣƻáʱǡȨΣгáרδͲйҪĸĶ󣬶ͳĻֶΡ״йĿǰľʵ ߣһ֮ÿһ쵼˵ǰһٵȴǰҪصöࡣйΪֻǿƣδκηɼ󡣶Ȩͳλ޿ܸı䡣һͳλƶϿɣƶȵԶԶ쵼߸90кйΡ֪ʶྫӢѾγɣҶԹҹߵƶ˾ԵӰ졣롰һֻΪǿƼšҡһƶȻͨѡκйִѾγɵͳλǿƼͨѹƽɵ֣ڴ˻γɵġгãȨΡơһֻҪƽľۻ֮Լӡ?ڭ¡˾Ȼġ

  ̨Ժйִϳֵ󼫶ìܵĹȡ򣺵תʶ̬ƴǿҲ滹ԭëʱĻϵͳᾭҿѾԵس漯ŷҵĺۼԵй߶ȨĸǷ⣬ȡΪΡ̬ȡѹײ㷴ʱȴֳһֶԱȫʶ̬񡢰ѽڡ

  ڵתһֻоٺġҪҪݾͿ֪

  ӺΪǻԡġ½ظëʽƪڽйʱʵüֵ룬ҪйĸܹԱǷƺֽ̣ԡ黷Ƶݳܣȥܶڳ˵Ρ

  Ϊȫصѧϰĺμ2003ꡰһǲű߼ʡΪйһЩУжͼֶͨζҹ˼͸ҡ˼ҹʶָ̬λǵ˼롱ɷнµس˵ж״ʱ˷·Ѿййһġ

  ϵͳȴֳһּתԴӡܡȴ󽵵пһںζα̬ǵĸɲǺõġ淴ܾ˹ٳĸܰΪ٣2002йĸܰ51,0772003꼱½Ϊ18,515 2002걻鴦شϹԱ4,291ˣ2003½Ϊ2,728ˡ½̿ɣһ̰ٹͬߵġһ̡ȻϡؼûʵǳֻҪԱ̰۵ǮͿԲ׷йְϵͳ̰ϢϢͨƶᾭҲĿ࣬й200411°䲼˲Ʋת۸й涨涨121տʼ½ƾӺʱЯ˲ƲҶתƳĲƲޡһΪ̰ЯƲУҴ󽵵תƲƲĳɱ

  ڵײյйκ磽֮١2004۵ϼ۸ǣõײάֻѣδκν̨Ƶĵײ㷴Ҳӡ˸áԽΪ90ǰڷײ㷴йܻҪܲʾںܲСɴ಻ԽԽֳһֶԱ򣬵Ӿ硣񡱵ĿںȻе÷ǳ䵽ʵȴۼ

  ϣͨйڲȨıйڵΣֻ֣һһԸ뷨ΪйȫڿƾķǣǽĻϣйһ֧ЧŽġӡӵзǳǿ ԽԽڱθѹԽԽձɾҰȫͬġȫϵͳԽԽϸŹƣԼΪþӢ֪ʶӢŵһȷȨƵխխšߵĿǣЩϧͶȷʵܹӳйͳܴӸϿ˷ΣҷǳԵǣйʵͨлǰ;ģһ辫ٵܽй״йԽл帶ĴԽ

  ߵĿǣйʵǡ˸ɲ񡱣ǵڱͻʱܴܳȼյġػ𡱣κȽġʩԵػķ޵ģйջгŲסһ졣йһ塰ĳͳΣйͳο̨֮ʱҲйڽ֮աʷһǣ˿ڵĿǰ̬ͣĸ߶ƻԼµԼأͳεйҪؽκʱѻҪ࣬Ҫ

  ţй˵ĺ۽йʷʱһΪйǰ;Ǳε͡˽֪ʶӢͶӪƵľþӢͬıɱҲһᾪڽйΪʲôױŪʷһڿʼ⼸ȷʵѴ̡ɹȣܹع۲쵽⻪й½֮ν塱롰塱֮£йĸͳεõ˲١ȡ̶ȵ֧֡ÿۼˣ߾Ͳʷѧ˹?һ仰ÿͬǻ޴ľ˵ Carlyle, Thomas Scottish author, essayist, & historian (1795 - 1881)In the long-run every Government is the exact symbol of its People, with their wisdom and unwisdom; we have to say, Like People like Government.

  йδǰ;ֻľԼǵ

  -----------------------------------

  1ǿġʮ꣬ʮ꣬ʮꡱ硷20008ڣ֮Ԫġܷ塱顷19983£ƶȴڶ˼šţѧ硣

  2ⷽĴУάӭЩܵĴڣõҲšйôսù1997ꣻ٣ܵľѧԭѧϢ1996322գ⣬¸ľѧйѧ1994Ϻ磬1995ꣻ峣ΪʲôһֱֹĸԶûϣ漣硷19991014գ٣ƭһơ1993߽յ硷㶫ó磬1999ꣻ峣ʲȨٽ˽л1995йôսù磬1997棻峣ơݡ20002ڣԶܲʹԱ᧿Σйôսù1997ꣻ⣬ٵı֮·򡱼˼ٵı֮·㶫ó磬1999ꡣ

  3й̬ʢΣ Ϸ細20052££

  4йһֳָ2005520ڡƸ̳ϵĽйϢԴ http://www.cern.gov.cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=200505200010

  5й̬ʢΣ Ϸ細20052££

  6йýĸ̣2003710գhttp://www.phoenixtv.com/home/finance/fortune/200307/07/83157.html

  йýĸ̣2003710գhttp://www.phoenixtv.com/home/finance/fortune/200307/07/83157.html  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

һ ͣɷƸ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					 
й1978꿪ʼľøĸʽɼƻгת죬ʵǶԴãԸϵµڡһõĹУȨгҪãйĸĸһ൱Եص㣺ʱԭʼ[i]ӿʼеֻܹ˽20 ʱ䣨197890кڣʱ֮ݣٶ֮죬۲Ƹ֮࣬϶ƾ޽С

  ԭʼ۹вļ̵Լ¸ʽΪֹйĸ̣һǱйͳҵųˣڵũ ࡱͥ͸ͷŷȡЩΪȣڲѵ¸˵ʱΪӵġ廧ڶ80Сǰ ºĿƼ֪ʶ뼼ˣЩҪƾԼһ֮Ͷг1985С۸˫ơ[ii]Ժº ߡ˵вȨȦմ״ߣе˱Աǡºʱǰ̣ƾȨʱϷ֡۸˫ơľ޴ۣ1988꣬۸˫Ĳ۾ʹ1,000Ԫ֮ޣ70˽ңʱԭʼܹٶȽС

  ̵ĲƲģ֮󣬻ٶ֮죬ǰ󼰡׶üؽܽΪһǡ˰ڶǡӡǡ˰񡱣ν񡱣ָǡкܴ׬Ǯ޴Ʋһڶ֮⣭1991ԺЩƾȨѻʱ ɷƸ족Ȧ˶ϯйġƱȡ͡زȡУ纱ٶȻ˾޶ƸҲԹ̽Ϊ¸ϵ ̡Ժйųһ»ָ˵ȼҥԪƶʮԪ𲽣ʮԪԪǧԪ渻

  ɷƸ족йУ͡Ȧ˶ص㣬ܿйʱԭʼ۵ıʡ

  һɾѧҵı۳

  80 кڣйҵҲ޷ο۵ư࣬һȱΪġаơ[iii]ʹҵ޷ԼƣԿ˷ĶڻΪΪʲʧһһЩѰߵġɡѧڷֹɷƿΪоõ֤ɷִֻҵһ֯ʽڡʡ⣬Ұ̶һ˽Ӫҵɹɷƹ˾־幹롣ȽȤǣڱϺȵصľѧ۷֮ʣйغѿʼʵʩһ룬ڡϺȵȺƳҹ˾ĹƱУϯй֮õġɷƸ족˶Ļ

  ⳡ׼УԱ;ѧкȥһʵҹɷƹ˾йɷƸԭ֮䣬һԵĲҽǽɷΪＯʽһֶΣй۽ΪıҵӪƵһ󷨱ɷƷԴΪҪؼԿǵʹܣΪϴҪһ棭˼ǣһʹܵǱڶҵӪע⵽Գá 90ԺҲйΪӹϡȦǮҪֶΣȻǺ󻰣ЩѧҵĹ룬ԹҵСɷƸ족ԴﵽֵҵĲȨɶУҵľӪչڹɶ֮£ҵҪϣ»ᣩҲҪ£ְҵЧҪͨгۣΪְͨй˾ƱһʽΪҵˣȻȻҪǿԹ˾ӪߵļܣͿʹҵҷչԼơӸǿҵгҪͶʷֹ۵ԤԣɷƸ족ҵҵб׶˱ؽʧ

  Сڼ󵨵ҵУķӦҲȽ䵭зչеĹƱǲȡԱ̯ɵķʽǿꡣֱ 1990ڵĹпСһǧ̺˲ʹеʧȥ¸һƬУȥ̽չСԭҰƵȵһеĹɷݹ˾λЧ棬עֻгϹƱǾ޴ֵܡһȨܵ㡰ɷƸ족˶ΪȿԻرܶгķգ޶һڵʱֻ׬ġԭʼƱڱΪ󡱵ĹҵǷܡ족Լ족ȻԡƣĹԱ͡ҵҡҪǵġ涯ʹ£1991°й롰ɷƸ족ġսʱڸ򰵵֧£νڲƱһʱĳ֣صĹɷҵÿɰټҵٶ罭ʡ19921993ϰⲻʱڣӵиࡰɷҵ200ң[1] 1992ֻйɷҵ23ң1993ʹ133ҡ[2] ½ɽʡáɷƸ족ĿΥἯʶܵ[3] ⳡйƱĿУ㶫Ϊʡ֮ڣһݵϵĲȫƣ㶫ʡ1992ͨСڲɡＯʽͶ100ԪڵжҵѾɷݻŶȷա[4] ĴһȳһɽΪġ鼰ԹеڲƱǷг麣Գڲɡǣڼ㶫齭һȥ199310ĩйиࡰɷơҵ3,800ңԺӡֹٷָΪǹ淶ġɷƸ족˶Ϊ

  ɷҵֻǡƹ˾δӵЧת״̬нѳйز¶ڡɷƸ족߳ʱڣйĹҵܵ״ǡ¡֮һ֮һ֮һӯЩӪҵν ɷƸ족ĿĲΪˡҵơͨйƱＯʽѻһѡҵʱͨʦʲܶʱʡʽʡӪҵĿŪ١[5] һݲ˵쵼ĳԤ㶫һЩɷҵʲʧ棬ɽоһҵʲֵʵе4ࡣ[6] ҵڡ족ǻһӣɣδ䣬Ψһʹ˸еĿһ¡ڹ˾һģ¹ִɷҵġ֯ṹͼЩҵùҵʽӪ꣬ͶЧ֮ܱ֤ڡɷƸ족֮ùǮܴЧ棿ӺʵҵɷƸ족֮󣬾Ӫ״δתЧҲûߣΪǿԹɶϧѪϢֺ족ÿ굹1416ĹϢ˹ɶͷ˹ɣ[7] Xɷ޹˾һгĹɷƹ˾乫˾𡣵ܹ˾쵼涨ϵĹ˾ƹ͵ְµĶ˾Һͱ˺ӪĹ˾֮⣬ȫӹ˾ľȫְ˽о˵Ҳû̫ˮԼʵȥɣûҪְ֮衣һЩ˾ڡ족ɡڲɷݹ˾Ժ˾ӪƣƱٳٲУɶзԡ˾Ʊ߶ǵﲻġϵͱ˾ԱֽƱϤ˻ظɶ[8] 麣е񳴡ڲɡ˱ΣҶòκηֺ죬Ƕ෽ϸ棬麣вò199512·֪ͨԷڲƱͼȯĹ˾[9] Чҵڡڲɷơ˾ࡰڲɷݹ˾ĵطҪ⡣

  ҵˡɶǼδΪҵϵ ˡĵҲҵЧ棬ǹƱгת֮ɻõĲۡҵȨɶƶֺ췽ʱ޵֮⣬ѡҵ»Ա棬ʵϲδӦеȨٹ˾Ĺɶỹδٿ»Ҷ»Աɹ˾ԭӪӺͼйŹԱɣ³ܾҲίٵطܲŻϮԭҵĹģʽԹɷƹ˾ѡٵĶ¡³ָɡ롣[10] ˶»;ӪӺ϶һӪ߾Ǽලߵĸ֣νලáСڡɷƸ족ķԴع㶫ʡҵӳڶ³ܾһ˼Σ»Ա϶ǱҵְܲҲܲԼĶͷ˾ʵϲܲ롢˽߹̣ͬ衣ɷҵУҵƶȲûʲô¡й˾һ˵˾ʲ״ġй˵顱һһȵġ񱨸桱֮Ĳ֮⣬ڲɷơ˾ûСʲծ͡񱨸桱֮ĶṩɶڵͻٹɶʵȲ˽⹫˾ȥľӪҵֲ˽⹫˾ʵϵӪ롣ҵЧ桱ΪɶڹϵġġΪûмɶ߹ɶְ˫ݵˣ볤ڳйƱΪˡ

  ɷƸ족ֵʵ֮йĸĸʷֶһʻ۳׵ļءһЩڴʵʹ߹٣ҲΪִģġ淶ġɷƸ죬ʹйҵĸʧȥתӪƵġһơ[11] һǱž޴ΣաջᵼɷƸĸ֤ȯггõķչһκܴ·[12]

  ҵǣйе״֤ĲǶࡣ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ͨDDɷƸ 					
 				 				 					 					
ΪʲôɷƸ족ֵʵ֮󣬻֮ĵطҵ֡ĸأ˵ʵܼ򵥣ΪҵȨ߰ѡɷƸ족һζԹʲĴϷ֡

  ڹɷƸ֮ԳִģѰԭڣɼƻгƹɵĹУԴгı£ȻֶԾĸԤ͹ƣʹȨгʽȫ䡣ЩѰûκЧƶȽԼ漯ֻҪиֻͿԻþ޴档Ѱڼ۸˫ơɷƸ졢زԼҵȨתõһоûУ̸ĹɷƸֻеĵ֤

  ɷִҵƶһֳɹ֯ʽйѡΪȨĸͻƿҲ޿ɺǡؼ߮ȨеĴССȨǣɹһλᣬڡĸ£ϷԵؽȨһסѰ⡱ϰϷǰδеˮƽ͹ģʹáɷƸ족幫Ƶһδģ͡

  áɷơʽʳʲʼ80ĩ90ʼġɷƸ족˶80ʹ˾֮ʱѾһ֪ȾߡЧһʽʼΪԼʱԭʼۡ͵ʽʺҵĹУз˶Թʲߵ͹Ӷʹзʲռ½ʲȨĺôз˿԰гԡǬɡÿгһ͸зˡغһǹġܡҲڵЧͳƣ1992Ϊֹȫ8,550ҲʵҵУ 5,000ҵδ̺ʣʧ460Ԫ[13]

  80ʼͨɷƶԹٵȦǮΪй־þӢӼһֵ¸;3ڲͬʱڵԹճһ;ȫò

  1׶εĹ£ʱ

  һ·нҵɷ޹˾䲻ۣйȴ൱ձԡù˾198612£עʱΪ60Ԫңɱ£ҹ40װι̹ҵܹ˾ӪУܾ淨˴ΪĳĳʹΪ30ɸ̳ĳĳУĳĳֶ˽˹ռ30ĳĳԱУʵͶ8Ԫֻռעʽ13ࡣ

  еĹҹ㣺װι̹ҵܹ˾ĵ÷150ƽɣΪǰԤÿƽ1,800ԪʱôмѴÿƽ5,000Ԫͬʱĳĳִװι̹ҵܹ˾ͬһõ1,539ƽ׵ķÿƽ3,200Ԫļ۸˽⹫˾עʱ60ԪĽ⹫˾һУѴ֮ͻ117.8Ԫҹ˾ӪһԺЧϲҹδֺ죬˽˹ȴֺ11.5ԪͶȫ⣬׬3.5Ԫ[14]

  ĳĳַǵйȽдԵһֳַ漰٣ֶҲ̫׾ӣ1991йıըšԭҰ粨ȣʧʵֻǡС׼ס

  ԭҰʵҵɷ޹˾Ǿйȷϵġйһʹɷй˾ù˾19903кһʱΪ 150Ԫ𲽣侻ʲ60񻰣Ϲ㷺ʵֻǹ̽ϻã߿϶չǰѰ⡱[iv] һӣʹǧʲɹתƵ˽У̶ͨƱгɹڹȦԪʲ˾ӹʲռƵλֻռ1.4ĲȹɵĻݱ䣬й緶Χڶԭʼʷϵ񻰡

  ԭҰ˾19877£עʱΪ150Ԫλ˹ɶΪ

  ҵװӪϽɹɱ45Ԫռ30
  óףӪϽɹɱ45Ԫռ30
  ۿ̣Ͻɹɱ30Ԫռ20
  Ͻɹɱ15Ԫռ10
  ĳĳϽɹɱ15Ԫռ10

  ³ҵ˾ܾŮʿΡӱϿһҡơռƵλĹɷݹ˾ϵʱйߡʵϣó׹˾ĳаˣ÷λУʵʳʵֻҹӪҵµ15Ԫó׹˾棻ۿ˾µ30Ԫɱĳĳµ15Ԫɱҵ˾档༴150ԪҵɱУͶ60ԪҵͶ90Ԫ̼˵ĹɱΪͶ롣19881£ۿ˾˳ԭҰδʵͶĹȨתøζ³ʵҵ޹˾ݺʵתֻһֽЭ飬βδʽ19882£ó׹˾Ҳ˳ԭҰȨתøҵ˾ˣԭҰ˾ĹȨṹΪ

  ҵ˾ռ90Ԫ
  Σռ30Ԫ
  ռ15Ԫ
  ĳĳռ15Ԫ

  1988 518գԭҰ˾Ĺɶǩһݺ˼ġʡ飬˾ɱԭ150Ԫ420Ԫҵ͸ռȨ䣬ⵥͶ270Ԫԭ30ԪΪ300Ԫ˺βûͶʽȴϵɶ֣ʵͶϰԪδ 19879½ԭҰ105Ԫʽ𣩵ҵ˾ȡԭҰĿعȨֱһ820գε300ɱɸ߰ʱװڣ޹˾棨ݲ飬߰ءҲҵ˾ҵһºʽ˻2/3߰ءԱμӵһʲ۷䡣104գھʦ϶ʲֵ2,754Ԫ1018գԭҰ»ִֵз䣬ҵ˾ֵ 40Ԫ˹ɶֵ247Ԫȴֵ2,467Ԫ1,360ԪͶʶ֮⣬1,107ԪӦι˾ڡʡӦȥ300Ԫ롰ʵʱ807Ԫͨ⡣

  19881222գ⸴1988874׼ԭҰɹɷҵתΪɷ޹˾עʱΪ2,000ԪȨṹΪ

  ҵ˾90Ԫμȹɣ
  Σ1,660Ԫ
  ĳĳ90Ԫ
  ĳ80Ԫ
  ĳĳ80Ԫ

  5ɶֻΪ˴涨ķ˱5֮ι˾³׼19893ĩĳĳĳĳĳ3˹ɶĹɷȫתøι˾ڴڼ䣬ΪԼ˰ĴǹһʹúĹȨ׳һȨס19894£ΪϹƱУԭҰ˾»еڶʲ425գйʦ϶ԭҰ˾زֵ4,553Ԫ428գԭҰ»һֵ4,550ԪΪζԭҰͶʱ3ԪΪʲáˣεͶΪ6,460ԪռԭҰܹɱ98.6Ͷҵֻռ1.4ĹɷݣֻǶԹ˾ûзȨĲμȹɣ[15]

  췽ҹ̸ʽʱȨݱ̣䱳ֺĻȻйʱеȨǮס衰ɷơ֮ʱʼͨԱҵȨˡṫ֤кȡʵʱתƵޱ⣬һҪĲչʾйʱԭʼ۵ĵ̬ԭҰ˾Ĺ¼˲󳾣ϷơԭҰѵйִҵҵĻء

  1990ĹпԺ֡ԭʼɡ߳˰ǧ̵ʵ˸ȨߡɷƸ족飬١ɷƸ족֮Ϸֹʲԭʼۻ߳ȫض̹ʲĻɽ鴦ĳ˾ĳ͵֧ĳĳıáɷƸ족̷֮ 250ԪʲĴ󰸡[16] еĵطֱ˵Ǭڳɷݹ˾֮ʱ͸һЩŹԱϡɹɡԱ۵غʡ[17] ԭɽʡʯͼŹɷ޹˾ܾ̩ɽʯɷ޹˾³ܾ鲨ϹƱһʽΪԼ̩ίǡи鳤ֳȨƼıȡ[18] ֲⱵѰʹ1993ġܶУüٹ֤ơֶΣڹӪҵɷƸ족͹ƱзУְȨĲȡ˽޳ռйȨΪΪ쾭÷ص㡣[19]

  2йд񻰣9˶136

  90ڣŲ־þӢڹȦǮġ顱롰ǻۡʱʼνڹп񻶡ľ档йѧ֡ȦǮ޶ò£һλƽľѧȴ˹ȦǮԹ˳ĸֿ¶˾Ϊʶϸ˸ù˾Ĳڽʾһλڡҵ˳򡱴󳱱£һ辫Ӫҵҹ˳ͨչ沢ʲ顢װеһϵ 9ҡһЩ쵱ҵʲֵ136ڡ

  2001 2004겻3ʱ˳չع˿⡢ŵߡǿͳ差еȹ˾Щֿ¶չĹ˾һЩͬص㣺ȣ󲿷Ŀ깫˾ǹй˾չ׶۽ϵ͡ΣչΪӪѵƷƽϺõҵDDչй˾Խʡ֤ ׳ɱйҵ沢֪ġܡ

  Ϊ˱֤Щչ˾ĿȨ˳ͨҪİţһǴӽҵİšչҵй˾֮⣬ҵ϶˶һɹ˳100عɵ˽˹˾İżȿԷɢգȶɼۣҪǸҵĽȫ֤˾㹻Ļռ䡣ڶµİš˳ڹȨת֮ǰפĿ깫˾»ᣬΪ³ίԼĸֳΪĿ깫˾ܲá

  չУ˳ֽסİ취չ˾֮ͨй˾ԭعɵĴɶ֮ףЩ׵ڼƣݶΪԭعɹ˾Ƿй˾ծİţ˾̱ꡢʹȨΪֳծ߽й˾Ӧʿ

  ֿ¶չĹ˾ҵ»еرУʧȥڶгϵʹܡôʹЩݿ˵ġ㡱أžЩ˾Ӯ˳Ӯ;ͨߺľҵӪЧʣƫţֽ£Ϸ˵Ӯ룭ɱãϢ˰˳չҵڹʽұߵļ¹ֽõңЩ˾ڹ˳ӪһŤΪӯһƯĲ񱨱һоƽ󣬷ּȫ١[20]

  ˳ȴΪһһĲƸ񻰣˱˳Ϊ˹־2001йϵĵ20ƽԹ˳ԼһЩй˾ɶΪйѧĿꡣ[21]˳ζ³ĿǼҵҵͷ򣬿Ϊ2004й߼ֵ500Ʒơмҵҵڶλֵ346.66Ԫ˳ġɹƽǱ䡣

  Ȼֽ߹˾ЧְϷϾܳ־á2005427գһֱгõĿͻȻ2004ҵܳ6,000ԪĿ𣬹˳ĿһŤӯ񻰿ʼ428գںطֱеļҵҵ˫˫ͣơͣΪֹʲ2005ȣˮ˽һ롣[22]

  ¾йдӵ֮ǰӰ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

 ۳סµ˼ 					
  				 				 					 					
ɾȥһ֣

  ùɷҵȳУ۽עҪǡܡҵľӪȴֻע⵽ɷƵļʹܣҪΪһӻԾμӡɷƸ족ġ൱ҵӪڽνɷƸ족ʱǧټƵȡģйƱĿľ뷽跨ＯһЩʽ𡣵۵ҵĳ൱룬ҵơԺ󣬴󶼲ȡһ֡ϲ¡ֻҪ㱨ԼͨŬıҵĹƣʹܲҵ걨Уɽϴڲܼص״̬֮ʽʹϾͳ⣺еĽＯʽȥŸеȥͶĭá򣬳زƱڻеҵͶʱշļжԹɶĳŵ֧ʽ𣬸ı;ͶԺܴ󣬲ҵʽ󶼱ڷزƱͶĿϣӪѡɶĻ涼û֤޴ȥ̸ҵжΡ

  ʵɷƸĸνҵƵġơʧ飬̸ԭ֮⣬һ൱ҪⲿԭǾй½Ŀǰȱ͡ɷơҵӦỷûйɷƾͷչķλ

  չʹɷҵͨռȨ뷨ȨγɵĶʲԼɷݹ˾ķ˵λȨɷɸ貢Ա֤ȨķɢռȨȨ뾭ӪȨķ롢Ʊзתõȵȣǣ浽ǳӵⲿϵڲϵҪЩϵҪ൱걸ľ֤ȯ׷ƽ֤ȯͶʱȡûһƵķλ׷棬Ȼ»ҡй½ĹƱһгڡЬûߴ񡱣ʵȣںڷһЩŴҴææس̨Ӧķ棬͸ڲˡչѰṩ˴ɳ֮ƱгҲͬ죬ɷҵ˳û걸Ĺ򣬼֤֮ȯгΥΪලĻϢƾʽʵݹʱзʹгΪͶķԶĲ˵1996йΪһֹп񳱸ĳЩй½ý˵ǡһ־ǰӳ̵ᱳһ棬ھ൱Ϣ֧ѹһ󲿷ݹҵʽȱֱͨʳʽ˹ҵͨнʽ⣬õĵʹ󲿷Ͷ߹㲻ǰҪͶбҪһ顣ᱳʹй1996൱ͶɫʣͶʽڶƵУߵһ쾹 250ڵĳɽǴϢͨʿĻϢʽʵݹ飬199612³й֤ԻͶʹ˾ 28һڹƱйΥʽһ½в鴦֤ȯҵʿ͸¶Υ֤ȯҵ൱ձ顣[23]

  ΪáйŸܻͨ¸еĹ˾йΪһĳ20011£⾴̨ġĳۡλѧ˹Ӧ⾴Ĺ۵㣬ɴ˽ҿйд۵Ļ20018£С귢ˡейСһģΪй⣬ͨƣ¯һ۵гΪġƵۡ[24] 2005꣬йѾǳԵ״̬ձ2005421ͷ濯һƪΪй𣬹гûв顷£ָйвµ᲻йд6µͣй6,000ɢͶȴ̶Ĳг20057ѮйٴαƽǧָڶԹǰԤѾһƬ֮̾[25]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġйڹݵĽɫ 					
 				 				 					 					
˵й1998ǰװģԹͶô1998ԺùȦǮǻΣһ;Ǭ๫Ϊĭơ͵1999519йġࡱձۣйгɣΪȦǮơйн곣ôһֶѭڹήʱдгɣȹʱֿʼ鴦ΥŴ20012µף£ٻ󻧴Убǡ7·ݣܻйֿʼ鴦ҵСΥһ£ɴʽ˳Уһڣйֵˮ7,000ԪµΪ14[26] йоһһֵıǱȵͶɫʹ֤ȯгۼɢʽ𣬳ʽгʧȥһȡ

  зζǣйġ֤ǫ̇й쵼˲ڸֹϱʾҪ֤ȯгС淶ʱ֤ȯгȴΥ¼1998°꿪ʼڹҵǷд࣬йΣѾǳءйΪѲΣѾ˲ֶεĵزٸʸĹҵƵгȦǮ˺֤ȯгĻֳŲϡ

  1999 ꣬ǺϡԴٱʹɼ֮1,000ϡ[27] ±ҴԺ֮粻ûжֹԽԽҡȽǱΪ֧Բҵҵͷҵµľ㡱ҵ˾(״Ϊ600259)ù˾2000525Ϻ֤ȯУһʱ䣬ù˾һɶӵеĹȨͱȫѺ򶳽ᣬɴ˴һ⣺Ŀδգ˾δӯдɣڲְȥȵȡһϺ֤ȯйعƱеĹ㣡ºݵ飬һ˾Ŀšʡҵ(1998)245ļġ[28] ʡһǳɵĽɫ

  2001 8±Ҵġ¼һ޷졢֮Ժ㣬ԹʽͶΪ֧ŵľ޴ԡġ˾ȫǹ()ʵҵɷ޹˾Ʊ״0557ֻƱ19991230յ13.97Ԫһ·2000ĩʱλһǰ440%Ƿλӵйعеڶλ199810𣬡ġĹԼԼѾӵ¹ͻõ5,000˵ĹЭ飻2001 4£ġƵֱ2000ĶԵ³ڶΪ1.8ˣġҪɴ˶2000꣬Ѿﵽ 4.7Ԫңͬʱù˾Ѿ·ͻǩꡢܶ60ԪĶͬΪֳ֤ıΪʵġв񱨱չʾù˾ġʵͶ롱ΪܹڵġȡƷһֻƷ˾Ѿ2 .8Ԫ20016ڰߺµߣԳʱ·Ƽù˾ģ걨УݳƽͶ5ԪȻ 20018¾Ļʱڲŷ֣˾еҵȫٵģȫԵ³ֻ1,070( Լϵʱ480Ԫ)[29] й֤ϯСòϣйй˾⣬й˾ȱٹ͸ṩ׼ȷϢĴͳвݹ˾ʽǹпعɣʵϱ˼عɵĹ˾[30] һλϺ֤ȯ첿֤ȯԱԸٸݽɵݱ桶Ϊ롶ۡй˾Υع⣬ɴ˽йһһĻС[31]

  ϵһƭ־ɸĬġʲ顱Ϻ֤ȯо90кڿʼ־ѧ봫ý ʲ顱δйй˾ҵʲĹ˾ʹҵߣ֡ߡҪڵӹȦǮЧߣٶ½ʵ֤Ϊġʲ顱ѾΪָͶĿãԴá͵ΪȱΪɡ˶ӱϿعȨгת÷ӳһгΪعȨ޳ǿҵɫʲɱһЩ˽漯ϵһ浼Щ漯ֱۿعȨӶй˾ĲƲһ¼֮ǰԹ˾ĿعȨгתΪģʽƴȳɼԻȡ߶ĳ档͵Ǻͨ˾ʵҵ˾6⹫˾ľӪ״δøƣͨȴͨתʲȨѺõȶֶΣǰʵҵŪ8ڵʲáϷΪʽʲ顣1998꣬й˾368ҽʲ飬123ָ29ҿ𣬸ԭЩ˾ʲӲҵϣҵĺľûߡST˾Ҳͬˡ2000ڣйϺй50ST˾21Ҵؿ״̬ST֣ĵȹ˾ʲծΪǹ˾ƵƵϽʲ顣ݲȫͳƣ1997굽2000꣬йдССʲ¼2,000𣬳Ϊֿй˾ɱﵡһͳʾ1997굽20001130գйй770Ƚشʲ飬漰400й˾ƽһй˾δʲ飬25ҹ˾3ʵʩʲ顣[32]

  Щ֤ȯгϵĸΪ󼸺Ա룬֤᱾Ϊܹж裬֤ȴƵƵܳšݹýϢй֤127λԱ򸯰Ϊعܳͽ䡣[33]

  ʾйǰеġɷƸ족롰ʲ顱˶ıʣڸ漯ŵŬ£ԸıҵӪΪĿĵġɷƸ족ν ʲ顱ݱһԡڲˡΪ塢ԹʲСΪӶȨΪֶΣԴĽٷĴģѰһֻҪǵйеĻص㡰90ͿȻġһ90ָй˾90ǹҵһ90йĿǰӪ֤ȯҵ֤ȯ˾90ǹеĻǹеġ[34] һص;ȫùȦǮΪѹҵӶҲǹΣҪֶΡɷƸĳ֣־йȨײϷֹʲĻڳаԺ󣬳һµĸ߳ͬʱҲ־ŴģȨ˽л̵Ŀʼ˵ɷƸ족ȷʵ幫ṩһ١ֻ͡ȨȺѡ

  ʷϣֹϵöľżʡйǰë쵼в׼ΪֶΡṲͬԣΪĿĸղδеĸԣᰲһⳡԸıҵӪΪĿġɷƸ˶ҲΥȨг䣬͹ֻΪȨȦڶʱڻ۾޶ƸõĻᣬ˹ʲʧʵɷƸַʽУһִ۸߰ĸΪԴ˷ҵΪı󡰸족Լ족еѰС

  2005꣬κ˶ܹйˣ2000ĩйеֵռGDP50й˾1,000ңͶ 5,500򻧣[35]֤ȯгֵߴ5.4ڣЩֱйѾռоصλáйɹеĸͶΪȥʹйгΪһׯĳĳ󲻽ĵ˹ʹйбƱ20001,000 20041,350ֻ2005ֵܶΪ4ڣȥڼ¹ֵֵ2.4ڣֵͨٽڡ[36]Ʊֵռ2004ֵ24%[37]

  йҵһΪǮ֮ݾڹмȻήҲйҵͽȦǮĿת⡣2005һΪֹйҵۡŦԼ֤ȯ˹ˡ¼еĹ˾370ңֵѴﵽ2.15ԪңԼ2,600ԪңЩй˾УŦԼ֤ейҵΪ17ңʹģϴʯʯĹдҵͬʱŦԼС[38]

  ϰйŪ١ֻȦǮͶ߻رйҵȴйв鷳ӢʦHerbert SmithṩݣŦԼ֤ȯеۺйڵع˾11.5%ܼϵţ˹˹ƱгһǸߴ 17.2%[39]йٹɷ20031217ճɹ½ŦԼ֮й𹫲˶йټŵƽйٹɷɴͶ߼ϣ˾³¡ͼڵλ¶ڱ֮С[40] ҲΪйҵѣйƳĴке룬ʵء

  --------------------------------------------------

[i]ʱԭʼۣ˼ʹõһ京жһָʱ۵ĳʼԣָӶԡй1978ʼʱۣüص㡣ʹζ߱˼塣

  [ii] ۸˫ƣй1978꿪ʼøĸƳһĸʩ90ڼ۸ĸ𲽷ֹʱйǼƻƣƷضȱƷӦ󣬲Ʒֲġľġú̿ԼƷָ꣬ƻӦҪõƻָܹƷ 1978ԺйԽƷʵּ۸һָ꣬ƻڼ۸Ӧּ۸ǹ̶ģȽϱˣһſ۸гڣⲿֳ֮ΪƻƷļ۸ҪߣƷȱʱڣЩƻƷļ۸񾹱ȼƻƷļ۸Ҫ߳һν۸˫ơΪЩƷָĹԱṩ˴ѰᣬǽЩƷָǵݡˡԼϵЩõָ̰г۸תҪЩƷĿͻ׬ȡƷĲۣԱ˷ַʡйĸ߼ԱӵȨ80ģ˸̣й˳Ϊٵ1989ꡰġѧ˶ܣҪںžǡ򵹹ٵʱΪġٵǵӷСƽӣ

  [iii] аƣйøĸйҵĸһַʽҪҵаӪҵ涨ϽԴΪʽıҵЧʵµıײַʽ׵³а߶ҵ̶ʲӶʹãаڻδķǳأʵм󣬼ʧܡ

  [iv]νǰѰ⡱ָ漯ŸŬԴȨͽǮ¸ţʹƶĳߣγĳֶԼԴ֡

  [1]ڷƱ19931012յ3档

  [2]ʡǱί֣٣ɷĿǰȫƿ

  [3]»199348յ磺йԺ칫Υ¼ͨ

  [4]óţϳ磩ӳϣڲɡ塯롮ԭʼɡ񻰡

  [5] ⷽعԭҰʵҵɷ޹˾к軪ʵҵɷ޹˾ԭҰ֮ͣƣԭ֮һǴͨʦʱŪ١ 軪ԭѱ׼1991УҲͬⱻ飬һֱδ׼СһҴҵмùҵ˾ġɷƸ족ҵʾ7£涨ʱ12ҪΪʱʣͨһأԱָʾ£ͨĳʦڰʱ޸ʲģʱΪ17ǧʱ7,900ͬһʲʱ1֮ޡŴδԴвɡ

  [6]Ϣο»Ϣࣩ199477ա

  [7]ʡǱί֣٣ɷĿǰȫƿ

  [8]ߵּǡ

  [9]Ϣձ1995124գڲƱӣ麣֯

  [10]Ϣο»Ϣࣩ199477ա

  [11]йг̳ڶۻйҾóίγ̩ķԡۻɲ塢ձﾭѧѯĹͬ졣̩δְǰںʮйڶ쳧쵼ְ꣬йҵн˽⡣

  [12]ͬע4 ˴õй֤ȯС鸱鳤̵߳µ˵

  [13]硢ױģʲʧ Ȩĸ̲ݻ

  [14]мұ棺ĳĳҪ⡷ 1990131 ţĳĳͬ־Ĵݾ

  [15]Դ

  ƾ֣˽֪ͨ顷֣19914ţ19914 18ա

  ԭҰʵҵɷ޹˾»᣺ԡ˽֪ͨ页֣19914ŵ纯199158ա

  ԭҰʵҵɷ޹˾»᣺ڹ˾ɶͶʵȷ8רϡ1991613ա

  ԭҰ⣬ͷʼ˷֮УĻأδֵĸഫ˵̫࣬Щ˵ҲǿѨ硣гΪ޴ìʱСƽֶŮΪ֧½˹˾ΪУΪԴ

  [16]»籱199561յ磬199562ա

  [17]ձ1996124ա

  [18]»籱1996712յ硣

  [19]199379ա

  [20]ƽʹ˳عֿ¶񻰡Դڡ21;ñ2004816գhttp://business.sohu.com/20040816

  [21]828չھѧҼӦƽʵ¼֮磬ַhttp://www.wyzxwyzx.com

  [22]ܿһ𣿡ҵۡICXO.COM ( ڣ2005-07-01 17:53)

  [23]й֤鴦һΥ1996¼1996126գ

  [24]йСȨá¼ǡwww.XINHUANET.com20050430 13:39:48Դʱг־

  [25] ĸ֮йٴվǧǰй2005711932֣http: //news.allnet.cn/finance/stock/17739.htmlй2005Σ www.XINHUANET.com20050322 08:38:35Դִ̱

  [26]ձ200185A8档

  [27]ƾ19994ºš

  [28]ҵ񼡱ƾ20014ºš

  [29]塱ƾ20018ºš

  [30]Сʹй˾ձ2001911D5档

  [31]ƾ200010ºš

  [32]Դй˾ʲ顱ձƾš2001212գ

  [33]ڸ⣺֤12߹Ա̵㡱www.XINHUANET.com20050111 07:39:29Դƾ־

  [34]Ϸб200137B3档

  [35]йʱ20001215գйзʮ·

  [36]йеĶѡ񡱣ԭءù۲챨20050430 http://finance.sina.com.cn

  [37]졮5.19عйеĲʹhttp://topic.news.hexun.com/stock/

  [38]еĸ򡱣ֲƸ 20051ڣ

  www.digitalfortune.com.cn/cn/issues/ 

  [39]֤ӿй͡http://finance.sina.com.cn 20041201 13:29ԭؽ-Ӫñ

  [40]кѡַ֮֮ǷޡйͶhttp://www.invest-in-china.cn/gzh/hwdetail.asp?id=3548  					
 					   15,110֣ 				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ڶ¡ 2090ʼġȦ˶ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					

  80ļ۸˫ơаƣԼɷƸ족˶ʹ˳ɹزƸٷ䡣ԺһġȦ˶УйȨײһЩ漯ϣѰ쵽Դȥɴ˽ϷֹԴ˸߳

  һȦ˶йչ

  2050йͨظĸ˺ͼƻ׵ʹģʽԴпУκõضþֱ 1986꡶ع̨ͻʵ20֮õʽ涨гʽУ˽гĳ롣 1986꡶عȷˡּ޶ơ涨ҽø1,000Ķϣ2,000ĶϵģɹԺ׼ø3 Ķ£10Ķµģ׼ǣЩʽڴ˺չġȦ˶УгֶʼǷԴҪֶΡ

  1987꿪ʼ1992ﵽ߳ ȡʵʾǵйĸȨ߶ԴһδϷ֡ȦռļгأҲдءȦءֶʮָӣڸп˵Ȧ˶ɷΪ׶Σһ׶β÷гֶΣڶ׶ǷгֶκгֶΣгתϣǰΪ⵱еڣ2000Ϊ磬йġȦءڳݱΪԲǨΪӶоסũΪԼ͵ĲȦռũĸءΪӶڵԴķرҡ

  ȫʡУʶصļֵ1987ȫȡķʽʹȨгתãʹΪ50ꡣĻϣ19893й߽˴޸ܷڡκ֯߸˲ռʽǷתءһ棬ֲһ䣺ʹȨתá19905ԹԺ55䲼ġл񹲺͹سúתһʹȨĶȨȷ綨涨ڻȡʹȨͬʱҲԻȡ޶ȵռȨȨʹȨʹ߿óۡʽתʹȨһǶʹȨĸĸĳ̨ΪԺصгתṩ˷ݡ

  緶ΧڲԴгתûôʽ𣬴Ӷʹɵĳɹӡƶȸĸ﷽ĳԣԼ÷ʽһƶȸĸĿ϶ӦǶԾ÷չԵȷѡ񡣵һƶµĲ϶̫࣬һΧʹȨĸĸֱܵĹԱԳãӶʹһĸһγΪģʢġ͡

  Ȧ˶ڹ㶫𣬸Ϊ㣬ӿ麣ͷԼ齭ޣСط׷׽ЧڸгתãԴʡ1992ʱгʮ֮һͶ½زҵ[1] һʱ䣬ȡ鼰ȫ޶̨ͶšݣൺʼձϺʽϺֶṩŻݣ̳Ƭء꣬ʡΪҪϸͻ֣ᷢ1991ʼֱ1993ȫνͶȡ̶Ʒסլ¥д¥ͨóͶѸšݹƣй2090ϰڿŷزгɵʣռˡʡܶ90ҡ[2]

  йҽ貿ϣ19933ʱй½ؼϵĿѴ6,000ռ1.5ƽйʱõ1.34ƽﻹ0.16ƽ⻹ЩδͳڵĴ弶򼶿Ȧȡڴ˿ɼһߡ

  ֵ˼ǵʱһҲûע⵽֡ȦȡǱصľ޴ΣڹԺزһ£1994421գ»籱һͨزҵ֮Ϊг³һ˵زҵչ֮Ѹ١Щݵǿ˵ʱزȵ˺̶ֳȣ1992ȫķزɿͶ732Ԫ1991117зز˾12,400ң෿زӪɹ˾4,700ңزн4,000ңҵԱ250ˡ1992Ʒ18,969ƽף57.75ز˾Ӫﵽ529Ԫ87ز7.05Ԫ226غزҵķչԿڵأϡ㶫㽭Ϻաɽ7ʡ1992ɵķزͶʶռȫ60ϡ

  ֡ԾʽġչٶȡǰйƺһȻͷ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

Ȩ͸Ȧ˶ 					
  				 				 					 					
Ȧ˶ᾭúйΪ֮عʧءعʽʧľ棬ǼȵߵĸʿԡȦȡзԡ

  νʧءָعľҪָȱĿʽνäĿأɿ뿪ܲƵľ档طĿûе£äĿأЩظûɹ̫ԺʡΪ1993°꣬ѽ࿪3002,485ƽؿʽ䣬Сͨһƽͨˮͨ硢ͨúͨ绰ͨƽأȻԽ裬ֻơȦأȴ˭ʽֱ199511£ϳɳһԭ¡ɹ̫ػƽףеѡɹ̫ߡ֮á[3]

  ݹũҵĹԱܣЩأ80Ǹء1992йٸس1,000Ķγ1949Ժйؼĵ߷塣1986ꡫ199510䣬ũռܹ3,000ĶЩش󲿷ݲûͶ뿪1992ԺΪأһǷũõָ겻ϱͻƣãɹ̫һȴǴũ޵ؿɸԹ㶫ʡΪ1996ȫʡĴΪֹȥ10ʡģռش133.5Ķиռһ롣[4]

  ӰΪصعʽʧνʧָعʽӶʹȨһгΪ˽СȨǮסṩ˾õĻᡣ硰ءðȻĺϣعġһг[i]ϣȨǮ׼ǹġʵȨ˺ͷز˾ͨһԼԼ۸ȦռأȻתֻȡʱձһֻҪȦأͿ϶Ǯ׬ڡȦȡ߷ʱڣںһأ弯600 ҷز˾300ҽҵ200ҹ滮ƵλЩҵֻҪʽָܹдʹȦռء·Ĺ˳ԽµλֱʡСһ쵼أСһع滮ͬ衣Ȧռתֵ˲ƺһ֮Ȧȡδȡϴ1993Ժ˥䣬ɫҵΡչ֮⣬ҵ

  еġȦ˶Ⱥѷɫõйغ14ų[ii]֮Уȴ޷š֮šЧ㶫ϣץסزˡȡ1992һ֮ھͽ2080ƽ׼ز˾500ҡ19936Ϊֹеķزҵ1,100ҡڡһгõصģȻǺȨȦմߵˡг˧Ա˸̾Լġԡеķز˭Ҳܷϣȵĸɾʧءʲô취ϼ쵼ܲǩ֪ǴģҲûа취ơйɫгܶסġؾƽＸƽȥˡ[5]

  ӽµıһ1992һ֮ڣоش24,000ĶһԻռ10Ķϵı8019931£һ10Ķϵؾ81992ػ1991࣬ƷͶܶȴֻ1991 42.2ɼΪٵڡȦءڽΪġͨ󡱶࣬ףŻ199224գо״б꣬Ϊ4бڣһλͶ߹ˡܼ򵥣ܻǮͨؽڣͨԱŪأ˭ȥҪǴ۸߰ġбꡱأ

  ڽʵгʹõĵ㶫1992ףбõҲع5ʵгõĵ6ͷ 1992꣬бõҲֻռع25.2󲿷ػǲȡʽڽ貿˴ЭŶԱؽ飬ͳƳڡȦȡռõũҵõأ԰˵ء7Ķн5ĶΥõأԼ 3,000Ŀ롰Ȧȡее߲ۼ۸1992ͬһ࣬ļ۸Ҳһ[6]

  ʽһ˷زгƽƣһ浼ָƽȵȨڡһгϱֵ쾡¡ Ȧȡѹȥü1996꣬һϸϼһЩ֣19921994䣬㶫Υءõذ13,849ڣ漰15.2ĶΥռ80ҡ1996㶫ʡġġУũδõ23.8ĶУ 70Ϊ[7]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

Ȩߵʢ磺ϷֹأӶڲƲ 					
  				 				 					 					
ܡع͡ʹȨúתȷȷ˹Ҷһг¢Ȩ涨ʹȨתõгΪ˰ڻȴڴɫΪʵϹҲδΪԴõߡȨ뷿زҵʹȦ˶ĲߴƣǲʵݲȫıعƣڡȦ˶ڼ䣬ʧÿԪ[8]йʲ25Ԫҡ[9]

  2002꿪ʼйÿ궼Ҫһҵа[10]زҵÿ궼߾Ӱס

  ݷزҵʿȫ緿زҵһ㶼5ңйزҵƽ15ϡйĴ󸻺ҵ쳣ڷزй˹2002ȹ100УȻ40زҵǰ10У̩ǽïï㼯š۸ųϣáǸ߿ƼŹʢҶ7˵Ĺ˾ҵжзزҵټũ㡢ǼٺԼ׿Ｏ׿棬ǰ2010˶ڴ·زҵ˵йһ붼Ƿز̡˺Ȼд·ҵĸڸ˹2003йڵظϣ㷿زĻǸߴ35ҵȣزҵĸ֮࣬ңңȡһˣ֤йزҵ֮˵ǿѨ硣

  йķزҵ·еڶ̶20ڣԳٶȴ̡̫кܶ฻̶Ǵӡһס״̬ңҺܶźҼƵ͡2003꣬ӡ˹йϵ졢¹ͷزصҵĿǰڽϺ㡢ǮΰҲͨزҵӪ˾޶Ƹ[11]

  һйɫӳȤǣ˹ȫ򸻺У500ֻ30ǵز̡

  ˲ɵòʣйزҵܹά˸߶ѵйķزҵ˵

  ݶ۲زҵıҪ

  һزԱᣬʹø֡ɫֶΡõء

  й1978ĸ￪ֹδģġȦ˶ΡȦءͷ2000Ժ󡣸ݱ߶й15γɸ߳ زȡĹ۲죬زҵı£ƶȦؼƻⲿţ֣׸ʽȡÿȡдóнλʽ𿪷¸ܻõѺڡеһҪھԱ

  2000й롰򻯣л߳ʱڣطѳл⣬һЩˡ漯ŽȨǮסЩˡƾнһᣬΪ̾޼֣˻ܹ޽ƸƣƵصĳй滮õطΪγɡطľ棬Աǵ˽סլҲɡˡѡõ졣һˡԱ˽ܵġ湲ͬ塱ΪܵΪطġϴ󡱡¢ϾӪĹţĵ·ˮܺ͹ʩطҪ󵱵ؾʡ[12]

  ز̼ȻܹΪ޸ز̳Ϊ޸ĵطԱȻҲʵͣݷزҵʿ͸¶һĻ¸ףɱ͸ߴؼ۵ 30ңڷزҵѲʲôܡݹԴȫͳƣ2003ȫ鴦©ڵΥ168 738˸赳ʹ֣134׷ΣΣ[13]ιġ㣬ÿһΥ¼ֻһλˣҲ 16.8ˣ˶ػߣȴֻв1ΥҪеΡ˵ܻΥɱ൱΢ԱֻҪ˵͵ġΥɱͿԻ൱ߵĸ棬£һȵġ顱ڳ̰Ȼá

  ڶӶвǨ档

  زƹҹ涨õص10оͰеġΣ족ءزڸɫĸ߶׳ɱΪ˱ֻܡϰëëķʽ֮һ뷽跨ͲǨɱصĲǨɢϸܲǨԱǲǨߣȻΪز̳йʮвǨڱǨУ׷ʧȥ֮йҽ貿ͳƣ200218·Ź4,820ΣУ漰Ǩռ28Ϸ1,730ΣзӳǨռ70ڼϷõ123УǨռ 83.7[14]ϧǣǨĹƽȶ⣬δйߵӣڷ״̬زڲǨУڶǨ¼ʡǨ첲ϵ¼ϷڲǨ뷿ز֮䣬򿹾ܱǨĳͻԽԽ࣬ 20038ϾḴ̌뱻Է¼

  2003һڣйͳı찲Ź㳡ȺʮԷ¼мλԷ߾زǨ¼Ŀйıҷй鰸ԩ飬ԷΪΣΰ߼ԾнΪǨ˾ʦ֣ԡй¶һͶһУױйͳйʷڰȨΡ

  еĲǨѾ˹̹ᣬ޳ӶǨ˽вƲĳϷ硣2003822Ͼ˸ǨԷ¼󣬽ʡʡίԴҲòϣзݲǨũãѾΪɳ̲ˮͷ⡣[15]νɳ̲ˮͷָȻ涨ҪǨڲĽǮڸڶ̰ˣղǨòĲӸسвǨĲҷԺŵ˵йزﻩĽǮŲٳвǨѪᡣݽ貿йزͳƣĿǰȫزг50%ڲǨı󣬰ò߲λ²ǨʧصƶǨìֱܵӵԭ򡣷ݲǨΪì֮һ 2004ϰزǨĵ貿Ϸõ4,02618,620ˡмϷ90513,223ˣϷ3,121 5,397ˣͳ20033,92918,071˵ȫϷ[16]

  Ӷũ԰ء

  й20ǰũƶȸĸͥаơֻũӵʹȨûũӵȨƶϵȱء硢ȨĹǳصˡϸ90ʼйũرͼõı粻йݣ20041£Ϸĩһƪ ҵļɽũʧȥصı[17]ֻйǧȺʧȥصũһӰѡ

  йũƶĸԴ֮һȨƶֻʹȨûȨũء硢ɲӶĶ㽭ʦѧ½ڼ³㡢11ʡ134˳飬ӵصũҵ˿ֻռ˿ڵ84.5ݴ㣬ȫ13.7ũ޵ءݹԴͳƣ19872001ΥռԼΪ4,0744,420Ķ˾0.8Ķ㣬ʧũԼ 5,0935,525[18]ЩʧũѪ£ֻܹý塢չйһй֮˽ȨȷԼĸ߶ȸܡйȨͳ£й֮ûκּۻ۵ĲȻơ

  ģ͵©˰

  ݱųɷزҵ͵©˰2003꣬Ͼе˰ֻ־ֺķѰʱ䣬2002˰ϴ88زҵҵ˰ר飬Ȼ87͵©˰⣬˰ߴ5,03166Ԫݱй൱ձ飬Ӯķزҵ˰걨ǡ΢ߡ𡱡˰ǳġ桱ڷزȡĹԱǶԴֻ۱ֻۣ׷顣[19]

  壬եȡ

  ҵġڡһֱйߵһҪ⣬թڷزԤСʱĳŵȡĸָӷøǶţëؼ۶δ壬¹òز֤ͶߣйҪ2004꿪ʼйزҺάȨж[20]

  եȡìܡͳƣ2003ǰ10£ȫƷƽۼ۸Ϊÿƽ2,470ԪϺڵȳеķߴÿƽ 6000Ԫϡ2002ȫ˾֧Լ7,000Ԫһڼ㣬ȫмͥͳƽ۱1:12ҡٿǵĿǰйһأ֪һо񹺷൱ѡ̵ĲʵեƶԹᡣ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġ̵ľ޶ͶʴӺζ 					
  				 				 					 					
󻹱شһ⣺йڽ뷿زҵǰûжǮġСѼͨͶʷزҵǲųΪĿġ족ôͶڷزľ޶Ǯɺζ

  ֻһйеŴʽǿزʽԴ

  йķزҵڿ֮ձ鶼ʽйС輦ӿʽ𵽽ҵ渶Ĺʽ𣬼еŴʽһ̳˷زйԱȨǮףеŴա

  20йزŴѾ6ΣĿǰȻõ2003613·ġڽһǿزŴҵ֪ͨһ߸ճ¯ʱڷزҵȻ󲨡ٷزΪһж˷زҵʽԴ50%ϷزҵƲ70% ¥ȱʽֻͣ֡ŸС˵˷زҵдԡһ֪ͨδãΪѶȼӴֻʹй˶һߵʱûжϷز̵ʽѪйʵһ֤йġȨ

  ڷزҵűǱ˴աͳƣ1998ҵзزΪ2,680Ԫ2002Ѿߴ6,616Ԫ25.3%[21]90йУУơСģʱڳʽڶ˲ʲйʿ͸¶ڳʽ85תΪ㶫ϵķز[22]20032µףз2002ִб桷йжԲֳҵ2001712002930շŵķزļΥΥռܼ 24.9йдԣζزн1/4Υ[23]֮ԸΥŴȻΪ˸ıȡ˽

  ʵ˵ͬʱΪйӯҵ뱩ҵ֮׵ķزҵȫǿԱдкͬӶй˽ĸ߸  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢زγɵĲƸڶ 					
  				 				 					 					
ηչġزҵΪйķչ֡סΪһزԱΪ֮⣬صһӶ¹ӻΪҪʱءѾͨпתƵ˷زṩƷĽ񣻶ǼìܡйûбܵͽĻǿԵĳвǨũأƵƽͶ·ؽΪۻìܵĻҩͰйιҲûɵָԩ޸ϰֻѡԷ١һʽкǵĲ

  κιңضǲҪԴǹһ۽ʽҪԴְӴ˿ڵйԴԼѾ൱Ͼ˾غٵ£й½˫Ŀ꣺һͨʹȨ۽ʽʽѷй˵ȷʵǳҪϣͨ˾ٴٽסƷԸй˵סȨĸ߶гȨȺ帯ܣʹʵʽԶԶƫĿꡣ

  ȣڡһгʵع˫ƣгãģʽʹ󲿷ͨ롱гⲿػûжԡгõһݣȱؼؼ۹͹ĵؼ۱׼ʹطȨгõĹУΪ˴ȡѹ͵ؼۣ⴦ʲɹʧϱйءгϵļ۸񲢲ͣ1985һеؼԼΪ58Ԫ/Ķ 1988Ϊ1520Ԫ/Ķ90ǰغ齭޳еĵؼǣѳ100200Ԫ/ĶЩƽضθߴ700Ԫ/ Ķ[24]Щ۸ǡһг10౶۲м价ڴʧԲٵطȻãطȴδγɴĻֻۣʹȨߺͲ보߳Ϊ޸һϸʣõĴ󲿷δػȫ߱ͨһƽëأؼ۸඼ܵ͡ݱлƽضؼ۸δ۸ֻռؼ۸10һ鿪صļ۸һ10سý30ĻʩͻشͶʣԼ60ֵѡҲ˵йʱһعʽ£ëػأֻõ гؼ۸10[25] йزҵʿĻ˵һܡһԶҲ޷֪ǳĲƸڶÿһ㷿زˣصԴõصʱ䲻ͬӶõҲ֮ܲͬͨ֡ɫγɵ䣬ǵйᷢչķ棬շµĴ£ʹ򲻿ɱ붯ңṫڶڲƽԹձǿ

  Σ࣬ȴδʹڵסõʵԵĽڡءг۸ߣµΪ۶ĴڻסլͼǷ׷׽Ԣ͸߼סլԸ̨ʿ͹ڵġΪ۶ʹйķزгصĹѽڡݷزҵʿ󾭼ĳе¥۽жԱȣй½ĳе¥Ӣĳв£ȼô󡢰ĴǻҪ󡣾ݡлʱҽ貿ķزгݣ1995й½Ʒô5,046ƽף2000꼴ﵽ8,000ƽס۸ȴʹȱĹнײ֮޷ֱز۸Ժ1996꣬ڵشϺԼغĹݡڵȵأһƷÿƽ׼۸ 4,0006,000Ԫһʡἶ人ɳ3,000Ԫҡй½ˮƽÿƽ׳2,000ԪƷ۸빤нײĹȥԶ[26]Ʒѹ1996꣬ͳй˺ӱʵҵչ˾10ɼû۳ĸ߼ʵбƳΪƽأ׼Ԣ¥ذΪ֮Ȼ[27]

  羭زһ˾زغͳлˮƽʱٶȡ͵һԣй½˾زˮƽԶԶڷңҲһЩչйҡлˮƽҲȽϵͣǷزгչ͵ڶԣЩй½ʱ۵ٶ൱죬Ƿֲȴ⣬Ҫ7ĸԣͼͥСЩͥһӵͨĪסլЩͥӵжסйҪĹнײ˰ķۣȴû㹻ĹҲ˵йĿǰزг֮ԡ߲࣬Ϊгںܴĳ̶ ȥģǽ֧֮ϵġⷽԴõ֤һ1995йزҵӪ״̬ͳƣһ귿زҵ40ͣҵ״̬ھӪ״̬еҵ13.64ȴڿ״̬״̬ռ46.36Ƿزг״ԣһ꣬Ʒ53.46 ȫزҵծʴ72.36Ϻ㶫㽭͹֮⣬25 ʡгҵԿ𣬿ҵĿ52[28] жҽе֣סլ۸Ӧڼͥ36Ϊˣ6гйͥڵ12ıϺؼ㣬1995Ϻһ˫ְͥΪ18,000Ԫңй½ĿǰƷ۸һͥҪһеˮƽΪ70ƽ׵ƷԼ30ԪΪͥ16ҡ[29] 2001ΪֹʹǼͥԶԶȫͨгеıһ80ƽ׵еסҲҪ38ԪңǼͥ3.4 Ԫ11[30]Ŀǰй½˾ҵ֮⣬Ҳûκι߱ס߶Ӱ󡣽2000ףй½ٷͳݱ½˾סΪ10.25ƽף[31] ٷŵġСˮ׼˾25ƽסĲ໹൱ⷽĴۺʧԽ࣬ڶԸĸ̶ȾԽ͡

  ˶ɾȥһΣ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ĭķزг޷֧й 					
 				 				 					 					
1996ϰ꿪ʼ2001꣬йͨ8νдϢϣԴزг󣬵ΪֹѾԺԵؿһĿԴﵽڲƷԹʣĽ죬ЧǽȽϳһʱйӦԵľ⡣ѡ񷿵زҵΪһ־÷չ㣬Ҳ˳µسΪ߲ʿͲݹѧĿľߡʱڣ貿ҼίԺйزί˶̱ʾҪ˳ߣƷ۸񣬷չסڣͨ۴޵ķʽ̻дķزгסլΪһ־㣬50ҵķչڷ۸ǡȱ£ҪﵽĿ൱Ѷȡ

  Ŀǰסլҵһԭһ֧ĸ߷Խϵ͵Ĺìܡһӷҹ֧֮ͥȿԿ

  ݷҹ֧֮ͥ
 						 							 								  								 ÿסլۼ֮ͥ 							 							 								  								2.8:1 							 							 								ô 								4.8:1 							 							 								Ӣ  								3.7:1 							 							 								  								5.7:1 							 							 								Ĵ 								4:1 							 							 								  								1.8:1 							 							 								  								12141 							 						 					 					

˽⣬еȷҾˮƽй½סլ۸ȴй½Щÿסլܼ۸񣬾ڼͥ6ڣṩİңЩҵľɵ򷿡ⷿй½˾200ҵ170λңⷿȴ󳬹еȷңȷһߣȻй飬ǼľĿǰй½Ʒۼ빤֮ձ12:1ңеĵط籱ϺݻԸһȻڹʱ׼ࡣ

  1996-2001һڼ䣬йȺƶһϵŻָ֧ҵزгǷزг͹֮Ǿ޴ȱβַ죿гƷĹؼǽƷļ۸߾Ĺ߽ڷ۽ǰ£þͨ1520ڸķʽһסпгؼڣҪ٣ϰղ𣿸۸й۸񰺹ƷкԶľ롣

  г״Ѿķزгйĸ֡ĸʩһ̨ͻй֮ڣز˾󲿷ǹҵͶ뷿زĴֶڹСڿĿĹУĿ˿ͨƤ̵ȸ̰ܻߣ£ҲͲҵܷԼдܷʱ黹ΪֻмǸ˲ſ̺ôйز֪ƷعʣҪϽСԭ򡣱Ʒȫƫߵģزȴһֱûн£ֱ2001Ϊֹзزҵ4,000ң70ûпʵ·زְ취õؿȨȻ󿿺תؿȨĲ[32] йزгһֵ1995-2000꣬еĴ35,457.9Ԫ58,000ԪʣƷȴ 5,046ƽһֱ20008,000ƽסⱳʵǴΥҪԱȨǮ׹ϵķز̡1998ȫ鴦Υ287,000漰115.6Ķи38.7Ķ[33] 2001610գ½Դִල־ֳ⹫2000½Υ170,000ɴ½ÿʧ 100ԪҡЩΥȻȴ٣鵽λĸ١[34] ȫг״ġزֻΪ½гʣƷ20021µ11£йزͶΪ6228ңͬʱ1.25ƽףΪ19ķݿ26.71015Ĺʾߡ[35]ΪһյĴϻŮ裬νҵߵƶ£йУѧѽ10ǰ100йŮ֧ǣЩڡߴ̼תɶԷݵԣ2003꿪ʼһַزȣȫǳķزĭйزҵͷϴϺԣ䷿زܴ󲿷ĳ

  ǣЩʲǴ㳤ڳϺ˷ռµĸγҵ˾̫߹ܵϺ¥е95%ͶԵġ[36]보ĺ밶Ͷʹ˾ݳ֣һҺֱԷزйעᣬζͶܴ죬ʽѸٳ֪жͶйزͳƾֻṩ2004ֱͶʣFDIйزҵʽģΪͬýΪ 134.9ԪʵʹýΪ59.5Ԫǰ48.08%13.55%ͳݾ˵ȫͳƣ©[37]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ߡȦ˶йԭʼʷϵĵλ 					
  				 				 					 					
ڡȦȡ棬صǾ޶һʱڣ㷿زʿˡ޲СС׶Ρڡزȡ׶Σ۰ĺ͹һЩֻҪмʮʽͿԸ㷿زһҵʵȨԱȡ¸ֶͼһֶͬڽʿڶ̶ʱڿ桰ֵΪ޸ڡȦȡʱձ󣬱ʿΪ޲СһʱһЩüǧʽ㿪90ССĸ߳󣬳йزҵĴ࣬ڷزҵڱΪС󡱡ݽ貿ڱϹܣйͶʷزҵʴ߹ˮƽҲڷҡϷزƽʻ68йڷزҵƽʲ30ʹгܲҲ2025ң͵İӹ̣Ҳ15ҵ󣬴һҵˮƽ

  йʱԭʼʷϣй¼׶Σ徭Ӫȣаũȣ칫˾ȣ۸˫ƵĲɷƸȣƱȣȦȣزȣڻ۲ƸУûԻ͡˵ġ񻰡ȴǡȦ˶ΪǰΡȡУйһЩ򼸰ֻ̣ڡȦءġ񻰡У׾ٵزһЩǧ̡

  ָǣ˵徭Ӫȡ͡аũȡֵΪ䷨ôڡ˾ȡȨʼгȨ߽뾭ûü۸˫ƴ󷢺ƣʱ𣬷䷨ѾرΣŤȨΪλƾϵͶз䡣һŤķ䷨˺ڡɷƸȡ͡ȦȡУǹáԺ⼸ȡȻ纱ٶһ̣ȴص谭й̳ǵͶӻ£й;÷չΪ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ˡȦءеѰԾøĸӰ 					
 				 				 					 					
κʱκιеظĸ䶯㣺ǶԾúƽȵĿ壩ǶЧҪ壩ĿÿظĸﶼӦôһ˺صĹϵ50ġظĸ90ġȦ˶һȽϣͻᷢڿԴϣظĸ㶯ʵǳ㡣ֻǰһֿƺʹصķʽھʮʵԺ󣬲δﵽԭĿꡣһ˵θĸһΡ֮񶨡 ʷ̣ߵķȫģһйʷ塣ⳡԲƽȨΪصġȦ˶˽⵱йøĸһЩ硣

  ʼ1978ľøĸһֱͼƿȨԴӸ϶ҡǶڡƶȡ⩤Ϊ塱ƶȵıһֱΪϹСڸĸÿһҪܵһţ͡ɡѧҾͷ฻СйɫĴʻͷʽʹԴǹлֻ֮࣬жйʶ̬ʷĲпгݵ˽⣬йľѧΪʲôҪڡ롰ʵɷѿġɷǳɳۺ£һϵڡȨԵĸĸһЩվáȨġڲˡչѰĲȡ˽ʵ¾תķ϶УõĻᶼȨãǺ͹ҵʿ໥ãϷԴٳ͹ҵ繴Ľ϶µĸȨ֯һһյĸ֮С޷ֹ۵ǣܵġٽ򡱵Ⱥ۵شʩһΪṩĴ̼͸Ļᡣ֤ⷽѳΪй˵ġʶٴΪŴԱҪ߻ؿṩ˻᣻֤ȯ趨ҵݣΪܲŵĹԱṩ˴ܡôѡĻ᣻ϸִй˾ƶΪصĹԱṩ˲ٷ˶֪ҪıšѽѿѰ족ķֻһлߵȡ߹

  ֵ˼һЩѧΡȦ˶Ʋáڱ֮ʱһλľѧϷһʡǷͶһӯᣬ˭ܷӯᲢץӯᣬ˭ȥĿǰйͶ̫࣬ǲ[38] һฯΪ̻ˡݡȦȡʧȥԡҪΪڷĵͶϼࡰĸĺϷغ쳹½ΪعͶ·زҵͷչһһ㣺й½ֽ׶Σ;ý˵ĲֻȨһЩۼҺѧߡǰ߽˵ĶӺȽϹڶȽףȴȽΣš̽֡͡ѧоţ˸ܻӰҲӡ

  оҾ׿侭ѧҡ1974ŵѧɡѶGunar Myrdal,18981987꣩ڶԶǹҵľáƶԽ˳ڵоԺΪвҵڡȨSoft Stateȱ;巨ɵʵʩԱձ鲻ǵĹָҳЩǱӦΪȨƵ뼯ŴͨһֻǡȨһֱʽѡǿоǹҵľΪԴǲǡġȻǳĻǬǴġѸܵҪʵڶԲҷչķ֮С[39]

  йʮĸĸУÿһȨٴĿʵ֮ľ룬ѲٺȨгáѧߺѧоߵ񵹲оһһľ尸ȷйܵʺͳ̶ȣԼšҵ뾭ĸʴ̶Ⱥͷչơ

  Ȧ˶µֺ֢ʹǲòE.S.˹Savas)һԣʵĴʸϣģ˼ǡٶ桯ְƶǻֱṩǻó

  ˵Ȧ˶ֱӻһɹ֤

  -------------------------------------------------------

  [i] һгضгйĸʱһľøйڸĸǰһȨУũ弰У1978ĸԺйҪгʹȨ䵱ʵⷽг֮Ϊһг򷽿ӵ50ʹȨ1999Ժĳ70 ꣩õʹȨ֤ļʹ֤ͼҵ˽ʹȨҵ֮֮Ϊضг

  й֮ڣĹԴּǹȨĴˣĹƶߣ⻹ع̵ĲߡعܵĸԴڴˡ

  [ii]ųУйĸʱһε1978ǰëʱй⽻ʵбչأʱܵйͶʡСƽһֳУʵһЩŻݵ˰ߣ˵ЩͶʣЩнųСй14ĿųУȽУ㶫ڡ麣ϺڣɽൺϺ򣻱ȵȡ

  [1]ⷿز19936ڣҳ26ݳע֮⣬ݡⷿز1993ڡ

  [2]¿ۣ19939ºš

  [3]Ϣձ19951121ա

  [4]Ϣձ1996628ա

  [5]ⷿز199448ڡ

  [6]Ϸĩ1993625ա

  [7]Ϣձ199672ա

  [8]ⷿز199448ڡ

  [9]йĸﱨܿ20011215ա

  [10]2002йʮҵϷhttp://www.southcn.com/finance/xincjzt/

  2003йʮҵزСѧǰСʱѶ200412գ2004йʮҵ2004126գ

  http://www.southcn.com/finance/xincjzt/2004baolihy/200412060483.htm

  [11]йһǷز̣ܶǷز͡羭ˡwww.icxo.com2003623ա

  [12]л壺ط21;ñ2004112ա

  [13]Ʒ籩2046룬ǧǣű20031224ա

  [14]Ǩʮ걯ϲ硱Ϸĩ200394ա

  [15]һвǨı걾Ϸĩ200394գܿ2003831ա

  [16]2005귿زƤ飺йزչNo.2,˷200547գhttp://house.sina.com.cn

  [17]Ϸĩ200418ա

  [18]йĸﱨ20031229ա

  [19]2003йزһа񡱣Ϣʱվ2004115գ http://www.jxnews.com.cn/n858/

  [20]2004йزҺάȨжѷվ2004129գhttp://www.soufun.com

  [21]йһǷز̣ܶǷز͡羭ˡwww.icxo.com2003623ա

  [22]ǧڲٴ21;ñ2003924ա

  [23]з飺4500ԪΥ棿 21;ñ 2003619ա

  [24]лʱ1996610ա

  [25]Ϣձ1995111ա

  [26]йгñ1995419ա

  [27]걨ĩ1996927գΪը԰

  [28]Ϣձ1996 77ա

  [29]걨1997523գʲʧ

  [30]»20011216ա

  [31]ձ200181D5棺˾ס10ƽס

  [32]ơȦ˶˳йĸﱨܿ20011115ա

  [33]йʱ1999 810յ8档

  [34]籱2001610յ磬תԡձ2001611A7档

  [35]ܿ2003324գ14ҳ

  [36]ϺزӲĭйܿڡزŻ-ѷhttp://www.soufun.com20050331ա

  [37]Ϻĭȫ죬 Ϻ¥ˡйܿڡزŻ-ѷhttp://www.soufun.com20050331ա

  [38]еĳŽءĸ־19972ڡ

  [39]䡵ɡѶƶս練ƶ١The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline. New York: Pantheon.1970.  					
 					  (16,840) 				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

£ҵĸΪʲôʧ 				 				 					 					
					

  ҵĸйĸռоصĵλ˵йڹĸͶ뾫࣬ʱʧܵҲҡйٷѧæνйҵ⣬ںűʾҪʲͬʱйĹҵѾձɽϢ٣һ棬ҵʲǲչѰҪʲڲʧ֮УһҵĸĸΪøĸһͨġƿڡ˲صǽʧҵᡣ

  һ ҵĸĹ켣

  ֮˵ҵĸйøĸһƿڡΪҵɽѹס⡰ɽծءҵ[i]ԱࡣУҵԱǣ浽йǿνŽᡱԼΰһľ⣬ڽг÷ߵԶĹ㶫ʡ1996ƳʩҵԲԱ[1] Ҳ̽ƾԲԱĴʩʵġ20024йýʢĹˮ繤̾10λŮΪ˱ס뼯һ䰸ܵ͵˵10λŮ֮Գ²ߣΪָݵˮ粿Ź涨ͬƵְûżߣɼҵǩͶͬھҵѵ£10λŮʵϲûдﵽĿġ[2]

  ҵθĸһһֱйʱص㡣80йѧֹ۵ԤԣСаӪơĸǡһ顱 ɷƸ족ᡰһľ顱ڳ20֡ĸŰ֮ѧҲѿʼףҵĸⲢǸƶȴµ⣬ӱһδƻƵŲ⣬תʱҪìܵļ㡣йʮĽȫƳִҵƶȡ[ii]ĸĸйٳǰֹ̬ҵĸĸںڱֽƪ빵سġԺʧӰ١

  ֮Դ1983йҵĸѾͨʽ߹˼׶Σ

  ҵӪȨʵɣı߶ȼеļƻƣƶҵг

  䲼ҵгаӪƣʵгƣȷҵԶƷߡӪߣʹʲȨ뾭ӪȨ롣

  ᳹ҵתӪҵȨƶҵתƣתְܣִҵƶȡ

  ˰Ȩ[iii]Ȩ;ӪȨʵ룬ӵĸﵽĸִҵƶȣʮ꣬ʲôҩùˣ˵Ҳҽҵ֢鵤ǰвݾѧùɷƸҵǾ199019955Ժ󣬷Ч룬ֻʹҵˡƹ˾ΪҩֻһӣƲûб仯ִҵƶȵҪĿǰҵȨ͹ʲȨֿȷҵķ˲ƲȨһϿƺѾŪĸƴʩʵϿɲԲǿ˴ϼίɵģҲ֪һֻᱻȨ뷨˲ƲȨ룿һЩҵľӪܴĥδӹʲóһΪӪ߲Ȩ֡Ӫ߲Ȩߵ˵·ĹӪҵֻҪһΪӪ߲Ȩ½ϣҵϾŤΪӯʲֵܼ˵ֵܷáȨľӪ֮⣬йʿ멤Ƶ˵ڡɷƸ족ʱ˵̫ˡӪ߲Ȩһ˵ǡΪҵûʲṩõĽڡ70ʷųơйһӴ󻧡ֺ㽭巼իʵҵɷ޹˾ĸƷ粨Ǻһ֤ù˾ơʱܹɱ1,212.96Ԫййɣ˹ɣΪ507.56Ԫռܹɱ41.84Ӫɶ³ܾԽƽλܾɣ3ͬʱҲǹʲ 20008£ù˾³ܾԽƽ˾150ԪԼ塰򡱹˾150ɷ˹ɹƱȫҲ巼ի˾֧˵Խƽδӵ巼ի˾150ɹɷݣӪλԱЧԵҲ˾40ɷ˹ɡ[3] Ѿ¶صνӪֹ߳ɡĸﶼͬС죬ΪҵĹԱ̹ʴ󿪷֮š

  Ϊθĸﻹã״̬ӽִҵƶȵľ̨߳йִҵƶȵĸĸһֱͣڳﻮ׶ΣҵĸĸҲֻܡʯͷӡˣŽι˾ĸ飬Žʣʡ޽ӡҵŽƲ沢ˡɷƸ족֪һҵԲɹɷݣͬչҲֻٲݣԼԾɿعվӪȨǸЧõĹҵͼҵ׷׳۴ɷݸ̣˳ơʵŮ޹СйƲƷ׷׹ϡʡƣֱ·ĸСйɫ顣ࡰʵŮ޹С ȫضзеֻһҵеһţеǳϵͳ

  ҵޡ̣90ķ80ڣʸҵ齨޽ʽҵΪһֱ̡޽ӡ쾭ӪƵҵЩҵȱĸûгЧ90ޡĹҵǡŮ˵ͨعȨȡйҵľӪȨʲȿɲðҵķգֿԸشйгʴ˳ʶǧԪԪʣ֡޽ӡǹӪҵתӪƵһҪеĹӪҵӪҵֻѰ;֡ơԺҵӪƻδı䣬ٹҵѾ̿Ǵ50ʼũũҵ÷չعҵһͿأй˽س֮Ϊҵ֮ĺչҵҲڡĸȫл

  £ҵ֮䲻⻥ԹҵԹʼղϸǳɰ󣬸вҵԹûиṩ㣻򲻶Ϸֱͳݣ֤ҵëԼڲΪ޹ء1996꣬йҵչ˼·ֳһµתץСץסӪҵſСģùӪСҵĹӪҵܸܲȴ˻ɡ199510µ㶫عصһεΪֻ֤ɲ졣[4] ֮90кйִҵƶȵĸĸ￴ңഫýϱڷԱƶ˾³̼ṹص㡢ѵŬûʵʵĽչȴĿáһʵΪ֤ίκ黢19967ȫټִҵƶԵ㹤Ľԭ1996ӳٵ1997ס˺һҵġĸҲδýϹЩʵϵ֪ҵĸĸŷǳεľ棺ָĸȴûҵͻƿڡ1999ִ꣬ҵƶȡһ˵ϴý屨ʧǴӸഫýϢе֪ʲľӪ״˵ǣҵʲʧʽʶռȫҵ1/4ҵСҲԲѭҵծʹߣƽ70һʵʹԤеٲֽҵ⣬佫ΣתޣյĽϿУ½ΣйҲʹһ꿪ʼ˽Ӫ״̬ѵĹҵװУͨת޷աǾ1999519йġһࡱձ۶ԱڳɵĻ֮١˵ҵйһδģת޷գôʲ顱ǵطҵıڹȦǮٴת޷ա

  ܸϢҵʧܣйͲϳʵ20022£йԺ߲Աűʾ19962001ĩ5֮䣬йҵ沢Ʋд׼Լ2,800ԪƲҵ5,335漰ְ430ˡ4ڻҪ 2,900ԪʣںƲҵдʣ2,900дҵԴݽߵĿɽʵʩرƲЩдҵ˳г漰570ҵְİá[5]

  зһרⱨָʵҪصöࡣñ2090ڣйƲĿ1989ꡫ19932771994ꡫ19952100𣬵1996ꡫ1997ӵ5,640ڹȥʮУйҵƲرһ꣬Ʋģ󣬲ٴҵҲƲУ˵ҵʮңһ׼Ʋ[6] һֵָ1994ƲծһϵƲթΪһЩҵҵȿֺ󼷽Ʋ飺һЩҵƲǰתʲ˽ҵʲһЩҵȡȷּҺƲҵҵծϵķʽʲתƵ·ҵҵеȫծȻƲ˦ծһЩҵծԭҵЧʲͼǸɡ׳һµҵԹծıչ˳ơ󴬸ǳһЩҵȡƲծľӪʽͳƣйĴҵп62,656ҡơҵУ32,140ҵӷծΪռҵ51.29ӷծ1,851ԪռҵϢ31.96Ӷʹв˴Ĵʡ[7] 20023µףйٷĹҵеĲҲӽ30[8] ݹƣһԶԶʵʻծʣʵծʸߴ50ҡ һбйľûƲ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

 ҵλʲʧ 					
  				 				 					 					
ҵưֽ֣ܵйԡ˽лϷжϿ϶һìġ϶ԡ˽лķ񶨾ɹְġ˽лʵϳΪܣҵǶԹʲӵеľ޴֧Ȩ־ȨʱΪġȨ˽л⡣

  ҵⲢʱղ⣬йøĸũн׶֮һѷǳ񣬲׵Ҫ⡣Ϊʲôǽˣ ʵֻҪĸ˼·һ׸Դںδˡ

  νҵĸԵζرܲˡһǲȨ⣬ҵлƺⲿǷݵ⡣йҵǡλ⡣й23ĸʵ80ڡɡĸţй߲۴ϻǲ϶޷ܡ˽лһֱᷨСƽѲһ꣬ڱ̸ơҪ˽ʱҸҵɴ˿ɼ˽лڵʱΪйܡΪӦйϵҪƸĸ⣬ٷ۽綯ԽǽȨΪȨ˽ӪΪӪʹȨ顱һٴܿ˽лĶܹȨһθĸһֱڻ˼·һ˼·ΪֻйӪҵܾйһ˼·ΪֻС˽лֿܰƵı￴ҵĸĸ·ǰʵнڽڰˣȴǿؼأץСľ̨߳ҲֻЧ治õġССӪҵһѳΪߡʲһֱǰԼûù۶ͣںģĿںϣûʲôȷ˼·ʵʩ

  ʵȨ༴Ȩ޷رܵĸ⣬ΪֻγɡλָҵܹӵйҵȨĲȨϵҵĲȨЧسеʲκͲƲʧһǡгõĻʯйҵıԸԴĸ߶¢ϣʹùҵġȫСһۣڲȨϵϣϵġȨˡԼӵжٲƲ˵壬޴֧估ȫȨתáλĽʹʲĲƲȨ˽˻ͲƲιлν ƲȨ˽лָҵľԹʲе֧ͬ˽˲ƲȨһʵƲιлָǳʲôԭĿҵɲΣɹʲ༴ּӵ֧ƲȨȴеƲյйҵڣǼƻһŲ90ʵǣСҵͼҵУԷĻʽ˽лδɶƲתΪ˽ʲѾǳձ顣һݵ鱨ʾʲʧȥϼУҪɹкͼҵ˽Ӫҵ廧ҵˡĳҵϴʲʧ13156Ԫ12130Ԫǹҵʧл[9] ˵ʵгаʹ˹ʲʧբţٵطһùȦһЩҵԽԽְԽԽͣа˵˽˲Ʋȴڲ͡ʲΪٹҵѰٳа߽ԭҵŪòԺ󣬾ȥҵҵһչ䵱ҵҡġ֮־˳ơɡ[iv]ҵʲְѪһ׵ġڶҵۣϦְǵõֻһҵտǣˡ͵΢롣ݹٷصĹƣ3,500ƲƲҵĹ½Ϊĳƶײ㡣¸ڹʳŵգ·ӡݺʡмԺ飬1998319993һУȫй¸ְﰸ27318.9%ȣ¸ְռ󣬵ȴͻ[10]

  1995꿪ʼʾѧойնתʱһڲ˿ơĸΪҵתлɹԱƣɹ˿ơйбҪԡڲˡһԹʲʧһʽֳĹϷּƻŲһ̣ҪɹҵĸǵٲţҲǾǱ޷رܵĲŸ칫Ρ²֮࣬׳Ƴġеģȫųһ֮⡣ҸҪעǣԴҵȨԺ󣬳ԼԱҵвԱССҵ廯ȽϳҲ˵ойҵġڲ˿ơ󣬱עһʵҵԱ͹˹ıϷֹʲҵԱСŹıϷֹʲʵҵչ˾ĸʻ˾400Աо100Աù̹֮зζҹ˾ƶȽȫԭϽӷ֤ɳʼ12򻷻ۣԼйؼλֻƶȡҼ̰ʱЩƶȾԼκˣͬ衣[11] оﰸٱĵһλ̸̾˵ڵľ÷ֶԽԽ׷Ҳأ˼Ǹԭţ񲿳칫κ²ԭߣṩһЩ֤ϣͺѲȥ˵Ϊһ˾ܣֻҪŸˡ칫⼸ˡ롯⼴Ϊһⷣҵ͵˽˹˾һ⻰˵ʵڼҵ˾һλְܾ꣬Ҫҵǽù˾ĵĵƤһһȥְƲ⣬ͨ⼸أλܾõ˽ľ1,000򡣸ù˾ְмߣЩȴֻصλУŻ²Աʼ˾һҶҵֻ40л⣬ȴù˾Ƽٶץɴ˿ɼҵʲʧУԱ൱Ҫ㶫ʡ»зز˾ҵת֮1,100ʲİǻͬù˾ͬ[12]

  90һЩӹйѧойҵġڲ˿ơ󣬵óһЩʵĽۣ硰ڲ˿ƺ;õгΪӪıȡ棨ϷĻǷģṩ˸ĻɡһӪܹıȡٸ߸̶ܴȡȡ߾Ӫԡλѧɸ˽йҵġϰ塱ǻȡЩ;ʵҵľӪߵĸͨ˷ķʽõģӲʤö١  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ʲΪʲôģʧ 					
 				 				 					 					
Ҫڡλ£ʲΪʲôʧ

  йҵҪǾϵͳϵͳػģϵͳϵͳҵͲţߵĹܻ¶ҵгõֲݡ

  ҵгƲݵĵһڣҵܵԼгϼܲš

  ΪʲôڹҵĸйЩȴʵЧڴҺһʵֹɶȨľӪģʽײΪԼ·ա⣬ⲿɶУⲿɶҪãͨһЧʵġ˾ֵתƹ˾ȨĹܵʱгҪͨһЩƶȰţ羺ԵġԱ͹˵ͶͶгйĿǰתʱڣгȱٵġڵһ˵ǸɹɷƵĹҵ侭ӪԱԭİݻֱ2001꣬Ӫҵľ80ġʹеĹɷݹ˾Ҳ59ľ[13]һЩνʲίоӪίʵɲķʽѡһίиԭľӪӡЩĸҵγǿĿƣϼܲ⣬ûκһⲿӵоԼȨǹɷݹ˾ĹɶᣬҲΪǾӪֲѻְ̰ȵ·Ϊְ

  ΪˣԹҵĳ˵ֽ׶ΡӪ쵼άϵԼϼŵĹϵȡӪҵҪɳɫλĸԴơְҵγΪҵĳְӦԼĲѧ͵ʶӪԼҵȫȫΪְı棬ΪҴĲƸйеҵϵ£á쳧ķʽͱ׼ǱȻҪϵԡԺͱԡǱڡ۾ϡǡ۾¡֮ѡѡ۾¡ȫҵӪϣΪֻǳĺθеʹΪҵˣܼȵòΣ˵ĴҲдĸĹۡ벻ͨǣһҵˣһЩб˾ͻλãʱǽԭĳֶΡںʡĺ嶯һʱܾ¼͡һáΡ¼Ƿǳ͵λṫϵܸҵңơӪ쵼ְ[14] ѡ۾ϡľӪϼ쵼ĹϵʹҵˣŪʲծλáѹʲΪ˽˲ƸֻҪ˱ҲܵӦеƲáԼǰ;ˣ೧ǶܡǡؽܴŵˡӪ쵼Ӫ˼ʹϵϡλӣȵ桢·ѹ⡢εȵȣǳǻӪ˼ʹϵԭڳǻǡԱδֿǣ£Ӫ쵼쵼ᱻӪͳйҵ֢ĸԴΪӪ쵼ƾϵ衢˺öѡҵӪߣҵҵ͹Աǵ˽౳룬ǳˡڲ˿ʧءġΣʲڲʧ֮С˵йִҵƶȵĸĸܽҵϼҵӪߵĲ⣬޷ȡþԵĳɹ

  ҵ㡰Ӫ쵼һּΪӵĸΪ൱гʹޡʵҵ쵼ɲĸҪΪĸ棺һ̰ܻߡͳƣ19821989鴦̰ܻ߰76ڹҵ19921994̰ܻ꣬߰Уҵռȫ701997-2000꣬ȫ̰ܻۡߡŲù˽ֹʲĹҵԱ84,395ˡ[15] 20023·ġԺ桱¶ϣ2001깲ڹҵתơ˽̡֡תƹʲ̰ۻ¸ 17,920ˡʲʧĺй½ҵƲ˴ʧҵǹԺ֣ݶԴ人ʯׯ400Ҹߵֳеĵ飬60ĹԹҵеù֧Ĳ潷áǸֻ100˵ؼУÿڹĹдѽ2,000Ԫռȫв1/10[16] ⰲţҵɵͬ˽ҵĶеҵ쵼ȨѹҵԼ˽ҵԼѣγȹ漯ţںó˾ܾʯˣڹ˾еѴ130ˣռ˾17евɲ18ˣռвɲ 31Ҳ乫˾Ѽ廯ΪΪɹؾӾ޶ȫġĸҡҵҡ㳧Ͷģҵĸﾭ顶Ϲμ۸Ʒȼһԭҵλ˳ơååå嶾ȫθóڼ䣬óգծְۣѹ칫ҳŪŮְߡ[17] ѹιʲְĹҵԼġꡱʹɸǰڹɷƸͲȨתʱҽ綨Ȩ͹ʲʹԼѻϵ˴ĲǽԼһҵĳԺסãͨͨѶһзȫɹ֧ȵȡ˵һ֮⣬ĸΪڡΡʣĿǰܵƲáΪ1993819965£ȫиͼعҵеԱɲΥΥͰ384ڣռ48.4363ˣҵ쵼ɲ312ˣռҵܴԱ77.04ӹԣฯΪǺ͵صĸܷһ๴еġ˵ҵĳֻҪӪϼ๫͡ԡĸΪݻҵĿԺ󣬾һƬʲĿںУʲʧȻǳءݹƳ𻪽ܣ2000ͳһ֯˶1,290мпعɴҵ1999ȵʲծơͨƲʲߡʲծ治ʵȶ෽⣬ִҪ78漰6.13Ԫ[18]

  Źҵ̹ʲľ鲻ϷḻԱҵıϷֹʲų֡˵1997ǰҵ̹ʲڰ״̬ô1997ԺѾԱıеһֹӡ类ϳɳйҵĸȽͷ沢ɳһ£ֺıһ1997⹫˾750ңͽʲֵ3ڵĺϳɳ沢ˡ750ԪңۺϻΪ90Ԫʲֱ⹫˾ȥѺȺ3δӺϳɳļн1,688Ԫʾ޿ֺ⹫˾ʧóͣʧҵţ߶ĻŷΪⳡ沢ǣߵǹԺĳһλŵĹԱɳԱейԱⳡƭнĹϵ[19] һλһʱĹƵ͡гίǳԴ䡰ι˾Ϊ㹫ۡծաְаãʵͶʱϡ1996ꡫ1999֮䣬27ҹҵӶá⡱ĳƺšλ⡱ڡĹмֺһԭֵ4,700Ǽݣ2,000Ԫļ۸һ˽ӪҵһҹҵƲʹȨһҵ3,000Ԫδб꣬һ˽ȴ2,050Ԫļ۸бꡣڡ⡱еʱ˲١⡱ֺĳҵĹд̰ۣб˽ҡ1999꣬⡱йҵļҵòʱ͡º˺ʡפ۵Ĵڹ˾ԥ۹˾³פۡ20015³óʱ죬Я޿Ǳӹ⣬֪١[20]

  ָΪƵġơĺصģƻҵӪ˸ܵĶӣʹ޶ʲڲʧ֮С

  ҵлƺгƲݵĵڶȱʱӪĸʽϺеĹϵйгƣƻгõϷ

  ҵȱʲӪΪĵҵơٹҵҵչϻҲߡ˵ҵձȱһ֡Ǯ ˼·ȱԵͳɱʽãҲ˵ȱʱӪľ顣ٹɷҵ÷йƱＯʽҲӪƶʹʽʵСĴҵʽɹҲĳɹҵнԺҵĹ̶ʲͶʺʽ𼸺ȫԴдڰңޱӪ˺ܶҵߴ75ϵĸծʺͼߵϢɱеߴ80100[21] йҼίʾ1993йҵҵծƽ68.2۳Ǳ˵ȸʲʵʸծΪ76й19937°䲼ڻҵҵķļ׳ơ򡱣ʵкĵֹƣʲʲծƽΪ83ЩծԴһҪдծĳԺСҵеʷϵˣֽϵҲʹҵзԣΪתƳʳɱϢı仯ҵĸ1980Ϣ10.033199011199511.73[22] кҵ֮γһֶѭҵҪнĸʼϽɱŴԱġؿۡиߵġôѡԼϵеĴʷáȵȣʹҵظǴǷӷϢеʲࡣŴʽڷղݺӡ 19968£㶫ĳĲŶϽڵĽڻһε飬ָҹҵʽͨӻôε漰Ľڻ㣩 870ܵĴ⣩64.37ڶԪ,ܵĴ(⣩71ڶԪʲծ涨64.37ԪпõŴʽֻ48.3ԪʵʴΪ71ԪʧΪֲҪǽǽİ취ƽ⣬ɾӪʮء

  㶫ʡĳжԽڻĵ
 						 							 							 							
 							 							1993 							 							
 							 							1994 							 							 							1995 							 							1996 						 						 							 							
 							 							ռܴ 							
 							 							ڴʴʹ 							 							 							50 							 							60 							 							70 						 						 							 							
 							 							 							
 							 							ջش뷢Ŵ֮ȣ 							 							 							 							733 							 						 						 							 							 							Ŵʽת 							 							082 							 							075 							 							053 							 						 					 					

  εԡķռӣʵܰʱȫĴʣ޼ϵͳľӪЧ沢ȹҵö٣ʾ19953.5Ԫ1996ϰ2.86Ԫйҵп2.44Ԫռ85.351995 ꣬ҹҵеۺϢΪ28.691996ϰ½18.64еľӪٲά衣ʺŴʽת½м˿ʽʹеʽѡŴʽĳеӦһ糱ͻȷֶ֧Σ½ڷ粨[23]йʿ͸¶Ŀǰ㶫ݡ֮⣬طоӪ⣬ǱڵĽΣǴڵġ[24] 㶫ȫлʵۺߣʡ״ֻȹ㶫йг20023͸¶йвıӽ 30[25]лʱĳʡһʹĿģʡۼƲҵ479ңƲʱʲܶ22.7ԪǷдϢߴ26.6ԪŴʲټա[26] һݵҲָҵơСǱڿԣĳص19966ĩʽƲ54ҵʲܶ2 .212Ԫծܶȴߴ4.9413Ԫʲծʸߴ223ʲծֵעǣЩƲҵǷдϢ3.8315Ԫ,Ʋҵʲܶ1.73峥ϵ42ҵУ΢΢峥ֻ3.3մ㣬ȫҵ峥ϵĻҲֻܵõ1,265Ԫ峥3.705ԪŴʲ[27] ֮⣬ʽҵ޳ռãǹҵʽߴӶ񻯣ΪȡôҪĴ۾͸䷢չѡ

  кҵƵ۷ӦеؿǷծǮгõĻ򣬵󲻷ֵ£ҵһϷջۣʹ񾭼õķչΪ˸ۣ߰йϵͳֻݹйϣйеʲռȫʲ7.02ңծʸߴ90ϡ[28] 1996꣬ʲ½3ҡաЭ顷Bases Agreement)йع涨еʲʲõ88пΪѾƲйеһͳƱ1995ףйԼռ5д60[29] ˺һһֱûдı仯γһծҵǷУǷˣҪǸ˴ߣŽծɹȨ֮⣬û뵽һֹʡҵծ񸺵صӪӰ棬ֻһֱܸծŵҵ䷢ѵĸծͶĲ̫ͣǱгߵ̫̫࣬١вʾĿǰйҵʲ½3£дʡ1996ϰ꣬ҼίϺȰʡ2,586ҵԭĵʾҵĺ۹ռ9.2Ϊ9.09ҵӪռ81.7[30] Ч¡ӯ̫ҵ÷ǾֶʵСծȨĹȨʵϽֻҵԳһݲʵʼֵġȨΪֶΣ༴һݹʲӦΪ[v]ΪСʱҵʽѣȴܴʹҵΪʽرʶӦŬҵӯ˵ǡֹʡΪԤ£ȽÿɴһծȨɵòϵġȨԺֻʹݣսʹĿǰ΢ӯʵ״̬ΣԨ½ΣȤǣծתɡһ19999¿ʼУһʵСծתɡҵǱˮ೧ó968ծתɹȨʱԱһ³ҵǽִҵƶȵһ÷[31]ҵծתɡľ޴棬׷롰ծתɡ4ԺйڷһֻͨǮġĸڹҵǷծдݻٹõΣգǴҴձ[32]Ĵ˺üġծתɡޡ һйġɷƸ족ԭ֮һڶԾӪΪ͵·ȱЧУƣνծȨĹȨٵʵҲͬ⡣

  ֮1994йҵٵԽԽ80ĩڣҵֻǡ¡ľ棺֮һӯ֮һ𣬻֮һ1994꣬ҵĿ48.6ʡﵽ60ϡ1996ϰͳ𾪵֣һͷ 4ۼƣҵӯֺ󾻿215Ԫ1995ͬΪӯ151Ԫйҵҵٽ5Ե䣬ҵ½ʷټӯֿȫ򾻿[33] йҵ֮綫ʡȵشӴ˳˹Ĳ֮ء1999꣬ʲǰΪ⣬дҵͣͣ״̬Ҳһ꣬йʲʽЩѴӸ˵Ǿƶì£ܸԴӦְתĸ⡣Ÿĸս룬ҵѾֲ֮ͬУҵгתҵȴ˼ƻʱڵĹԭͿܣȻг֮⡣20ĸľ֤йĹҵĸǸϵͳ̣ϵͳУǹؼ˵ĸֿǾջҵĸҲҲ·ָǣֿԼᲢ۵һںšֿ1999꿪ʼ伣ԭǽĸܵǿһԪ쵼ѳΪάйƵҪֶΣֳԵʵи׵һȨιʽ£ֿֿ˼·ƺѳΪջƻ

  ʮԺй׼µĹʲίԱᣬҪµġʲˡϵĹʲйʮԪʲԼ19ҹҵˡйýֿʼۡһ⡣[34]ݱ˽һϢǰϺѾ ӿҵĸĲҵԡӪ߸ծֹɡķʽ˹ҵľǡһȨг£йȨѾʶһδģġ͡ԤθĸĻǻйξӢ뾭þӢҵĹܵġĸɹǴģ¸ʧҵ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġʲʧ֪ 					
  				 				 					 					
йʲʧǹձעȵ⡣ڸĸ￪ǰйʲʧѴڣ¶òݡĸ￪Ժ¾Ʋ棬־óɷݲ棬ȨȨȱλ棬ʹʲʧءڵʧ˶٣ڡָ[vi]ĹƺͳƷĲһ£Ŀǰûһڹʲʧ׼ȷݡʲָеͳϡ͵Ͱг㡢ܣóĻжǣ1982굽1992꣬ڸԭɵĹʲʧʧԼߴ5,000ԪִԼ൱1992ȫʲ 26,000Ԫ1/519924,188Ԫ800Ԫ㰴˵ǡȽϱءݼ㣬й90ƽÿʧʧĹʲҲ500Ԫ⼴ζйÿʧʲ1.3Ԫϡ[35]1994ȫʵҵ12.4򻧣ȫʲʧ2,231.1Ԫȫʽ2,206.9Ԫʧʺϼƴ4,438Ԫռ12.4򻧹йҵȫʲ10.7ʧأԴʵԼһߣ1995ʲֹյٱ160ֱӲ鴦ʲʧ22𣬵19963½᰸88𰸼Ϊʧ15Ԫƽÿ漰1.9Ԫ[36] 1996ֲ鴦ʧʧ21Ԫ[37]90йҵ̰ۻ¸ЯǱ࣬2001 һ꣬йؾץӷ3,046׷߿6.8ڶԪ[38]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢 ʲʧ 					
  				 				 					 					
ʲʧ˵һĹ̡ݹʲֵ飬йʲʧԭҪйĿǰ¾תʱڣµĹвƣߡ滹ȫסʧж֣ҵӪ͹ƣɹʲʧڽʡ͹ɷƸУʲʧԴԹʲʧҪָԸֿԴɭ֡ݳҿķӶԿɣʲʧָʲȨתʲ賴ƱڻȻռʲЩʲʧǸʲȱ飬෴Ͳҵ˻飬ͨڹҵкȥȡйء1994ú̿ҵ187͹ҵĹʲʧ˵飬ݲ㣬ҵԭɵĹʲʧռʧ7080Ҫҵҵ쵼ȱƹΪ˸˺С棬ǧټƵڹʲҪַ֣

  1. ͨ۾ɺʹ𣬷֧ʵȷӯʵͨСгɱת룬ʵӯйũҵϹ˾ԭйԱĿŵŪ٣αͿʲᣬתʽ1,900Ԫʲʧ

  2. ͵©˰պ˽衰С⡱ڹƣ൱Ĺҵʲʹʲزʲʧĵʵһ40ҵҵͳƣ̶ʲֵ3.69Ԫռ鵥λȫ̶ʲֵ1.16Ƚϱصı㣬ȫԤڹҵҵʲֵɴ146.7ԪϴԤҵʲֻӴ

  3. ¾ƶתͲȨ䶯֮ټƹʱ𣬵͹ʲͼ۳۹ʹȨͷȵȡ人ƾֵƱ19937¾ɻƶת֮޴Ĺʱ𱻺Ϸؼ˷ʱ𡣸ƾֶ10ҵƷ֣50ҵ̶ͬȵط˹ʲȨ綨Ĵ󣬹ټƹʲ256Ԫ

  4. ڹɷƸУԹʲߵ͹ʲļֵеĵҵáҵɡ еԵͼۻ޳ʽáڲְɡеĵطȨϵΪѹʲͼˣˡծֹɡ[vii]ںʱҹɺְͬɲͬɹҹɱ½Ϻֹɷ޹˾涨ҹɲһ͹Ȩ棬ʹҹɱʧ471.15Ԫ人ĳɷҵ19881992ֺ죬ҹɷֺΪ11.513.7ṫڹΪ1717.5ڲְΪ20ʡӪȹ˾ȴùʽ𣬴ȫӣʲЧȴ档ڵл֣һЩƽԲúõġΪŵùҵڵǰҵƶȸĸУΥΥҲ̧ͷơ

  5. ҵ޳ռùʲ¹ʱۻʧһЩҵΪ˰ŮҵͶʽ𡢼ʿȸࡰҵó·ƷľӪȨ˾򽫹ҵĳƵػΪ ˾Ϊ˾ṩڽЩȨתƳʱƾЭ̻쵼ȷȫʲתʿɲ飬˹ʲʧʡĳӪҵʽ£11Ԫʽ޳ƹ˾˹ʡóų𽺳Ҳ⡣ [39] ֺͻְܾ༯ҵݽ2.5Ԫ֮ΪڴͶʸ˼ҵʽδʷҲûӦͶʷݶջءȫʵһ51ԵҵĲȫͳҵ޳ռõĹʲ1.63Ԫݴˣҵ޳ռ0.01Ĺʲ㣬ȫ༯ҵ޳ռùʲҲ190Ԫϡ

  6. ̹ʲҵ𣬾ƣ֡˺ȫ൱ձ顣һЩҵ֪ԭϡǲдƷȴƷ۸룬ʳƷȴͼ֣֮ø֮ʵݡݡձһλߵ˽⣬һֱ˾ȫʡĴ󻧣Ʒڹڵгռʴ7Ͻ˰1ڶԪù˾ĹʲʧЧ½տ3,000Ԫù˾ʲʧҪԭйԱ𹫷˽̹ʲ繫˾ҪһԶԴӳֱӽȴתһ˽ֻеáôѡһЩ廧һЩôͿԴӹ˾õԭϺ豸תָ߼ıȡĳ廧1992ͨһ취ʮԪҹ˾㲿ǳģĻоҹ˾Ĳù˾19921993дƷʧֱﵽ340Ԫ640Ԫռɱ10ҡ˽⣬ಿĲдƷֻǱдƷѡ

  7. óڻջأʧ⡣йزͳƣ19911994䣬йҵδջܶ89Ԫ⹤̳аǷıԭƺҵΪʧ£ԭȴǶԹʲļزϡרŴ¹ծ׷ֵĳ˾йǷͳƱǷֱУթǷռ60Ʒռ25عʧռ10ԭռ5γɹǷĹأҪǺһЩ˾й֮ó˾Ա߻δȫϤʲ淶мɵ̬ССݵȷʽйԱеһЩƣںͬͲȦףΪǷɡҪйó˾ִĹʾóչҪӦһЩ˾ˮƽҵԱʲóҵеΪ淶ϸ񣬼ʲұƲȫԭ򣬵¶ó׻©ٳΪԷǷ

  8. ʲڵʧʡƻз֣һЩλʵΪʹʲʧ1994ʡ15󰸽е飬õԪʧ5,000Ԫ[40]

  ʽйҵӪǾȡʲҪܵԺʲලίԱᵳί2005125̸ֽ׶ιҵܵҪʽȻûΧеҵڲɹۡ̽ȻϹң߽ͳΥзλ⹴ᣬܻ¸Чʧеҵ쵼ԱʧȥලרУʧɾӪͶشʧҵգеΥƾɣˣŪ٣˽ֹ̰Яӣҵơʲ֮͹䡢תơ̡ռʲְֺϷȨ棻еҵ쵼ԱΥɹ涨ְȨٹ˽ΪԼĲȡ˽ɶӰ졣[41]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ҵĸǷְʲô 					
  				 				 					 					
ǰڹҵĸУʧҵ֮⣬мһֱڱر״̬Ҫҵְʷծ⡣

  й봫ýԼ־ѧһֱָ˶ԡ롱ᡣ𱸣˵Ȼ޷⡣ʵԭܼ򵥣һͶԹĹҵһ൱׵顣1949й֮йӴʧҵ˿ûй⣬ʱǲȡ͹ʡҵķ˴ʣͶǳй˵ĹʹɲҽơϡŮסḣڡڼƻ£йһֱʵС͹ʡѡ߻ۡߡ1952굽1978ְ꣬ƽΪ0.38ȴ195221.4197836.5ݸߴ40ϡԶ׼ʲĺܴһǿҵְδγɵġֵ͹ʽְֻʳ߲ˡ޶ȵƷֻǻãǹͨġʡҲ˵ҵһĸųְݽҽƱסʷծ⡣

  һ⣬й90ϰڻҹȻȡȫ桢ְеתɱ90ڣŹҵƲ٣йҲʼı䣬һ޶ȵسʧҵڣһؽϡҽơסȶĸù˳еתĸ߰ɱϱйְμᱣյĽɷʸߴ乤ܶ24ݶOECD24ᱣϽɷʵͳƣֻе24.5529.6425.7828.3034.755ҸйǵЩҵᱣϽɷʰϡ˲кϼƣйֻһΪйȫᱣϽɷߵĹҡ[42] ɷ֮ߣйᱣջϱսղ֧ġת

  й1990ʼϱƸĸȺƳļģʽ㶫ģʽģʽģʽΪȫ飬Ϊ⼸طȫϿǡǡǹҵ򣬹ҵռķݶطߣ㶫Ĺҵֵռ֮һڳڵг÷ΧЩطĹҵеһѽӦڵгϷ򣬹ʴĸﾭں̶ܴûϺȹҵ֮ЧԹ㶫ۣʡĹҵҪڹعأطϺ˳¡ɽɽȡС͵ҵǳԾĸۻ˾ʵʡȫиѶȵᱣƸĸڵҲˡΪ199671ʼʵµᱣƶȣضȣᱣ磬1982꿪ʼѾԺְͬΪϱոĸԵĵĸ19967 1ʼʵеᱣƸĸǰĸϽеġΣھʡСûеһ˿ṹȽᣬͷСм״̬˿ںٶ˿ڱС3845м˿ڽ϶࣬ƽҲ30꣬ζḧϵСֱ 19966·ݣڵ˿ڻֻ1.4ԤҪ2010Ժ𽥽仯߷ڣȫƽ˽10꣬˿ṹĳи޷֮ȡеĹҵռıñȱĳҪС澭ûۺ񣬲ϺãʵᱣƸĸ

  Դ˹ձʡмӦףطʵ߱Щйݣ19966µףй76.9ְ 94.7Աμᱣգ[43] ƺᱣƶȵĽ൱˳ʵᱣƵû䵽ʵ˻ֻһ˻вûʽɴγһʿ֮ΪˡйʾˡĹģ1997Ϊ140Ԫ1998Ϊ450Ԫ1999Ѿﵽ1,000Ԫϡ[44]2004꣬񻯡ȫᱣϻ»³46¹ᵽΪйᱣյĸ˻ȱڱعƣҲﵽ1ڡ[45]

  й˿ṹȽ仯(60˿Ѵ1.32ˣÿ3.2ٶȵ)ҵʧҵϾ£ΪҵġȫѺڻûл۵ᱣƸĸϣԹۣе㡰ԶˮʡĲʵ֮Сй1997ϱƸĸ룬ʵùҵְڶγеϱյĸ˵ʵУйҵְȷʵڳеžת˫سɱ1998Ϊʼ㣬˺10굱Уʧҵʽﵽ12ңʧҵԱ4,900˵ᱣγһ൱⡣[46] 2002ййᱣϵİƤ̸ʵйڶᱣϵʵʸ֪̫Զ޷ȡˡ

  --------------------------------------------------

  [i] ҵᣨworkplace as a welfare societyձʻworkplace familyת롣йеһָëʱ͹ҵҪеְҽơϡͨŮȸΣһҵһλworkplace)Ϊְṩ翪ҽԺѧУ׶԰̵ֲ꣬ṩͨȵȡҵеķӯԸĿһ࣬ҵأЧʽҵᡱ֮Ϊѹйҵͷϵɽ֮һ

  [ii]ִҵƶȣModern Enterprise System ҵƶȲִᣬ޹Ŵִ֮֡йĻִҵƶȡйΪбڼƻµйҵҵġ

  [iii] 漰ġ˰ȨȨ뾭ӪȨ룬й1983굽1992֮ҵĸļߡҪһĸҵᱳйĹҵԴûչ񵳵ҵ˽ʱҵҵ빲Ͷ԰ҵ򹲲ҵߣˣλΪȫ񣬹ȫҵҵʵϲûΪҵƲεߣίɹҵĸʵǹԱҵҡЩʵӵ֧ҵʲȨֲøκΡ̨壬ҵϰƲ͵øӦķΣͶ·ɱйҵĸܵκγͷǱ˵ġλɹҵЧ£ҵ ڲˡȡӶʲظڹҵЧ£Ҫ̼Чʣڹҵĸʱȡߵһ˰Ϊĸǰҵó˰涨ıһ֮⣬ȫϽҡڲƷ١۸ȫ˵㣬ҵϽҲȫȼõģҵֻҪƻˡڴˣйѧΪҵûԵҪԭǸĳϽ˰գҵԶһ֣ΪҵְҵְԡһʩʩһʱԺûã뵽ҵȨȨеġȨָӪȨָ

  [iv] ɣɣйµܡһйָӶĹвƲˣɸȴԣˡйһָҵľӶʲʹҵ𽥱ȴ¸

  [v] ˴νйԹҵĹ˰ԶԣָծתɡʵʺǽҶԹҵĹɰв

  [vi] ָй½ĸǰҵһֹơڸĸǰйҵʲô٣Ʒ۸ȫ˵㡣йҵּίֱĹӪҵȻڵطȨȨȫ벿ίݣҵɹҼίԭϣ´ָ꣬ƷۡʡصĹӪҵֱʡصļί´ָ꣬ԭϲΪƷۡһͼʾ벿ίҵĹֱ嵽ףʡصĹԷָһ飬񡰿顱ΪԽԼܵҵΪΧԳϵʴ˳֮ΪָĹơĹӪҵûȫλойӪҵоΪǶϵҵ 

  [vii] ծֹɡָйΪγɡλĲȨϵΪҵӪ߶ҵθСеһνĸʩͨĸҵɷݡҵĸˣҵԼûǮɷݣΪ̰Ǯܹ¶ǲǮйɷݣдǹɷݣ֮Ϊծֹɡָ֮ܶĸΪҵṩ㣬򡱹ɷݲԼǮڵһоٵ㽭巼իһҵ

  ------------------------------------------------------

  [1] Ϣձ( GD-HK Information Daily)1996128գ㶫ʡͶҵԲԱƣ涨ҵԱһſԱʲծʴڰٷ֮٣һۼƿʲһ룻ְ֧͹ʡС׼Ϊҵ涨ر50꣬Ů 45ְǾͬⲻòԱͬһҵֻ׼üһˡ

  [2]̫2002412գ2002412ձǵվBBS.beida-online.com)תء

  [3]й걨200142գ һ˸˵ĸƣ㽭巼իʵҵɷݹ˾Ƶĵ顱

  [4]199510µ㶫ҵ֮عе飬Ⱥ߷ʮλĲšܲţԼʮҵĸˡǶԹҵһĸĸֲֹ۵̬ȡίκXXĿƿƳ˵Դ1984һֱչҲķУ1992ǰҪڼƻƿ£ΧƾӪʽиĸֱ1992ſʼвȨĸĸһЩɷҵʼʱＯʽ 1994ͳѣмҹɷҵЧ治ãܴ󡣶һЩǿʼйɷܳＯʽ𣬺ܻӭĸֺѹһ󣬾;ϵˣС۾Ӫаǡͷʹҽͷʹҽšɷǡҩ

  ЩڻƸĸʿӳ˵سƲָĸʽûԹ⣬еİ취ۡ沢ޡаضԹûַʽǹҵĸ֮ЧġҩĸԽˮԽȱơҵľӪ߶ɥʧ˸ĸ飬Żһһ̬ȣһʱ˵ĸĸǵҲ֪ĸûг·ģǳ·ڣԹȥСҵʽ򣻻Աְ򣬵ְҵûģԸǮΪҪҵͲܹǿ ʲʧһںţڲȨ綨Ҫɶһ㣬Ͳһλڲƾίֹĸ˸ֱ˵˵ҵ˵кܴëøĸЧ

  εУ߷һȤ󣬲ٿҵĳԡֿϸ֮£ŷǵҪһ㣺ΪǵͨǸ費ǮǷҵѵʱʽ𹩸

  [5]ά(ChineseNewsnet.com ) 2002216յ硣

  [6]ά200231յ硣

  [7]òο2002414յ2档

  [8]лʱ2002326յ1档

  [9]йҵҵʲʧ

  [10]йгñ1999313档

  [11]ձ1996813ա

  [12]Ϸб2001322ա

  [13]»籱2001414յ硣

  [14]Ϣձ1995225գ410ա

  [15]Ӣְ״ԭԤر˳վhttp://www.bjshy.gov.cn/zhisyd/gjzc/ 

  [16]й걨1996417գƽҵ

  [17]ԭء絼Ϊµ񣭣ҵҡҵܻ߼ʵתڡڷƱ199691ա

  [18]»籱200015յ硣

  [19]ڷƱ199947յ5档

  [20]Ϸ細20023ϡ

  [21]Ϣձ19951120գʲȨؽ淶

  [22]Ϣձ199684ա

  [23]Ϣձ1996816գ㶫ĳһʾŴʽڷղݺӡ

  [24]лʱ2002326յ1档

  [25]ʿٽʶȴӽ䡱һд̸ݣлʱ1996716ա

  [26]лʱ1996117ա

  [27]лʱ1996124ա

  [28]ѧϢNO.152

  [29]ժ1996226ա

  [30]лʱ1996610ա

  [31]йгñ1999941棺ծתҵ

  [32]Ϸб200011726棺ҹƳ١ծתɡƻ

  [33]Ϣձ1996617ա

  [34]ʮڹ֮硱Ϸĩ20021219ա

  [35]硢ױ򣬡ʲʧ Ȩĸ̲ݻ

  [36]лʱ1996316ա

  [37]лʱ19961225ա

  [38] Ժ쳤̱2002311ڵھŽȫλύġԺ桱ձ2002312ա

  [39]𽭻ʲʧҪҵ

  [40]ʡű⣺ʲڵʧ

  [41]ϳ󸯰ܣԴͷϷֹʲʧ걨2005126ա

  [42]о20015ڣ飺ˡתɱ

  [43]»199685յ硣

  [44]о20015ڣ飺ˡתɱ

  [45]Ϸձ2005427ա

  [46]о20013ڣࣺйᱣƶٵϾơ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

¡йѰĸԴ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					 

  ½۵й漯ſչѰ;йΡòӰ졣

  ʣ23ĸﵱУӵӴоòŵյԴһٳΪȺѰеĲҵԼȨϽΧ֮Ϊ䡰Ķڶʱ23ľøĸʱùڵϲܽܵ仯֮һǸΪķġǰʮ꣬Ϊֻǹ㶫غ÷ġزΪһԪǧԪ̰ܻ߰йһ̰ġڡڼ֮伺ʵҵгɭãδ䵽ĳ˾ݷֹ˾ͷϣðһ̰1,300Ԫľ̰мƻֲóҵһ¼ֱнְ2,000֮޼ˢ¡˱󡢱ɭͬһԼֽ갸ʹйʶһΪ֮صľƶƵĹݣ̰۸֮Ҳδضá

  41 йز̰۸ܰһ
 						 							ꡡ 							Ŀ 							شϹԱ 						 						 							 							 							1988 							 							 							16,200 							 						 						 							 							 							1989 							 							 							58,926 							 							 							742 						 						 							 							 							1990 							 							 							51,373 							 							 							1,188 						 						 							 							 							1991 							 							 							46,219 							 							 							924 						 						 							 							 							1992 							 							 							41,600 							 							 							915 						 						 							 							 							1993 							 							 							56,491 							 							 							1,037 						 						 							 							 							1994 							 							 							60,312 							 							 							1,827 						 						 							 							 							1995 							 							 							63,953 							 							 							2,262 						 						 							 							 							1996 							 							 							61,099 							 							 							2,699 						 						 							 							 1999  							 							 							38,382 							 							 							2,200 						 						 							 							 							2000 							 							 							45,113 							 							 							2,680 						 						 							 							 							2001 							 							 							54,367 							 							 							2,670 						 						 							 							 							2003 							 							 							39,562 							 							 							2,728 						 						 							 							 							2004 							 							 43,757  							 							 							2,960 						 					 					

˵ݾй߼Ժ档Щص㣬һǸͳƿھһͳƷһ19881991굱Ƿ굥У1993걨ȴǽ198819925һУ5214,318ȥǰ4ۼ 172,718Ϊ41,6001998Ĺǽ1993ꡫ19975һУͳƿھǰһ1999깤ͬһͳƿھݣ19971998Ϊհס

  ˵90ʼ̰۸ܳ·չƣ÷ĵعԱеĸ߼ԱԽԽ̰ܻ࣬߱еԭȫ˴ίԱɿ˽ܣԭʡʡ壬ԭܣԭʡʡгĽ£ԭʡ͢ԭʡʡҵȣ̰۸ܵԽԽ㣬˾غִԱթܻߡ̰˽׵ȷأ̰۸ԽԽЯ޿Ǳͻ⹴ᡢͬͿԽԽءִĸΪʹĸĳ̶ֳΣйΡõȶ

  һѰԴ

  ָΪйѧԭ֮ΪȨáԻȨǮסķͳΪ÷ڹʾѧ磬Anne OKrueger 1974꽫Ѱ⡱[i] 뾭ѧойΪĸͳͳһۡ90йѰйѧ缺ΪһݼԺսԵоֻֽϷɢۺйĿǰĴܱȽԵȺȶԶԶͨ˵ѰΪѰֱӵķѰҪͨӰͲƸ䣬ı䷨ɹ涨Ȩʵĳ˻ĳŵ档йѰĶҪԱ͹ʲѰصúϷǷֶεõռС𡱣ñȨѰȨǮ׵ȸѰֻķԴƸ˵ֻһΪҵΪᴴƸľûѰķģΪκνķƶ̡

  бҪһйǰѰʣѰΪڡǰѰ⡱ǡºѰ⡱ǰѰָ漯ŸŬԴӰߵĳ̨ºѰָ漯ø߿϶Ѱ𡣴йʵ˵ͨ;Ӱ̨߳ǰѰ1998ǰҪѰʽʱø߷϶Ѱ𡣶Դ1999꿪ʼþӢѾͨǰѰӰߡйԾû¢ϷΧ൱Ѱչ൱Ѿ漯šҡCapture State)

  йľøĸ˵ǱƻΪгơĿǰֻ˵йдģгý׶ΣΪг߱ĻҪأгԴĿǰйȫ߱ԴеãϡȱԴУԶֹǳ䵱ҹˡĽɫڶĿǰֲƸõļδԴõУ۸˫ơɷƸ졢ԼķزȣȦȡУֻü֡гְֻ֡ܣԴӶϵͳ;ϵͳĹңԱȨ⼸θĸн޼ɵģȨǮס

  ӽʮйزϹİǰѰҪڼ㡱ϣȨļе㣻תĽ㣻ලϵͳķ㣻ߵͺ㣻ˡơĹؽڵ㡣Ȩ;÷ΪѰŰʹйḶ˸߰Ĵۣṹ͹ֵĶԻ䡣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ϵѰ 					
  				 				 					 					
90йһԷǳٶȻ˴Ƹĸϸƾͻᷢһص㣺Ще൱ݣͨгֶ¸ҲȥЩʸֱӲԴȨߣ̹ʲ¸ҵڲˡԼЩڼ۸˫¡ɷƸкͷزиһˣЩӱϿȨƺ޹ϵڸĸлѰչӪҵΪоͿ׷гֶֽ׶εҪԡӱЩҵӪҵƺͨгΪ÷չֻҪϸĻͻзѰֺۼЩҵ޵е׳󣬹Ȼҵǵ۹ڷܣڴԴͶ롣ʽ豸ԭϡԴۼЩӪҵȥأԵģȲͨƻΪЩӪҵڼƻ֮⣻ҲͨгΪĿǰȱɹ淶ϵгϣЩӪҵͨгԭϡ豸ʽ𣬿۷չάȥסʵǣһȲͬڼƻƣֲͬڹ淶гԴϵͳڳеֽ׶εԴáҲ˵йѰչ,Ҫͨһַʽϵеġַʽϵͬ硢ѪססѺͬѧȹϵָǣ˵80ϵһζĻô90ζͼûˡһ棬ϵҲýǮŬ֯ܿͻᱻӹϵ׳һ棬ֻҪнǮ·㲻ϵҲܽϵСνϵĿǰйʵǽȨǮ׵硣ʲʵϾͨڲˡ͹ϵö˽Уһǰ漸Ѿ̸ýǮ֯ġϵõΪ㷺ӪתҵĿԭϡƷָۡԱѵȡʽϵԴܹǣԴӰ缺ֻһоԴһ־ԴùܵԴ˵йҵǣڹӪҵҵûһ˲׷ʽϵھӪеҪԣΪߣȻ¸ĵ·ϡ̽ϡıҪԡһй˽Ӫҵϵĵ˽ӪҵϵУɲռ൱ߵı28.2οƼϸɲ2002꿪ʼ־÷ͶڣйڡˣΧһ൱Ӵϵ֤һ˽ӪҵӸǵΰšڱ˽ӪҵУ 14.2˴33.9ΪЭ֯ĳԱ47.1˽Ӫҵڹеְ񡣹㶫ʡһݵ㶫ʡ55.3˽ӪҵϣѡΪ˴ƼΪЭίԱ12.7˽Ӫҵϣڸְ[1] 1999νԼ2001ꡰһеġ˽ҵ뵳ֻǽξӢ뾭þӢƶȻϷΪйĺڽνƶȻܵѡϵйƵƵʹãᱳˣֻںڷԴںͬȡлߡɫءչʽϵĴӵҵ˵÷ʽϵԴ׳ɱСʹԼͬ٭ӱǴȫ˵ַʽϵԴĽʹḶ޷ͳּľ޴Ƹº͹ԱΡ

  ϵֻԴãҲǶйڵĹһֺܲҵʶЩйڸܻ۵һ̶ȣڷŭҲһ̶ȵʱôһ˶Щ˶ҲôһЩ뷨ý丯ʵΪܵʵʶɹʱã֮־߾ڷ֮ʱҲ˶ԭʵҲǡɱﲻ¡Щǰ̡ɱͷӴĹϵ£ٸܷӸûܵӦеĳͷ19951¡й걨ѶһƪΪִ͸ӡıͺܺõ˵ڹϵõ£͸ִУͷʵƪ˵ԻרҵнлලǸеĻְ֮һЩְʱҪԭ֮һרҵ֮ǡңȹϵ˺Ƶ˼ʹϵкרҵ֮䣬ְȨΪŮżʡһӴĹϵ£һ⣬Դ۸ӵϵǷȻȻͷ⡱ڸعһЩطϵѷɳͷ飬ʱˡЩعĻֻ̰еһݡϱ19931998꣬ÿ100ܵʹݵĸɲֻ42.7˱飬̵ֻ 6.6ˡҲ˵йĿǰ̰ܳʼֻͣ6.6ܵԶԶڷգ޹ֺйԱ̰۸ܵ·ǰ̡90ڣҪ͵̰۸ɵľʧ߸ʧƽÿ9,875ڡ12,570֮䣬ռȫGDP13.2-16.8[2]

  й1993101ʵСҹԱһ֮ػ˵12һµƪ涨ˡرܡ61涨ҹԱ֮з޹ϵֱϵѪ׹ϵϵѪԼ׹ϵģͬһص˫ֱͬһ׳ְֱ¼쵼ϵְҲһ쵼ְĻش¼졢ơ¡62涨ҹԱִйʱ漰˻漰뱾б61ϵԱϵģرܡ63涨ҹԱؼµط쵼ְģһ㲻ԭְεطĹҹԱ⣬ȵȡʵй߶֪һڲٵطͬ裬ܱй֡εķơ֮صǰաʷ¼[3]

  ʡʷ壬ϵ൱Ӵ󣬡׼ҡؼϵ쵼ɲʷϼڵְƼϸɲľ40ˣؼϸɲн 10ˡΪʷӵ˷ġ˼ʹϵԴڸΪΪʷԭǸƾֵĸɲһηŭ䶥ͷ˾ƾֳİ칫˹£ʹȫֵḺ́תطԺԱ˺ĳһ죬ʷͬһɲǿһ21δŮӡܺһֱ 5µ״ȴ޽ֱϼ쵼¶ģµίعֵ쵼ӣʷǱ󱻲鰸ʷǱӵĹУعֵɲĵܵظ͹ǮĸܣʷĸίҲйϵЩ˶ǹҸɲǵΪΥˡҹԱ62Υˡ̷162˰¶ʵ˹ĵǣʷϼ40Ƽϸɲ10ؼɲУжְΥˡҹԱеĹ涨¾ֺ֯ڿʱΪʲôǲ˵ϵӶʷϼʵֻеһȫ˵ԲǸ𣬶ǴձԵ⣬ܱ׸丸Ͻ¹׸ֵί뽫߶ԸһཫͬйĿǰĹۣ㽨ƵķƶȡҲֻǡεķơԲǡƵķΡ

  ΪϵйǿһԺûб֯һЩϵ弰϶˾ͻʾӣѵʱҲѵõ˵İ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ʷϵġ̰ĻѰĻԨԴ 					
  				 				 					 					
γɺйĴͳĻһϵӹ˽˹ϵйͳ˼ʹϵһص㣬һʹ˼ʹϵе潻һֵº壻ǧΪơ˵йְһ׿ֻҵĵ룬йˣ䲻ͨڵձ룩ڡһʹڷ֮ʱ˴ڵһʹͷʧȥЧΪˣĸϵγɣΪĴйδĻϵķѳ˲ԸΪܣԸΪٵķغһЩе˲ƸĴʾ䣺ùϵ¼áһصĶѰζǹӪҵ˽ӪҵйĲݸ̨ˣ¸йŹԱԼ̡˰񡢹ȲԱ򾭼ûϰͼҵ淶Ĺ˾ᷢԼںͲôлֶε˾չƽȾִطȨΪʱǧټıȡñĸΪʹṫڲˡھ÷չʱڣܲɱ⡱˼룬ǵǶлܻΪĵơѰζǣ90һЩ˾ҪйչҵҲʼʶѡƸһЩйĸ߸ӵܣԱйͨϵһЩȨ档һʵǡƷһǳеļ裺ձйWTOԺŷ˾ʹйعʹ򣬼ٸΪʵ֤ŷ˾ıй̽ϵϷ򣬶˳ӦйܵƶȻһϣڲ80й½Ͷʵ̨֮ۡ󳾣Щ˾ѧϰ൱١

  йĸ֮أΪעĿ1995꣬¹ĸ͡ѧGoetingen University)һоȫ41ҵȣй½ڵ40λĩһλӡᣬҲ˵й̰۸̶ܳλеڶѧˡ1995527ձۡξ÷չʹ˾ĵ鱨ʾ޵11Һ͵̰Уй½λ͸֯(Transparency International)ġ2001ָܶThe 2001 Corruption Perceptions IndexйĸָλеڶĄ̇ۡĸָҲǰéʹʹо߱뿼йͳ̰ĻԽεӰ죺Ϊʲôйһظÿһ֮ôһͼΡڼʱڣʮԺ󣬾һ̰۸֮УΪʲôǺйĻйص̰۸ͳΪԸεṫϸϸйǰϵγԴеãܴ԰յһЩĻ磬Ϊ˱ϾֻʷĻĳ

  һʮʷͻ̰֮ᷢÿÿУĩʱΪһʱڵ̰۾ͷǳ׳ơ֪ʮѩЩǴС˵硶ʷٳμǡʮĿ֮״д쾡¡Ȼ⻹ֻǹ˵ĿһʱӢдعȥżգ͸ǵ̰ĻôһˡһЩӢǵż˵̤й֮ͷʹ̰ʮأ޹ٲ̰л߾ͼ첻κ顣ԱֶаĹȻȡ𣬼ӵĻ¸Ҫ˫Ĭ뼼ɡǱѧϰּ΢̰Ļй򿪾档дŵӢ˻ᵽġϡͨжְԱͨЩжְĹԱεĹԱȵȡżԿ˶̰Ļһֱӵľ顣Ժͳʱڵ̰Ļ֪

  й⡰ϵĸʵʱڣʱҪʵߣ˾ͽڡϵ֮浱ʱñٱԵȱǰƻ䣬ʵϡɫ䡱ϵĹھһãߺšʾʱĲڵġڲ˿ơ֡Ѱ⡱Ǹĸ￪ŵĲֿƬģٳִûпһʵڵĸֻйϵ̰Ļһֻתڼмƻµľ޴Ųзǳƶ©ŸһЩ˽ʲתƵ˽ṩǧѷ

  ҲΪʷ̰ĻĴͳ˴ģĸΪйŰŸûĻϵķйʵԶûĻϵķΪ⣬ڸΪˮ֮ʱûпصľ޴ΣΪйĿǰ£ڲڸĸӶ͸ĸɱдԵйһֱеһֿڸĸУ÷չƽȡгͻǡơ[ii]ĹϵҪﵽ÷չṫݵձȹ˵κιҵľ÷չڣйһηǳܵʱڣԴ֤йֽ׶εĸ޿ɱ⣬Ǹĸ븶ۣǾ÷չһȾЩ۵㾭һЩѧľѧݵط֤㷺ΪṲʶѧġ⡱ҵǣʵǳȷе֤˸ֻķԴƸƶᾭõķչڸΪ͸ĸ棬˷ĲƽȺļл谭˾øĸЧУǿҵӰڲĸͷչĻԡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġѰɱ 					
 				 				 					 					
ΪøƵеĸĸ﷽ʽСɱСЧ󡱣ʵ⡣ʵ֤ܵķʹḶ˰ġɱ֡ɱ۶ݡֳɱȱڶܵʴͶԴľ޴ķϡ˲ĹºָϧҺԻȡһ˽ҵ硢ҵʿͨһʹپ÷չͲƸǸ˵չԴĲţʴԶ׼ǰϰԪǧԪ̰ܻߴ󰸡ҪЩţ֤⼴ζţҵʿͨϵַгҲȨǮͬʱΪ֮˳صĴۡЩ۰ӣ͵Ӿ⼸ڽҵгֵĴ⡣ڲٷߵ̰Ϊʹ಻ϸĽõĿսǵ¹ӣݵΣṫڵƲ뽫20λͷ̸͸¶̳а30ͨؽڣӷֱ鲿ţÿڶҪǮ㣬ÿҪǮҲѾγ˲֪ й桱Ϊ̫ǮлϣЩͷò͵ϣԱ֤㹻

  ѰŰйƵڸĸĸûдﵽԭĿġ˵֤ǵڶ̸ġȦȡйʵڹҶӵи߶¢ȨصĹߣͬʱҲһϷƶߣһ棬ΪáᷢչĻԴʲ˫ԣҪгУͨ۵ֶ淶гΪԱ֤гĹƽƽȡѰȦعĶãʹγƶȸĸĿꩤΪһ۽ʽͽоסѶûдﵽʽм价ʧ˺йص̰˽ңȴΪĺ֢ʽ𼢿ʺסŶۡ

  Ҫ֮ȨֱӺǣִȨͽӽȨĵͨȨ䡱ڶڻ޴ĲƸƸٶԶԶʽȶķң߶ֻһλгʤоרоԱ÷йӰ죬г±

  42 Ա÷йӰ
 						 							Աʣ 							ϵ 							 							ʣ 						 						 							5 							0.298 							0.0019 							0.64 						 						 							10 							0.2998 							0.0037 							1.25 						 						 							15 							0.3016 							0.0055 							1.86 						 						 							20 							0.3033 							0.0072 							2.43 						 						 							25 							0.3051 							0.009 							3.04 						 						 							30 							0.3069 							0.0108 							3.65 						 					 					

ʤָ1987ͳݣƴϸɲĺϷƽÿ1,000ԪڵˮƽӸ뵵ζӦ˿ڱϼȥԱ˿ڱأ˾4,000Ԫ1,000Ԫ3,000ԪǷ룩Ӧ˿ڱϣȻεغϵóϱгĽݱͷ5㣬ʹ0.0019Ϊ0.64ϱص10ƣ0.0037Ϊ1.2530ƣʹ0.0108Ϊ3.65[4] о㣬йĻϵ90ھͳ0.5

  עǣоٵֻ̰۸Զ90Ժص1987ͳݣ90ԺȨѰѲ̱ð桱лܻҲ80öࡣȫΪȨгṩһͳѧϵĲο

  ֡ɱαʶ̬棬һ㽲ԱǷǸеɥʧڴ۸ӡǣơξȨӴġϵϵ£ȨΪԼı˽ΪѾΪУǶ߸ġɫΪɫΪ༴ְְȨΪԼı˽Ϊȡ˾˵ĿݺĬı˽İãһܵ۵ǴΪЩΪֱֺԱ˽档1996عɽ̩ίǺѧΪ׵ķŵΪУͿԿйԱνᵳӪ˽޼ɵıȡ˽֤ǡ֤ÿʡС

  90йľӢײ㼸Ӷ˾÷չȫɹԵײӴЧйǰܻȺ巸൱ءһЩΪıȡ˽ŻлܻߣһЩطΪĵط棬Ƽۼ١ڹĹ˽˿ڡԺ͵ũأһطľһĳԱ͹һＯšʡéԴλںʡءʡϪʡؽ֮أ1989ôԽ𷽡ŵ˿ʼ˿ڵķдһʱΪֹݲ80ĴŮǻֵϣǷЯ֣ϼҳ⹴ᣬγԴΪĵĹŮרҵгΧ6塢ĺʡʡɽʡĲءжУγ˷͡תġ񡱣ÿ춼кüոŮԴ壬ЩĸŮǱ˷ǿ˷ӵƵǹ˫ǹɱͼճʮš7ԴٲȻˡŮôǮƵ˶ǿŮң˳ơйһ˴塱ԴĹ˿רҵ壬йƻ˺ü[5] ˳ԾĻǹ˿ֱΪ潵󣬶Ƕ¸ֵͬׯ25ﾹǧԹŮάġͷרھӡͬԼݵŮΪһʹüŮũĻ̡̻ЩͷеػԱ֧֣ǰ빫ġ˿ʼǶ˿ڵΪʾߺޣյŮ½ǮؼңʹһЩũѸˡƶ¸ĵ·ũҾĽ֮࣬󡰼ͷæŮȥǮͬʱйӶӵĴͳĻҲˡŮȢҲҪõġԱǮһλ ͷ򱻵ũΪ¡ؾҸͽ[6] ȫԵĵ°ܻ˵ǰδУؽ֮ɡ⣬ꡱ

  оζһЩԹʲƷ϶ڹԴҡҵһչ֮־˽ӪҵǣҲΪԼԼΪڷʶüλĶ³ܾ԰ҵԺҵԽԽ󣬱˹ӪҲ취ЧԼΪһñӡ [iii]̫ҵɷ޹˾ίһλȥϺֹ˾ܾһֱֻǱ߽ݱƵ˵׬˶٣Ժȴִн3,000ȫûˣֻλȹʱм۸߳ٵļ׷ӺһڻϯλʱļǮһм۸߳֮г仯µʧ֮⣬ĶΪؿۡȷñ׵سԵˡλίεķֹ˾ͨɣзе̰ŲùãΪõ ñӡ˽ӪҵǮ̫ҵ˾ں뵱ҵһҡͨɷ޹˾ƸõһλԱλʱֿտգӪ࣬Լ˺լ˽ҳʱעҵǧʲʹҲĵòࡣλûʲôˮˣ͵ϴǳʣ׼عԼԭеְλȥ˽ﻹԱ˵ָ³ʲô˵ҵģһǿõıȵõöࡣ߽ЩɫΪңְڱ˵ġɫΪµ֮ΪӥȴϹۡǡҲܣҲܡһ֡ѭ[7]

  ˵Ϊ˸ľôڽжٿԵõַͽĻôҪĿǰֵ״̬һµ򣬾ͱ޸Ҫѵö֮࣬ŬҲЧ΢Ϊĳ֣ܺʵֻĿǰ£Ըֵĵ̬ȣһֶӵĹ̬Ƚʹĳһ塢ĳһ˻Ϊ޺ݣ֤йתǡɱСЧ󡱣ֻʹΪҵĸ͸꣬Ϊ֢ÿ˶亦  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢ºǸĸɹĹؼ 					
  				 				 					 					
ڹϷּƻӴŲĹĴѰʹйгƫ뱾ӦﵽĿꡣ̵ʷʲ׼˾ʵȡȨڴˣ80ڣ֪ʶϣػ룺侭׳ԾȨǾȨʹ뷨ƵĽ̼ӿ졣ϿʵȴûаǵչдȨǮ׻ʹǲò֪һʵȨǮֻȨܷ¸һݼ˹ٱλʶµ»ͷչʾйʵ֤Ȩ¢ҪضгõΣرǶΣгµľ¢ɵķȱΣƷ̡ٵȨײġнˡЩ˹ͬıȡƸ໥ʹȨṹǿΪ÷չƸĸ

  ڸܲο˷ܵ⣬ʷһֱһЩܳ˼֣֮̽Ϊѧ֮ŸNicclo Machiavelliϵһо˼ҡڷ15ԺΪܵԭмĲƽȣ˵˽ȨΪԼһ˽ȨȵȡԵʱͷֹܵİ취쵼ߵΪõİɹ淶ǵΪЧļƶȣ໥ƺƶȣȵȣҪĸֹܵ˼롣ŸȷָȨڲ£Ȼ򸯰ܶ䣬ΪʱţԱȻƣֵԵĸȻᵼĻ𡱡žʶ£Ϊעµ֮ͨ˷ܣʹò˥ŸԸΣԼԴʶͬˣʹǿʼӸܵԺΪҵѧ˵µо򡣴˺ȻȨѧ˵ΪۻԷΪҪĿĵ˼룬Լ۵ʢУ˼ԴῴŸӰ졣

  侭ѧҡ1974ŵѧɡѶGunnar Myrdalڶ˳15ʵؿ֮󣬳Ľƪ޵Ϸ磺ǸƶĿ졷Asian Drama: An Inquiry Into the Poverty of Nations롶ƶսThe Challenge of World PovertyЩУչйִձ⣺Ȩ(Soft State)ͷšΪеķչйҵڡȨ֡Ȩм磺ȱ巨ɵʵʩԷɵĽкܴԺɳԣԱձ鲻ؽǵĹָҳǱӦΪȨƵ뼯ŴͨһԱ֮䳣øյԴΥ͵ƷĻϣΪһ˽н༴ڷƵĻԣ̰ۡΪΪģʽȨΪŻԺͻЧӦ԰²׼ڵĸײźǿ͸ԡоչйҵִ⣬ָȨǮΪҪ Ȩģʽ£γɸַţַһγɣȻԼ¢ϵĸԴͨѰȡǷ棬ЩѰֱȻЩչйҽһȨ˶ѭһֶѭչһ̶ȣһҵ໥ͨΪ[8] йڵʵ״ַҪ

  ζƸܣֹһȨֹνˣйĿǰʵǹϵǰ;Ĺؼ⡣һϣйѾݣҵƲ֯ӵȨĴС˻òƸĶѣԲԱȥμǿΪἰڷҵ˲ȥƱҵľӪǻѴȥȨĽЩԪĹʴǵºθС

  ˸¼µľܽйĿǰܳɷ磬ҪΪԱĹ̫ͣûṵܻ̂ߡıȡȨͺô˵͹ʵһȻϷȴıȻĲ䡱֮⣬Ȼ˵ֻҪԹԱʵ˸߹ƣ̰۸֮ͻõơ

  һ߲ҹͬΪйĿǰĸ֮粢ԡ͡ʵи߹ƾͿԽģʷġƶҲûپֹ֤ƵƵعԪǧԪԪ̰۰֤й̰̰õĲƸ֮ޣܸн¼¹ԱҲ޷֮й̰۸ܳرͣ͹Ҳ̰۸֮硣֮ڲıƶȵ£ֻҪ̰۸ܵԶԶڳɱܳʣйʵйԱ߹ƣ޷ֹԱǵ̰ⲻǽĸ취

  Ÿ֮󣬷ѧϵ˹楂Montesquieuڡľ񡷣The Spirit of the LawsһָһȨ˶ȨŲľ顣ֹȨõİ취ȨԼȨȨԼȻܡЩ귴̰۸ܵĸ֡ⷨȻڲϳ̨첿š첿šͼ첿šֵ̰ȡȨԼȨĻҲڵݰ㲻ϳ̰۸֮ȴԽԽңһȫġ֮ÿһ´Ļû䴴ʱãֻЩŵĹԱṩ̰ܻߵĻᡣƸԴĹؼйǡεķᡱȨڷȨԱڷ֮ϡ90кڣߵѾйǿƾӢţ򡰷εķᡱݽйѾһңɼĿꡣ

  βֹܶĿǰֻ¸Уܳɷľ棿ΪⲻڽȫķƶȣṫнִĵºθСƶȵȱݱȽ⣬ǰйĿǰѰĲⱣƶ˵ҪԴԴȨڸκμලĸУȨʴˣ˵Ȩ˵ظʴˡⷽһڽƣƶԼˣʹǱڷķΧڻһҪʹȨӾûλȨоͻ֡ǰԶ󳵡ָ׶˾ı־̰ܻ̣߱ܵļ߽Ų󳾣ʡͶʹ˾³ֽʬδλõ·ʱеĻ˵ǡӲ裬ⷽһЩԽȻѵȴⷽ棬ڡ棬νºθе⡣ٺõƶҲȥִУ˵£ǹؼƶȴºȷƲϵΪҪ۵ƶȾѧɴʿ1993ŵѧ˹Cŵ˹Douglass CNorthڹ۲˶ŷйľøĸԺΪΪֹδҵһִӼƻгùɵЧҩͨеľоǺҪģһЧľгڶЧгƣггЧЭģ۾ггĻЭ̸ĵʵһ㣺ƶȽ衣ͬʱһʮҪĸ·Path Dependsһ۵ǳǿһƶȸĸʷϰزӰ졣ΪһҲ֪ԼȥӺζ֪ԼٵʵԼͳӰԼĻԣͲ֪δķչ

  йĿǰڽзƽ衣ͳƣ1997굽1998һ׶ƽÿ18͹һµķɣЩͬ衣ʵϣⲢ޷зҪֽϵֱʵһ·ռ˵νƶȽʵҲһĻ衣ڴˣйоøĸ뽨ַ淨ɵͬʱڹУԱнºθУٺ;øĸͬҪ

  й˼˵һҪעȫоǣйʱġ·ʷĻԴжйûпܳΪһεķᡱһεķᡱΪȫһ¡˵һ⣬ǽйĻʶǰᡣ

  (16,415)

  -------------------------------------------------

  [i] Ѱ⣨Rent-seekingһ 20ҶѧսԵ֮һ䴴ʼи. ˣGordon TullockݡO³ Anne O. KruegerȡйءѰ⡱Ҫ򱣻һЩ¢ҵ˵ѰΪѰԴǮ൱ڽǮĸ棩ԱӰι̻ȨһѰĹɶ𺦣𺦴ߵ档ǰѰָ漯ŸŬԴӰߵĳ̨ºѰָ漯ø߿϶Ѱ

  [ii]йʣӡϡС㣬ҲƣҲ߲ɵü棬ȡҲ֮ԡܡ㡱ѵüеֻѡһ걱ʫʫЦ̰Ҫʫ

  [iii]ñӣָʵ˽ͶʿҵȴҪϡҵ򡰹ӪҵñӣԻ˰ŻԼһЩδ֤Ķڲļȵȡйĸһ90к˽ӪҵλߣԼ򡰺ñӡһЩȨʱзࡰñӡҵʼ뷽跨ñ

  [1]йо[]19984ڣĽǶȿ˽ӪҵιΪ

  [2]Ϸĩ2001322գ֣ʧжÿ10,000ڡ

  [3]ժ19961118ա

  [4]ʤ÷չе䡷Ϻ19941µ1档

  [5]ԭءתժԡڷƱ1996825ա

  [6]Ϸĩ20021219գͷıĴׯ

  [7]ɷݹ˾Ǳ߽ܵĿʺù˾ְ³ӳλʱбתķšǲԱ븱ܾԼһЩҵԱͬ٣ʶÿǮȥʧú

  [8]أȨŻйִ˫塱ս19941ڡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

¡йʱԭʼ  					
 				 				 					 					
					
ǰ漸µķԿйľøĸڽƻתΪгƵͬʱʹйʱԭʼ۹̡ʷϵʱԭʼ۹ȣйʱԭʼٶȿ졢̶̡ԼԹʲԴΪӶص㡣

  ²áʱԭʼۡйĿǰһᾭụ̀ҪǴ濼ǣһǴʱһ忼ڶǴйʱֶξǿҵĳӶһʹʡ

  һ˵ƸУ䶯ڹռķݶ󣬹ڹռķݶСζʱԭʼ۹̵ɡԴΪ׼ȣԶ϶йԭʼ۹90ϰھͼɡµصǷ¼⣺˭йʱԭʼ۹Ļߣһ̷ƶȳص㣬Լйķչ׻ԶӰ졣

  һ˭Ļߣ

  һֻ۲ƸľУԱ֮ľƾġʱʵҪȨԴôȨĲְߡҵĹߣԼʸȨߣ׾ٵؽյȨгҲڹϷּƻŲĹзֵһʱԭʼۣΪйȸһˡʵпܽһԭʼ۽ĵҪˣ

  һԴĹߡڹ֡ƻֻڻС֤ȯ˾ಿְߡ˵ıֱֶܻ¸̰ŲùⷽĵͿ1995괦ļ󰸼Ϊݵֽ꣨ʱʡίǵӣȺʡίκʡͶʹ˾³ڵҵмƻֲó⼸ŵصռƻȨʽʹȨࡰӡʵм۸˫Ƶйʵеʯɽ֮ܣһšӡʹ޸󲢲ֻǴеعߡ[1] 90йġй̰ʵ¼ί칫дġа񩤩θ´Ҫ鴦ʵռļʮʾʵڴϵ¸ײ㡣ЩعĹԱ벿ίغͼ͵Ļ㡣[2] ʵϣع⡱ֻеһСݡôȨĹֺʹȨĽڻҲྭ÷ﰸĶ෢ش1994ڸﱣ˰ƻһغ̰ܻߵİץ31Ƴֻܹ44λɴ˿桱֮ࡣ[3] ڻﰸ֮࣬йĸͷʹǽ֮ΪǮϴ󡱣[i]ҵܻ֮͹˰ȲŲ¡ǽΪȡôел߻֮ΪȫСΪлߵҪ󣩡19953£Ժ칫תйж10ҽڻͨ10ҽڻԭǡΥԼ£ҽ򡱡[4] 1995дشڷﰸΪеĻҵԱһни֧йҵۺϻƣ䷸ 1,900Ԫ۱Һ80Ԫһйڷж֧нǹܻƹְ֮㣬̹798Ԫ[5] 1995ɽٷڵڳһϵشܻ߰õгԼ60ϵͳҵԱǣڡ[6]йк֧УźɫơڶŴý౨ġȽ͡гѧΪ׵һⷽΪΪ̰Ųùġг١ŴƳκºͻƿƳʮ˾У˺ųơ֡֡͡ĸǬӡڲͳΡʵд1988굽1995갸ʱΪֹʱĿѾδ۸ģȫʧȥʵԡ[7] гı̰۰Ҳʱзйй㶫ƽ֧г֣ٷڳ7ʱý30ĸϢܶﵽ35֮ϣ1995֧ΣЩʽ󲿷ֶǵ˽ҡ[8] 20024£㶫ƽַһƽ¼Ƶʽð1993г񶫡ǰκεġϵڳ9ʱԵ483ԪֵͨйȫϵͳʽܵУʽڵִͶʣת˽²ɢڳɹ̰֮۸200110°ȫ֪١ͬʱйй㶫лصĽڰйŦԼ֧ѩйУۣòͬʱеļƻ[9] ڹ˾̡˰ִŵĸҲ˴Ŀģ1996ʡݾü־ֳָԹ250ھ2,019Ԫľް̰۵ٶ˵Ϊ缶̰ҲΪ[10] సȫضзй90ξ÷ص㡣ŴýԴ˵ıǳޣЩعİ˴Ŀġ 90йʡԱ̰۸أ̰ܻ߱еԭȫ˴ίԱɿ˽ܣԭʡʡ壬ԭܣԭʡʡгĽ¡ԭʡ͢ȡͬ˵й̰۸ܵԽԽ㣬̰۸ܳŵĹԱԽԽߣ̰۸ԽԽ

  1998꣭2004йʹ̰۸ܸ߼Աָ
 						 							ꡡ 							ʡԱˣ 							ּԱˣ 						 						 							1998 							3 							103 						 						 							1999 							3 							136 						 						 							2000 							7 							184 						 						 							2001 							6 							89 						 						 							2003 							4 							167 						 						 							2004 							11 							198 						 					 					

Դ1999꣭2005Ժ档

  ڶǲݹҵĸˡ1995й鴦ΥΥУԹӪҵһ֡Ϊͻ󡣣ĵϸ̸һ⣩Щһ֡뵥λĲԱһ𣬡Ժζ̰һʳʲڳڵķ̰УǼܶ෸ﾭ飬硰˲̸£˲ǩ֣ȡһһʽ[11] жţ˾Ϊ괴ԪĹ˾˾ССġ㡱̣60д5֮ãʧľ޶ʲ֮⣬ϼ⳥ķþͶ5,000Ԫ60ڰУÿһں涼̹ʲֻ[12] Щҵĸ̹ʲ֮ԷֻмΪ򰵵ĵ̡йʲֵͳϡ͵Ͱг1982굽1992꣬ʲʧܶߴ5,000ԪִԼ൱1992ȫʲ26,000Ԫ1/519924,188Ԫ800Ԫ㰴˵ǡȽϱءݼ㣬11ڣйĿǰƽÿʧʧĹʲ500Ԫÿʧʲ1.3ԪϡЩʧĹʲжǱЩҵ˾̵ģһԶҲ޷ĺͿʡ[13] йһݹٷ鱨棨1995ָ꣩ռܻͥ7ĸԣͼͥУҵλ쵼ˡݹɷҵˡݳаԼȨı˽ߡ[14] 8ȥ˹еҪǹҵһֱûиı䣬Ƥ:2001й׶չ桷оٵĲ֤й˵1/3ɹҵ˽ϰ幹ɡ йĿǰĹƶҵ˵ĲƲԴദһֿɵĻɫ״̬֮С[15] ֮ʱµйٹϰ̹ʲǹܡҵ𣬹˵Ĺʷҵȴƣνס 1978Ժй൱ձ顣

  19982004йҵ̰۸̹ʲ
 						 							ꡡ  							ˡ  						 						 							19982002 							84,395 						 						 							2003 							14,844 						 						 							2004 							10,407 						 					 					

Դ1999꣭2005Ժ档

  Ȩ任ΪǮнߡǺԴеĸֹٹϵ˵Ĺ൱ӣݹԱιԱԼǣҲкܶ²ˡǰ߿ϵڡˡһ˵Щ˶ͷ磬۹ΪԼ֯ϵЩչȨˣҲҪϲܽеȨΪǮͳϷơԱ1992䶯ȫǣ10Ԫġ̫ʰ[16]1995ٴκ䶯ȫ˹˾32Ԫʰ2003зϺ޸㰸ǡ̽ϡĵ͡ЩˡڡϷ롰Ƿ֮ġɫش׬ȡɫ롱йзɣЩѻ塰͡Ľޡ˹˾ʰΪð漰13ʡ273ˣеԱ187ˣشϸɲ126ˣϰʡɲ55ˡ˾϶䵱нˡ107ˣΪ˹˾Ｏ15.56Ԫлн5,250Ԫ˷Ƿ10Ԫϵ3ˣ100Ԫϵ9ˣ1,000Ԫϵ1ˡ[17] ɫ롱ҵġɫײ㡱ΪйһӵǧԪʲĸײ㡣ӵгǧϰԪʲ߼ŮȳһӦȫǾдɫʵķʷǵۼӽʽȴвɵ͹Ӱ죬˽ǷΪżǵӰ£ ¸й缺Ϊһֹʱļֵۡ90ƵƵǧԪԪ̰ܻߴ󰸵Щɫײ㡱Ϸ·ġҲЩ˳ڡ͡֮䣬ÿꡰ÷չ֮ʱҲһ˼ҵеʷ࣬±еĻƺϣ˹˾ʰеĵ˱˾ʧǰġߡйѾ̰۸ΪУץֻۿùѡ[18]

  һȻر࣬ʱԭʼ۹ȴǳֵע⣬Щפ⼰۰ĵʻԱЩڡ߻ʵԶڹĻ޼ɵ쵼ְȨʽСɽͷʽĹ˾ù·ǾӪΧҵ糴ɡڻ㡢زȡһǵùԸ˾Ӫҵ񡢻תĹ˾ӪеĲϧ𺦹棬ȡ¸ȡؿۣ߼۽ͼ۳ۡһЩ˷Ƿ̹˾ҵְʵԼʻְΪҵȡӪò棬Ҳлϵ߻˽ЩӻμˡЯ鸾θ¸˾ռߣһЩפ˾һӦѡʷѾռ֧ܿ60ңЩڹ⣬ϴǮ䡰ɫ롱ѷƲõȣϹڵѰ߸Ϊ㡣һЩ̹Ժ󣬾ʧڵĳһط199519£80פʻɲ漰á̰ɶʧ١1996ϰ깲ӻ漰йڵصĿ羳̰۰77ڣ1995ͬĳɡרԱĽʾ귢ִԱ̰۵鱨ʾڵصִԱʿ·ǷҪΪ߾˽Ʒɫ[19]2002ĵ34Ա͹˾йŦԼеΥеǵʱйгǰйŦԼгѩ[20]

  ⼸˵ľûܽ˵ǮССǮǮڶû֮ǰǱĿΪˡ͡ҵҡ֮࣬ǵĴʹһЩ˸̾ҵûյġǸֻ̾ı󣬶ЩҵҡеĲڻ۲ƸĹУѰ˲ºͷһʵ˵˻۲ƸΪĳ̶ֳϾ֡٩󣺡ͷҪֻҪǮ棬ɱһԣˡ

  ǰڻ۲ƸķʽһЩûչ˽ʱߡЩҪ漸˹ɣӹҵͼҵӱľӪߺ͹ԱԼЩӪҵҡͷ˽ӪҵǰһڹӪ壩ҵл˶Ӫг飬ΪҵеĹǸɡڰù֮㽨˼ʹϵΪԼ¸ʱǵ ְ͡ıȨԻһЩ˲ȡһָ͸εķʽԼֱӡºŮ澭̣ȫȴɱṩھƺгͷռ⡣Ϊֻ˵ǳ裬ѹ֮ Υһࡣںһͷڰʱҵ¸˹й˵ġӪҵҡײ㣨ҵڣйĿǰڡģгơ׶ΣԴϡȱԴҪãЩӪҵȡԴԼгвųͨϵ Ѱ⡱Ӷ𡢻ؿۡн֮ࡣ֮˵ǵĻҪڣ侭ûΪṩʲƸеġѰ ᾭƻҪСͨȨгȡǰˣνӶ𡱡ؿۡнѡ ǽΥͺϷ֮ġ򡱣ڵйתڣΪͺ϶䵽ǡϷǡΥʴֻҪ䡰ϵ û˳£һ÷ԼΪ

  мڡ㳵ΪһʱȸһˡǡҡԱҡ֤ȯӪлߣԼָڸĸ 㳵Free Rider)ˣЩ¸ĵũ񡣵Щ˴˵ɽ츻ԣײе壬ǻ۲ƸķʽҲйԭʼ۵ĵ̬ʽ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ԭʼ۹̵ɡ缰Ȼ 					
 				 				 					 					
1995дһƪ̸йԭʼۼ90ɣ־ƸеС1995Ĳٵͳ֧һ

  һйʲеС1995Уйͳƾֳᾭõܶӷһййͥʲм֤ȯֳֽ𣩵ĵ鱨档鱨ĵо߳ѧָ1994йʲܶﵽ18,547ԪЩʲķֲΪˮƽߣֲ༫ռܻͥ7ĸԣͼͥиͼͥռܻͥ1ӵйеȫʲܶ 302ռȫܻͥ38ƶ±ͼͥȴֻӵȫʲ11.9[21] һ鱨ָĳծȯƱм֤ȯڣֲ״ȴ滹Ҫصö࣬ݸ˵й10ֻռдܶ3½ƣ10ȴռдܶ40ơһڰ10ٶ[22] 1999꣬йﵽ58,000ڣ˸ݳ㣬3ĸԣ˿ռо47[23]

  ǽйķֲ״19957£йѧĹһȫΧģУУӳ뻧鱨棬1994йƶ20ͥռȫ4.27е20ͥռȫƸ50.241998꣬˿Уߵ20˿ڵ͵ĵ20˿ڵ9.6ߵ10˿ռ38.4͵20˿ڽռ5.5Ͽֽ׶й15ӵ85ĲƸ85˽ֻռܲƸ15ڲƸռȫʵṹ[24]

  Ǵƽṹ䶯пԺؿ˽ʱԭʼѾɡ199312µ199512£ȫǹҵĹҵֵܲռȫҵֵܲ10.520[25] 199936.4[26] ⻹ǡСʵȴǴñӡ˽ӪҵĹҵֵܲνñӡйøĸڼҵһҪ˽Ӫҵλϵͣ˽ӪҵΪӪżӣȨŲ㣬硢塢򡢽ֵһҵУԼ70Ǵñӡҵ [27] 2000ףй½ӪҵͶѾ400ˣ˽Ӫҵ176ңֵﵽ20,600ңܹ˽ӪҵĵԱ 7,400ˡ̸廧2,570ңÿֵ7,000ңҵ۶ߴ19,800Ԫ[28]

  ݣйǰʱҵʱҵʱͽʱ۵ˮƽҵֵܲռ˽˲ҵʱռıأ״˵ƾҵʱҵʱͽʱڹȡ˽ϴķݶݵͳƿھһ˵һʵƸС

  ⡰ˡӵеĲƸйõ׻ʲôӰ죿 һԴӾ͹Ҳ֮ȵı仯֪

  ĸǰϦ1978꣬Ҳй4.51992꣬йҲֻ3,800Ԫ15,000 Ԫ1978ıס90һȻ1995йΪ3,866.63Ԫ[29] 1995ףȫĴѴ29,662.2Ԫ[30] ǹҲ7.610ĸӵ40Ľʲ㣬10ռеĴߴ11,864.88ԪǹҲ3.0719966ĩ35,457.9Ԫ[31] 2000꣬йѾͻ60,000ԪһҲ11,806ڣ[32] ѾǹҲ5.1˵йʱԭʼѾɣǮ༴ͶֻѵȨҪơ

  ео߷йֵı仯ɿ80ĩ90ڣйԴҪ䣺

  йֵı仯19781998꣩
 						 							ɣ 							1978 							1986 							1997 							1998 						 						 							 							60.3 							32.2 							13.7 							13.2 						 						 							ҵ 							34.9 							32.3 							35.4 							35.8 						 						 							 							4.8 							35.5 							50.9 							51.0 						 					 					

  Դ1978ꡢ1986ݼйƸĸо۾оҡĸеĺ۾á1988꣬Ĵ349ҳ19971998ݼйͳƾ֡йͳ2000йͳ2001ʽʵｻףFlow of Funds (Physical Transaction)

  ݱйľøĸһֱŸ߶ȶľ90ҪĴԴѴҵת˼ͥ90ĩЩ䴢 47ּ3ĸԣ˿Уойо˵һԲԺӵ֡ǱָǣйõҪǲҵʱҵʱʱе£ҪڹСزгڻгĭڻתΪҵʱҪйԭʼ۵صġ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ԭʼ۹еʱ 					
  				 				 					 					
ǰرйԭʼ۵Ḷ́ʵϾйξƲ֯Ȩ߼߽ȨǮ׵ѰͬϷƸḶ́ԭʼ۵ҪӶйѪγɵĹʲӶҪֶƾȨΪԭʼ۹̳˲º񣬲˵ͲƲڲܹ֮У״˲ǱǮ׼գһ̹ԺԶߺ⡣Щ̰۸ܾǮƣֻǶݵͶЧĭڣö̡ƽķʽԱʱʱռȻСʱͨ©ȥƱծȯɴֱӴУԱһǲǸеʱʱԶ20011£й 4,000̰ۻ¸Я50ԪǱӡ[33] ⻹ֻݣʵԶЩݱֳء

  ڸˮƽʱԼ൱ĹͨѶΪʱṩǰδеļϵıйʱ󣬾оָй 1985ʱռծﵽ52.38015ծ񸺵صĹʱӵƽˮƽ[34]90Ժʱˮƽӽÿծ֮йծͬʱȴгһʱͨ;ʧҲԵءʧڹ⡣Ӣ׶ػʼҹоֶJim Walker)һݸú뷢չ֯оָ19891995䣬йʱܳ1,000ԪԼ500Ԫδ׼ģгʱ׼󲿷ݳʱͨǷתƵʽġӹ֧ʱʻгֵĴ©зӳʱ19893.3Ԫ1995178ԪֱͶʺ֤ȯͶʣֶָ 1994йں⹲˽10,000ҵ鲼ȫأͶҪۡĴǡôʵ֤йǷʱ۵ȵصҪʽԴݹƣ1995Ϊֹйҵ͸Ͷ300400Ԫʱ[35]й칫ߡ רоʾ19971998ʱӶֱΪ364.74Ԫ386.37Ԫ1999һȻõһĿƣʱӶԸߴ238.3Ԫ2000ʱּӣܶԼ480Ԫң̶йʵͶʵ407ԪҪࡣ[36] 200410£йоԺй밶Ŀ羳ʱоָӢάȺȺĦǡĽȼձȺ̫ƽĵڶȫ밶ģ͸ȺͼȿɵĹƶȣѾΪйʱӻתʱתվ[37]

  ִģʱӣ˽Ӫҵй½βȶʱתƹģиǸְܹԱڴ¡ϴǮͨ;Լ̰ܻߵĺǮϺϷ£Ա㹫ӻЩǷãͶʺֵ˵йʣ͹Ч֮һǳɹáʱû˴ʱӿĽΣ

  ڹУʱӡһнǿֵжϺĸѵõһµͬһʱһ˽ʱǹٷʱһ֡ʱйһֱʵбȽϸƶȣδ׼Υй߷ĹʱʼΣʱӡһʼֻרҵڣҸиԴ㷽ʽԶйʱӵж٣ʼûһͳһ˵һǹϵģ2090йʱӶռGDPıؽСڶ˹īͺ1997йʱռGDPıԶ19941995괦ڽΣеī1997괦ڽΣеĺǵйԱȽϸԽαʽʱԼʱԶԶīͺΪʵйʱӵƿܻīͺϾöࡣ

  й˵ҪʱȴΪʱĿǰЩʱڼֻ㡢ʡԴȸԴԴϵءڡйоʱӵԽԽ࣬еĲ㶼һȱݣӰĿŶȣǹĶټͳһʱӵķʽϣоһΪʱҪͨм;

  1ǷֱӻǷ⣬ÿӪеĵͶʣóҵͲȾûα췢ƱԳȨ֤شҵϢܹ¸ͻؿۣڹ⿪˽ʻȡ

  2ó͹ڷƱ߹ڷƱǰƳջ㣬ڹ˾ڻҵʵתƶۣھͶʹ˾עó׹˾൱֤ݱйҵʽͨڹ⿪Ĺ˾йϵҵתƳ⡣ձйҵӯҪǿйҵǮ׬Ǯֱ׬ĸ˾Ǯֹ˾Խڹ˾óӪȨҵΪ൱ݵóҵʲծЩҵĸתʽԸ˴ΪĿĶڡ⡱Ľⲿҵ䡰ѳ·ܾͨƲķʽѿת޳ȥӱܶתʽ׷ǺܿܳΪЩƲػܻ׼ƲҵѧϰЧġ1995112人ڹ˾ΪȫƲĹӪóҵ֮人5ó˾Ʋ롣˷һɽաӱȵصóҵҲ׷ƲʡеĽڹ˾ר̵人СȡѧϰƲ顣ЩޡƲ֮ݵóҵ˵׷ġƲζǿԷĵԡ𡱵ȸʽתʽ

  3ͨʱӡⷽһǲͨڻտڸƽдҵͨеȽڻıŴıڹ֤ⷢȯϹ衰ڱֵ֮СܸͶ֮ʵȵȡ֮Щʱϲʱʽйᾭõķչ[38]

  2004оָʱӰúɷʽٵȡ̸·ʽֻ֣һͨͿй˾ʲι˾ȨչʵݣͳɱռйȨƩҵMBOú﷽ʽ˾թթΪҪ֣ʲӪҵ[39]

  ʱӶйӰĿǰԹƣ޷жնԹɵĺ׻صʲô̶ȡҲûʲôó֮Чķֹʱӡ20ͣʼʱӵƵʺԱѴﵽǰδеĳ̶ȣ80ĩ90ּй֧СĶ顣й˵ʱӵһֱӽǹڽʽȱййȯֽծȯļʽ𡣶Ը˷еĹȯڹھ½УѾû̫ΪĸڻеĽծȯ˹ѾԽ˾ߡĿǰйۺϸծʵĹƻڹ㷺飬˹Ժծ֮ʹԼGDP130ǴʽӣͶӦ϶࣬òծӦòôߡ

  ʵĳɱԶʵĳɱҪߣһһ֪ܺʡԭǷչйչ徭õҪֶΡǹûӰ죬ҹֲֺƽ֧ʹҸأÿҪ500Ԫƽ֧һڳծϢ͢һӣծܼԼ1550ԪծռֵԼ50ǰΪծ߶ɹƲֹƲڰ͢ʷϲǵһηʷչھã򲻻Щ⡣

  ʱ衰ʡ֮巵عͶʵҲӦע⣬ݹƣй֮ٻʽռйܶ25ҵйСŻݴµıȻ㡱һй˵سһЩͶΪʵĲƽȴѰ棬Ƿ׷סеȽǮתƳȥȻٽ躣عͶʣе˾ȡȨ󣬰ǮҲϴʽ𣬸ɴҡһ̵ֱӻعͶʡЩںһȦٻعġʡ̡90ǰڹ㶫غ൱ձ飬90Ժɢйһϵġй̰ɹЯʱӣ֡ʾЧӦɱŴ󣬵Ա֮ʼͿʼмƻ̰۸ܲʱתƣںһٹʱ죬ԶӺ⡣Щδץ̰ٿ̰ãںⰲһٻΪŮõʻʹĹԱƲ󲿷Ѿת⣬ǱݷҲ̰ܽȫ󲿷׷ɻйûЭ飬ʹ֪һЩ˵䣬Ҫ뽫ɻйȴ൱ѡ

  ԣĿǰ޷жʱջйɶصĺΪֻǸеһҪΡá߻кռλҲǼʼǡ˵йãǽڣûб֮ǰйѧһֱ¡ۿھʱӲᵼ½ΣʱӲصȵȡ20033¡ᡱڼ䣬㴢־ֳ⹫йʱѾ½ơ֮ƣΪǵʵʱӸй˸Ͷ߲ʣȻйôʱӳȥǽȥͶǷӦã 2004й񲿷ġй밶Ŀ羳ʱоʵַ˹ʱٶȷŻ֮˵  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġԭʼɶйԶӰ 					
  				 				 					 					
ձйԭʼ۹Ҫڳоϵͳũ徭ϵͳҪһйũ岢ǹʲ֮أũҪƸأʵаƵʱ򣬲ȡͷƽķʽũȨֽųǸԼֺõأȴֱ̡֮еȨ;ӪȨģʽＯУʹ沢޴Ӵ֡йũԺСȻžӵģʽҵ߶ȷũ壬˼ʹϵҲȶνʲũǵĹϵȽϽӽƸȨ߱뿼ԼͥԱڱ籾⣬ֳܴоϵͳ֡ס̵˵ľ档ڴ£ũҲձ̰۸ΪũɲӶũķʽͳнϴìܳͻʽҲһһ㽫ڱھ¡͵ĶԪ䷢չơ̸

  оϵͳǹоõصأνʲĲȨʵȫõġϵĲƲˡʵԲƲ޴ȨгҵӪȡ˸ƣζŹʲ˸񻯣ΪʲߺʹߵҵԱмȻжԹʲ֧ȨȻͻԼⷽбйԭʼ۵ĹʼҵаƵУһٴڴ˹ʲʧբţӴԺйʼ˹ʲή˽ʱ͵Ĺ̡80ڣ۾ͼָָҵаһʵ[40]

  ֮⣬һЩŵԱӵжԴȨҲرǿչѰй1949ԺԴ߶ȼУеԴáľøĸǱƻΪгƣҲǸıԴ÷ʽԴ÷ʽı仯һʱڡһʱڣξģʽǼȨκģгƵĽ壬Ʒľ޴©˭ԴԴȨ˭ƸٷдλԴӱ˵йԭʼ۵缰ӶͷʽйеľƱġڳڼƻ¹ĸ߶ԣҪгдƸǼǳİͼ飬ǰƲֻԼ䵱˵ĿڴȡƸȴǾ֮͡˾޴ĲƸջǰκε·üΪ㡣йԭʼ۹Ѱ֮ⱣƸԴ

  йԭʼڶ̶ʮ纱ٶɵģٶ֮졢ʱ̣֮ȫ綼亱֮⣬һûеص㣺ⳡԭʼԹʲΪӶȨײ̰ЩԸַʽȡԼصƸʹ֮ӹ⡰ƽתƵ˽ң ͽɵģ֮ҲһıѪζ̰޳ܺͲµĳ̶ȱ֮ȴѷɫ

  ʷϺչȷǳǿս༴Σηչһ19Ҷŷȹǡǡҵ֣һλձ֮⣬ĹҾδץסʹԼΪŷֳءڶǡսԺһΰĻᣬҶѡԼķչ·ɹ̶ȸвͬϸ˵йֱ1949Ϊֹνʱԭʼۻһδս״̬˺йʵеļƻƣ˵Դľ޴˷ѺЧʵ˫ëڼԴȴΪгԶԶڸĸǰйһԴУȫй˶ϵ޲ߡڵļƻʹ˴ƸĲήԱһУ;йľøĸֻԹʲ˽лʽԭʼۣ֮;Ȼͨ߶Թʲ˳ĹϷ֩йûпɲԣȵòϵǰֵͬò޳ ֻּԴķʽСй˵ʷ޿ɹܡ

  ˽Ӫв׼йᷢչӰ죬й֪ʶǱ̫û롣ŷҵľ飬ʱ巢չڣһݼʽǻһв׼ڻþõλ֮ڲڵµελǲøַʽͨǮʩӰ죬ֱӵľٶҪȨڴȨһԪ֣ӶȨԪľ档ΪӱϽҵȨȨȨȨǲƸȨȨȨΪƽȣƸȨΪƽȡֻҪܿƾԴͲȨȨԤƸȨóȨԤȨŷҵʷȷʵ֤һ㣺ֻҪȨ֮⻹оȨĴڣȨ֮ͻڻƺͻලĿܡָαȨһԪĸԵĽšֻ뵽90ȫˡйĵ֪ʶӢʵйʱԭʼһеƶԸѾ͸ᣬĻģȨúУȨŰŻȨåйѸٺữΪûзжᷢչ̵Ĵ¼£йʱԭʼγɵĲƸռиֽйδȨֲǳشӰ졣

  йԭʼ۹̱й˽Ӫʱ۴桢չйơйԼԱʮеĹϵǡƤ롰ëĹϵ˽ӪõķչйûвȨԪĸ֡ȨδӾλйԱ֮䳣øյԴΥ͵ƷĻϣΪһ˽ȨǮȨǮΪҪġȨģʽ£γɸַţַʵ90кѾγɡΡ漯ŵĳԱԼ¢ϵĸԴͨѰȡǷ棬ЩѰֱȻ¹ҽһȨ90ڣйľ漯Ѿ㹻ҡState Capture漯ͨܵȷʽֱӰ߲ţڡˡķʽҹȨĸ˻1999Ժ漯бѶҵزҵߵƶЩ漯Ž˴ѰĽйȻҲʱʱܿںţʵȨͷ໥öΪȻǼϣйȫΪأƸĸʵйܽϣθĸΪǲԼʧȥȡƸֶ빤ߡʧȥëʱʶ̬ԼԺйֻþ潫ԱĿǰйƶ޶ȱ֤漯žȡҪ

  90йһϵβϵĵһѸټǿξӢ뾭þӢˣġ˽ʱ뵳Ϊ漯ŵĽϿһƶͨʹξӢ뾭þӢǿ޶ȵƶȻǶ֪ʶӢȡ˴ѹеĲԡЩγ̬ȵ֪ʶӢȡĴѹʩӶϾԴֱðȫʵʩأʹ⣬ڹڵӰ죻ЩԸ֪ʶӢ߹ʣŸֽȣԻȡЩ֪ʶӢĺ

  ʵ֤йľøĸĳɹѾȫξӢ뾭þӢɣйȨֽξӢþӢͬȨŵ֪ʶӢҲܴзֵһС²ųһ֮⡣

  -------------------------------------------------------------

  [i] Ǯϴ󡱣й仰ϴָȨһλһ֣˳ơϴ󡱡ȫġϴ󡱡ǮϴָУΪҪпԾ˭ҲԾܾ˭ҶУر硱ʴ˱֮Ϊ Ǯϴ󡱡

  [1]ֽϵʡίǵӣ䰸ϸιڲٱбĳƪڡйгñ1995126աҵһ 1994ڸ19951228ҵд̺󣬡ڷƱ1228ա30ϸ¶˴˰

  [2]귴̰±41

  [3]̱1995119գڷƱ1995121ա

  [4]ձ1995321ա

  [5]19951228мԺԶ˵о飬Լڸš

  [6]ձ19961 23ա

  [7]Ϸĩ19961025գһڡĻ

  [8]ƾ199911ڡ

  [9]ƾ20029ڡ

  [10]ȫٱб¾£Թνоü־ֳָʱһְǹ־ֳָǽݾü칫ҸˣǸù־ִġ˾ķ˴̰۵ֶҪáתÿķϺغγأհ׷ƱϽΧԡߵȵȡԵĹְ󣬱ҲԴȨĲţһɿйǰĸܵ˺ֿµĳ̶ȡԭϾĩΪ250ھ2,019Ԫһ󡱣תڡڷƱ1996106ա

  [11]йгñ1996110 գҵһ̲֡ݻƱأ19821989鴦̰ܻ߰76ҵ,19921994̰ܻ꣬߰ռҵȫ70ΪȺĹ80ʾҵ人ʯׯ400Ҹߵֳ飬60 ĹҵתժԡڷƱ1996110գϺƱϺԺ199511185̰ۻ¸,ҵġҵİռ60ϡΪ˻ƹȨĲԱزҵͿƼҵΪ෢شתժԡڷƱ1996110 գ

  [12]1995331ա

  [13]硢ױ:ʲʧ Ȩĸ̲ݻʲʧ֡

  [14]йгñ1995726ա

  [15]Ϸĩ1995128գأȫڹƶȸĸ﷽ŵйطͳƣ19946 Եҵܾн룬Ϊ126,168ԪлΪ51,228ԪЧ湤Ϊ74,940Ԫн͵ܾЧ湤Ϊ13,692Ԫӻп۳ͬƽÿ881Ԫ㣬Щ˵нƽʵ5ڵЩʲԶûôĵطЩԡҵλҪƾ롱ôĲƸ롰ͥ͡ʵ£οʲֻʽĲƸ̬֮һ

  [16]̫һжҴýбǣ浽Ž磬ԭҿίЧʱһί칫дġа񩤩θ´Ҫ鴦ʵй19951³档

  [17]Ϸĩ1995121գʮڼʰƭ֡Ϣձ1995121գ1996114ա˰֮עĿһĸ߹бигɭ׸ܾ֮ӡܾܱ

  [18]ƪС˵ѡ19956 ȺдġƷǡԼ2002ڡ㰸

  [19]ժ1996819գģڵִԱᣬ羳̰۰ơ

  [20]Զۡ2002131գDavid Murphy˭йС

  [21]йгñ1995726ա

  [22]йгñ1995419ա

  [23]йʱ2000 515գ£Ϊ󡱡

  [24]Ϸ細20024¡

  [25]лʱ199616ա

  [26]йͳ2000409ҳ

  [27]лʱ199616ա֣ݡлʱ1996612أֹգʡ137˽ժˡñ °עǼǡִšñӡĹҿҵȫΧ࣬1995мԺ600Ҿðһ漰ҿЩҿҵֻؿʱܲҪʱŻȨ⡣

  [28]»Ϣתԡձ200184D5档

  [29]»199673յ磬Ҳ޼199673ȫ˴ίڶʮλύ1995㱨档

  [30]Ϣձ1996212գййͳݡ

  [31]лʱ1996723գйй1996Ƚͳϡ

  [32]ձ2001323ա

  [33]»籱2001118յ硣

  [34]ĸ19965ڣйʱͽṹ

  [35]Ӣʱ19961227գйΪʱҪԴתժԡοϢ199718ա

  [36]ά2001530յ硣

  [37]Ĳί֣ȭйʱԡתӡ21;ñ2005219ա

  [38]ĸ19965ڣйʱͽṹ

  [39]Ĳί֣ȭйʱԡתӡ21;ñ2005219ա

  [40]ѧͼݱࣺѧоϡΰ棩1989111գ䲻ۡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

¡йľ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					 

  ÿһ־ƶȶӦĵ¹ͷƻԴйøĸ￪ʼȨ˽лƽ൱Ѹ١ôйһľ֧һ̵أ̸νҪУ1геĵ2䷨3ռλļֵϵԲƸ׷ʽʹúԼµķҪΧз

  һΡúµĲͬ仯(˾Դķ)

  1978й涼˷ǳ̵ı仯ֻҪ۲죬ͻᷢƶȡƶȺ;ı仯ͬܵصǣƶȵıǨͺ󣬾ƶȵı仯Ҫ죬ı仯þˡëʱøѹǿԱص;80ھ߽֮УһΧʵȡļֵжϱ׼ȡػľ棺Աʧȥ룬˴˽壨ġ塱Ϊֵĵط塢Ϊ˽ĸΪĸƮΪʧ򣬲Աĵ¸жɥʧΪ׷棬˲ϧˡ塢塢ᡣòΰϾڰȫ½

  ;ĳ˲һ˵ȫ˵ӸΥԡ֮һȳΪʶ̬ӽǳĲ濴йʶ̬ǿԼηʵϸڼƻƵ֧šṩľҵ֮޷ԱķʽıʱΪȻҲѭĽޡһ徭֧ƻƷ仯ɳ̲ϿĹȻҲʧȥ֧ŵĻ˵Ըĸڼƻƻ֮ϵʶ̬˵Լսʽ΢εܻʵǾøĸͷƽ費ͬıȻйھøĸͬʱûнӦηƶȵĽ淶ǵΪŵ˻״̬֡

  мǲò˼⣺

  ΪʲôڲƸĳ£й徭˲һ йԡƶֵΪĴͳΪʲôȫȺ׷ĳмӰӣ Դͳ徭ʲô̳ʲôĿǰе˺ã

  ҵĹг֮ϣ»ƲȨأȫƶҲԴΪ㡣йڷչгãΪʲô͵׼סᡰ˽Ϊľ棿׷ʱˣҡ壩Ȩ˵ĲƲΪǰᣬԴΪۻõľ÷չֵֵã

  ÷չĿľǵ׷󾭼õķչ Ϊ˺ȫ淢չ

  Щ⣬ǵڶ⣬֪˶˼ƾĶۣй֮ߵ״̬ǡšġӰ졣˹ΤMax Weber˵κ˶ڶԲƸ̰ƶȽϣʱǡøǶ̰һƻԻ⡣˽˶ϣȷʵгõҪ磬Ҿķչѽ൱걸ķƶȣȽϳɹؽԱԹ׷ڲķΧڡйľұ仯оȤӦǣڶԡˡ ¾á ʱͳ˾ġ´ǵĵǴʱʵʹϵģмľ˵һй˱ϻǡˡʱĳֵպӱأֻо߹ע⵽Ϸγġ¡״̬ûниھѡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

й˶ҵµĿ 					
 				 				 					 					
1996꣬¼°ǿƼ˾ί鹫˾һΪйҵҵҵָϵ鱨桷ڵУԱ˷ֲķ绰˱Ϻ300ҹСӪʡҵĸˣ漰ҵãԲΪ̶̳ȣҵӪĿеʵӪ߸ȡεù˾оԱйҵҵϵдڵҪ⣺

  1ҵӪ߶ҵϤ̶вҵڵˮƽԷѭ״̬ҵҪԵʶʵзǵҵΪĸ߶γǿҷֻ34˵ҵһ˵Ҷཫҵְҵµֻ֮ͬԼ15ҵӪܽȫ ҵһں

  Ȼ8.5ɵҵӪǿҵҵӪеҪԣԱṩķǵΪԽ˵ǣҵӪж൱һݷǵΪȡ߶̵̬ȣֵжⲿȨͻϵеķǵΪ̸Ϊԡ

  ҵӪ߶ԷǵΪ̶
 						 							λ 							ǵΪ 							̶ȣ 							ģ 						 						 							1 							лܻ 							79.0 							3.7 						 						 							2 							¸ͻ 							71.3 							6.3 						 						 							3 							ȱ 							55.4 							0.7 						 						 							4 							ʵ 							55.0 							0.3 						 						 							5 							ҵĻ 							25.3 							9.0 						 						 							6 							͵©˰ 							18.7 							2.7 						 						 							7 							Ⱦ 							3.3 							2.3 						 					 					

  2ӪڴšϺҵϵʵõʹΥ¼ֵʵڻشӪĿҵϵʱͻӦ໥ԭܷ߷λ37˫Ϻԭ28.3ⲿȨĽУҵӪϣ¹ռ32.3໥֧ռ71.7ҵڲĻӳ̬ӴϿҵǿϵľӪռ49.1ǿռ25ǿռ6

  طҵӪΪӦ侭Ӫм֣ʵҲĻԭ򡣵ľӪԭڡӦá롰ʵʡֳ֮ϴĲ࣬ӦüֵԭǰλĴΪʵáǿغˡϴ¡ڴʵʷеԭǰλǣӦ䡱ȶչֻЧ󡱡ǿй޹֮൱

  3õҵϵΪӪϰҪΪỷãӪȱڵĵʡҵӪзǵӵҪԭ áҵġҵʱԿࡱӪƳΪҵɹҪأΪǸ˿԰յءϴڵ൱ձķǵ¾ӪΪӪΪڻӰ죺ãֻǮ36.7֧ҵķƶȲȫ24ȣҵӪߺҵ·ʡ෴άʱҵڽܲΪʱƲҵҵìܿӳҵھӪеĵ˫ر׼ڷǵ¾ӪΪָˣһɹ򣻶ɷԴѣǵΪڴ󻷾ܾΪԼ˵ĲΪеΡ

  4ҵƶȻˮƽвߡƶҪƶҵĸ߼ϼλȱҵȫԱĵϣӶŽҵΪĳֹԵĹֶΣʹԳΪҵҵԱԽܵĹع򡣵з֣85.2ҵӪ߱ʾһҵܰƶȻȷҵھӪлܼȷָʾƶȻ֮ƶȻһơǣʵֻвҵһЩȫҵ򡣶ҵƶȻĹУҵĸ߼ײҪã31.1˱ʾҵҵĸ߼ײƶȷģҵԱܲƶҵҵ

  ΪҵҪȷߵҵ߲ʿУǵĸԹͣѧ֪ʶͣĸѣȨͣȨߣΪͻͣĳضͽΪ䣬ӶڽĿǰйҵоӪǰãͥɫŨΪʲôȨѰΪء

  Ϊ90кڵĻηչлܻߵ̰۸Ϊĸ߶ͬ ͸֯Transparency International ) 2002514շ2001긯ָܶ The 2001 Corruption Perceptions IndexǰͬΪҵĶеһй½еڶ 20023йᡱڼ䣨ȫ˴ȫЭ̻飩40λЭίԱ20йؽõ᰸ΪйСҵԼ涼صΣ[1]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ƻг 					
  				 				 					 					
гõĵҪɾĵһΣְҵº;ùɣ߹ǵΪ׼ʹǵľý˹淶ڵй߶ص⡣

  1ְҵ¸еȱҵİܻ

  νְҵӱְרҵ˵Ľɫữͳһְҵеʺ͵λÿְҵڵԼҪйٵ£ҽҽ£յ£̵£ִн̵£ѧоѧ¡иҵ뱾ҵһµĵ׼Ϊ淶˵ְҵһָ߶ữĽɫ£ھϵУ뾭һͬڵһΣϵĻʯ

  νְҵеʺ͵λ򵥵˵ҪְָҵְеϵҪأȨָÿְҵζųеһΣְҵ򡢳еְȨΧΣʵֺͱֱλְҵλְҵεȣȨָÿְҵһȨְȨʹá֧ĳЩԴȨְͨ񱨳ƸȨЩְȨṫȨһݣγеʹְҵȨϣṫ£ָÿְҵֺʹһϵЩԹΪְҵ棨棩桢ҵ͸ļ㡣δ֮ĹϵְҵκȨڣҲְҵڵĵݡ

  й״ڴְҵȨ߹ϵϣǡǡص⡣˵ںְҵȺУûжʶԼְҵΣְҵ Ȩ͡رʶʵ˻ȡƸְҵΣְȨƻְҵĻ׼ʵ֡£Ȼǳҵб桢͹˺ߵƷ˴νڶְҵһЩԴŵĹԱҵְζ»³֮࣬ǡƾһְҵıȨ֮Щڶְҵ𺦡һְҵκ͵Ϊǰġ

  йҵ緿ܡ绰ҽơҵ¢ԣڹ̡˰ȸǷҵ߶ϢְҵҪϰҪЩҵ򽻵ʱܶࡣЩҵУÿһְλСȨãϰ̸ϻϻԼĳЩִԱʱܷŭҵáְȨɽɽˮˮ翴ҪСѧҪҪѧУָҪ󣻵ŸҪлߵУ޲гʹȴ޿κΡⷽļΪӱʡصֳָɣλֳ19958ĳ쵽һҾƵ豻ܣְȨйԱͣ磬435ǧվ15ҵسͣ糤СʱĶ¼ʹعũҵ˾޴ʧڵʵºλֳȴְֻܵ쿴һĴݡ[2]

  й걨һƪҵʾݡ̸Ϊʹ޵İҵ֮ǣùԴȣô£˺ôҰ£շѣȨҪҷ̯ɣؼ乤Ա޳ռλҵǮ[3] ṫʹΪȼŮ硱ΪŮǮҪṩ񣬻Ҫְҵ¡Ǯְҵ¶ҪƻһְҵеιְһִĹӶϵϵľ壬Ҫи񡣵ڲԱ˹ҵĹʣ༴ѪǮûСΪ񡱣Ҫ̰۸ǽţƻƻʵʩƻṫߵԭĿꡣ

  ˵Ϊɹ֮ԡ֮硱ôΪֻáᡢ¡ˡ˽Ƽٷ١ġԼƭֵȵȡٳ;ĳ˿Ͷܹ·ԡӺÿϳ֮ǰ˵õƱۣ;˾ԱǿмӼۣԲӣһٶ򣻻ǰ;˦ͣÿ飬ͻᱻȭ[4] һЩ·ߵǿعôвֶҪÿͻ߼ۡǹķˣһֻҪһÿͲ򣬾ͼ᲻Сеÿһ쳵7ΣǿƳԷ5Ρ[5] ˷˼ǣһЩûа취ӹвƲзһĹԱΪǮáɫ塱֡罭ʡĵʯ죬206꾳·Σ߲·ߵϰ弰ŮͨŮڵڻ·ȷʽʻԱÿ潣ϰ漴ʯ조˵·οץԷ19921119939ֹʯԱֶιץ潰118161οʹԷܹû34.86ԪƭıȡΪԻִߣɼ֮[6] һΪѲʹûʲô˵ԱĸܺҵӪ߼ԵĸΪȨƺķ룬ɽɽˮˮְҵı˽ְҵºṫ⣬ôǿǿáɫ塱֮˵ѸƲȨ븶геġ׷á׼ǿԵؽ˵ĲƸռΪСΪɢܻĵ·

  ְҵһԵΪ淶ھϵоڵһΡΪмû˵͵ĵ¹淶ĺԱʵԼͬʱֵǵΪ˼ʹϵһзǷɹϵĽȫԱصĵ¹淶һݵϣ19931995꣬ṫ⵱УĲǿң199387.1199493.3199589.6ı߶ʾǿҵĲ[7]

  ڹԱ֮еְҵУҽʦҵְҵµİܻӰΪӡҽΪ½һұΪߵȼġס׵ȣйĿǰõҽԺȼҽԺԺ¶ҽµذ̸ܻ˴ĿģҽԺ쵼ָ˼ǡ׬ǮĿҾǺÿҡҽԱΪˡաֶδӲϹǮҪֶУ1ҽÿһCT뵥CTҼҽ4.5ԪؿۡԺͳƹĳҽһ֮60CT뵥ʵϣ60λCTĽΪ20ң2ͬһɿ34סԺ֤ΪӴÿһҿ5ԪʵÿһŲֻסһˣΪסԺĲڼҲýסԺѣ3շѡһ16꣬19976ԺסԺ3ΣÿһϽһշ5,000ԪշѴ1,000Ԫǲ˴δʹùҽ߻࿪ע֮ķã⻹˲丸ĸסѡѵȡԺָֻһշѵĵ͡λԺָҽԱǮպԻؿ˾ռߡҽԺԱΪסҽԺΪ˱쵼ְλҼ˽¹ͬ˵ٻ˵ջְҵ¿ԡҽԺȫ8,000Ԫִܲе˲ٺô˶ַӳҽԺ⣬ֵܲžЩżԭⲻתҽԺдŷӳܵ[8] ĺϰ̲¼ǵҽԺȱҽ£ΪѪ߳Ѫʱδʹܶ½ȾйʱзеεױԺΪ׶֤ʱǿҳͲ֤´׶ж199661յ19989 £192λ׶ж[9] ɽʡһЩҽԺһЩĴҽԺΪ׬Ǯ˲尲ΣڸʱȻ乤ҵշʱҽļ۸ȡÿ׬ȡĲ۸ߴ30Ԫ[10] ҽԺǿ߼ҩȡؿ۵¸ǱȱȽǣʡ人һҽԺ60ҽǿҩȡؿۣÿÿ˵Ļؿ۷Ѹߴ100200Ԫ [11] ҽҵһԵġгSellers marketҽûκּۻ۵ֻҽ׸ְҵ¶䵽˵زʵΪ

  ҮˣFriedrich August Von Hayek Ϊ:гҪĵ»ǡθСθԴÿ˶ԼΪһкĵ¸Сûлڵ¸л֮ϵθУκְҵʧȥֵᣬЧʵְҵְܡЧ桢֯ṹȶļֵڸˣʵֳıи˼ܵĻۣΪᴴ׵ļֵҪ֮ȫɥʧθеˣѲܱΪһԱָɵᣬҲ͵һַǳµĳ̶ȡ

  2±ƶԭ

  й±̵ƶԭ

  1978ԺйƷҪҲעĿ仯һָԾüƻʧǷǹвŵšо仯ȻؼáƻáгáġַܿóۣйѾγгûռλľơȻûעйʵƻʧԺƶȿհ׵ȴһгáйʵᾭУƻùȻѾ߽⣬¢ԹлĶԾûĸԤûм٣ұøӡ⡱˵йĿǰľƲгһְг롰⻯ԸԤġ˫ơƼŷĹŵгòͬҲ붫ǵҵгƲͬʸִϣ谭ԴЧã淺ĵĸܡ

  й½ϵҪĸխضɡĸƻùƺ͵ų˽оõʶ̬ĽȾ£ö֮ܶѧҲϰ߳ȻؽֹΪֻҪʶ̬иг±Ҫλãھû˼۸ļƻԼͨͶָԼƻȵȣѸľûȨ·ŸطҵйгƾͻˡʵϣƶȲǡƻüʶ̬ļ򵥹ɣƶȵĳ»һṹһƶĻṹϵƶĻйûƸĸġ㡱ĸʧʵϣṹƶĻǿΪйת͹ظԼġӡָĸĽԭе֮ϽһּȳԭȨϵֳгľơ

  йƻõľùʽʧԺȻڣ

  һȨȨӴĵź¢Թлܹ֯δ壬ֻĳЩϲһЩơЩӵеĿʱճûȨδȡ񶨹

  ڶɲ¢ҵԱȻ൱ߵλЩȺĻȸĸǰֻй֮޲ֻ滷ȴ˼ı仯1žþȨ·ţȥȨ϶µļԼ˻˳ֵĻռ䡣2͸˵ΪĿҲкܴı䡣ȥŬϼָʾԱлȨͼı˵ǨǻҪŬա˸ǡһǮ3ƻõ߽ʹҲĸǰ¢ϲԴŹҲ½ϼҲû㹻ĲΪ¼㹻ѣ޷ЩԱֹ߹ʸҪ

  У͸ɲǵΪʽȻش仯ǲǵġѱߡҲڼලĹԱǼȲԸԽλҲھõλ½һִйһҲִйȨȡ⾭棬Ϊᳵ·ץסĻᣬȨáϡ̰ײ̣Ҳ̡仰ǵǰйԱձ̬Ϊ

  ת͹У¢ͻԾû㷺ԸԤΪ90빫ҵҵơҵգһ롰뼢뱥״̬Ϊ˳ΪȸˡеһԱԱִйʱھνȨʹ󻯡γһתڶصƶĻȨʱΪҵΪ൱ձġաڿʼΪѵȨ֮ƣ󾹳żڹٷļһרʡձûӵеȨͻֱӻӵľ棬Žֹ̯ɡýʵСгרԺУڡѵࡱĿƾСѧѧλѧָ꣬ǸߵѧУѧλա߼šҽԺ򹫷ѻǿҩƷȵȡ˰ջȨŲȨѧȨ淢Ȩȹȥҵ޹صȨᶼ աĹߣǽгչغ͹ҵ֡гáķΧκηһҪ㣬ȻǴչˡѰ⡱ Ŀռ䡣ҵλΪıᡢӶճĸԤָԤøûй򡢸ڲ֧СҵδӦ£ڶЧؼӻҵԱ룬ȶԱã˶һֻ۱ֻۡδֹǴЧȴᾭû߽˵±׼ʴἡ塣ɵλ֯ؽʱΪõġաԱٹ˽˵УһΪܡߵԺУԼƾѧλֻ㡰աʦԱӵнʦѧ׬Ǯһҷѡ½³ľѧУһλ߼ʦ򲻼ѧԪѧɼȣΪȻΪΪ[12] ʵϣҵ֯شʱ˼ٽеͬ޷֣Ĳա˵ġܡΪԱ˴ת໥ڻּΪҵ֮УܶԱһܺߣһǻҵߡʱתףԼΪʽʱǻĽǶȳΪԼĲıΪֱ׳ı绤ƵΪʱȴӵµĽǶϵؼָⷽĵʡйֹ̾Ա̱Ӣթ19976£ӢΪϽڵĲ˾̱ʹдڲΪв˾ˣԹֵ̾ù˾151λͻ𺦸ù˾151ţÿ1ԪΪ151Ԫ˾Ӣͼ룬Ӣһ1Ԫۡù˾ֻ򵱵عűֽλиȡ죬й̾־ȻΪλթĸ¡صĻӭʽΪӢۡ[13]

  й״ڼƻʧ൱ʱڣƻһƻ޹صġ˫ơегԸԤ档ｲԸԤָ۹ҪָһΪ漯ŶʵʩߣзڿǷڴĹҵṩ´𾭼ЧҲṫƽһӵȨĻ˶ᾭûĲԤҪΪԤ߸˻СȺľĿģĸԤȷͳһĹҲЧؿƣֻܶڵط̯ɡ̰֮ۡġ˶Զơʵϣеİгڡ롰͡ԸԤġ˫족Ƶһ֡ƲƷֻǽģĵС˶ʽ ʹ޼¡

  ġ˫ơܴ൱һʱڣΪһгƵһֹܣΪ֮䡢֮Ľṩг򣬱֤˾ûĽУһ棬ϺͱԭеȨṹΪԭеȨṹעµĻӶԭȨṹĻʹԱȺΪĸﵱйĸļӵߡһ㣬йڶڽдȨṹƸĸ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġõʧ״̬ 					
  				 				 					 					
νáְҵһھϵоͲΣھýеĻΪ׼Ҳκоʵ뷢չزٵһʱҪʮȷ塢һĿȻʹ½ߺʶⲢѭαƷȡھھе壬һĻ˹.ΤMax Weberڡ½ʱ徫(The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism)зǿǾ䡰þǽǮйͳҲǳǿǸƷзǳҪһݣСŲ仰ڴˣԽԴֳݣһ˵˵ĵʣ߹ɾõ壬ˮƽ¾ԴǷܵõЧáԾñΪгõĻʯ

  Ȼй8090ϰڣѳصľʧдԵΪһǾúͬʧЧ͵ıйҵ֮以Ƿѣ׳ơծԽԽأѵ¾ع裬ᾭ޷СǼðαƷԽԽ࣬ȫг߶ܹðαƷ֮ҵĲ񱨱ŪԽԽأһʦʱŪٻΪΪСṫ

  1úͬթΪ࣬ͬԼʵ

  йҹֵܾ㣬ÿȫΥͬռͬ6ҵͬթΥΪֺǧԪʧйÿǩͬ40ڷݣͬԼʽ60ҡԽʡҵе飬ͬԼֻ65ҡ[14] ÿǩĺͬǧݣЩͬԼֻ40ҡ[15] ںͬթ¼ŷһЩҵͣͣΪ˱ϵҵھýзִãѡԻ׻ֽ׵ȴͳ׷ʽͳƣ90ֻͬռý30ͬԼֻ50ҡйÿ겻ŵĴΪ5,855ڣӷծɵֱʧԼ1,800ԪںͬթɵֱʧԼ55ԪƷӺƼۼɵĸʧ2,000ԪծֿӵĲԼ2,000Ԫ[16] йزŶԽʡ1,500ҵĵ飬ǩ28ݺͬУܶ30ֻףܵĹҵܶ35ֻף˽Ӫҵܶи69ֻסõȱʧ˽׳ɱɽʧܡ[17]ԭܼ򵥣ûϷг޷÷չ

  ԡծΪ199161ածᵽԺ칫ʱʵѴڹҲܲܵı档ʱȫծۼƴ 3,000Ԫڹп4ҵʽռô3,523ԪвƷռ1,306ԪڽʱڣҹעǷʽ 555ԪǷ2,190Ԫﵽע1ԪǷ4ԪЧȻ⼸δģǷǰǷʼûеõγɡծ1992ڷչ[18] ļ໥ǷġԽ֯ԽܣԽԽˡϣҡѾءйͳƾֹһݣ1994ףйҵӦնδջصʿΪ6,314Ԫ1993ĩ51൱ڹҵҵȫ15.81995ϰ꣬Ƿ޼5ĩ7,000Ԫ[19]1998ԼΪ11,000ԪΪصǣĿǰǷͷǷдϢ˰շչ [20] һʾڷгУҵӦ˿Լռóܶ0.25йһʸߴ5ϡ׷ծ˾Ӧ˶Ժַ׷ծżʡҵ֮ծҲԽԽҵǷеǮгִʡʣҵвʲӡййũҵ̡ļҹҵп62,656ҵ漰Ϣ5,792ԪծȨ϶ӷծҵ32,140 ռҵ5129ЩҵֶͨӱдϢ1,851ԪռҵϢ3196[21]һЩطֲĿǣ˽¸ԤԺУҵӷծ֯ƶҵʵʩΥΥƲӷծɽʡ137ҵӷծ12ԪϰװƲʽӷծ97ӷծΪ8.5Ԫ籱ƽأƲΪҵͼҵʷѵһҪ·һڹСũҵСйС֧пĸҵ148漰дϢ3.1ԪиҵӷծΪ131ռҵ88.51ӷծ2.4ԪռҵдϢ78.19ʡйܵúܹ˾Ҳһдʵͻù˾Ͷ1.2Ԫʲ۽˾йʯ͹˾ͬ齨¼˾ͬʱİװ˾Ժó˾עǼǣЧʲ4,098Ԫ¹е7,099ԪϢա[22]

  2αƷּٻг

  йгҵڹܽг׼ƶȺܲϸۼðαƷˣóɹĸʱʧܵĸҪö࣬߶ʹ֮͡ͳݱ19931995һȣȫðαƷֵ52.4ԪټðαƷֵ15.8ԪȫðαӰ21[23] ÿйҪչνר2001Ϊ鴦ľ͸ߴ120[24] αƷУࡢṫΣǳȫгĸαҩƷɽĴȶȫҩļɢأ19955ҽҩ֡ҽҩֵȼȫ鴦ǷҽҩӪ6,451ңȡҩƷóг36鴦ֵ2,000ԪҩƷ11,309[25] ·͸2002712ձʡɽнǧСѧܵط߲ṩע󣬳ַաŻ£߳ಡЩαӲƷ

  ڷоٲ̫ܣ2001йΪ2001꣬йʳƷҩƷũҵϡ޻ƴװΪص㣬չˡרݲȫͳƣйִһרУӪ֤Ӫҵִ35,600ңȡƼۼѵ32,600[26] ҹܾ򹫲2001ϰ깤ϵͳ鴦ۼðαӰ139,572߰192,423ҪԻױƷƷ̾ơװЬࡢƷҩƷũҵϡ[27] йĿ2001ı̸йй彡ĴѾֳɼࣺһǿչʳƷר漰ࡢʳΡƷ幩ͺѧţ̡Ӥ׶ʳƷͯʳƷȡǿչҩƷҽеרһҺ(ע)Ϊص㡣ǴǷҽǷҽƹҽΪǴǷɼӦѪҺѪһɼѪѾй̲еһϵļ̲ΪũѪ[28]

  й½αƷѳΪʽ㣬֪Ʒƽ亦ͳҵÿڷðϵʧߴ2,500ԪҪԴͷй½й쳧ͨƳַ֪ͨʶȨ[29]1994й½̷ðɸߴ12Ԫʧºй½һٱ֤žðù˾2003ðʧԴ7.2Ԫ[30]

  90ǰͬǣðαƷеط򰵵ĹкĽ룬[31] Ľ룬ʹйгðαƷʵϳΪܡйĵ¾൱Ȼֹоٵļַ֪࣬ʶȨ棬й֮鼮ʢСЩΪܵطһЩطΪ˷չطã˰գȻƼ٣ΪֻҪ˵ļҩʳƷһжαð2005518գҵˣBSA2004ȫ80ҵо棬й 90%ĵʸ߾ӵλԽϺڿйÿ׬ȡ190Ԫ800Ԫ֮䡣¶2002ͳƣйͥDVD¼Ӱ91%ǵģͥҵʧΪ16,800Ԫ[32]йַ֪ʶȨΪأ 2005йó̸н֪ʶȨΪһҪݡ2002йļðƷռŷгı20006ࡣ[33]

  ðαӵĵ¾ûУйȽԴΣҲҽгαѧα2002 3¹㶫ʡ3,500ƾУ800Ǽٻͼ20λͼƾȫǼٵġɶ 7.5ĴɲѧΪ졣[34]

  3ҵ񱨱ŪأʦʻΪ

  2000֯פزרԱ´59ҵ1999ȻϢ˳顣ιóʳƷڡڣšеҵ159ҵΪЩҵƱ117һʦڱ159ҵУʲʵ147ʲ 18.48Ԫʲ24.75Ԫʲʧ0.95%Ȩ治ʵ155Ȩ19.36ԪȨ 18.17ԪȨʧ1.82ܶʵ15714.72Ԫ19.43Ԫܶʧ 33.4[35] Ϻйҵʧ൱ձ飬֧еŪΪʮͻҵʡʡʣӯزʵƾ1998֯ 22йҵ202ӹ˾оƣ114ҵ22.69Ԫ65ҵ4.93Ԫֺ17.76 Ԫռǰܶ26.45Ԫ67.15[36] 1998꣬ȫעʦҵЭйͻʦ˴ݲȫͳƣ478϶ֱ賷桢ִͣҵͷûΥõȴг103ң֧ǧңһδ֪ͨ[37] йеΥΥ֮ռƭǮٰװСթУ顢ʵȵȣº󾭵飬һǹ˾ʦ๴ᣬڻʦ׻ʦʦʦȾѾعļнһλ۲߸йЩ¶Ĳϣдһƪƭӹ͹People's Republic of Cheat[38]йĿǰϵĿ¾档

  Щ󶼿Գ֮Ϊʧ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢Ϊʧ 					
  				 				 					 					
й֮Գصľʧ۲ܽ˼ԭΪĳЩʺгõس˾ʧ´ʷԭҵʽȱ߸ծӪӶҵӲΥԼ۵زԼìܣʽѭڻĲŴмռѹ㣬ȵȡЩΪĿĶͨռѹ˵ʽԼѣ͵´롰ծС

  ʵֻһЩΪֻôɹҳ棬÷ȷһ⻹ǲɽġйʧԭ򲢲˵򵥣浽һľӱ⡣

  ʵйĿǰھýзӲΥԼȫҵӪʽȱɵӲǷӶʹúͬΪһֽġྭڳ֮տʼ壬թֶκһоýһƭĿ¶Щ˾ͻǱӣټû뵽պекͬ⡣ⷽӽˣټһЩλ1992꿪ʼйءλ칫˾Ĺ涨һɰʵ塰㴴աķŹ̲ŷִգƤ˾ЩعԱξӪҵƸһЩҵ㾭Ӫǽ˾аǣԼ֮ЩƸߵУ౾ѵƭӣȴЩλΪˡˡӪҵԺЩƭԡӪҵӪߡĿĴ廨ŵƭȫƭƭǮȫ׷ծ߽ƼծһЩƭȡһǹһط İ취˾ľһ˾Ķ³ٲеѾѹ˾ȥˡټ˶õ ƭ塱 ġ[39] ƭΪĿĹ˾ĿǰйǴýعľͲ֪

  ҵթΪйĿǰ㷺ڵԭ򣬸Դڵйùȱȱͳĵ·ġáȱִϵԼʶ֮ڶε²ãŸ棬Ӷ²˰ѿɹƭгõĽıԣΪгþƭӾãƭá簲ʡũƷӪĳĳÿƷƷǩĶϴĺͬһͬǩǧټƵѶԷ뷽跨ףȻԶԷΥԼΪеطԺߡû¸ΪͨԺһȺ٣ÿӶʤߡУ18ˣ鴦14ˣз8ˣʦ2ˣ4ˡ[40] ݹйزŲȫͳƣڵһЩƻÿթƭɵľʧ2ԪϣȫÿʧԼʮԪб׷صĽռ40󲿷ݲǱӻӻռ˼һЩطƭʱԱصľʧΪǽƲãǲȡݵ̬ȣʶΪǷǷǷЧ棬еĻʧ߲ȡߡ199611±й̾һͨ͸¶ǩúͬӵΥǳͻĿ࣬Ҫַ18֮ࡣ¿ɷֳࣺһƻľðƭȡԷΣù桢źý飬ɢϢ鹹Դα飬αִա˽̹£⹴ᣬȡͬȣûղƷƷͼۣƷʵֵֶΣöԷʵͻɲȫںͬ壬⴮ͨƭȡԷ[41]

  ھʧʹΪʧıõνط塱һ㣬йʵҲѿ19961£ҾóίΡȫٰ̽ܡй߲ɷʱ̸طΪӰ조١һ⡣Щط϶²ԱطۼðαƷΥΪܲʣݰӣ١ⲻڣ漰صİĶ࣬Աصİ߷𣬱ؾ᣻صزİõѣϰеĵطеط̨ƼۼΥţִڹϡɽӱϵȵضִĶ¼ΪﲻǸʶ⣬Ҳи⣬ɲĸ⡣طڡððЧ桱ĴʶۼΪչõһ·ѡ١͸ö[42] Щýݵ֤ĳЩĳھʱڣģƼۼٻʽ𣬲˺ķ˼ϵ󵼣ڶԾʧΪԹ

  ˵йʧϵҵЭᡢнߵĸΡ˵ⷽ൱ӵʾáйһϢṩߣͳ롰Ϊά󡱶žϾԱǾ˸ڹ˵ٻѾΪԱ˸һ֡֯ؽɫҵЭ᱾Ҫڲͬĳϴͬ壬ܹʱнɫתµнʦȣȱùȱڵѹΥѾΪܡһЩͻΪ˴ﵽǵĿģʹʦ٣ʦЭͻ٣пʧȥҵ񡣽귢ĹթУÿһжԿʦΪЭͬҵ١

  ϵǷʧʵϹϵһطͶĺûĸ÷չĺʡʡίï199629յһλϾָͶʻãҪǡӲ⣬صȱݡָһ107ǺϵľöһЩŽֹԻ˽ʵթһͣǿȪˮǸӲŪùں϶š㶫ĳһ棬ʡټ廹жƭӵ£ййˣ϶⿪𣿡ҪãԹĵһΣüʡ˾дŸң˵ʡ˾ǵĿ˼ҪҰʡиԺҲ˲İ[43] λʡίｲġءʵϾǰӪѧҵĻְҵ¡ҵ淶ڵľ

  гþãҲǷƾáһҵĹߺصľʧΪôҵľãעҪͶ֮Уֻǵڶĩġг÷ôͱںܸߵλãһĻԴΪ֮棬ǿȻɣһǶ˽˲ƲռеأǶԲƲռתòƲṫϣǳŵĶ֡㽲ʵϾǡá֡ӷֽ⣬áɷΪΣһΪҪ׷󻯣ĳƷãһƷ߾ͻӣƷĳҷչͣһϣ׵˺֮以õĶڻΪû߲ΣԽ桢Ĺ򣬼ΡйĿǰ״ǳڸ׷ġд˵ν֮ЧġΡǷƣ1996ԺȫĹҵҵһѷƳŵơۿǳŵݣʵֻǽڵǿŵΧڣ練ȷʹȨշѡԿҪƷȣⱾɷԼݣмί졢Ʋܣˮȼֵָ꣬йҡҵ׼йʱ׼йʼ첿Ź粻αƷ̽ȱ֤Ʒ⡢άޣ̬һõȵȣЩҵ벿Ź¹Щŵĸµ֤пƤеƵ֮࣬ҵΪӦ֮壬ȴҪΪŵƳһʵÿΪйᾭ֤þǽǮЩʱйʧԱȣʧ״ʹйýѭʹйõķչǰ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

᲻ȵµķ䷨ 					
  				 				 					 					
ƽȺЧھڹᴩʼյķ䷨ھѧУԽ䷨ΪصξѧʵشֲʽĵһڣξѧЩ걶䣬תڵξѧ֮ҲһֱδоĸìܵļǡþȨֽ֮Դ䣬ʹйӽȵľƽ״ֱ̬ɻ᲻ȵµزƽȡ

  1978йտʼĸʱٵʵǷչսԵѡӦ˵йʱʱĳЩߵͷУؽϵǡչʵȽһҵľ÷չսۣͿԿڷҵľѧͷչһںͬĸһõľụ̀չŲƷ䡢ýṹƼƶȱ仯ڵĸϵᷢչ̡

  һй80ֿɴһЩľ䣺

  һ̶ϣ᲻ƽġأ

  ѧǴǵеġ¬

  Ӧ˵ЩȽϺֻǱЩѧߵĶᷢչļ⡣һЩο˹ĻеֱΪܱ滤˼ˣΪʱҶΪйֻеķչйһ޿ɱ ׶ԸܡǸĸҪġɱۡ͡Եʱ˳һΪ֡׶ԸܡĲɱ½ͣ

  Ҫע⣡һڣǻԼǶ񣬶ΪãáǻԳһʱҪ̰䱸ΪֻǲܰǴӾñȻԵĵصա

  ֶԲĵʵϷӳйĸ￪ųѡչսԵЧΪġ䡱ľսԡģʽĴͳսԣǣھڣ䲻ƽʱγɺ;ΪƵĿ꣬ΪﵽһĿ꣬ԸᡢΡĻȷľ޴ۡھĺôͨ丵ЧӦ²ƶײ㡣Ҳ˵ѡ⡱һ㣬̸䣬һЩԻøơսֲıڷչйʵİīΪһϵԵĺΪûзչһЩѽսԵתעعƽȵķչģʽͳģʽȫΧڵĵӾǴӷϿ֡ͷͷģʽһ̶ǶսԵķ񶨡йڸĸѡķչսԡڷҲΪʱйڼƻ£Ǽϰ֡³ؿ˹֮ɵĽȡΪ˻ĻƣΪֻܴһ̶ˮľ档ۼû뵽ǣǺġȡûеڻ᲻ƽɵľòƽȴԿþ˵ٶȳˡͳݱ1994й簴ͥĻϵΪ0.445Ѿ˹ͨΪĻϵ0.30.4֮еƶ̶ȣһƲδõƣ2001깫Ļϵﵽ0.458[44] Ƚ1978йĻϵ0.16ԱƵĹٷԶδӳʵҲԿڶ̶20䣬йһƽʢеĹңһƶĹҡ

  ܺӵʵǣй20꾭øĸĹؼڣԴùõģǡòгֻ֡ǷǾ÷򣬼תرʵȨֻü֡Ȩ£ԱҵƲ֯ռݵĵλһ㼫ƽȵĻ۲ƸǳĿǰƶľ档

  ѰζǣƽȵʵǿĿǰйƶಢΪ䲻˵ֻǡٹ̵ƽȻӰǶʱĿںܴĳ̶ƽ۹⿴⡱ԡйƶ󣬽һ⵱ɵ֮ҪìܶԴĿ ҹͬ[45] ꣬һλԼʺġѧҡҲڱ󷢱ֹ۵㡣Ҳ˵йᷢ仯۵߷ӦеĳʶһǶйתʱڵĲƸȱ˽⣬˹ڶʵʵʸܣ̸ۡƽʱȴˡƽԭҪأǲǸǷǰһԼ񣬶Ǹһ˵õ˶ĹǷȣνȽҲջ񡱵ԭ

  Ҳйһֱǿڷ䡱ΪֻҪѡ⡱ˣͻӭж⣬γһֺķƣһֱȱЧŬԱĹ׷һϣûȨг߲ԱŮȨ̣˷ǳӵʾãӶ¸Ϊ߶ȷġʵУȨְ¸ĵйʵʩֺ˹ƽ䷨ķչսԣʵԵĺĲƸͨĿڴȨߵ˽ңûܵӦеĺôǱųһ֮⣬ɴһϵеìܡʣһ˹ƽġ䡱սйܵսΪйСũƽֵĲǻȣǡþǻ᲻ȣ

  ͬ˲ܺӵһ˶ĿǰֲƽȵķӳһǾҲûͼֲͨƽȣ۽ֲƽҲٽ׷ʣһᳫͨ˶ƶǴ90ĩйڶëëʱĻ᲻ƽȵվë󶫳йײҪƽȡһġойѧ˵ζһӦӵźšʾһʵйν ƽȡ͡г÷򡱣ᰴȥ⡣Ϊڡƽȡ͡г÷У̺һȫΡáµڡ

  йˡƽȡԺ󣬾õ˶١ЧʡνЧʡӾѧ⣬þٵͶ룬ȡܶĲ80ĸ֮ʱΪЧʵ¡Դ˷ѵҪ֢ƽ䷽ʽֻҪƽ壬࣬ЧʾͻߣԴͻõʹáƽᷢչݡ۵Ҳֱγɵġ

  ôڡʱǽǮЧʾĿںжȹ20꣬йûγɴεġЧʻơأ

  ҵЧʵµľһɣʲʧȴվҵ쵼һԱķϣƽ塱ԭѴƣЧʡȴûߡڲٹҵͨӶʲ˽ͬʱΪٵĹҵְʧҵҵ𣬾˷ƵйɼййزŲľ÷ﰸУҵһ֡Ϊͻ󣭣ǹҵľáЧʡ

  İ¡ЧʡҲû߶١ȥоһݹǼʮӣҲоٰһҪٻ洦ɼʵֻҪоһ£ÿڰ±زٵĳԺдй˷˶ң֪ˡʵҲûлö١Чʡָ Чʡָĳλĳ˵ġЧʡΪڡԺһ֮󣬿϶Ҫ׵öࡣ⵹ҵЩ˽ӪҵϲȥԩǮΪٵطšѽѿѰ족Ҫࡰ񡱣øλġЧʡ°ɡνѷʽɱСЧ󡱣ҲǸóĽۡʵϣѰ˵ƸֻıƸҲ˵˵ûΪЧʡ

  ͳƾֵʾȫ1980Ϊ186Ԫ,1990Ϊ741.2Ԫ19931283.5ԪǮ൱1ڶũһѣ1999깫Ѹߴ2,000ڣĹҲΪ10,000Ԫͨ;ũѹ1,000ڣ [46] ԺȾռȫ1/5ͬʱййطΪƶɽͯʧѧｨϣСѧھǮԺ߷ߵ˵ΪβЩٵٳԵ㣡̰һ㣡˶йǰ״̬еĵģǻĵط̰Ųǽʳķƶ˵90ǰỹԹԺȱʾŭô90ڣʲôˣѾΪԺ㸯ΪһЩͼɲΪùԺԼȲ̰۸ΪԴΪ綨ԼΪķֽߡ20023·ݽ¶ּھƶʧѧͯġϣ̡̰۾ްй˾ؿڵйѾṵ̂ǲõǮ[47]

  Դ˷ѣ̸ϡЧʡοƽȡûлЧʡ֮⣬صìܣжᷢչӰľǹڶԡƽȣƽɥʧ͡ƽ-ƽһͬɥʧģǶθкθСûθУҲûʲôǷǸСȫɥʧԵй˵Ϊ׼˼Ӱ죬¾Ի䡣

  ʵʶ֮ʿӦʶҪƽȹͨھõġתڡһӦʲôҪ綨һںӡȱƽתͣӺӡǡɱȹΪ֤ǾѧǣӦÿǹƽЧ֮ΪȡΪӶ̬˵ƽЧȻΪʱ⣬ĸĿΪ÷չʼ׶ϵȿǣĸԭǽһԭǰͻʵǾ÷չеҪֵж֮һ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ߡƸ׷󣭣ʧʷ 					
  				 				 					 					
ƽȺЧʹͬɾϵĻǶԴƸ̬ȡǶԴƸ̬ͨԴӲƸĻȡ׷ƸֶΣƸʹԼҶԲƸĹҪԲȡ濼죬ͿԷִ1978һЩռֵĿй˱Եı仯

  1˽Ļ

  ĸйԭᳫġ徫߽⣬ν˽ȹ˽һҪԭû˵˼ʶʽȥġ˽ȴһּ˵ʽ⻯ǵжһҵԱΪϳݱֳ

  ڡйʱԭʼۡһ̸20й۲ƸľУҪԴȨߣҵĹߺЩʸǵɫɫġнˡЩûν˽֣֮˵ЩڡгáвһЩ¡ĻЩ¡νвƲֻڴֶνвƲΪС

  ĿǰйڹвƲ˽лֵһ̬ȣõΪáҡģðײãùҵģʲô£бҲãûվ㣡ϰȻ֪ԼڵλȨʲô£˶һ֡ǹҵģֲҸ˵ġܱ̬֡ȣмߡЩߣһЩҲΪԼ𣬶ΪеʹЩΪ˵λ쵼˵̰۸ܵΪɵ쵼õǡҡģʲô£ãЩҲûй㡣ȻĲйȱߵĻйأٶ㡱ִܵȺڽǡ

  һ̬ı仯˼ᳫ塱޹ءΪ˼ֻǶԴ50һЩԵλҪ硰˵ٴҲС£ҵСҲǴ¡ȺӦ棬ӡ桱˼ǳεһǽˣλ˽ֿΪĴڣ͹桢ĴͬĺԣǽгϵΪõƶȣӦǸͳһƶ£ķչõر֤˵ɷչ˵ķչΪۡЩۣҪԼˣ

  ôйĿǰ˽ͣвľɵأйı仯ֱӹϵ

  2050йԺ󣬶йͳ½ľУˡ˿ڷͷһ˼ȷʵ֮⣭һ䷨˵죬ӭʵȺν˽˽ȹ˽һ뾭Ȼһֱڱϣʵûжġʱйʶ̬ǵΪԼ൱ǿֻܽ˽ķΧڡʹԱѹ˽һɺӵԭ򣺵ʱйڳٲ֮⣬û˽вƲĴڣձƶ״̬ӵ²Կ϶϶ԡ˽вƲʥִַ̬֮ȡʵϣйڽ˵̵ͬʱҵλ쵼Լвľ屣֧䵥λвʱе֧ͬ˽˲Ȩʴν ͡˽й˵ʵһֱûȷĽޣν񡱲ƲзݣйǡǱõࡢױ˽亭˻һʣеһԱҴ˵˵йʹʱ˼άĻҡ

  ؼָǣڷһʱ򣬲ܺйһ50ͨαǿԵʵвƲתƣũأ죬˽ҵչУԼΪ֤˽֮ԴС˽вƲʥַһʱʵѽ˿ڴԾԾйһֱڣˮӢ֮ΪеġٸƶԾľֺͲִִ͡ζַ˲ƲΪһֱйΪӢ£ͨÿǰչ֯㷺³ѸڡдİѶԡ⣬ԼԾʱһЩɲԹĻͣå޲ʶԾһֱִɵֱʽӡй쵼˱һһ£195810Ѯһ죬絳ίڴ11 7֮գ118ǹ忪ʼ֮աһҾϽȥ̵Ķ̵Ķ󣬾ȥñ˼ҵģļҿץԣֵĲˣӿڡСҲҵˡֻһŻԼġһʾϼ[48] ֶԲԼĲƲһʧȥڵǿԼͻǿҵռг嶯

  ͬעǣ;һì֮ᳫͶ١ͶáͬʱáǵһжǵġһᷨϷͶӦûòƸĿԣͷͷķ䷽ʽʵжͶͲƸ֮һжĳ̶ֳģλòƸһϵʶ˵ƬǿӸ˾Ȩľʹ˼ȾйˣְҵκͻòƸߵĹϵϣȱһֵʶ

  ˽ĿǰйڹвƲ˽лһϵ̬֮Ҳֻг˽Ծ״̬µſܽϺõһʵйĸ￪ȨȱλĹʲΪȨײӶĶһйûĻϵķԼûϷֹʲеʱ򣬿ʹ͸ߣһԼ˲μӹϷֵġʸ񡱺Ҳԥذʲһֻڴɾ֮ԭȱһֽȫĹ˽һĻȱԸ˼賓˽вƲأȻҲȫġСԱ֮£ǿԷһ㣬ӡ˽вƲʥַΪɵң˵ֶԲƸķԿƵøΪɹڡ͡˽֮ƶϷҲȫöࡣ

  2ǮϺƷγ

  бҪ򵥻йʷҡ˼ʵֻһ˸룬ڴ˹֮ΪԡʵҲֻٲݾ˸ĴʿжѡճõҪǡʶԡ֡ʶԡ׷ĺԣʼй˾Ź淶Ϊãֻǵòϵйѧ˵ϰڶԴǮĵ¸鷽棬༴̬ʼкܴ𡣶ڡƸֱ˶ǰй˼ҼһĿ־壬ӡһߡǵȶԺкܴӰ˼ң׷Ƹյˡ񡱵˼룬Ϊϰո㲻ΣԹкйڹϰաƶֵγһ׵ֶԲƸıӵëʱӵ˼£⻯ϾǼӾûǿν̻˼뷢չë󶫵꣬γҪ۵㣺ޡ͡ԽԽ׷Եġʶԡڵϱ׷񶨣ӦԡƶγɵһװƶֵѧʱӵΪٵĻ̶ȡϷݵúңʳΪ족йϰնԲƸһֱֺʵʵ̬ȣΪ˸صνʱβ֮͡Ϊ֤

  ƶԲƸ붼ƶġڸĸ￪ǰйǶԸԣ⣬ǶԸԣʵԭʼʱ뾳磬ũ˵޷Ǿһ׷һʱĸϸŻѣ֡ڡһȸĿںԺУй˶֪ѵһ¸ѾǰũһЩͷԱȽץסһᡣڳУֻһЩʱľҵųˣΣ༴ֵ˵£ȽһġࡱЩ˻ٶ˲ƣ˵ʱýġԪ

  ԪǵĴڣйǿҵĳǱѹѾõʶ̬趨ġ淶սʽ΢ڳ©û趨κ׷ƸϷĹȣʮڴڳƶ״̬еˣһͷųγһǰδеĽǮʸУѹ±ʶġʶԡһûԼԼٶյ˵ǰֵʧ״̬׷ǮĻйδγһȫ衢ǵءͷڵĽǮԽǮҲûдﵽһκε·ĵز罻ͨ׬Ǯ[49] ˮ˾ΪշѣȻǲרҹ͵ûˮ[50] 㽫˷Ĳ[51] ȫΥڵйʱзڿչʮǼȻĴׯĸεȻɷ硣[52] 20Ʒ󳱵ǿ£Ʒ͸йײʶĻˮ׼ܲͬײ㣬׷ǮĹУΪʽ֮ȱڱϾûжĲ

  ״̬ʾ κѧԶֱۺ

  80ǮܵģûǮܵġ

  80У̧ͷǮͷǮһǮ

  80ĩ90ǮССǮǮʮʮꡣǰǶʵĸǶ׬Ǯ̬ĸӲѱ߲ݡǰǿҪе׼򣬾Ϊɱ족רΪƭ棬ɱ١˿ڡƱ·ﰸˡѡ֮䣬˺֮ǰδеΣ

  йζڿഫܷӳһʱڡʷصķòرЩʱס̬裬ΪȺڶĳֲĲͨýֶߡⷽܶ࣬һЩܷӳı仯磺˼ʹϵ仯С50˰ˣ60ˣ70˺ˣ 80˹˸ˣ90˾ˡ¸ֶεСҪ븻·ҲרҵԱ磨ָԱˣ飬˺·ˮ·˹··һ·ȥ⡣ԽӶֵľ÷󰸣ＥݣͷҪֻҪǮ棬ɱһ˼мˡ̹̽ϵСǮȨȨǮǮȨǮȨǮȨȨз㣬ϻ׬Ǯ

  Щֻȴ೤ƪ۸̻ܿǰ಻̺ľζйϹʱʼرע⡰ɷ硱ܴʫÿ괺쵽Ѽ裬Ŀľͨ˽飬Թ۷֪ʧ˿ɼʵǶһַӳйԺ̰ۻ¸ܾ־ֳ޼199511Դý̸йŻǵĸЧӦŵصֱȥ顢¶쵼ɲе̰ܻ⣬˵Ǽɶֵİ[53] ڳйŴýڷӳ൱ޡֻ޼δ˵һȫй˶֪ʵйıֽýйŵϸ£˵ʲô˵ʲôʲôʱ˵ʲôȫɵ˵㡣£ַʽϳ̬ı仯ٿֲ֮㡣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ˡƸ 					
  				 				 					 					
1.֮һʵµĸʹòƸ

  磬вƸҪ˼֮Ŀ϶УƸ۳̬ȴ˼֧䡣࿴򵥵ľøһƸǽĻ棬һĸŵ⡣ǰ̸ֻǶԲƸ׷ڻ⣺˶ԲƸʹҶԲƸĹ۹ǳʵֽ׶йһٹ̵ȱݣЩ˶ԲƸʹ÷ʽʹ˿һ⣺Ƹʵе׶ʲô壿

  йвƶŵͬʱغٵطȴܡԣšڸԣ齭޺ԭũ壬ʱԿһЩԣȴµũεõԼĻݣЩǡ󡱣ûũûܣҲôĳһְҵıˣϱŨũɫʣҲо޺ũΪ1640ԭũлԺΪũ弯ɷݹ˾Ĺ񣩵ʧҵʸߴ42.6෽ȰǹǸûйΪ˵ÿ1,000ԪֻõǮǵ淽ʽЩԣһ󡰾ۡж£ʣľ޴йѰ¡ܶŹ潡Сšȵȣ˲⣬ɼͥȶŮҲ齫Ĳȴʱ⡣ֻڹ㶫֣һݶ㽭10Ԫĵ鱨棬Ҳ̸ũȻԣ 衱ٷָĻˮ׼ȴ൱ʵñ˵ũСѧڼĸۿֻɫ¼鿯ܶŹ·ﰸϣĹȦԽԽ࣬լԽԽ󣭣1996һɽ׻жУ㽭Ͳ25Ĺ˲ϧԪöƽ˽һԲ䡰֮ΡһմƶнѳĹ﹫ӦеΪ

  ʵеʵ˵Ƹʵжûʲôٽ塣򵥵ʵ˵ڱֽȴýƶɽĺûǮʹ֮ʱЩԣũĺӶԸ顣кõĴׯȥЩѪԵΪŦӵĴΪɹ۵Ľѧ翼ϴѧ5Ԫר2ԪЩѧ꣬ȴδõΪӻָ߿ЩׯûϹרߴѧʹһλũ弯ɷݹ˾³ĺӣΪʲô飿شøɴ䣺ʲôã϶ְ֣˾ĸѧо๤һ꣬Ǯõĺһࡣ϶˵һӾʲôɣǮˡ˵ǮԹоѧҴ򹤡

  ѭǰڶй˵̫ˡڶЩ˵¸ǻԵΪĳλϣȨƿǮǵλãڵũ˯﷢˲ơڲƸþ󡰰ơһ̫ˣǻӲƸĿϲͽѹûüѵزƵı£һ˵ĲƸƮŶȥǾͿʵһԣũׯظŽİܼӹ£Ҳƺͷ󶼻ȶƷԼһһͬġ׷С׷áʷԱߵĳͷ

  2֮ιƸ

  һ˵Ƹ͹ƸһҪͬһ̵档ͬǰйʱԭʼѾɣӲƸʱ۵ĳ̶˵йɵѾ߱1996ϰйĲϣ1996һȣйѳ35,000ڣԺһ 2001ߴ72,000ڣ˵йʮڴǧҪһ㣬ǷܶȫȡܲܽתΪͶʣȡڵδʱеƷҲ˵ܷ֣ȡȡǸ㹻͹

  ôйιҵĲƸأҿмʵ

  ҪЩжٻתΪͶʡЩɢĴǴ滧ǸԼڣΪŮ飬Լϼֲʱ֮ãЩǮֻɹҡ衱ȥҵã滧Ǯһݵ򲻻صʱԴ͸ĴͶͨ򣬳ΪʱЩ½ӵʱֻǵйԭʼʱڵĲƸӰйûа취ⲿݲƸֻؿⲿݲƸΪĹ

  ԶԵĻһ㣬ڱ˵һòƸƵ⣬ΪƸЩԱ֤ԴԴʲɵġλũ³ ӾĴ󣬾ƸֹĽǮԲƵʱĸڣûнӵʿƸ

  һ˵дγʱΪʱ˵Ĺ̶ܽȣֻߵлϣγԴԴϵƷԽǮΪҪ̬ĲƸֻõĹ⻷

  ǶԹʲйҲȱûбһǴҵĹ˷ʣƶ˿ڲӣһھ¥ÿ춼дŮ˼޸ġǿӻ֧ŵġʡ1994Ը15ҹܻ͸ĵ飬ֹҹܻռ80ϣÿĹ22Ԫ൱ڸҵ3,500ҵְÿ´ӸлתȡĻѡһҹܻϰ˵ľǹǮм

  йͳһ־ۣһƶմ󣬻ǰչһȴûӦչһҵũҵή״̬ѾһûʣĲҵֻеҵĳһΪ˷ĵҵηչڶҵУ౾Ӧڱго޴ĲƷڲƷĹ½ڽڰˣҵǹҵһ˺ֹܲ۵״̬ڴ˵Ƹһ൱Ĺгøˣ̲ռй΢ӡͨѶĵгڷװʳƷȴͳҵҲٽѸټռԭйƵгռʣγǿĽݡһ˵ûƷ֧ŵĴֻһֽҶѡ

  һÿڹԺҪӻ2,000ԪϴɣԡҪ100ԪðαƷɵʧٴ2,000ԪծֿӵĲó2,000Ԫ[54] ҪϰڵĹңԲһòƸĹҡΪ֤й򹫹ñϵͳĹȨΪϵͳȺıȡ˽γɾ޶ʧ19992001ڼһʧƽÿ꾹ռGDPص14.5- 14.9[55] һݣκ֪˶޷뵽һ㣺γһ޴Ƹ©Ĺңƶо޴׶ˡʷЩûһʱԭʼʱ˴ӻƸ

  3֮ڲƸǰĵ

  õķչҪһľ֧ͶľԾõķչй淶ƶáɥʧľ֧ţƸ׷ͱضɥΪĳ嶯ͻᵼǶԵ͡ԵĻҺͲƸ˷ѡ

  й˼ı仯һʷݹۣͻ֣ᷢѻƬս1949һʱڣμƶȵı仯ȣй˵ľ仯Ϊڳһ͵ĶУͳµĻֵʼû״̬1978ı仯ȹȥһٶı仯Ҫ̣ҪͲܲ뵽ʱ֮ëʱ֮便йʲôǰᵽԭԴ˷ﲻظ

  ׷Դľ䷢ڣ仯ԭȴЩµġΪصķ;ضֽ³ɳһ˵һĺԺÿ˶еǰ޺ͻΪֻУʹڵй˲κε¡ﻹҪ50˶Уë󶫼쵼µ˵̶ԱǸܣֹα޳ܵƶȶйͳ²˾޴ƻеĶУûʲôȸܸƻһĵ»ۡ˵ƻϲʹɥʧܸ߳еĸܣйʶ˵»أ򲻻нֵ´µľ֡

  һĻľУǶԴƸ̬ȣǾиļֵۣĳϾľΪģʽ׷ƸĹУйʧǷǳ˵ġǰйһֱѷƶ״̬Уڽ̵ǡƶֵ֪㳣֡ⷽһ׵80԰ƶ˼ʱҲû뵽ʱйѲֻҵĴͳû˻뵽Ļ˶йڣʵѾ˵ӱ䣬һûԼͻ׷ƸĹߵһˡ

  ʣµһǣԣߺƶȣ˭ڵϸƣ80ԣײھ˼ʮԺ³йСڴԣײʵ£Ϊʽ̬Լ̬йӰġ׷ƸֹʳܡֶεоԼɴĸַΪޡСۡĻͥģʽݳԵѷʽԼԣͥеڶĲɳȵȡЩⶼԳ֮Ϊйִԣײ⡰ᲡЩᲡгʹ˷ʣƸʵµУᵽʲôô˿Щԣײĵȱݺ󣬾˳Ǯ֮ʲôҲûСȾȸˡ

  ڣһضײġ󲢷ֻڸУЩ˺ʹڵ²ϲޱʵĲֻͬûиˣûа취ֶѡǵĲ£һЩʽֳЩϡԱڳбԵå޲ߺʹἯųԱΪòɱˡ͵ԣƲͥƻ洦ǣге·ﰸΪڡķ࿴ƺûвĸŮУҲС͵ƲͬɱٲܹСǮİɴƶײڵϲʲôơ[56] ˵ǰ׷ƸУײıֲ޶ıʲֻͬȨȨȨԸñѡԡ䲻Ϊ˸йĻ׷ƸĹ¶ĵֻ˵ĻڲƸǰо߸ебҪй˾Ǩʷ̡

  ѧǶȿйڷеĹǵʵЧӦǰᡣһȱԼʵͱȻäν塱ĹڿжʱǵжԤڵֱӺЩδĺ˵עصֱ棬೤Զ档һ棬˺ȻĹϵ˺Ȼϵʧ⣬ֻǰ棬˼ĳԶ棬һеӶԴӶƻ̬ʹ÷չ뻷ʧһ棬Ӿ˹һķģĶΪ

  Ŀǰйֹľù˾ӵӰͨʵǣֻӦŤľ˲ȥⷽһǵԸܵĿȻڵ⵽⣬ֻͨܲܰ£ûʲôá֡üơĿʵĮһơ

  ڸ˵ѧĳʱ±Ѿ֮ǳٵܸκν̵塣ⷽҲйΪʲô־ʧ״̬Ҳʶ״̬йµĽҲرʵ塣

  Ʒ˵ɶΪ㣬ÿ׷˽ĶĿıȻ໥֮ĳͻ˼гƵԭ򲢲ȫɷΡһҪһĹԼ׵˫ȥѭûƲãֹʵֲ˵ġһҪƶͲþ˫ľΪһ棬ڳھýγɵҲǵΪһԼá˹ΤͳκϷʱÿһͳʽжԸӳɷݡֻһ㻹ԹͳΣҪСͳκϷԵͨϵԽʿתΪϷͳΡνϵָ˵Ϊʲôĳ˻ĳЩӦ÷ĳͳεϵʶ̬һҪ棬׷Ƹʹú͹ƸҪһΪ׼༴淶׷ƸʱΣ棬ƻƲȫȨܻΣ˵ΪֶΣֻ˵Ѷ䵽ˡ˽ΪĿɱءʱΪһĹṩ˷ƽƶȽ֮⣬뻹Ҫؽ⡣ĽӦռػΪģӪѧΪ׼˸׷ݡֻн˳ľľ淶ʹƮ飬ʹãȻ޴Ϊաһ˵һָϵĽ衣йڵʧǴʼҵЭн󳾣ȫ߾СйҪ½ҲķͬжȴãԼطɣıĿǰݷ֮ϵ״ֻ̬δйгĲ£ΪŲȫȨҲ͵½̻Ĳṫѡʵ

  չֻƷʼǴԼǵĽ֯ɿʼκιֻҪи߶Ƚ֯ɣ⵽ƻܴ漣

  -------------------------------------------------

  [1]йʱ2002315յ1档

  [2]лʱ1996419ա

  [3]й걨1995310ա

  [4]19951122 գĿĹ·

  [5]̸199524ڡ

  [6]йίда񩤩θ´Ҫʵй19951³档

  [7]лʱ1996315ա

  [8]̱1998816յ8档

  [9]̱19981216B1档

  [10]200168յ8档

  [11]й1999625յ1档

  [12]̱20001112A3档

  [13]лʱ1998619յ5档

  [14]»ƵϾ2002322յ磺ҵΣı 

  [15]2001713գкͬԼֻռĳɡ

  [16]й걨2002325ա

  [17]»»ƵϾ2002322յ

  [18]Ϣձ1993110ա

  [19]籨19951220ա

  [20]»ƵϾ2002322յ硣

  [21]лʱ200167յ2档

  [22]ձ2001411ա

  [23]ձ1995422ա

  [24]лʱ200236յ2档

  [25]ձ1995512ա

  [26]»籱20011227յ硣

  [27]̱2001727ա

  [28]йȷרص㡱www.meditalent.com/2001_6bd.htm-39k

  [29]ģ£ҲҪҳԣйƷƳɳķա籨2005413ա

  [30]ʤߣ⳥ղö2003623գhttp://www.ccw.com.cn/news2/corp/htm2003/20030623_10LW4.asp

  [31]ںͼðαƷⱱġɡ»1228յ硣

  [32]How to stop a thief  China, By Ted C. Fishman. U.S.A. Today, June 14, 2005.

  [33] ŷ˷߽Ʋò йС21;ñ20041122ա

  [34]»Ϣ2002317գйʱ2002318յ1棻ձ200314ա

  [35]걨20001222ա

  [36]лʱ199992ա

  [37]лʱ1998811աעʦҵЧ

  [38]Զۡ2001614

  [39]Ϸĩ1996112ա

  [40]걨1996213գתժԡժ1996226ա

  [41]лʱ1996124ա

  [42]ڷƱ1996110ա

  [43]ձ1996210ա

  [44]ձ20011029յ7桰Ԥ⡱

  [45]ƽţйĿǰƶ˼ ս19946ڡ

  [46]йʱ2000925յ2棬ڣ

  [47]йʱʱҵܿ2002315յ1档񣺡ϣ̵ġϣӸܵĵ˼ضά20021229գйŴýַ:www.cddc.net, ʱΪ200312ա硰йBBSɳҲ

  Ϸĩǹеķ£й"칫"ʲô

  [48]ش¼Ļعˡ¾754-755 ҳ뵳У磬1993档

  [49]ժ19981123յ2棺˭Ϊټ꿪·꽻ա

  [50]19981117գ͵ûˮ

  [51]ڷƱĩ1999227յ2棺Ľá

  [52]ժ2000432棺ׯᡱ

  [53]̱1996117գ95й̰籩Ժ̰ۻ¸ܾ־ֳ޼һϯ̸

  [54]йʱ2002315յ9档

  [55]֣˸ֻϵͳԸܵľţһëǵ2002-03-1518:15:08 

  [56]йгñ1996117 գ巸ݺӡԭΪ㲥̨԰ءĿ塣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

¡ƶγɺ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					
ڱΪйøĸ￪˵йʮһȫ(1978)ϣСƽȸԴȫͬԣ90ڣй˲źط֣ͬƶľʧȷʵȸˣͬԣȴֻֽϵͼйһ⣺֮䡢֮Լײ֮䣬ƶԽԽγһ̫֡ЧӦʥ̫ԽԽԽԽʤ̭геƶֻԷƣйձȨƸ̰۸ΪĿǰйƶԾ˵ٶ

  ²۵֮ƶũƶ⡣Ϊ֮ƶ࣬Ȼʷȶɣ뵱ǰйнײ֮ƶ򲢲һũƶ⽫89ۡ۵ҪȨгɵķ䲻µƶࡣ

  һ90йƶ˿ڵγɹ

  䲻⣬80ھѴڣʱṫڵĲ90кܴĲͬһݺϸĵ鱨˵˵ʱҪͶͶ굹ң塢˽Ӫҵߣаߺһְ󣬵֮䲻ƽ⡣[i]

  80ں90Ȩг̼٣ⷽ˺ܴ仯һǸߵ˴ͨͶֶ¸ˣǹҵְ˳ƶ˿ڵ岿ݡ1990꿪ʼҵƲƲ״̬ҵ˵ѡ1992꣬ȫܹͨóݣȫƶְͥ˿2,000ˡ1994йѧĸǵйص㣬йн5,000ƶ˿ڡ2001˾Ϊ200Ԫҵĳƶ˿Ϊ2,300ˣԼռ˿ڵ5˾ʽ100Ԫ2000Ϊ 58Ԫĳƶ˿Ϊ1,400ˣԼռ˿ڵ3ܹΪ3,700ˡ[ii] ߵѱ80öࡣ

  йȫṫ⣬ȫ˼ҵְʷծ[1]90кڿʼйʼҽơϡסշƸĸЩνĸԳƶͥѩϼ˪90ĩ21ͳйѾγһΪѵĳеײᡣ

  ЩƶҪм˹ɣ

  1ʧҵߡʧҵһ¸ְҪһЩ

  2¸ҵԱÿÿ80320Ԫȡ

  3ȼߡÿÿ60230ȡ

  4ԱеԱÿֻ300Ԫݽ

  5ͣͣҵְɭֹ˼ͥÿÿ˵Ĳֻ15ԪǮֻÿԼʳ[i]

  ״Ʋ״״ϿԿйƶȺ״̬

  ״ͳƾֶԳ17,000ͥĳʾ2000꣬ռ黧5ƶ˾֧2,325Ԫ 6,280Ԫƽ36.910ĸ뻧ȣ˾Ϊ13,311Ԫ5.7

  Ʋ״ͳƾֵʾ19996µףо񻧾ʲѴ52,895Ԫ1984оƸĸ￪ʼʱʲ 1,338Ԫȣ38.5ʲķֲʲ״̬20ͥӵȫʲ1.5Ϊ4,298ԪΪƽˮƽ1/1220ĸ߽ʲͥȣ146,615Ԫռȫʲ55.434΢ĽʲȴҪŮ򷿡ˡҽƱԼ齻ȱزٵĿ֧ѿ֪

  ״2000꣬ƶ˾֧Ϊ2,320Ԫȫƽˮƽ˾4,798Ԫ51ʳƷ֧ 1,173Ԫϵ[1]Ϊ50.6ȳƽˮƽϵΪ39.2߳11ٷֵ㣬ϵһ࣬ΪǿաƶȺԱҪĿ֧ҲԶƽˮƽƶȺ͡ˮ׼͡Ӫ״Ƚձ飬ѹǵĻҪڷƶߡǣƶȺҽƱϲܲͲϣͼƶȺѳ̶ȡƶƶ򲡷ƶγɶѭ[ii]

  2001Ժ޺ת2003йƶ˿2090ĵһδ2003꣬йʵʽƶ˿1460 򣬵1540˿ַƶǳ20״80ƶ˿ڡ[iii]

  йٷѧһϰڴǶʧҵ¸⣺һǹҵĵЧʺձ𣻶꾭òٶȵ½ǲҵṹת͵Ľһֻþʧҵ¸ĳЩʱԭɣһЩʱԭ羭òҵĵЧʣʧЩ˾ͻ¾ҵĻᡣ

  ǻһֻþǶԴپҵʵһԳΪʵλá

  ۲һʧҵȺ״ٱ´ְҵ󣬾ͿԷµĹλòʧҵṩپҵĻᡣĿǰʧҵȺ35ϣֻܹеȽȥµҪǵͼµľҵ༯ڼܼҵҪܹߵȽˡʹµľ٣йʧҵ˵״Ҳиı䣬Ϊǵеľ󲿷˵ȲܻصҵȥҲܻصԭȶľҵȥ˵ĸ߿ƼҵΪṩپҵᡣζĿǰʧҵʵеı̭ߣȺĹģܴ󡣳һ㣬й˵ṩһֽ˼·Ϊڵʧҵ߽ĳЩʱԭʧȥôķʽǴپҵĻ᣻ЩԶҲܻصҵȥ޷ҵȶľҵᣬôһİ취ڴԵԾҵͬʱĳЩƶԵİţЩԵײĻú󡣲йԸһʵǿȺߵǿĽ죬ṫҪʵ˳ơһǳϿʵǣйڷṹԶѣеʧҵũѾ˦ִ֮⡣

  ֱ2003йѧҵнһҲԺйŹϣͶϿͶִ¸ʧҵԱÿҪҵͶΪ2,400ˣÿľҵλȴֻ900ңͶìʮͻ[i]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ˮнķƶȼ 					
 				 				 					 					
ʧҵ⣬йһҪȼõˡͳƣ90ÿҪȼõƶ1.4ˣŸ 4,000ˣϲԱ5,000ܼ2.3ڶˡ[ii]һͳʾ2000ףȫʵϷΧΪ1930.8[iii]ƶ˿10֮1

  ƶ˿ȻõһЩȼãЩȼö˵ڱˮнйữȼó̶ȵ£ҪҵȼáЩҵʶ޷֣ƶְȺʵѵòҵľȼá ЩоȼҵҵḺ𷢷ְѲ׼伸ȫ󲿷ݳ1998ǰȻִйԺ1988(51)ļ涨Ĳ׼ֱ׼Գйģ֣δ뵱ؾ÷չϵδָҹг۲ϱ仯£ʵϸԱְ֤ĳƶߵľȼãͬڱ׼ƫ͵⡣ 1993꣬ȫܶȼõ38.8ˣȼ÷1.4Ԫ428.5Ԫ¾35.7Ԫ1994μᱣյֻռ˿ڵ 34[iv]

  йһֱҪⷽ޴ŬЧ΢2000꣬йԳѾȫᱣϵͳеĸߴ80ϣũг֮1,930ҲѾȫᱣϵͳʵԶδٷֹۡ2001ȫܹ121Ʋҵ 28.2ְ飬Ʋ32ְ첻ѡڲ־÷չͺĵҵǷְȻʮأȫܹ2000ĩѽĽ86λͳƣǷְʵռ9.2漰ְ1,393.4ˣռЩλְ12.1 2000ףȫǼʧҵԱ595ˣĿǰʵܹȡʧҵսĽ220ˣռ37˺ʧҵʳ 2003730йͶᱣϲ6µףȫǼʧҵ795ˣǼʧҵΪ4.2%20020.2ٷֵ㡣ʧҵͳƽμʧҵǼǵĳ˿ڣδ¸ڹˣԼе˿ڡ[v]

  һЩط׾ݣᱣϹһЩеͶϲ籣ϵٱԵ޼ƿʩڹҵԱʧҵصĺʡݸʡͶᱣϾֵĵ飬ȫʡ¸ְĹҵУ֧߱òͳծĽռ1.4в֧ռ20.2ȫû֧ռ78.4ҽƱյ⣬2000ףȫ303ҽƱƶȸĸְ4,587ˣռӦ 29йزŵ飬Լ50ҵְܰ涨ҽƷѡһЩְ˶ծ̨󲡻Ǯҽζ[vi] Ͷᱣϲͳʾ2003ףμȫҽƱյռ˿ڵ20ũֻв10˿ܹܵҽƵıϡ [vii] йҽƷͬȷչйУռGDPı൱ߣҽƵĹƽȴӽ׼2000֯ԳԱ乫ƽԵУй188λ191Աе4[viii]ʾɵϰӦÿȴԼɵϰӦסԺȴסԺҪԭǿ̫人ܹһͳݱƶѾΪ人൱һּͥѵҪԭ֮һ460ƶͥУ30%ϼͥ졣ƶɱıڸط[ix]

  711995ꡢ2001йĳеϱ׼
 						 							 							1995 							2001 						 						 							 							׼Ԫ/£ 							׼Ԫ/£ 						 						 							Ϻ 							200 							280 						 						 							 							130 							 						 						 							 							220 							265-315 						 						 							 							120 							 						 						 							ൺ 							96 							200 						 						 							 							120 							 						 						 							 							150 							200-220 						 						 							 							170 							221 						 						 							 							155 							221 						 						 							 							85 							195 						 						 							 							200 							300 						 						 							Ϫ 							150 							 						 						 							 							120 							 						 						 							˳ 							120 							 						 						 							 							110 							 						 						 							 							70 							 						 						 							人 							120 							195 						 						 							ɽ 							100 							 						 						 							 							125 							183 						 						 							 							170 							280 						 						 							 							286 							319 						 						 							 							 							241 						 						 							 							 							220 						 						 							 							 							215 						 						 							 							 							208 						 						 							ɳ 							 							200 						 						 							ʯׯ 							 							182 						 						 							 							 							182 						 						 							 							 							182 						 						 							 							 							170 						 						 							 							 							169 						 						 							Ϸ 							 							169 						 						 							֣ 							 							169 						 						 							 							 							169 						 						 							 							 							160 						 						 							̫ԭ 							 							156 						 						 							ɶ 							 							156 						 						 							 							 							156 						 						 							 							 							156 						 						 							 							 							156 						 						 							³ľ 							 							156 						 						 							 							 							155 						 						 							ͺ 							 							143 						 						 							ϲ 							 							143 						 					 					

ע1лҵλΪңйʹƱ׼834Ԫҿɶһ1Ԫ

  ע21995ԴڡϢձ199684գ2001Ϊй־ȼ˾ṩڡй걨2001410յ2棩

  йƶ˿йԳƳGDPʲδʹйľҵ״ơ1997йGDP8.8ҵԱֻ1.11998GDP7.8ҵԱֻ0.51999GDP7.1ҵԱ0.892000GDP 8ҵԱֻ0.79[i]ݱ棬1998Ϊ㣬20025굱Уҵ¸ڷԤһڼ佫ͷ 3,0003,500ˣͬڹصĸĸҲҪԼ400ˣҵλԱ1/3㣬Ҳн1,000ʧҵͬʱһʱÿ껹Ͷ1,000ˡһڼҵҲֻ2,600򣬾ҵѹ൱޴[ii]

  ʧҵڲӣҵְ֧Ͷϵ֧ľòǷĹʡϱսʧҵսҽƷѡʿȡ20023 й񾭼о10еĳ飺57ʧҵְԭҵծϵ˾ծܶ3,624ԪǷʵռ 33.3˾3,067ԪǷʿǿԵù˽Ǯʽ𣬽ʡռ14.8˾Ƿ2,490ԪǷҽҩѵռ27˾Ƿ1,361ԪǷᱣշѵռ20.6ְҵѹ˾òΪ5,000Ԫ[iii]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

еĽṹ 					
 				 				 					 					
ֵעǣ8090󣬻ھˮƽձ߻ϵĲ󣬵90ѾʼԵġص㣬ԽԽƶԽԽƶ

  1ϵı仯

  йķһǻϵдķֲ״ʵǵ˵йƶͬڸĸ￪ǰƶĸ￪Ժй÷չܿ죬ľ󲿷ڵˮƽȸĸǰҪԣһ˻һͥĸԣ̶ȣҪʷ¼Ƿûһ㣬ҪײȵԲࡣ

  ͨáϵ̶ȡ˵ϵΪ㣬Ĺƽ״̬ϵΪ1ʾ˵Ĳƽ״̬ʵлϵ0.3Ϊṫƽ״̬0.30.4֮Ϊṫƽ״̬0.4ﵽ0.6ͳƶײͬʱ֣ᶯʱܷ0.6Ϊߡ2000ġ緢չ20002001ȱ棺ƶս24ңɫУƽϵ0.34,ձ౱ŷҶ0.3й״ԶҶӡ

  вڸĸ￪ǰ1978꣬йĻϵ0.15ָڵʱϼ͵ġ˵ʱйƽ塢ʢС80ԺѸϵı仯±

  72ϵ仯
 						 							  							 							ũ 							йѧPPS 						 						 							1978 							0.15 							 							 						 						 							1982 							 							0.22 							 						 						 							1986 							0.19 							0.30 							 						 						 							1988 							 							0.34 							 						 						 							1990 							0.23 							0.31 							 						 						 							1994 							0.37 							0.411 							0.434 						 						 							2001 							0.458 							 							 						 						 							2004 							0.4 							 							 						 					 					

ע2001Ļϵδֳũ룬Ϊͳƾֹݡձ20011029յ7档2004Դڹͳƾֳᾭõܶӷĵ飬»www.XINHUANET.com2005617 

  ǰΪͳƾݡйѧ1994ȫΧһϸPPS뻧ʾļ㣬йͥ˾ĻϵΪ0.434ѾͨĻϵֱڶ̶̵20䣬йѾһƽʢеĹңһƶᶯĹңֱ仯βӦñӡ1998꣬˿Уߵ20˿ڵ͵ĵ20˿ڵ9.6ߵ10˿ռ38.4͵20˿ڽռ5.5[i]У1998꣩ıΪй䲻ƽѾ˶ŷҺͲڵ޹ҡ[ii]йе˰Լй̰۸ܵķչй

  ҪָǣĻϵϰյĸоһΪЩУеײͥĵȽϿţΪЩͥ͸ȽϸߣԸײͥĵȴӦۿۣΪͥ˽й˶֪ʵ90Ժй˼ͶҵƱгزгڻг⼸Ͷҵʹһ˿ȨʱͶ룬Ƹٷ䡣⼸ʱԭʼ۵ĸ߳Уйӿһǧ̡ЩڲƸԴദһֿɵġɫ״̬ʴ˶ƲĴ÷ʽദ״̬Щ˻ž޶ƸͬʱΪйҪҵĹҵȴһյĿ֮У൱ݹҵְֻ4060Ĺʣ⡣һЩڶйʵе˽Ժ󣬾ΪйĻϵѴ0.59[iii]

  2Ƹġṹ

  2000йʾ1.26ռ7Ԫд277.8ռ7Ԫ65вϱֽ׶й15ӵ85ĲƸ85˽ֻռܲƸ15[iv]ݹͳƾֳᾭõܶӶȫ54,000໧ͥʾ2003꣬10%ռ45%вƸռ20%ͥ˾֧Ϊ17,472Ԫ2,012Ԫ 13.0%ռ20%ͥ˾֧Ϊ3,295Ԫ263Ԫ8.7%֮2002 5.115.31ٶԸ顣[v]

  ݱеϸϣԽй״رһҿԿ

  Ķˣ߾ռ˿ڵ10ĸߣǴĴ󲿷ݣӵռȫݶһϵ˽˲ƸйϰտɼĻ԰߼Ԣںγ͸ྫƷ꣬Ϊڻ۲Ƹǰһ־УЩϵְλֻڸ˲ܣΪĸԣߡǵĳɹιèʳﶼƶʳҪõöࡣ

  ĵռ˿20ƶ˿ڣЩ˵еľڻծǵǰϸڽвΪڶĹнײ㡣ڹֻܻеСݡ90ĳ״ЩнײġƸҪǼҾߡͥʩĴծƱȡغڣнײ͵ġƸһײܽгġЩͥеһݣڽµһݣų֣пܵĵΪǴٶȣζ޷ͿǮ֡ĸʩ̨ٶȡ

  3ԱܶӰ

  ǰдӸйƸ״йƶںܴĳ̶ȨгŤΪȨ飨ʵǽǮϵͶΪλз£ڷеĲƽҲԵرͻʤרžͷǷйӰķɾڣļ㣬ǷԼʹϵ 31[vi]һѾڵᵽ˴ٸ

  ˴ɾڣΪظ

  עǣеķųˡɫ롱롰ɫ롱ʵй23ĸ̵ӡͳƾһԳĵʾռͥ1981깤Ϊ87.31990½Ϊ62.51999½Ϊ 44.555.5롣[vii]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġڵ԰ 					
  				 				 					 					
ԭйͳݲܺʵطӳʵһԱԳϡ[viii]Ҳ̸ھתʱ鱨α졢۸ͳݵأڵ¾áĭõĴڣӣԤʽմ󣬷лʽѭȣѶȫѼ衢䡢ѵϴӰ죬ʹͳϢԸȫᡣоѸЩͳ϶ȫ۲졣ʹ˷оҲŷ

  90иѧо֮ൽֵ顣ЩУһضԵǰƶʾǿҵĲɽʡйز1995һȾ͵ǰְһε飬ְ֮һǸеزΪĿǰķȲǰͷ䣬Ҳǰ䣬ƽ䣬ûʲô׼[ix] ൱ݸߣһƥشף൱ĵΪᡢΪ൱Ĺס

  ֵעǣڶƶֻĲʵںܴĳ̶ǶԲ¸Ĳйѧ֯һУʵΪĿǰϵһЩУжֶͨ¸ġʱش𡰲̫ࡱռ48.5ش𡰼ûСռ10.7ش𡰲֪ռ20.85.3˻ش𡰺ܶࡱ

  ɴ˿ɼ˶Է䲻ıԹҪǶ¸ʽĲǶƶֲĲйƸȨгõĽ̰۸أƶҲԽԽ󡣾йѧԺоĹһоɹ19992001꣬йԱܹʧ13,000ڣ൱ֵGDPƽֵ14.514.9[x] Щ̰ɵʧУ;ģַͨʽ˸ܹԱǵ˽ңڹͳƾּ䵱УȻδⲿֺɫɫ롣

  ںʿ̸з֣йڶԷ䲻ıԹ80кܴͬʱıԹеƽżԸ廧ϵӣΪä֮ǮʹԵһǮֵȴû˷񶨸廧ҪͨгΪ׬ǮġºѾ֪ºĲףԸ廧˽Ӫҵĺᣬ߿СࡣҲú90Ƹ۵ļξУȨȦ˻йϵ˻һ뵽¸ԭǿԼȨǿϵʲôŪӡءʡȡŪԭʼƱֻ֮࣬᲻ɵľòƽȾԵر𲻹ƽڲƸϣ˵һϲϣͻᲽϲϡΪƾʱ۵90ٻôĻһСҵˡ

  ʣڸߺƶ֮䣬Եͻǵߵĸ볣ݳԵĻӻϣֻ̼ĳЩҵչײʱṫڲǿҵ԰УҲͱȽΪˡݵ飬ȫ״Լ12ˣռȫ˿ڱ 2245ǳ3,2003,600ˣ78%ҪЩھתͺͽṹеߣ¸ʧҵߡ˿ڡˮƽ½ߣԼͬߡ[xi]⻹ֻԳ˿ڵĵ飬ǵռ˿70ũ˿ڵлоǲߣ״ռȫ˿80ϡ

  йƶ˿˵ʹĻƶǵŮϲͨ衣ܽĲȡһΪС йߵش⡷оʾйس̶ȱȾϵƶ󡢸ԡ׫дñĿԱϺ3еƽΪˮƽĴԹݡϡຣ5ʡƽΪĴͨԾ֧֧ıȽϷ֣35ʡũ˾ˮƽĲ19952.820023.73ͬڵũ˾֧Ĳ371388ӳͬڶ3г˾ˮƽĲ1.92.34˾֧Ĳ1.872.97 5ʡƲøѧ˾ԤڽѵĲͬ19952002꣬35ʡСѧԤڽѵĲ3.233.85ͨԤڽѵĲ2.653.39 [xii]

  ΣͬײŮܸߵȽҵҲܲƽȡѧߵȽģչҵҵһ2003ȫУҵҵ״ʾз֣ͥԽãҵʱĹʵʺнԽߡڼҳֱͨϵյȨŮľҵ˸ĸλԽߣӵеȨԽϵԽ࣬ԱЩԴΪŮѧ;ҵԽǿ[xiii]

  ˵ƶĴʴйѾΪʵ޷øı䡣

  еĲƽзչйҶλá90йȻȥ׷ִеġаʽľƽȺƽȣⲢڶĿǰƶ״Ӷ

  80ǰйǾƽµġƽȡ־ƽʹᴦЧ״̬ԼᷢչĸԺΪʹѵʱЧ״̬˼ԱӦгñȻĲƽȣƽȺЧʶ֮䣬ʱ۽ǰʿȿǵĲṫǾ÷չһ۵ʵ۵ǣڷչĿƽ֮ųͻҪ뷢չãṫ浱ʱдڵҪƷȱѷоѧŵʲ.ƶεġȱۡΪѧһʱʢ١£ڷ䡱һ˼ڵʱľָ˼ռλ۽綼һ㣺ǰֺͺ֣ͬһ۾ǻΪõġӽڴڵ⣬ǵƶҵĦ

  ˡ䡱еĹƽԭ򣬺ˡܡԴеľ޴ãһǿѡ񣬳ɱСЧ󡱣йǺҵġԷ˽л̡֡ѵ㡱ǼʱУƵ뷨֮Ǵģڵ̸֮⣬һ⣺ƶմĽ죬ھҵѾûУ˵ƶͬʱʧҵգʧҵζЩ˽µƶءǹĲȷԺʧҵвȻǳص⣬ۻ⡣Ϊһ˿¸һ˿Ͷ̰ܻ߷ƣǮԴееȻ£гõȴǵֵģǮΪĲͬԴ²ͬĺۼھѧиרŵ˵ǡӱҡӱҡ߼ǣֻҪӱҡ롰ҡֵֻҪִƲʹֳ֡ӱҡܵͷǱ㲻طǻЧЩͶȡԼ̰ܻߡ֮ӱҡĽǵ̸ľԻ䡣

  --------------------------------------------------

  [i] ˴ʷծָǣйҵĹڸĸǰõĹʷǳֻͣάֳԴѣҽơϡסŮȿ֧ͳͳδ빤ʣҵְĸĸԺЩνȫΪҵ˦ĸĸĿǰȫҪٴΪҽסŮѣʵϵù˳еĸ˫سɱ

  [ii]ϵEngels Law: ö19͵¹һλͳѧErnst EngelöָżͥӣʳϵĿ֧ԽԽС뼯ŻʳϿ֧ȽϴΪס﷽֧뼯ŻʳϵĿ֧Ӷ𽥵ݼݳƷϵĽӶӡ

  [1]ѧоϡ1989111գ䲻

  [2]͸Ӿ÷ٱȺ塱2002411 10:58:11 ǵ bbs.beida-online.com.

  [3]йʱ2000515ա

  [4]͸Ӿ÷ٱȺ塱2002411 10:58:11 ǵ bbs.beida-online.com.

  [5]»2004718ա

  [6]йѧԺƷԤ⡱йhttp://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/fy/781890.htm

  [7]ͬ죺йְ״ͬ졢ࣺйְ״ڲṹ໥ϵйѧ硣

  [8]йȫ1930.8ͱʵӦwww.mca.gov.cn, 200285ա

  [9]¡ͣȫƶְȼеԲߡ

  [10]Ͷᱣϲ2003ڶŷͶhttp://gzsc.gzlm.net/yaowen/yaowen_2.html

  [11]ܿת:ǵbbs.beida-online.com. 200241114:39:29

  [12]ѧҫңũҽƱƶȵļ˼ءᱣƶȡ20043 48ҳ

  [13]ԺչоĿ飺йҽƸĸ뽨顱http://www.sina.com.cn 2005072912:24

  [14]ƶйϷĩ2002129ա

  [15]1997ꡫ2000꡶йͳݼ㡣

  [16]ࣺйᱣƶٵϾơо20013ڡ

  [17]йʱ2002313յ1档

  [18]Ϸ細20024º¡

  [19]˿ͳͥʷϣhttp://www.census.gov/.

  [20]ܺȫ𸻣йġóܵڡ

  [21]Ϸ細20024º¡

  [22]й࣬10%ռ45%вƸ»www.XINHUANET.com2005617ա

  [23]ʤ÷չе䡷Ϻ硢Ϻϳ棬199112µ1档

  [24]2000424档

  [25]֣Һࣺתھͳʧ⡱

  [26]йгñ1995515ա

  [27]ۡƻձ200232ա

  [28]ԴйѧԺйƷԤ⡷2001ͣ2002꣩ѧ׳硣

  [29]Сࣺйߵش⡱2005727գhttp://theory.people.com.cn/

  [30]ųͥŮҵй걨200581գhttp://zqb.cyol.com/gb/zqb/2005-08/01/  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ڰ¡ ˿.ҵ뷸 					
 				 				 					 					
 					
ԼйδչУڶǿǱΣյأȴйᾭ÷չųڵԼã˿⡣רŷ˿ڡҵ뷸Ĺϵ

  һԪýṹеũл

  1Ӵ˿խľҵ

  йвһ˿ʸߣ˿ٶȿ죬ͶĹ󳬹󣬽ǴʧҵġεʧҵͲݾҵ

  й˿1995215վѴﵽ12֮࣬2000й5˿ղ˿ڴ12.95ڣ۰ĵҲЩڻûǼǵ˿ڣһȻ͹йʵ˿ĿΪ3.44Ȼйʵмͥ˿ڱݻǿţũ廧˿ڲ֮͡2005꣬й˿ڹģѴ13ڡ

  й˿ڣԴ״̬൱⣬ͳСũýṹصֳ˿ڵ޳嶯1949Ժʵ˴󲿷ʳͷֵķƣڿ£׳ĿŮͥԣγˡö಻öࡱľ棬ּӾũ˿ڵֳ嶯ĸ￪źָԼͥΪλСũã˿ֳ״ͬ˽ǣеĵ鶼ָһ㡣

  ݶԹ㶫ĵ飬ô1980252ˣ˾0.6Ķˮ0.4Ķأ1Ķ1998ô˿Ѵ536ˣǨ632ˣáԭ˾Ѳ0.28Ķһڣ20꣩ô˿ھͷһ࣬ȫûһǶŮ4̥Ĵ15̥12̥ڵشĻУͥӵжӵȻһũڴеĵλԽʶҷ[1] ʡشʹ򡶰̸߷ӳӹȥ֧鵽δ֧顢Σһֱ׼֤Ϊ¸Ľݾһ̥۸30Ԫǵ200300Ԫ̥ǧԪôȺ׼֤200ɲտԼ3ԪɲԼҲͷ֧40꣬3ӣ䳤3ӣƻĸɲĳ30꣬4ӣίε7ӣֶ֧5ӡôϱ˿2,106ˣʵ˿ѳ2,330ˡ[2] ߵũ壬ũͥжŮǶ̥ȨƾȨǮ൱ָ꣩ȨǮľ뱾Ա㳬ȻƻųǡߡũɲʵȴƻΪһѰĻᣬũҪڸƸɲǵĸ޽ɲİ칫Ϣܶļƻʵϴʧ״̬ʵ˿ϱز1991 1998Ĵʡ©ͳ˿40.72ˡ[3]

  Թٷϵݶۣй˿Ҳռȫ˿22йĸȴֻռܸ7˾ѽԤҶŴﵽ1.2Ķ0.08꣩Ѵﵽسɳصļޡ

  ũҵҵĹִȣйһ൱صũ˾ؽ͵ͬʱũܻȴһũ١ӴĹȫ෴1978꣬йΪ99,938.5ǧ꣬˾1,030ƽס 5,730ƽף1995꣬ڸ½4.5Ϊ94,970.9ǧʱ˾ȴ24.3780ƽף0078 ꣩28.84,080ƽף0408꣩[4] ˵½ٶȵµֱӽũӪģСũʣͶӡָģСͻִũҵҪũ˾ԽԽңԶ

  ΣӴ˿ڻԽһֱ21Ҷ˿רǲ㣬ܺʱڸˮƽϣ˿ڸ߷Կ15ڡĿǰƷչ21Ҷй˿ڽﵽ1718ڣĿζʹ˸еΪйѧԺоĹϣйȻ1516˿ڣȱԴɵ˿ڵ10ڡҲ˵й˿ڹģ21͵210ĩﵽֵݴͳƣйÿ1/3Ҫ˿ںͰžҵԱйڳʱڽڵľ⣬ҵƶ˿ڡΰһЩ⣬һ˿ڹйء

  ˿ʵʣΪߺ֮ìܣ˿ĵռ䡢ȻԴ֮ìܡ˿ڵ͸ѹӰ쵽ĸ档йΪչйңٵ˿ѹѳΪִҪҲԼءһ㣬2000ֵԡһ꣬йԳƾѾգıٶ½ƣ꾭ٶȴﵽ8ȻйԳƵľ÷ٱ״ûžתڣƶ󣬾ҵ״ûкתڼ񻯡⼸ָҪǾҵ״1997Ժûдµľҵ᣺

  81йGDPҵʣ
 						 							  							GDP 							ҵ 						 						 							1997 							8.8% 							1.1% 						 						 							1998 							7.8% 							0.5% 						 						 							1999 							7.1% 							0.89% 						 						 							2000 							8.0% 							0.79% 						 					 					

йͳ2001꣩ݣɼóйʵʧҵΪ20.2[i] ʣͶĳ·ؽΪйΪϾ;÷չ⡣2001꿪ʼйʧҵʸΪǼʧҵʡνȥͶŵǼǵĲʧҵ˿ڣδǼ߲ʧҵ˿ڣѾϷ˽һͳݵ档Ըɣֻóͣʵʧҵȷʵ͵ǼʧҵʴһƫǰߵҪںߡ[5]

  2Ԫƶµũл

  ڷйϵͶгͶתƵʱ򣬱Ҫչѧɪ˹W. Arthur Lewis, 19151979ŵѧߣġԪģۡ͡һΪνԪģ͡磺һִġ롰ͳġţִͨӴͳͶ÷չڶṩͬͬͶ£ͶִűڴͳŵõĹʣйˮƽ£ִŵͶŵͶȤǣλѧΪ˱ϵʹ࣬áͶʣһչйҵͶ޹Unlimited Supplies of Labor) һʵáй£ִŵͶ(Elasticity of Supply) ޵ġһѧͬʵ

  йͬһ㷢չйңšԪýṹšԪṹƶȰʮй˷Ϊũҵ͡ũҵάֽṹйḣ13ƶȣ90Щƶ͹Ӧƶȵȼϳйũл·ͻᷢڡԪṹص㡣

  йũл·ʼ80ڡ˵·̱1979꡶йũҵչľһУйһļʽũл˼룻1984꣬й뷢һļũӪڶҵǹԺġũ֪ͨ涨سǣЩһʡп˿ũسǣ1993꡶йڽгƵɾĸСĻƶȣũС񹤾̡йļƶйл̱20۷չһС齭޺ͳޣСչرѸ١90ڿʼҵչĳٻйСķչֽͣ״̬ййչԴ򾭼ûǷչСƶҵչһֱ岻

  ָǣļõġһʣٱйũлıص㡣йƶļʱòй羭òгоҵͻʩ޵ȿ͹أάֳָġԪƶȡҲΪˣй񻹱ŵ͵ĳĶԪṹ

  ųоýķչÿ궼5,000ũӿغУĿسеũ񹤣һΪõǣĿǰй4.4ڳ˿УũѴ1.4ڣ[6]ټҵ򹤵ũ񹤣ȫũߴ2.5ڡ[7]ڻƶȵĹ£ũҪͻΪġԱԱй90һʣָ޺Ϸ֤޺Ϸס޹̶˿ڡ׳ơäԱΪһũҪڱϷ򹤣Ҫ֤67֡Щ֤˿֤ס֤ҵ֤֤举Ůġְ֤ҵʸ֤顷ȡΪЩ֤ÿҪ֧450Ԫ֤ҪÿµģҲ˵ÿҪ֧һǵ˵۸񲻷Ƶ֧[8]еũҪ֤뱱һ

  ʲƵĸѡӱܡݹٷƣ˿аס֤Լռ89.6˿78.2Ϊ񹤻̡ݴ˹ƣھ񹤡̵˿Խӽ200ˣšҵ֤ĶȽΪ95šɴ֮ڹӦ100ϡ[9]  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

лͺ 					
  				 				 					 					
ĿǰϷҵĳˮƽΪ78ߵĴ92еΪ60йĳˮƽٷƼ30һƹߣȻڵҵƽˮƽӡȡӡȹɴ˿ɼйĳлˮƽйľ÷չˮƽӦ

  ʹĿǰйĳлˮƽ˵Ҳص⣬бڳнṹЭ

  һǳйģ󣬴й࣬Сзչͺ󡣰˿ڵĳ10˿ڳ˿еıΪ43ձȹڳл30ˮƽʱ˿شռ10˿ڵĳ˿ڵıؽΪ33й1030˿ڵС10ϳ˿еıΪ27Ӣ60ϡһص˵йĳлϵһ෴

  ǵֲܲ⡣Ҫڶغзչͺ

  ǳвҵṹʧ⡣Ҫڹҵҵչͺرǽͨҵʩչͺ

  лͺйǵͻĹҵչһȱݣʹй÷չìܺ⡣

  1Ԫìܲ

  ĸǰйعҵǰչͳƶµĳл̣ʮĶԪýṹ

  1985ũҵͶũҵתƻʹԪìֽһر90ڴͶڱز½ũҵϣũ벻½ũũѸ󡣾ݹͳƾֶ29ʡС6.7ũĳ飬1994ǰȣũ˾ֽΪ838.4Ԫ33.6ְ˾38˵Ŀܣ߳5ٷֵ㡣[10] йͳϲ㣬19972000꣬ũ˾4.01979199616.012ٷֵ㡣Ϊصǣ1997ũ˾ٶȲܵͣҳֳ½ƣ1997Ϊ8.519983.41999 2.22000һ2.12001꣬˾֧6,850Ԫ8.2ũ˾2,366Ԫ 4.2ϳе4ٷֵ㣬[11]2003֮꣬Ϊ13.233.23ũ൱һ롣[12]

  2ҵĵͲηչ

  йũһֱڴũҵȽϸߵķũҵתƵǿҳ嶯Ȼڳġڡƶȵƣ磬ʵо͵תƣתư뾶ũȲũҵԼĳ汣ϣķũҵҲũṩȶĹᡣһ棬ڳлչͺũ幤ҵȾ͵طչγʮַɢĸ֣ʹۼЧӦʮֵ¡ڴЩ⣬йҵǻСͻɢĵͲϣԽִҵΡһҵչͷתũҵʣͶ½ҪԭйҵйũʣͶգһֱΪйøĸһԺĳɾ͡1996йҵũͶһ꣬1.3ˡ˺Żɳչ͹ԣҵֱ׶ǶԻ̬ƻͻЩҵʼࡢơ̭1996ԺҵرղԱնµũͶ෴ȴ³ǧͶʹá硱·ڹũͶ˵Ѿһ̹ͨ;1996ԺУҵʶ18199717.8199817.51999Ѿ14.2ͬʱũʣͶҲսݽߣ1996Ժ굱УҵľҵԱÿ500˵ٶڼ٣2000ԺҵʵʾҵԱѾԶԶ1.2ˡ[13]

  ҵʼ³ũʱũ񹤵ĴҲͬʱխˡ90ǰһֱдιЧʡ˷ѡȱĹҵȻʱάס˱ľͳоҵԻرܹҵĸһʶ̬Ϊͷʹ⣬ȴΪ˻ʸմϵͳܱ90°ڣΪȽϵͳڱòַ˶ԹҵıߣоòƲƲǧְ½¸ڡΪ˼оҵѹ1996꿪ʼй4ũĴбϺݡڶƶһЩ涨ҪҵӶͶʱ밴ձؾ񣬴Ӷ͹ľҵ᱾صľҵѹ

  3ҵṹҵչ

  ҵҪ˿ڡҵܼܷܵĹģЧ档ڳлͺʹ˿ں͹ҵֲȷɢ˵ҵķչִӻйũʣͶũҵתƵḶ́ӶʹйĲҵṹҵṹ䶯ƫ繤ҵչһɵı׼ṹɴ˰йĴ˿ųִҵ֮⡣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ũͶתƣ񹤳 					
  				 				 					 					
Ŀǰй4.2ũͶУ1.6ʣͶݣ90кͶƽ2.07ҵƽÿ 570ˣʹҵչͷ90ڣҵҲֻũȫʣͶ26.6ڴ£ЩʣͶȻҪѰ·ũͶԭйý֮Ϊ񹤳

  񹤳ӿǶԪýṹµıȻ֮йҵ̺ͶתƲͬʣͶũ壬ʹũͶʵ͡ũƷƷʵ͡ũ͵ġ͡ۻʮͻìܡũҵսϡٵ£ũѰͷչĻᣬʵΪʱʹȻ

  1񹤳ЧӦ

  ũ񹤽ǣйĳй˿ǰѡЧӦ۵úܶ࣬϶ЧӦõһ¹ϵЧӦǣ

  ũͶھ÷չ˵ũ룬ũˮƽũṺũ񽫲ڷչڶҵΪũͶ˸ľҵᡣνȥһƶһѡ˵Ǿݴ˶һũͶתƵũʹһũҵͶõũҵԴΪչģӪ˽Ϻõ˿Ϊȫ֮ڵĴʡÿ600ĳʡԱΪĴ׬140Ԫ룬ΪʡչؾõһʱԴ˵ԴԴϵͶٽ˱صڶҵķչֲ˱ؾ÷չͶĲ㡣

  ũͶҪأͨ˳ϵٽ˳Ԫṹһ廯ת䣬شٽȫͳһͶгĽ˻ҵƶȸĸ⣬ũͶʹũҰũһĻá񹤾̵ũֱִܵҵͳѬգҰѧ˱죬ǵкܶ˻صº󣬳ΪҵļǸɣеĻΪũҵҡ

  ͶģǶйƻƵĵδĸйũԼƻƽδһγũüͥаƳƣڶũҵëʱũųĹҵʽγũͨѰҾҵΪֱĿԷԴģɵĳָյᾭùơֳϲδȥǾѾ֣ũͶеĲǻ⡣

  ũũĸЧӦ Ŀ£

  ũͶĴũҵһϵӰ졣ȣ߳ũľһĻǽ׳ϸߵũµĶΪк͸ŮͯũͶ½Ӱ˿ѧ֪ʶռ¼ƹ㣻Σ硱ũͶʹĹУ׷أʹȶķũҵʱˡʹũͶ޷أɸԴķռйϵţԱ޷ӪأʵдַʽӪ̻Ļ̻֣ũũˮʩϻ

  2εĳӽ̾ȫ½

  20йһì״̬һ棬ߵȽĴѧԵĽ˵ĸ߿ƼҵڳҪܹѵĸͶһũĵ֣ääߴ1ڣÿƶʧѧĶͯʹ300֮ޡЩ˳Ժ󣬸޷ִòŹӿеġ񹤳ٴäĿԡ񹤲֪ʵҪäĿغгУҲͷڸгУεһЩ޷ģ޳ҵɾ͵ũ񹤣еΰȹصѡкͽͨϵ͵١潡ĲȸַΪйߣƻߡ˰աߣһи޷ʵ

  ЩõĴڣ˶ũ񹤵ĿǳãΪǵĵӻ˳е滷ƻΰʹ˵İȫ½ũΪ˷ǳƲũˡھΪõشڴ񹤣ʹõصΰƽԽԽϾݹֹĲϣ١ɱˡǿ顢ּ顢ȶ°90ЩҪԸũġޡԱΪͬҲһ֧Ӵ񹤶飬ڶ񹤼ȸջҪ£1995ϰ̨һ񹤾ԱϣⲿĹ淶Լ£ 1,000򱱾ܹ300񹤺ƽ

  񹤵ݡϺĵط򹤣һǱ׬Ǯ뷨ǵУоʹǮЩֱԲѴ֮ǮЩ±ϣӿ֡񹤳ЩУк񹤵ĹϵдԣԱΪʵڡ񹤳³вŵġӽ̾

  19941110ձеһζʱղʾ˿ڼﵽ329.5ˣЩ˼Ϊвɻȱһݡķ๤ֳġը͹ݵģۻ˲ɵģ˶ɡйͳƱл֯ɽú̿ࡢءҵУܹӶ 24񹤡80ؽˣǱͶг

  񹤸ɵʰŲڵĹЩû˸ɻ治УԱʼǺܸлЩ񹤣Ϊ˺ܽһáþڽк֮ʱ˾͸е鲢ôǷȱ㣺ۣƻ̼ѣǣ̷ȱ죬Ĵ˵˲ҳԡȵȡջĻǴ˽ΰ⣬ΥﰸУΪ1994Ϊ°У46ΪΪڶä͵ɱԽֱΪرŻﷸ൱ء 30˾۾ӵأ½塢㽭ȣ˲ع֮Ļء仰Щ񹤣Ϊָ޶ָΥڹݣҲ̸񹤳ƽʱѹÿ괺ǰɢʹƣ۲[14]

  ϰ˵񹤵ĽǣֱӰ쵽ҵͰӡ˵Щ񹤵Ĵڣɸ˼ѶȡҪǿ񹤹ĺոߡ1995304˴᰸ҪʹһҪ˽豱飬Ҫñġ񹤾Ա³̨طҲʼȡִʩ񹤵Ĵ롣

  3жũ񹤵ľҵ

  ƷõҪѡǨӡɾҵɷչëͳµйȣйѶһȨǶԴй˵ҪʵΣϾѣ⵹ȫй˹ƵʹȻйĿǰֶԪýṹ״̬£Ͷ޹ƣ˿Ҳصʧҵ⡣

  ҵϾʵҲʻ⣬缸Ƭƾڲݳ˵ͷϡʱ˻ôǣΪ˼άʹţˣܻҴҵġҪپҵְ°ŵĹʼݣӺõⲻɣǲȥڱϺ⼸رͻһֱ1994°꣬Ҳ֪ʧҵһֻǡˡҵĸﵼµʧҵ⣬ʹռ䱾խĳи۲ֻýĴŹؽһ㡣1995꿪ʼһЩӦĵƴʩ籱Ϻͳ̨һЩϽΧ񹤡Աйķ棬ĳЩҵʹ񹤡һرݵڣ1995꿪ʼҲȡһЩʩ¹ֲȡƵķ涨ĳЩҵڡʵ硢ʻͳԱԱԱȣһ㲻ٹӶ񹤡ЩʩָܱΪط塱ΪЩط199411Ͷ䲼ġũͶʡҵй涨ù涨ΪͶ޷󣬾Ͷҵ׼ȷ򱾵ͶȱʡԱ˵λԱҵ֣ڱ޷㣬˵λ涨ķΧڣ޷еԱʱɿʡũͶ涨ĳ̨ζŶЩäĿҹǣеĴŽٱƿ

  199610Ѯũҵ뾰ڡȫũͶҵᡱϱʾũʣͶѭгɣ졣ʾƻṩλžҵڽ첻ڳУũ塣Ͷг쳣ӣû˽ʹ־ҵᣬͶŵĽѵ˵һ㡣ڼƵũҵ⣬ǰͶĹνֻгɡλ鴫ϢԱΪйԴũʣͶߵת۵㡣  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġͶĹȹũ񹤵ıҴ 					
  				 				 					 					
1ũ񹤵ı״̬

  1996꿪ʼȷĴϿũͶתƣ˵йְũʣͶ2ˣѾΪһܵ顣Ͷ޹Ϊйᷢչһƿ

  Գ˵񹤳Ĳӿ֮ȷʵѾʱй˵ⲢζѵõʵԽ1996Ժ·ߵũˮĴ磬»2003731ձ 2002꣬й9,400ũУȺ5ÿ500ҵйصʾйũ17%룬ʡպĴߴ30%ũ41.8%񹤡ѾΪйũҪԴ֮һּбͶгʹũ񹤵״̬ǳҵ״̬

  ũ뿪֮󣬶ڡʡ̨ۡϺͶʣҵҵ˽ӪҵͶܼҵЩҵͶǿȴ󡢳ʱࡢʵ͡Ͷʩص㣬йͶ鼰Ͷ¹ʶ෢ҵһ˵ũܵмַ

  1ͶǿȴͶʱ䳤㶫غҵ2/3϶Ҫʱʱ˹󡣱199812¾Դһ񹤹¼25Ľũˮĺ³򹤣ϰǿ48Сʱһݵ鱨̸ʡ˽2/3ǿȹ˳ʱеũÿĹʱ侹14Сʱϡ[15] һרԷǹҵҵ˽ӪҵŮĵÿܹ4448СʱŮռߵ411һܹ4956Сʱռ 229ÿܹ57Сʱϵռ102߾84Сʱ涨ÿͶСʱֻ40Сʱ[16]

  2๤¹ƵԡʡҵΪУ̶ִȽϸߵΪݵ飬ÿ춼Ҫ¹3050𡣸йڱ1997걦¹6,865ڣ4,000𡣾ᱣվ˵⻹ֻǲμ˹˱յ¹ʣ˽˽ᡱĲڴ˼㵱С[17] 1998ũ˲11,415ˣ80ˡ[18] Ϊչʾйִɾ͵ˣũ񹤵Ĵ⡣˽˳аĸɽȹ¹ʾ߶ѼĲͳݣԿũ񹤵Ĺ֮ӣ1990ȫɽ10,435ˣ19919,777ˣ19929,683ˣ[19] 1995ɽ¹10,572ˣ19969,974ˡ[20]һй첿µͳƣ2003ȫѵ 6,177ˣ2004ȫú¹3,6396,027[21]

  Զȫ2001ϵú¹ʷǲ֪ÿÿ⹫ԶԶʵ֣2000¹259ˣֻ57ˣ200117£¹264ˣֻ94ˡ[22] ¹йǷǳձ顣20011230գر񳧷ը˴¼18죬йҰȫ־йȫŷᣬһЩ߾һЩطۼලŹżһʣþֻһλֳȻ˻ش ȫ¹ʵıԭҪ󲻳ȾӦİŽᡱ¹ʵֳӦѭͳһȡ[23] »2003224գһһ̵ϢҰȫֵͳ͸¶2002һ¹107𣬽ӽ14йҵ¹ʾͶ14,000𣬴Լ15,00026֣2,400ˣÿ¹ֻһˣÿ100ֻ˲һˣͳһȡ¹ͳʵš

  3ȫְҵ߷ҵ˽ӪҵԼһЩ̨ҵĹûͶʩְҵж¼ʱз1997꣬йβۼ5312ÿƽԼ6,000ˡ[24] 2000ͳƱ棬ְҵ11,718199914.5ܲУβռ77.7ְҵжռ10.2ְҵжռ6.7[25] ͵ǼԱж¼19991¡2£ʡԱж6һͬʱƤҲж¼¶ЬҵҵҲǱжʡ1999꣬ʡѾ200ڱж[26]19971999꣬ϺнһЬͶ3꣬ͷԱж¼18ж˻ϰƶѪһŮǦж֮Ҳʱз[27]

  4Ƿ˿۹ء˽Ӫʡ̨ҵʱзЩҵϰΪǿľֶΡ1998ͶٲίԱͶ갸͸ߴ31,396[28]һҵͶʳͻռֳͻ75.8[29]2000 6¡12£лԷϰǷ2,000๤˹ʴ1,000Ԫ˼ҵϰ干Ƿ53Ա18ԪǱӡ [30]200129գ㽭Ϫɳ춬򳧷ҪǷĹʣȻ[31]199912£߽ͬһΪ3,000ֻǷн400ԪΪһʱ̸[32]귨ԮоĶũάȨɱһ飬ó½ۣũн踶ĴɱóɱʱɱɱԮɱȫܹ᲻ȫͳƣ200411Ѯȫ񹤵ũ񹤱ǷĹԼ1,000ԪΪ1,000ԪǷнҪ3,000Ԫĳɱ[33]

  5Űʱз¼У1998㶫ݸϪչ񴳧̨ʳ40λũ񹤷ָ¹ʣó˾ͷŹ[34] 20001£ϺֶϻĴӢҪǹŭϰ򸾶ָ[35] ڴɣľԱʵһλаİĦʦ200012¡20013ʱڣǿ39Ρ[36] ֣ݹשϰԴԴһÿ峿4Ҫɵ8㹲16СʱԵǷȱʵù׷˾סز1ƽף͵ð๤ֵŹеĹ˱ϸ첲òҽζзϡǹɶûУÿ챻ϼӿء[37]޷õȫ˲ũ񹤵ݣݱ1998зũ񹤹¹ʾ12,18990%Ƕָƻϱۡ[38]

  ҵϰ֮޿֣ڵõԱӪ˵֧֡вٵϱ¹ƵСúҤܹ֮ڣط֮ΪСйءؽɲÿСúֵࡱʵաѡÿ1,200Ԫ[39] еСúǹӪĸ˿죬ٳаСıЩ˹һ湲ͬ壬ÿСú¹ʺ󣬵Ӫӡ[40]

  2ҵ뷸

  й˿ѹѴӸʾȥʮ꣬йʵһǶйһйͬһйݵĲ࣬ÿһй˶ܷǳԵظоġ80ڳУֻ20ֲũ塣˿ڵķֲ෴30ֲڳУ 70ũ塣ĴС˿ٵĲЭУйΪֱӵĽũ˿ڵĴʣͳʧҵ˿ʱЩũĹʣ˿ڲͳ֮Уëʱ˿ڹʣΪʲ׼ۡͲйڡ˿ڹʣҵ˵ìһֱڣֻǿԼ£޷߳ء

  1978ĸ￪Ժߵɶʹũ߳ء˿ܡ޷ռխũȥũǣֻＷӵĳд˺ܶ⣺оԹʧȥȫУƻűԹλʹ˿ʧ״̬ͶűԹȥ˳˱Ͳôķ룬ʹϾʧҵΪͻűԹ˿ʹеΰƱ൱Ͼ֮޷ٺһ⣺ũʣͶӿУҵλʵҪʹﳣŲ޷¿񹤣ǶԳеΰ񹤱ķչ䲻

  һнסдһ飬ս᣺ȫͶήгʱ١Ȿ˵ͻǾҵ뷸ǽ֯һġʧȥᵼ¡һ޷Ľײ㡱ײԷΪֶΡй˿ڡҵͷ⼸ϵᷢǧ˿ƵϵΪǺͰҵϵһģȻҵûа취Ǿֻһ;Ӷ˵ĲάϵԼ档

  ϱʾ,á˳йĿǰһҲΪ1995ȫдɱˡ١ǿ顢åըǹʵļŷƷŮͯȷӹ274,914ˡ1999ȫԺȫԺȫ깲һ°539,0001227д663,518ˣ14022001·ߴ729,958[41] ݸرﷸʸ߷ȺԵȺ塣ЩԵȺԱķﶯ᷸ѧгø˵

  ÷ߵķ̬˵䷴ΪĸԴйЩԵȺķȴ÷̬˵ǵķﶯʵϣͨԴʵۺϷЩ߶ǰääȱһϵͳ˽⡣ǵķĿǳֱӣҪָǽٲƽɫǲƲͷǳձ顣ЩоΪ䲻²ƲͷǷ߷̬ȵһֱֿ֡ǶԵй·ʵһֹ߹ƣڷ̰۸ΪҪݵľ÷ԷƲͷΪҪݵ·ȻѲʡ

  йԵȺ巸֮ײУǳ״̬йأҲ빲ʶ̬ȱ˵徫񣬲˵йءЩе񹤣ǵļͥڼƶ֮У޷ͥĺһѧҵѵĻᣬʹǼǡԡشԵ״ִ̬淢Ľ죬ЩԵȺԱǱʣֻٲƾԼץסıԼıԵԵλ֮ǱԱֱӵظеѹھ޴ѹ£ǶеԼԽԽ޷չԼǲ֪죬ڸеԼбĿֽУһЩ÷ֶﵽռвĿȻͳ˿ܵѡڶԺܶࡰޡԱʵķУԺؿЩߵ֮£ǿԺ뾶Բԭл򣬹ԱֻҪеãܽ˲˵Щ߶ԼΪȱ˽⡣ڷ߶ԼﶯĲУûмޡԱܶԼķΪռ˲嶯֮κνֻ͡мΪԼ򿴵öǿҲӳˣȷҪٵͷ2001й䶯һʱžＯҪ϶ڶŮƶũͥžԼͳֵܽ߸ĶŮƶͥЩ˵ĹͬǼƶũҲ·ûнִоòŹļ֪ʶ֮գŻɱˣԻȡǮ19984200091գȺɱ22Σ28žеͬʱžϰһũΪҵɾͣžѧϰµټţ𣬰Ƿ׷״Գˡڶž [42]

  ٽͻ֣ᷢ˳Լų̶һľáʹָعϵνʹָʧҵʼͨʹɣһҵĹֱ߸֪εԴжԼ״һоںˮƽй90ǰͨ͵ʹ࣬ 90ԺͨȻסӴ񾭼ѹġĸסĸϱոĸշƶȸĸȣʹоԳܣũ˰ѵգҲʹũ޷ܡ˵ЩӣйġʹָߵԱԳܵĳ̶ȡ

  ˳յ¸Ե֯֯طˡڳҪΪ˴ἯţũҪΪʵĵطǵĴڶй˼Ӱ졣СйɫЩ֯طĴڣ롰ɫ硱ʽƻţǧ˿ƵĹϵһЩĴڡڡסжһλ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢񣺺֯Ĵڻ 					
  				 				 					 					
гֵĺ֯ԱεڸصĴ񡣴90ʼƵڱ־̨ȴýϵġϴһʣĿЩͶΣ·ߡ1996Ϊ5·ȫʼ˰աϴ򡱻ÿڱ˵ľư٣ץסҪ٣Լж١ߡ뷨Ժÿ궼Ҫȫؿչϴ򡱣ԡϴڼ䱻ץˣǴشоƺƴġϴ򡱣ȴûʹй˸еԸǣΪֻҪй˽˶ףνϴ򡱶йϾΰ˵α֮ߣΪײ֧顣治عЩ·ӣɱ١͵ǼŮΪļŮҪ׳ơֱ߼֮µȼŮĸߵȼŮԼ䡱Ǻߣһ֪ũ塣ؾҲ֤ʵ°ЩԱΪӡޡʾͿɿһֻҪ䵽֡ޡ״̬ ζŻ涼⡣

  ɴ˹֮ЩԱȫڵԭ򣬶Ϊҵɾֻ͡Щʵ£һΪ⣬еоϵʱͺܵºǵԼ

  йÿһеıԵϲۼ֮ءдԵǱݺڡڱ300˿ڣԵ͵ԵϵԷۼϣγһЩйϵϿɵġ䡱Щ䱻ý֮Ϊ塱аԭֵġ½塱ϴ塱ҲаְҵֵġҴ塱[43] ݡڵȾ÷ۺϵʽֻԵ͵ԵΪŦϣûְҵϣȴһҲȱѷɫ[44]Щге˶񣬿ûóȷͳ19965¹ڡϴнеһСΧΪͿɼ֮ءڹĸ¥棬вٱΪĴׯԭũ䡣෿ӵԱˣԱϢЩССĴŵйʣ˿ڴǨ˼ЩطԿȫйʡСˣũ֮⣬ҲвԴССеĿŮû䣬ְҵӡ˵ݴӸĸ￪ѰһٶĴ䡣һЩӡʵåŻҲС˿ڵӣΰϾΰһֱǸͷϷ1994꿪ʼһЩطѾܱһƽĹٲǺù١һںţɴ˿ɼΰ֮Ͼνˡ·ԡǣ·ﰸԽԽ࣬ʹͣؿչ᷸ġϴ򡱻ͼʧصΰܣǰӰΰҪǣشٰ࣬Խڵλ˳鱦ΪĿ꣬ǹپ޶Ķ԰·н٣ɱ˷ﰸࣻһЩطŻⱣһЩкʵķŻåΪвѹգΪһЩطΰҵҪԭƷʳƷŮͯ潡ƻƷơĲڲٵطӣ൱ǹ֧ҩըƷ͹Ƶᣬṹɼв[45]

  ˿ӵΰϾɱĶ෢ͿԿϵ1995귢36ɱҪ鸾潡𱹫ο͵ˡЩ˵Уһְҵ߶࣬ռ71.1˶࣬ռ76.3ֶҪ¼֣һǽٲƽɫЩ潴޸֮90ˣҼǮףΪֺĿ꣬ޣɱˣ°߷Ϊнɱ֮ʵͨǽƫƧĵطɱ˽ٲơ⹴ᣬıɱ潻鸾οͻĳԤĵص㣬ıԷɱݹŷɫǹԼǿķǷΪֻҪ˫̸˽⣬ܴɡסһһתΪʱкܴԺԣǹƽʱյġԵߡ[46]

  ĺ֯͵ЩȺ۵С19966ץһش˿ڷＯΪžһĴΪѪԵϵΪŦĺ֯һŻľ߹ģת֮ЧҲ˳Ծ199614һζʱڣַ300Ů[47] Щ֯ƳԱֶҪǱ;ֶΡ

  ָδļʮмǲʵʵĻ롣ΪĹʣ˿ڣֻʹѩһԽԽ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ֵþŮԷ 					
  				 				 					 					
һΪֵӵķȺ壭ŮԷ顱ָ90ŮԷ࣬80ƽ30ϣռȫ᷸ʵ 20ҡ[48]ڷ˿ڡԼƲ;÷ﵱУвŮԡԣԹ㶫ʡΪͿ֪һ1996111415 գ㶫ʡʡŮ쿪ŮԷʱָǰ㶫ŮԷ5ص㣺һŮԷͱӣͳʶԪչ1995㶫ץŮԷռץ񰸷1.9199619£ץŮԷռץ񰸷4ȥŮΥΪеŮ潡ڵŮﷸУɱˡ˿ڵȶ͡19965¼ƻĴƽصķΪشŮŻͬвŮԲСΪڹ˿෸ΪУŮǱϿ崿ϲŮ棬ƭɹ൱󣬲ƭ߸뵽ԼһСŮӾЫĳ[49] ǷԱʶԪĻ̶ձǳ£ѧ߲Լ긾ŮҲռ൱ԭʡշ޶̰ܻۡ߰һϵͳƽ̰50Ԫܻ700ԪǲƲ͡ͷͻ199619£㶫ʡŮԲԡթƭַƲԼռŮﷸĽ˳ɡͷÿԽϿٶȵǷأֶײСɱ˺УһͶ163ж18ɥ199676ڴӹݿڵгϷһ߱г7Ůʬͷ­ͼһλ糾ŮӣɱľϵеλŮĿǽٲơ[50] ǷʽŻﻯ෸ŮԶͬһŮɫձˣ硢Ӧߵá[51] 1995ƻСɱ˼ţ˿ڣо5ͲŮ꣬רɫȦףŻɱ˽ٳٲơɾýĹ

  ŮԷӰ֮ԷҪԶöࡣ⡰Զ˵һҲţΪŮնҪΪĸףĸǶŮǵĵһλʦ˸˵ʦǵΪ˼뷽ʽؽӸӰһĸ׶ŮӰ֮룬ЩŮԽԺֱŤĵ¹ۺΪʽȻͨԴ̣ӸӰһΣдϼ֤ʵʵһȨ70ڸĸз¼ļͥĸз¼ļͥŮ86ΪЩ¼Ůһְҵߣĸ׾¹һҵϳ൱ŵ̬ȡ

  ŮԷй˺ǷǳԶġ˵һҵδĸϡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ߡ¼˿ľ 					
  				 				 					 					
˿йĸӰѲݺӣⷽз1996ġ¼й쾯ӡ

  19961£㶫ҪнҪ帾Ͷɱ˵ش·ﰸ¶Ժ󣬴˶öһͨ帾ݣʮֻЦȴӶɱֵɣĸԴ˿̫࣬һ¼̺壺˿ؽΪΣǱ㡣ǰд˿ڣйһʱ߼Ԥе־ĳֻ֣Ԥø죬벻ǣȻһũͶɱַ˼ķ˵ʽִֻġ˿Ȼơ

  ĻʱһƪΪǰĲɷãϸλͨũ߼ۡݣԵúСС԰סʵһݲɶõѧоϣ߽Ҫ¼֮£

  ߣΪʲô״

  ţԼȥ롣಻ĶΪ̫ɡΰã͵ɱûɡëʱĸͷʳ꣬ڵǡꡱԺëʱк͵ɱھëʱ״Աȣʱȷ᲻ģҪһ㣬԰ɡ

  ߣһ˿ͨ;ȥᣬҪͶɱ˰

  ţˣ˷ŶɱǲԵģ÷Ŷһ·ȥɱ˿ھƽˣԼΪΪԼ

  ߣǷΪ᲻ƽȱ˲

  ţΪ롣Լзݲȥ룬ôУԼΪ롣ҿֹ˴֡

  

  ߣΪĸʱũȽ츻ԣ

  ţͲԣܳƽ⡣

  

  ߣƽʱЦСͷʱǳԶҩܲѽ

  ţΪ£ΨƷⲻв̡

  

  ߣ㶮ڽ𣿵̡ô£㶮

  ţЩҶֲõֲǹɱӦַʽΪùңҪⷽ

  ߣڴﱻ˳ơʦ

  ţƽʱڴҺ͸˶̸˶˵ҺãΪһҪȺڸùϵ񡱺ҪġһƣƺҪɶ񣬲Ÿó£ˣôóɣ

  ߣЩ˼ǲǱ˹ģ

  ţҶ꼶ԼģΪΪȥͶΪԼӦõġ

  ߣôԼΪ

  ţ˶ңͶƷΪҴ󲿷ݣΪ˵Լ߷֮⣩

  ûԼ˼ͨũԼĿλмᡱ

  һëʱ᣻ʶڵ⣻е˿ѹ̫ǹ㶫ˣطÿġ񹤳ʹֿȻȻ£ԼĶӸбҵûܾҵʹ˿ѹе¡˼뵫ֲ̣ҼʶǱһΣյ֮СЩԵֵΪУԿṫֵŤ˺ֿµĳ̶ȡ

  ¼ΣźӦȫĸ߶Ⱦ衣

  Ϊͨһ¼Ӧóע⵽һ⣬Ըĸ﾿Ӧ֪ⷽʶʶģû˻ỳҡĸֱᾫ10һԣعα޳ܵʱον⡱˿⡱׶˲Ǹĸģ̵ƸԴʷԴйƶȴӿʼһעйʷˡһ㵱ȻǶũʶġһ40йũ޷ǡĸ͡ĸʱɳ׶ȡľӪڡĸʱڹʶ̬ڷͥ˵ġɱʬǳɶѣǰĸʽԣԼΪΪԼϿɵġߡĿģԲֶȥùҡпԵõ֤ʵΪǡĸѪȵŵƽʢеûܵսתȴ״̬ܵɡߣȴûܡԸĸľж״̬йءԸܴʧ䣬һʱĴжϽݻɶĲ̬йʷˮӢΪеͿ˵ΪΪùҡͿö˵ķ˿ڣ˼һеĹϵƺԹйĻԼӱ˵֮䣬ʼûнһ

  һ飬ٿʹڸһ㣺ĸѡϵеķʽйΨһԱ𵴽ת͵Ļᡣ˵å޲ʶԻʶǸĸĴС⼸˼ԷʷܽѾˮƽϧֻ˼һ˵ʶݱ֪в˾Ȼͨ˶ﵽƶĿģҲ֣ҿ϶ĽֻʹйޱߵĿ֮С  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ˡ˿⣺ϵļ̳ 					
  				 				 					 					
ǽ۹ųһ㣬ͻʶ˿ȷʵйиʵ⡣ڶķͥ滤УһԼɱǡΪңΪ񡱣ΪҡŸ뷸ܸԴ˿̫࣬淽ʽ޷ƣɱ˷ʽ˿ڣԱŵܹֱ滤ΣǶǣʹʵµŲ档˵Ϊᣬκ˶ӵаȨ˵ǡΪй˿ȷʵ̫࣬ܶⶼɴ˶

  ڡ˿ڣйһУ̸ҪʷԵȴʵǳʱйʵʷĶԻдǲԺҺ̸й˿⡣⵹ҲȫΪҸȤתо¡ΪҾ˿йڼδĶӰ켺ۣЩججθе֮⣬˿ĽӦɳҰʶ

  ǣ̸۲ڲٹע⡣ʵһֱڹ۲йͨʲô;ְĹʣͶԼΪũ˿ڵΪΪԤУֻҪлĴ˲ı¸ϰߣؽܵȻǳı˿ϵļ̳棬йķչͰԼͽĻۣΪƷ

  ˿ѹɵĻȾѲݺӡ˴ɾȥһΣڱĳԶͿƶ֮䣬ũѡ˺ߣԻʼӶԵʹáԻΪúȫ1,000270,000ƽϡաɽʡũΪ˷չã˲ʯҷ﷨立ƽȶԻȾСֽÿҪɹҵˮˮ23ڶ֣ҵˮ׼֧ܳԼ3,000ĺӶΣɥʧʹùܡרҾ棬ٲȡϴʩ5ԺӽκôӶŮܵԼɵĳͷ 19959·ڽˮϡ٣ҵˮڻӣȾĻˮѸٶ񻯣סڻˮѡһЩֽΧũաٹӣѱɺˮӣũţ˱ѬϹ۾в˻θ[52] Ϊƶԭʼ󣬴Ӻµ76·ϣ6,000Ǧп¯ӣֱвԶĲݺҼȻĽƻ̬ƽ⣬¯һƬƣ¶ˮߣֻʣ²Ұ׵ʯͷ͸õԭӵըżһǲ˴ж壬Χũ󶼻˺[53] ȾԼļ԰Ϊۡƶ£ڹݷȫضСͳƣڴȾũλԭǺ1995Ϊ169.38/10,ռ26.38ũ1991101.00/101995111.43/10ˣռı17.25Ϊũڶλ[54] ũʹԼһáȦԽԽԽԽΪ˿١ƶֶԻӶʹãʹԼɥʧ˴ɾȥһΣ

  й̬ȾֹֻҪĶһܾÿȱ棬й̬Ⱦ״ͻĿ֮Св㣬йˮȾɵʧҪռGDP8%пԺ㣬Ⱦʹйչɱƽˮƽ7%Ⱦ̬ƻɵʧռGDP15% [55]

  йһֳָ˵ڹ̬ڳ˿ڣȫ22ʡҪǨ1.86ˣܹ˿ڵĹ㶫Ϻ㽭ϵʡֻܽ3,000ˡʱȫ1.5˿Ϊ̬[56]

  йĿǰֶԪýṹ£ִòŶʣͶɷǳޣҵⷽ漺ŬݿԿ⵽ⷽ湤ļԣйũͶ4.2ڣԤ90кũͶƽ2.07ÿͶ9201993Ļ㣬20ĩũͶﵽ51,081.6򣬵2010Ԥƻﵽ62,696.7򣭣⻹Щ©ͳݣڳбԵӴġλӡÿ˿ڡʣͶĴڼǲʵ򾭼õŶ١Ϊ֤80ĸ֮ڣũʣͶ1.3ڵ1.6ڣԶԶϲ˿ڹģţũʣͶ޹ơְӴ˿ڲؽΪΣǱ㡣

  Ŀǰй˿ϰũ壬ڳСΪļƻ߶Ծ˿൱ԼҼвٳ˼ʶйϵڹũ壬ĹĻ֧ǵΪǽũڷ֯ĸˣʹй ĴͳĻõˡʵϵ֧֣ͥڼеĵλڼ˶࣬ũеλ˿Ҫᱳ£ǼһƶϴũҲȸԣͥѷɫй˿ڵܹģֺǵ¼Щػ߾ġϣ̡ƶũͥЩͥ ԽԽԽԽԷȦѹÿΪͺĽãǼ㡰ɱǳ򵥣пڷԾС˵壬ֱЩͥʹǵĺ˵ĻȨ޶ȵĽ˹ġ˿ֱֲۡı桶ļޡһй˿ںԴǣԼй˿ΣۣԵ÷ǳңԶ˿ǿֻĿںź֪ʶӵĴСְˡũɲƻΪֶΣũйֱӵıԹ֮һǼƻ

  ӦԹʣ˿ڵжԲ߶ǸԵα֮ߣֻ˵ʤ޵Ĳȴʩ罫ũ򻯺͹ҵΪũʣͶҪעũҵķչȵȡ˵ЩʩʤޣΪЩʩչض󡣱򻯺͹ҵڸ߳ʱڶϲ˿ڵҪ۽ƽչʱڡ

  ʾ⣬ԶԶʵǰ㴥Ŀġ˭֪ĿǰйͶߵλ£ԴͶгļбͶ߾ԹĽ죬ǡͶİ䲼Ҳ޷ӸϸͶߵĴµǰäĿж޷Щҵ֮صäգһ͵١˿ڡΪ潡˶ƷĴἯšЩΪ޶ΪваȫĶге˿ھۼأǸַΪļзءЩԵȺǵĺڳбԵǺִȻֻһ֮ԶҲ޷ԽһִǲΪִлĶǵĶ䣬ȴҪΪǸصĴۡ

  ǿһʵκΣȣ˿Σһ̵Σйûͨ͡ܡ䲻ͷʹ⣬ǽְ˿ڵ棬Ҳ龫ǣӦһᣬһʧȥǿһµı֮Уå޲ʶĶ, 䡰ϵҲ걸ʴҩµԩ껹ֻ18ԼĵΣá֮ȥ񡱣һå޲߹䡰ΪùҡӵаȨġĸʽὫ龰֮ɲбɱ18ж160ˣǧǰʵ˲ĳ֡

  õ˹ڡ˿ԭ˵ĻȻƶƺ಻ҵԵͻԭʵЩƶȻ򣨼˿ֳĸٹ̵ԭȣֻ΢ҸƮĶйѵΪĵزȴҲ˾ͼ˵˿ںͻУйϵĽʹԼֶѭ˵ʡ¼ʾǣν½Ҳ߳塱ߵ߼򵥵طӦÿһ˵֪֪Ѿйµһߣ֮⣬йûбķ߿ءǿǣ߻ǿƶϣҲ˵й뽨һܹ᲻ܹ๫ƽԭƶȣǰݡ

  й˵ǰͽȫĹؼֻ棬Ҫйں޼ֵ״̬档

  ------------------------------------------------------------

  [i] Ͷ˿ڿ۳ҵ˿ڼΪʧҵ˿ڡھ㣬2000йʧҵ˿Ϊ1ڣʧҵΪ12.4Ҫע㣺һйϷڸʵʧҵ˿ݣڹͳƾͳƵĳҵ˿Уһδκҵҵʧҵ˿ڣ¸ڴԱ1999 Ϊ5,4382000Ϊ6,2866,286ʧҵ˿ڼʧҵ2000йʧҵΪ20.2ȫʧҵ˿1.63ϡڶڹͳƾֽδ־ҵũҵ˿ڣ˼ʧҵȻǵ͹ġ

  [1]·棺顱ءĻʱ19981120ա

  [2]̸.ڲ桷199812¡

  [3]Ĵ˿ڡڶĿġ̱2000714A9档

  [4]ũ壬ɺӵ֧ŵ㡱лʱ2000725ա

  [5]»߻ȫȨʵǰҵƣ1400ľҵȱ»Ϣ20040906աע1,400ָǳ˿ڵľҵũ塣

  [6]ȫЭί廪Ϊũδؽߡ¾www.thebeijingnews.com 2005313 

  [7]ֻ2.5ũϱܷչгᡱhttp://media.163.com2005225գԭڡϷĩ

  [8]ƾ־200110ڡ

  [9]й걨20011121ա

  [10]Ϣձ19941229ա

  [11]йͳ19972001

  [12]ҹ࣬10%ռ45%вƸ»2005617գwww.XINHUANET.com

  [13]ũҵũ徭⡱йʱ2000330յ8档

  [14]йгñ1995524ա

  [15]ͶڲΡ19974µ41ҳ

  [16]ǹҵŮ鱨桱ѧ19984¡

  [17]̱ĩ1998927ա

  [18]й±1999621ա

  [19]ҹְҵֺſͶԲߡͶȫ뽡19961ºš

  [20]Ͷ19976£1996ȫȫͨ

  [21]ҵѡйѡ2005325գhttp://www.chinaelections.com/

  [22]Ϸ細20026ϣϵ˻

  [23]ձ2001117ա

  [24]ܿ1999520ա526գİš

  [25]»籱200149յ磬ءڷƱ2001410յ4档

  [26]лʱ1999317A7档

  [27]Ͷȫ뽡20001£ҵľ

  [28]Ͷ顷19995ڵ17ҳ1999Ͷ鴦

  [29]»ժ20006ºš

  [30]ڡϷб200116A07档

  [31]ձ2001219յ1档

  [32]ĩ1999312յ3档

  [33]άȨɱ飺׷1ǧǷн3ǧڳɱй걨200569ա

  [34]ܿ19981022ա1028գ2档

  [35]Ϸб200011717档

  [36]Ϸб2001325A06档

  [37]ܿ19996£ܵ130ڡ

  [38]︲ڲͶȫ״ǡձ1999331ա

  [39]Ϸб200169գA18档

  [40]йʱ199863յ3棺úΪ¹Ƶйҵ1998122գܣСúҤ֮

  [41]1996ꡢ20002002Ժ档

  [42]Ϸĩ2001419ա

  [43]Ϣձ1996518ա

  [44]Ϣձ1996518ա

  [45]лʱ1996429ա

  [46]Ķ֣ɱĵڷƱ1996110ա

  [47]19966¡ڷƱڵ̨ȴý

  [48]ﾧңйŮӼּǡҳ2002档

  [49]̱1996616ա

  [50]Ϣձ1996824գ糾Ůʬ

  [51]19961119գŮԷأŮٹ̶Բߡ

  [52]ձ1996422գϷĩ1996412ա

  [53]Ϸĩ1996823գƶĴۡ

  [54]лʱ199665գ1995淢Ⱦӳũ塱

  [55]й̬ʢΣ Ϸ細20052££

  [56]й̬ʢΣ Ϸ細20052££  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ھ¡йũ̵֯ʧ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					
Դ1978ũĸ￪ʼйũһζݵķ֮90ڣũ巢չͣ״̬ڸܷĵȨ״̬£һһֵνĸʩ̨Ϊɲļȵһıũϻƣһĺữ̡Ҫ̽ũڲƹϵı仯Լ̡

  һũ

  йľøĸʹйũ˷ǳ޴ı仯ԭ֯ũ缺壬ֻ֯ʽĻ֯ίᣬ۴ںǴ뵱Ĺϵϣ˾޴ı仯ڸصʷĻܲһֱ仯ʶ̬һֱ仯ɳ֮ΪũġϹ̡һϹʹ崦ڿǰĻɢ״̬ũҪ֯£ũ񶼸Լ籾˵شԼ֯߹ҵͼ廯ͱ֮Ϊҵгģʽ߹ҵ߼廯򱻹ԡҵ֯ģʽģʽǵĵ㣬͹ҵͼ廯ģʽǵйũģʽ

  1߹ҵͼ廯

  غ͡۽罫֮Ϊҵгģʽ㶫ɽɽ˳¼㽭ݵȵءԡģʽΪͻģʽصǵطȽгԷԡЩھ÷չ磬͵ĶԼԶķΪþӢԼطξӢĳɳṩõũԭеĵɲ֮⣬ֲ˴ľˡЩڷ֯Ҳڲãвȣ֯ȻҪСöࡣ⣬ЩŽ磬ԽԵΧѰʽĺ׶ΣѾʼŵʽѰصǣһ棬ԭ֯ȻڲãȻǴˡһ棬оùܵ֯԰ЭᡢЭᡢЭᡢˮҵЭҵЭҲս졣Źϵһгϵ罻ϵķչƷгȽвԵϵΪŦڷ֯Ȼһֽ

  2߹ҵ߼廯

  ϵ;вͣ绪塢ׯЩĵطͣ۽罫Щ֮Ϊҵ֯ģʽֳơģʽģʽҪص󲻷֣ҵĹߣҵչʽṩߺͷճеߡԭµ£ʱת򣬷Լе֯ܣֶ֯ΣҵӶʹ֯֯϶Ϊһ֯쵼Ҳ϶һǵ͵ǿᡣҪǼƣغḻ塢˽ӪȸʽҵСЩطصǣȨм̳ԣԭеɲһֱǵũŷ䡣ϻʱׯӱׯʷأЩڸĸ￪ǰһֱǵصĻ쵼ڸкܸߵţ൱ǿ֯ᾭ顣Եũ˵˵Щ൱ǿͰʱ۹⡣һʹǳ˸ĸʱǵĴ£ǰԼ˸һȫĵطʵؿ˵Щ˵ͳַǡܲӴָ˸ĹʽǷǵסֵֵ̽ǣһȫڸչĹҵܶԵִ֯𵽶ƶã͵ڱֵľԣ޷ִĵ·ߵøԶ

  ߹ҵ߼廯ͷõ˳µ£ΪЩ쵼˲ԭռһλԭũ֯ĸˡ֮ǱϵͳڲĻ֯Ĵ绪ġϰ塱ʱԭĴ֧飬ʸϣ50һֱεصĴ֧顣ׯʷظ򵥣ȫģȫ˴ίίԱʡءػ쵼ְ񡣸ǵ¸ĴͷˣϻǾϣǼܵ˵ӵҲܻ֧֡Щط˵ڻȨ֯ͷﻻ⣬ֻʱͳεݺʽ˱仯ѡһ˵ЩֻҪĺ󳾣в棬ڵθμһ;仹쾭֮¡ֵעǣ90ڿʼ󲻷ֵġģʽ˼ѣҪı׶һȨԴã򾭼ýṹͬҵ֮˹ȾɲԼƲġɫ˽СصĵطԱҳ硢ȹŪٺ͸󣬲ټҵʵϳ˼ҵ

  3͹ҵͼ廯

  вա͡ũҵش󣬷ũҵֻռСıũҵ˿ռơȻҲһЩ¸ľˣ٣ʵҲǿ޷γӰļŶԵ񷢻áʵгаԺϺͼƲɢũУԭ֯ʧȥ˶Դ¢ϼȨ̱̱״̬ڴ£ũҪдԼ֯򽻵伣ʮļڷ֯Ӧ˶ϡյȵصڷ֯ر𷢴ΪʵյȨũ֯

  ϡԲͬķʽµҵгģʽ͡ҵ֯ģʽֻйũִеļ壬ǵĴ˵йũʵ쵼ʵ£߳ôһִ֮·ǾԲйתũֵ̬˼ĵЩ֮Ĺũϻ͵ı仯ڷ֯ĸˡȨåũĺữԵغִεĿ걳ۣǺ˵йѾһûϣ״̬  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

йũڷ֯ĸ 					
  				 				 					 					
ΪһũҵŹйũĻһֱԼйĻòӰйķչ̡80йũ帴˵ڷ֯ٻйũҵĻʷҲҪʾйִлѽķִ⡣

  ڵ͹ҵͼ廯ȡԭũ֯ĲЩũӢɵĿƼţڷ֯

  1йũڷ֯˵ԭ

  1949ǰڷ֯һֱйĻ֯ȨҲһֱǹȨͲ䣬ߴһͬ״̬1949ԺйǿԵشģչл廯˶ͼһдоۼ֯ԲƲ͵طΪȨڹũйԭԵĽײƶũ̺֮ƻԭȨƽ⣬֯ʽ֯˹ũˣڹũ͵ڷ֯űݻ٣ֹͣ

  Ҫڷ֯ǰִ֯ϵͳΨִƽſʵ֣ëƺһ㣬ë͡˶ֶδӱͿᡣԣйũʵʵԵڷ֯ڷ֯ȴûдӸϼԴʹйũ1983ʵаԺڷ֯ѸвͶϲĹũӡ

  νڷ֯ԴԿ죬һڷֲ֯ĵȻʡִУԴ֯ʽǶ͵ĸıҪءⷽ棬1949ԺȡĴʩǰִʱڵ߸߱ԺͱԡǰִʱڵйһԵǶԸǨгȨơ1949Ժйȴȡϸ˿ǨгߡӲԼ߼ǿ˸֮ķԺԣʹɾ÷չ״ͳסϰũ˿ڷֲ1949ǰһӸйͨгﵽһ廯ִ·ͬʱйȴֶ෴Ŀ꣺ߣũеһϵּڸũ˶ֻʹũ˾ҵ𵴣ûнũѭ򽥽ִչ̡ʵ۾˿ڷֲȻ֮ͬԷزڹͬ໥֧ԮϵҪ󣬴ʹǼǿϵԣʹʱڣڷϵεʽáܶũļʵͬƣȨ֯ĳԱҲԱΣһ˵ε֧ǣЯѪԵߵδӻơӪŮΡӳ֧ǺͱԱְ֮ˣνӵ֧顢Ӹɲ飬طʵϾǼͥ顣

  һ棬ǰִʱеĻֵûеõı䡣ǧԴѪͳݵʽڽ̡ԼɵԳϵֵ缺Ϊ徫񣬹ũڷ˼Ǹٹ̣ҪıԴԶĻֵۣǼ˶Чġй缺γȺϰߣڷֻ֯ǸıڶȺ壨༴ȨƣʽδȺڶȨƵ1983йȡΪСƶȺһֱ״̬ũȻʧȥ쵼󣬶ʱеʹͿ־壬ʹͿ־岢üͥаõΪ˲ϰûС쵼Լճ״档ũм֯ڿհ׵״̬£ѪԵϵͱʹũһ쵼תƵͬڡͬյǿϣָЩǿܱԼΪԼȫҴȫкĳЩ档ǳձ飬ڵз֣߼һΪ壬Ӿ

  2ڷ֯йũĲ

  80вͶغȵũһЩкͷԭũеĸɲͼеˣԼȡűά壬ĳƵѾסáأڷ֯Ժϡա㽭ȵصΪ͡

  ָݣһھ򡢻ָָڷ֯Դףάޡɵȵȣһǰ䲼棬쵼شƽԭĺǡܹСëе򣬴1985½ʼȻΪ֯׻Щ׻ģƴ󣬺ޣʱꡣһ㶼ȳ»ᡱƲһеĵطơ׾ְ֡Ϊˡ峤СͷĿƶϸ׼ƻ»ƾ硢ӡˢС飬ֹܸˡ׵ݹ涨ڿʼɽˮ桢ֵصȲƲҪס׷ʱտɣϡ߷֮νһжʾк󣩣շѽһΪߡе廹뷽跨ϱһЩͬ壬ν֮塱¼ļ뽻ɡѡ¼Ϻ󣬾ͿʼӡˢסʵԺģ߶СӡˢʵԲľԹ豸ӡѨռΪ׹˸ӡ˴ֻӡˢ豸ԪһʮٱϺˣԱϯЩףѡдͷĿһ֯磬棬涨ԱȨ񣬲ھиڷ֯ѾʵݡʾЩڷ֯սũзӺܴãΪ֯࿹֯[1]ʵЩ֯ලũڵ֯ίҪɫöࡣġ¼ǹ㶫ʡڷطʵһ¼19918һֱ19946£м侭ԿװѹƽϢ㶫տв80ھͿʼ֯װڴả̲1996꿪ʼطȸԤʧܸգ1997йֳָһװжбƵ뺣ֱ20014£տг2,500װ죬Χ1,887˵Ĵׯ66ˣ㽫һѹȥ[2]

  3ڷ֯ũĿ

  ķͥϾʾ80ڷ͸вũĸ棬ũΪڷ֯Ŀ֮¡

  ڷ֯ȼĹͶũɥļܡ߽㶫ϵһЩ۲쵽Щطȼľڲ̶ͬȵ޸˽[3] õĽơλСʱ䡢ԱɺС뾭ѵĳȵȣٵطγϵͳƶȡͬʱ˵ɥҲ˳ɹ棬߼ǣй̱빧峤ڳϼ࿴бأ鷳ڸŮżҲɱĴģɥ¼ǱȱȽǣݸطԺĲϣ㽭ĳ1988귢216Ĵʡĳ1989귢41[4]

  ӪĸԤƶȡʵмͥаԺ󣬲йβȨʹȨĲ𣬵ʵϹũѻص1949ǰԼͥΪӵԴ״̬

  ũѾϰ֯ⲿ緢ϵũϹУ֯հ׵ֻͬͬڵľ塣ЩͷʱڵĶӳ֧ȣΪһЩϹ֮ЧĸȨһ棬Щ˾нϷḻ֯ͽϹ㷺ϵЩһũȱڸصЩҲʼȨλڷĲ߻֯Ϊ徭쵼ߣڸԴķԱİţһоþס徭ĳ֣йгõĿݡΪгԽľýṹ徭Ҫӵö࣬ںҲҪ㷺öࡣ

  ڷ֯ʵѶԱʹ˾ȨӺܶڷ֯Ѿ߱˽пơ֧൱ĹϵÿжɿΥʱܵӹȰֱͷݡݲٱֽ¶ũڷ֯˽гͷʱֱҵ߷ṫµҪִϷְͰһ͸ĴľͰ£ƶĲҾʱзڱ׳ʬԭСʬٵһʯͷУ1990Ը㽭ĴݡϡʡֵĲȫͳƣνҹ¼6114ˡЩʵԵطӳĳЩȨʵѳΪ˾ȨƽеһȨⷽΪأԵطİѳѡ淶͡򻯡ʡί칫1995桢ǭ߽4,000 Ļ֯˵󣬺ۣڹĴ弶֮֯ϣȨѴ˻Ȩ桢ǭ5կ壬϶峤ѳŴ񣬴嵳֧쵼˵еԭл֯ڵ֯ͬһĳй𻨴ġίԱᡱͳŴ嵳֧ʹίĹеԭĻ֯ͥЧֹڸõصִСĳصġίԱᡱķɷҪ壩ίԱϿɣִСһЩطֵΥ⼰ͥ׵ȣֱ峤ϰ桱£ԡִ桱ִʱзһЩطͷΥռ޽ãֹ֯1995Ԫ£ĳϻƽŴ峤˿˰׼ءɲЩطĴ弶֮֯ԷҪǵصũɲԾøĸԺӦЩʼ£أشǵġǣѧϰòϣҵû¸Ըûá[5] Ϊڵش޷Ϊҳһ¸֮·ɥʧȨǵţյ»Ȩλ

  ģũڷ֯ѳΪũҪũֻظ廯ǰȻ䣨༴壩ΪӵɽˮľԴ״̬ũڹϵĲƲȨִɽˮء¼ʱзɴ˶ģеݵ飬Ŀǰйũе֯ܡģҵص㣬ͷĿеָӣپлɲֵ˲߻֯һ㶼ƶܵжƻеͥ˿ںصȷѡ׳ܹ꣬ѵ˺ͻ䵱Ա¾սʿŮСṩڷȵȡеߣ涨ơɥᡢı׼һЩ廹߷ʿ֤顱辭Ѱ̯ԡߡͿ峤ߣֱ涨˽ʹʩ֯£ũеࡣÿԪ۵ơ桢ۣԼɺꡢɽʱڣеĸ߷ڡ50ͬǣٵطйزŲûʾũὡȫչĻġֻڳִģе£Źũΰ״ʵֹҲǷȱȡΪевڡ֯ܵص㣬ڻ֧£ؼ֤Ϊ֪˾ܾ֤α֤ͻʹŪ塣ʹԲֲμʩӳͷҲֻͷе֣Ļ֯߻ߺѽгͷԱΪ޷ơִзͥоʱܵıƣܽĳʡͳƣʡһڷ2,568У 279Ϊ279𰸼˹Ա308ˣٻ6Ħг21ǹ֧27[6] ¼ķ˵˵طũطʹũᶨһֿΪҷڹΪǿΪԡûãֲֻ֧ܱԼ棬͸ǿڷ֯ʹڷ֯ĸ˲ɶֹ

  4֯˶й̵ִӰ

  ִĹؼ֯ڷ֯ʽеĹֻǾĻĸ飬мִ֯ϵĴ¡

  ڷ֯ĸ飬ܽΪĻʷԡԭй֯ߵıȻ1949Ժйģʽֵؽִ֯Ҫ󣬵ȴķչںܳһʱڣһ֯Ϊ˼ԴЩ쵼µȺ壬ʵȱӸˡͥڸˡͥ͹֮ʼȱһָ湲ͬͬġͳһ˫֯ϵϵֽһж֯¡ķֶνֹκʽ־ԸϵֶΣȷʵǳЧظִм֯ĿԡȻμȨҪȴɥʧһִм֯ũ֯ϵĿհףڷ֯ǸΪѼ弰ͥȵλּһ̶˹ũʵҪ£ɺֶȡڷ֯Ѿûжܡʵ֤80ʼĴ֯һȱȱݵϵͳǿǰ϶ηηΪľء

  ǣĻֲھʱϵĻ֮ϣ֯صִġѾԴڵ˿ںͲԴʧص⣬Ӱٽڼֳ

  (1) ڷ֯³ĳ˴ͳԸԿƵĻ֮ĳ֣ڹȨ֮⣬ڶԸ˽иֱӵĿƵķǹȨֺ͹˾ȨݵȨչȥƱصȨλ֯ṹ˻Ϊм֯ԼΪλζŽֱḺġˣҡģʽ˻ΪɼḺġˣ壭ᡱģʽƽ̵ִᶯԸΪλΪִҪƶĽ壬ֲڼʵӵг֮ϣҲֲִм֮֯ϣľʺڷ֯˵Ҫǲݵģǡġʱڵ˼£˴

  (2) ֯ĸһα¶һ⣺йִԴй˵ۡǰִйصȹʢУ黯ܴãʷŲȫϮʹйķͽʱҲ޿κεسԼ벻иغ黯ڷϵٶʢУֻʹֶеøΪѣִƽٲά衣

  (3) ǿ֯ԹҾǱڵΣաѪͳȹҵǿԱ͹Ϊ̬ΪҪأôҪԱʵЩ治һµĿ꣬ء

  ˵֯йũеĸˣ۴ĸǶȹ۲죬һĻ˳ؽ¾ҵͻڵķչ׳ζйִһ·  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ϻƵĻ䣺طγ 					
  				 				 					 					
йвڷ֯ƽзչһֵطȨϵĵطֶĲũȨ߶ȸܵıȻ

  1ũȨĸ߶ȸ

  80йũٵǻȨå֡åͻıǻɲĸ߶ȸܣũǸȺϵ߶Ƚţʱбͻ

  йũ˰Ѹ֮أѾйʷκһΪκη⽨60⽻ͷ˰Ĺ涨йڲκˣͷ˰ȻطԲѵΪ˰ѵûʽڣʵҪԭ֮һҪɲйȨƵأҲ˵ҲֻһĸɲµĸɲʵũϽ˰й˵ƽ28˾ҪһԻ˲ⲿµĸɲ[7] 1978ĸ￪źɢ磬һ֯ĶһֱȷʵѾӵʵһȨ任ʽһ졣ӦŴ롢ʡӴĻãͣҲЩССһҵλҵԹٷԽԽ࣬γӴ漯šʹڴһҲкܶøֹϵУˡٷĹ׼йʱعһλũд쵼һţλũ̸1978꣬ڵֻ30λɲ1998ȴ360λҪĸɲǮȻǴũϹΡжƪ̸ũõ룬ѾϽ˰ܶũӷũóһɸ˰ѡ

  Щְ£̰۸̶ܳ˷ָݵ飬2001꣬йծܶߴ2,000ҡ[8]кʡ˵ȽءϺⶫع2421ծծܶ2,500Ԫ൱ڸһũҵ˰1.5ָծɲ˷ݳйأԴȣÿÿڳԺȵдøߴʮԪࣻ䱸ֻÿɲÿֻķþʹԪСɲסسǣҪ䱸ר[9] ʡĪˣ1998ףʡָծۼƴ59.3Ԫծߴ88.4ƽծ200Ԫ[10]йȻֻкʡˣȫũίĲֲ͸Ƿǳձ顣йũҵ1998֯һȫũ弯ʲ飬ʲռʧ[11] ɽʡ۰سǹϹֵһλ43굳֧ݺ󣬴ڿҪ˵199119981,100Ԫôġ [12] ʡǰŴ19942000乲1,200ĶزѴ4,000֮ޣÿֻõ4,000ԪĲôһڼδ֧ǸŮϵ[13]һλʡĸϰ̸ɲĹϵάֵģλϰ˵ڸٵձ빫飬Ҫ¾͵ͣҲͣɲǻҲΪ㡣ҪͱģǮˡҪǴ峤ǡ̡˰쵼һξ͵5,000 ԪһÿΡλϰ˵ÿһ͵56Ԫ[14] سһЩɲ3ڷԺִ򡰰׳԰׺ȰãԿ˵һСĶ¥[15] ͬĸɲǶ׳԰׺ȣԿ˸ҷꡣ[16]ʡԴ201ĴɲһԵ1,000 [17]ϻĳ199382114ҵвΥԱ1,505ˣΥͽ91.3Ԫ1994ֶ8Ĳ6Ĳָɲھ⡣[18] ʡ̫糤ǵ룬ʱһ޴Ĳڶ1995굽19984£1,772Ԫ֧ߴ 3,641Ԫʵʸծ1,936ԪǸ1.1ȫũ˾̯500Ԫ[19] ɽʡҴ壬󣬱Ϊƶ塱һƶ19931995굣δ嵳֧ǵԸɳһ󴮡̰۷ƶ5,000Ԫֵ1,000Ԫľһף˽ҪѧУ·1.1Ԫũҵ˰Сۿ1,500 ԪװԼ̰۹2.24Ԫȡ˽桢ù黹˽˽ӪֶΣŲù3.236ԪԺÿ20 Ԫ潣αץ[20]̷ƶҲʱ[21]

  ŰʹøȺϵ߶ȽšȫѾũɲ߱˰ѶɱİһЩԱǿǿ˽̣Ƿнũǿ鸾Ů[22] дϸٵ鷢ЩԹᷨ٣ڱλоߡ߹ṫ죬״ĴȫץͶηмִԣǱŹ򣬾Ǳ̰ٸϷͥ[23] ¸ҵĴҪ߱ɲ㶫ʡɶɽϴѡ鳤ȣ[24] ߸ɴ౻ɱʡӪ¥ũԴίһЩΪйزŷӳ糤Ӣռʹɲ[25] Ա֮γһ֡ٹ໤Ĺϵũԩ޴ߣͶ·£ɲ֮γɵıͻϡ20011026գɽʡܴڽɽڴũĺǹɱ14ˣ鱻йῴǡٱ񷴡һͰĺǰ121񣬶ŷӳ֧ṵ́ۡ©˰⣬òκλش𣬲һɲıɱĺδ죩ĺգȡ[26] ڶ̰ٵĳѾΪһֹʶвӰ죬20026°ʡ̫λѧɱһλƽʱСѧΪµͬѧ֮ӣɾΪλͬѧĸ̰٣ɱλͬѧǡ̰

  ֯䵽˵زʽܶԵĴɲȫҪ١Щȫλģa鱨ũ룬ũӲ̯ɸ߶˰ѡũû룬ͷա˰ũûСزһաز˰ʵ벻ĿˣҪӲһ˰ B˿ĿC鱨ɼеĴäϼ٣DҵĴׯô쳧Ⱦ[27] EԩͨũĿط19981126շġ۴¼Ƿǳ͵ӡӱκ۴ӳô֧ί̰۸⣬Ϊ׵Ĵ񱻴ɲָʹŹǣͷĴ񲢽Ϊץһԩ⵽ƺعɾ740˳ǹôѲ53ǹʹ15ˡ[28]

  ܶĻȨΪʵѾ֯ûбʲΨһ֯ͬǣǺϷı֯ǷǷıֻּȨγϼԱ¼ԱġƫáйأһЩߵĴ٣õã[29]һЩϲĴ٣ϼ⣬ʹϡšҲûá[30]

  2ƻƵĻ

  ݽ¶йõĵط˻Ȩ֮֮⣬бԺŻΪĵطȵȣЩ߻ʵԶũСرγֻҪԽЩһЩͰͻᷢЩطⱵĵطܿһЩȨȨӰоټʵ

  ɽƽΰң˾֮ΪŹء90ʼŵٹĶ°鴦أһ뷨ʱץʱţͬϷһλߵõأֹɾȻζģʮλعԭΪƽصĸɲ㶫ʡίԴίƽίдţӳŵå͡ơġʮֲⱣΰǳңŹ־ֳһ100˵åѺڳνʾڣ3º󣬰һ󾭲ʵҪԭǹڲ㵥λ쵼;ЩŻﹴһ𣬲ΪŻߣΪﷸͨ籨ţʹܼʱѲ[31]

  һЩũɲöڵγɵԵũᡣȽô飬һǺӱׯ¼ӱʡׯũű絳ίﱦָ¸ɲ˻[32] һЩɲ˽̣Ӱաʡʩ˫֧ۢΪ˳ͷǵũ񣬾ľһһ泤֮á[33]

  ɽΫΫԭ֧ǼίЧåԣȨƣ۱帾Ůͬ˽ֹ1987걻6¾ͷźŻֵܶࣨų35ֻڴưԣѰ£ǿռ쵼ӡбׯ幦ƾ50˳ӡ棬Σ̣ԣҪڵشһƬأȺںԡ١ǿ鸾ŮڶŹð乫Աå¡ 1994꣬ɽʡڽµרУݻåŻ330ŻԱ1,300ˡ[34] һЩũɲݻΪݷ֮ϣ֯˾ԱԿʡаŽ絳֧ǡ˴ƽԺо䳥ǷΪڸ侭÷Ϊ֯149ɲ£зԺԿ[35]

  ĴʡϽд90ũطͷǳⱡ199410ΪֹйƻеطŻ23طǸ 106д5̡ϽйֶЩطܽеԡݺϽйֽܣطķһԽչԽ󣻶ΣһǱΪϷǽΣСɴһЩŻᷢչ򡣸ݱĶŻǸɵЩձӸԣǰӼ͸ͷŻαΰԱЩͷ켿Եķһʱ죬ǾͻӳưһĵطݻΪԿĺ

  ˵йʽƻѷػ䡣κһҾƻƣƻΪƻΪȫȡڱ仯ʵݡ˵һ㣬80ڲũУƻں̶ܴΪ˼漯Ŷһ˽İԿƣЩ˿£ϻΪʱӶࡣй˼Σ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġڰ׺йᷨλ̵ 					
  				 				 					 					
ʵԿص㣺ȣЩΪһĵطĴһĸĸ֮ࡣʵ˻йҪ򵹵𻻳˽յɲ⣬оߺѿֲͬʱĶ֮䣬ΪʽʲôϵĲͬʱƺʧȥ塣

  Щʵûһ˷롢ѱǷǵԩÿһǷǶЩǷǺб£ûڻýÿһܺҪðżΣյʡ桰״лý΢Сܡ硰ׯ¼͡¼Ԥ²ŵõ⵹Щɲжࡰ󡱣á桱Ŧ˾òŵȨ߽һҲЩƾǮ֯Ĺϵ̣ǲſΪֵǣ̨1996616ġ̸Ŀʡĳ峤ΪʹǮ·صپ峤һƴشĴҵɳͶߣɳĴ͵峤Ҫ峤Ǹݺʵɳֻ֮Ϊɳ˴4ԪǮûЩ˵ΪκִҶΪɺ͵ݡ

  Ӧᾯѳ󣺡ᡱɺ͡׵ĳȨγһֶūʹܵвİȫ֤ûСԺʡݳΪ70ĩ80ҵ൱ʮҴСϽ˰100Ԫԥ³ʮƷɢأֱ80ڣ򻹱Ϊȫ100СԵ֮һȻһϣС򣬵 90ȴ޷ѧУ޷ϿΣ޷칫ü»1993꣬ȫҵϽ˰3Ԫ͸֧63ԪǷʦʴ10֮áһֱֵԭԵظ򳤺γΪ׵һӴĵطγ1987ͬ11˽ֵ֮󣬲ϴݣ1994ѷչ69ˣҪԱίֹĸǡװ˾ɳΰԱҵ츺ˡȫ7㵳֧Уһ̱һ֧ΪŮ⣬5ݣ10ҵ7ҵҪݰӳԱ47˴22ݰͬһյΡ˾áҵȨ˽ŻȻԲѡ٣ҵľ񣬳ѵҵˡ˼Ϊڹ컯֮ǿ鸾ŮһƬֲ֮Сطİѳ£еĻɲǵ˰ݰͬһЩҪλ쵼˶ԺγһΪ޶ãرܣе˵İסγعֿļ񾯾⽫ܡ֮С¿ɼһߣںγһﱻץԺ󣬵Ⱥڻ޵ĵ˵ɶ˭Ҳ˵׼ֵעǣγݳǾǸ˽⣬1993ݳػѡʱڴ硢ɳ統ѡĻɲƺγְĵط˲۸Ů˿ڣ޶[36]

  ڡ׺ֻйейٵͬ鷢ʡ佭ļ򡢴Ȩʼĵطͷѳ֡Щ̰ܻߣ޶µڼΪ˰ʹļ19901995֮䴦ʧص״̬[37]д1995Ⱥ12ʧءĴӽ٣νʧءָʵļĴׯ [38]

  ֵ˼ǣЩطΪȲܷԼҲκΡ¡Լڵйũ壬ͳϰߣͳ£޶ԿơӹάһĲأһǷɣǵ¡ãȣΪΪĹ淶Գ֮ΪȨǷƶȵһֱزٵĲ䣬ڷɲû౳ʱ򣬵ʹƷɵĹܡһصйĴͳԵرͻΣйظĵ⣬ҲǸɵΪ׼˵ΪΪƹǿûзƹôӦ˵ΪԼõĵ£ԡˡ֮ΪĴͳ£ԡΪΪںŵ£ЩũӰӡЩطΪ˵ΪȥԶ˵ɥʧ֪ľ֡ЩΪԿЩԶִĴȨѱرεؼãū²ĹߡƲȨΪǳ㲻˿εå޲Ϊֻå޲ߣŻ޷죬˶ӣΪԼ˲ֶΡ

  ʵȷ֤һ㣺й80ʽֶξ˾޴ĵı仯Ӹϸı͹ʽʹطͻĹϵ˺ܴĸı䡣

  νϡ˵ָңĿƣӹ˵ָڲֿƹϵܺͣǰߣ͵Ŀơй˵ڸĸǰֿҪĿƣڳУңĿҪͨҵλƲ֯Աпƣũ壬Ҫͨ磭ӣ֯пơֽڼƻϵϵںܳһʱ൱ЧȫԱʧȥ˸ɡƻƵ𽥱ʹϻеķʽƻƣĻϰסá˼ȡơɥʧ˴ڵĻת͹УǡǷʽϻƵñʽϻƻƣɡҪΪơ˵ֶ֧Σ׵Ա˼ǱĬھɵķʽƻɥʧڻͬʱʽƻƵرʣڲũгȨȨա£ڷ֯͵طũ֯Ϳƻεá

  ʵ˵һ⣺йҪȨϵִнҪֹطȻУɵΣԲʵģǽġĺ֯Σ˵йǰ֮  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢ݸΪʵ 					
  				 				 					 					
йũ20͵йθУǰ𵽵ġ20ǰйײݱ䶯ȻǿŵģܵһƣũӵܱɹͨƾٿԲܽͳν׼С20ͣũͳֻ豻ĳһŵĳһ֯ϿɾСδܹũμȨй˷ǳ޴Ӱ죬ʹйũеôǿһβʶϵڣũ׼йһؼԵἯšйĳֻǱũΧһ顰ޡܹȥԼйòعйũ塢ũ͹ũĻʵǰѧйνв׼ֻۣ90йѧһѧĭѡ

  ڴ⣺ΪʲôũЩ˸ϰ˳ΪءƸʵУܷΪٽᷢչ

  1طʲô

  оطʱѻشҲиǣΪʲôڵйũ壬һũ֯½ʱ޷ص̶ҪһġͳΡ֣ȴֻô˸ϰå޲ʶ˳Ϊͳߣطɬӵľ

  йƾʱ𣬺ܴһֶܹ˼Ľֽһ㶼ΣһǶΣѭ˼Ϊط񡣶λǿƾơ˲¼ƶ֧ŵġ1911ƾ˥ԺǹԱ黹ǹθжɥʧƾʱȣǵΪںܶ෽涼ˡһ㣬ֻҪʱǰıʼʷ϶ٶԱһ20ԱΪļ¼֪̰ЩʶһȺеĴܳơ

  й40ĩ50ũɲĲƺɫǴԵЩһУδܹܵϻɲܼ򵥣ֻҪܾѭй֯ϵͳϼָʾʱһ㵨С¾ˡϧǣЩ˵ֻС˵вάάФر̻ͬʱ۹߼С˵ҵı¶δܵõʵķӳһ˹ɵĻͳ磬ѡɲĻƺݱԡΨסΪ1949Ժйũ֯ᣬǼ顣ڵʱļƻµũҪڲƷķ䣬Դռϻһ飺ԹУͳηǳǿԭԵｨļ廯ͳεΣԻδȫ¶

  ũʵ˼ͥаԺȫͬˡũȫľӪȨӡûƶ״ںܴĳ̶ȡũԼáѡ١һʽģΪũǱһʽģʽϵġܲ岻ͬ弶ɲʲͬʹͬһĴ֮䣬˺ܴĲЩطũ񱻰ѡȨ硰¼»ߵ˽ŵ¶־ĶηֱѡΪС˴ŷ⡰ѡ١ģŵ¶˽ߡ˸СĻƼеһôҰҪдѡƱװͶƱ䡣ѡȨʸ񡣵ЩطɲĲȡũԼʱҲ롣̸ũѡٴɲʱ뿼ǵũ׼ص㣺׼ϵṹԷǳʵ档йũ֤һ㣺ɱ̰ȡأȴȱһĿꡣйȨʽ90ũǵѡйأΪʱĵطδйҲδ䵽ֹȻƴȨƼŵĵزһĳ̶ũѡٻɲɹͲɹĽѵѸũһӻһĸԣƶ͵峤糤ֱӹϵ[39] ôũѡٵأټӣȿһЩɹؽʽϵʵӣ

  ڴ̫Ĺ缪ʡ滨أΪʵ֡Ρһֱǳ֮Ϊѡѡٷʽַʽصǣ絳ίʹ嵳֧ѡˣȫſȨÿһѡƱѡȨͱѡȨĴУμѡΪ˭ʤδɲѡ˭Ȼپ̭ļѡ٣ɵƱߵѡһַʽ10ϡѡȨĴκһλбѡȨĴԼطũѡٴ峤űȽѵʶǷܹϺӣں̶ܴɴ峤˵ĵʶǻۺ˸ǻѡ֮飬ܹճ򲻶ɫؽЩϼɡµʸȨ̨ЩũԼȥµȨߣΪũеʧҲᱻũڻѡʱҲ˵ũԵѡߵĵ¡Ʒл滨ύһϣȫ׽쵱ѡĴ峤ڵڶѡУѡεĴ峤ռ7641λ峤ѡռȫ336ӵ12.27[40]

  Ȼũɹáѡ١ʵָطĴѡͨطơܿ״̬£ũǱȡѡ١Ĵɲ϶̰ЩԱְֻȨıȡ˽̰ũǼȻѾȦʽѡˡѡٽ飬ֻҪпܵ£ǾԸʽʼԼѡ񣬻һԵͼ۳ѡƱġɫĬͨԼѡȥõľǰᵽĺγ֮ĵط֡ѡ١ܹɹԭһһЩطáѡ١ͨȨ֮·ͨΡõȸַ˲ѡһѡߵֱ̬ӹϵǻäĿΡˡˡˡǵĵƷʣΪЩ桱ʵĻŵ֧棩һũУ׼󶼱ƻҲֵصߵ

  290ѡٵ

  ȨڵƦåһʵʹʼǡѡ١һΪй̿ˡĸĸҲвѧӦҪˡодԵо档ֻҪȥйũûԤµʵؿ죬ͻᷢЩоٲʵĳɷ֡

  ǻѡεȻɷ硣[41]199511Ĵʡɳƺѡ˴ֺȫÿѡƱһԪǮĴۺŵѡˮ⣬ô֧֡ǴѡУֺȫ55ԪǮõ107Ʊѹٷλѡˣһλ69Ʊһλ66Ʊѡֺȫƻѡﱻ4ͽ̡[42] ݱиʱϸ˺סӽ1996껻ѡУ23λ˴һһаԹƱѡΪ򳤡⼴Ǵý㷺ġɴ¼[43]

  ǮѡƱ½ڸũ嶼зԡƻѡܵƲõľкüֻѡƱļ۸ؾ÷չˮƽͬв졣ǹ㶫ʡƽнѡʱѡƱ˴ѡ٣ѡ᯳ÿƱ1,000ԪĴۡ[44]

  ýǮյѡǷΥûж壬ΪũȻϿ֡ѡʽôԡѡߡгͷʽԺ󻹻йũĹϲظֵ֡۵һ⣺ЩũѵǿһԪǮһа֮ࣿһԪǮһаũʵûʲô壬ʹ᯳1,000Ԫ罫뵱ˮƽҲû̫ջ˵ũЩ˴۹ǳ̰Сˣ˵ǽѡٱһЩٵģһ365ѡ֮⣬ʲôʱǵˣѡ򳤸Ҳֻǹ߹Ȧѡ᯳ĳ֮໹ǷһԪǮһаʲôֵǮƾݰǵһµġݡҲȦ

  ѡûܵѡ˵ġءֻҪ̰ܻ߷ŷµһѡپͿ֪һ㶫ݸί1992껻ѡʱеձŷͶ˲Ʊŷڴܼίǣίѡٿĵһγίϣ˵ĻԺҪѡˣѡˡ֮10ΪŲίǸְ롣ŷµġΡѱȴ˺üءѡߣѡܵġءͿ֪ˡָͨһ涨úѡ˵ĵġѡ١ũԼ족һõʵУЩ1ԪԪǮһѡƱĽϷӳũǶԻɲʧ˵ǡѡУνʽѡˡȶãֻȦôѡ˭ܴ棬Ǿѡ˭ɡֶѡٵĶϷ̬ȣҪԴũǶԡѡ١һʽܷ⡱ʾеĻɡ

  ˡѡ֮⣬ũ帻ԣߵٵ൱ձ飬[45]־Ȼã[46]ٵطѡ٣ֱƴ[47] ʱɴɵط棬˾вȴѡ١[48] ѡٶɵѪʱз㶫ֵ´ֱѡٵĹУͳ˵طÿ50Ԫļ۸չѡƱѡƱŹѡ[49] еĴֻƾ²峤ѡụ̈ɽʡׯкݴԣ[50] ֣ݽˮ糣δѡ鳤ܺδҪǰδ鳤±̰۸⣬Ȼд̡ǰδ鳤±ͨȨǮΪԼ֯һž޴Ĺϵ[51] ÷Ĺ㶫ʡ1999ʵдֱѡ﷢˼ìܣԭĴǰѳŲ񣬲׼ˣϽȨȨӡ£µѡѡǽӹֻܵһûвĿ̯ӣ޷һЩȨʱͻݽǴ塣ݹ㶫ʡԱ͸¶¾ίûʵнְĴ干10,294ռũί4320005Ϊֹ㶫ʡ807ѡڸѹ±ȴְ[52]

  Щ˵йѡٵУȲٷȫɴ˳ѡٵλǹٷƽԡǳθԤ뱩󡣶µֱҪĵط

  3Ļ֮Ĺϵ

  ֮1978ԺйũĻ֯ձ鷢صȨλȨλָͨʽﵽģеȨ߼ͳΣеĵطڷ֯մԺϵȨ߻鸽ڷ֯£еĵطͨѡ١ʽֻ⡰ѡ١ݵģγ֮ࣻҲáǮﵽĿġежٴũǡʶľѣֵûɡܻȨ;ж٣ʵǻϻΪͬǺͼãȿΪֿΪơܽԽĵطЩ漯ŵİԺӶԾͱֵرͻϻƷ仯ԴԴǶ1978ǰĻͳɥʧģԭܼ򵥣ʵУֻעһ֣أȴһ֣񡣸ĸũ׾ٵĳɹԼоƸĸļнʹҺܳһʱֻעũҵĵЧũӴĹʣ˿⣬ȴũϻڷ޴ı仯߶עһϻһЩ൱а硰ͽᡱ÷ᡱҲũпʼ˻ء[53]

  йũĿǰ״ԭܸӣʷĻĳҲʵءйĻ͸䣬ϰڳѪԵԵΪŦ֯Լ֯ʽһǴӻδȫɫļУҵڷ֯ʽΪԼ֯ʽɲѡƶȵȱݣԼũƫһʵľޣյ´ȱθСå޲߶ϰʵ߳ΪȨߣ顰ġľйγɵθֵصִεҪԯޡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

йũ֯ʧܵӰ 					
  				 				 					 					
йũй˿и߾70йũòйĻòϸ͵һ꣬йһֱڽθΪݵҪ֮һǴɽġġءũ֯˵عϵθԸĳΪ־ԹȡȨΪɹ־ȴйũʧܶһֱͣͲǰйδɴרεһת͡ĸйʵϽũ֯һ̣֯ƶȡƶȡƶȺĻعĻΧԴռйϵСӵʱƶȶԣͥаǳɹģֳɹֻʮһ㣬˺Ǳ¶ν̡

  1ĸ֮µʧ:ֻʹȨûȨƶ

  ָũͥаƣ˻صĸʽ2000˾1.98Ķڶȷʵ˴̼ũͶԵáͥаֻǸıԴʹ÷ʽûиıռйϵƶȴصı׶ˣһЩӰԶĺһʹũĴ˻ɲӵжص֧ȨһΪʼھʮĩũеġȦ˶ṩƶϵı֤ʹΪũΪ޵ߣʹ÷ʽδũ֮Ĺϵʹйũ޷Χ֮Դ֯ũᡣ

  ũеƶȶڱ֤йũĹ߾Ҫ塣ũġҵռıԽԽ󣬳Ϊһơ磬 2000꣬ũ˾Ϊ2,253ԪԵڶҵΪ598.28ԪԵҵΪ395.21ԪԷԴΪ 123.84Ԫ[54]йũص̶ȲûмСΪضũ˵ԽԽ汣ϵĹܡ

  ҪΪأ

  һ80кڿʼ緶ΧڵϢ뼼ظıйĲҵṹʹй޷ΪӴĵũͶṩҵ᣻

  ũ񹤼Ĺʹ漸Ϊܡһǿũص

  һ90ĩʼȦ˶ʹũʧȥأ㽭ʦѧ½ڼ³㡢11ʡ134˳飬ֵص˿ڽռ˿ڵ84.5ݴ㣬ȫ13.7ũûءݹԴͳƣ19972004꣬й71Ķ[55]ʧũԼΪ5,093-5,525ԭûзֵص˿ڣйûصũ򳬹6,000ˡ [56]

  2ũ̵֯ƶȱǨ

  ֯ȡ֮󣬶ũ֯һֱȡĩ쵽йķʽйνƱǵһ޶ʵһ˵ط죬ɲ˳ԲĹ١ũ񸺵صĸԭ򣬾ӷס˸ºͶũշѡȫн3,000ء5磬粿Ŵ70ԲԱ3,000ˡȫ400Ȼ壬3,000ɲôȫ9ũ[57]

  ˼㣬ҪʣҪתҪĵĹƷţҪ7,000Ԫ7,000ԪҪũ񸺵70˵ȫũҪ4,000Ԫϣǹϵ1,200ԪũÿҪеǧڵշѡǣũ񸺵ôǮԶԶãĶˣǷԼ6,000ڵծ

  һγһЩ̸ڵ漯ţ¾ʮйʼѡءģʽһݣǺͬݣ£ѡĴҪ޷ΣҪݵġģʽĴʡ磩طݡ

  Ŀǰйƶȱڰ׺ĵطݣʹйũβˣĿԶ

  3Ļ

  йũĻǰũ˿̶ܽȵߡײ˿֮Ϊ37ĹңߵȽķ֮õ30ĳ˿ռ80ĽԴһԵڳܽĲȣѧӣ֮Ĳڣ˿ӵиСררơоѧֱũ˿ڵ3.516.555.5281.55323廪20˾ȣ1999ΪУյıũѧֻռ 17.8%ũ˿ռȫ˿ڽ70%γԱȡ[58]

  ũ˿̶ܽƫͣȻӰ쵽ũĻ˽һЩʶũ˿Ļʵָꡣݹͳƾֹݣũÿ10˿дרϽˮƽ˿492ˣ8,899ˣкר5,316ˣˮƽ33,266ˣСѧˮƽ42,756 ˡ[59]ũ˿̶ܽƫҪΪ󲿷ũ֧ͥáͯȫСѧıϸߣܹмѧȴ轵40%ҡ˲㣬ͽˮƽԣĿǰũƽĻˮƽСѧ5꼶ͽƲĻ֪ʶԣ5СѧṩĻ֪ʶޣĻˮƽʵϴ׼ä״̬

  йġռʵϲδʵ֣ũжͯʧѧӾ磬Ҳϵزäйũä˿ֽԸߴ 6,665ˣռũ˿ڵ8.25[60]ȥʮйä½һҪԭä˿ڵȻԱǣĿǰһ½ڱʧѧͯڿԤĽйäʽơָйɨä׼ſͣﵽˮƽʶ̶ֳȼä˲ٷäʵдĶˮƽ͡

  ֵˮ׼˹ɵũУ⽨šܶŹĲƳ˲˵ʽũŮͶԲҵǳΪͥı·ߡ

  Ŀǰйĳܴ󣬵ũ񲢲ڽøõκŻݣ෴޵ĽͶʼͶУʹóĻʩʦ״Ԩ֮𡣽10ũ˿ҽѧԶԶ3ڶ˿еУҵѧܹϲũӵܸţһëߵԺУʵСҵԺйũĺ޷֧Ľö֮⣬ȫ֮ѧũҲǴӴִܹòţ1999꿪ʼй˴ѧҵѵġ֪ʶʣԺũӵеǨͨǱ

  ΪʵʵǣڿƼˮƽ淢Ľ죬ĻҪߵĳ˿ھҵʱܽأƽĻ൱͵ũҵ˿Ҫũҵִ֮òžҵĵһѾǻڣΪڴĸָѾڣҪʡȫƶƫ¡⣬ǾͲ⣺Ϊʲôڽйũĳ·ֻͨǣ֡򹤡Ѫڿڸȵػһ͵֮·

  йũʵѾΪйִ쳵˦ƾɳᣬйũѾʧȥδ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ߡʧȥصũ·ڣ 					
  				 				 					 					
ÿִȻҪũлһת͹̣йũһܵļ尾ʱκιҶҪңҲҪǣּ尾һũȥʧΪ˵ķ䴫ݸɱһ

  ּ尾ڶ෽棺һйִòŵ޷ְͬӴĹʣũҵͶڶڳ򹤵ĴũУ΢ֻάֱ˵ĵˮƽ棬޷ڳԭ޷ũϵٵÿһָ

  й20ͺʮ꿪ʼġȦ˶ũϣ÷顣ΪΡȦ˶ҪĿ֮һĸبDDһĿйССĳеġɳǡȻũĸػǳоľɷȦ˶֮˵״̬ض񻯡ʧȥصũ״̬ҵɾͣɸ޴ȥÿһض·ǳҵĳͻطҪܽũķǿѹȥ [61]㽭ʡھԷʧũĲ׼ȫƽˮƽߣũĲӦý֮ʡҪ͡㽭ʡũӵĵ飬ֻ6.8ũԴ˱ʾ⣬22ũΪ׼ƫͣ53.2ũΪƫ͡[62]

  Ƶȫйзйƶȵȱϱ¶šطΥΪ178鴦127ôΥУֻ925˱赳ʹ֣132˱׷Ρ[63]ЩطԱȤȻڷڶžΪΪڵطҪʱʵûа취žΪͳƣ2002굽2004ϰ⽫ʱ䵱Уȫسýۼƴ9,100ԪһЩСءسýѾռһ룬еΪԤͬͬڵĲ롣[64]

  ũʧȥأζűȥʧũ޷ҵΪоʧҵҲԽԽأûũǵռ䡣йǳٵڻڶԸıũ񾭼õλѾûжʵ£йһЩʡвſʼĸ继ƶȣ˿ıݡйũڿԡߡˣũǽԺ״̬ʵ޷˲еˣ»Ժũƽٲɷ 115죬Уƽйֻ45죬һֻõǮ415Ԫ3Ϊ11ϰûһϰֹǮϵĳŵ[65]ĿǰȫйǾҵũ1.4ڣƽס𷿡Բũ񹤲ǣũڳ¹õ⳥Ҫȳоٵöࡣǰ뽭ʺſ߽е⳥УȻʵʩһũ⳥취глÿ4.845Ԫũ2.2Ԫ [66]

  һضũҪ90ͬũǺصľĴö࣬ǵάȨжʵʩ󣬸Ѫͻϡ2004һȫִģ¼ߴ58,000Ҫũ빤˵ķ[67]йòϣֺũȨѳΪǰֺũȨͻ⣬ҳּصƣҪУͼǿǿռũаأ۽ũĲ÷ãʧũľҵãسаתУǿƵջũаأǿũתаأǷıصũҵ;ũתȷ档Ϊˣũҵ20038ɳ6 飬ָ㽭ӱ12ʡݣص12ֺũسаӪȨΪ[68]漯̸ڵ£ּһ㶼ʽֻҪйάеũƶȣܣʧȥصũ񽫻ԽԽࡣ

  йũǵǰǴδ⣺1949ǰũܹԼͥΪλάһԸСũáǱš50 ǽΪ׵޲ߣ޵ؿ֣ҵɾͣ޴ȥһйƷɣƶ߻󽫳Ϊй᳤ڴڵ״̬

  Щʧȥصġޡũ񣬽ΪйصԴԵص׵ĺѾԽԽš

  ѧѶС͢˵ԼĻϣᣬܵвᣬ޷иᡣйũָ֣йִ̽𵽸ԵԼáй˵νũִУóũĻû20 ̽ʲôǡ󡱣ΪչѧҵŻ⡣еķչѧĵһǹʶ󡱵ѧֵۡܲ˾ֵ롢˾롢ٶȡ˿ʡһϵָ棬չѧǶɡ󡱵ԭʶҲһ£ıʹ涨˵ʲ

  һྭ൱࣬ԶӰ졢ΰı˵ֻƶȳΪƶȵдԵʽεСũ׼ήһԶжѪĹϵɺӵ֮һعϵΪ˵ףξ˵ĸϵܺ͡ʲô񣬾ʲôʲôʲô

  ڳ͵Ĺҵֻ֮ӡй͹ҵСũ׼쳣ǿѽشҵԼŬҵСũ׼ʼո߾˿ڵ70ϣʹʷʱĻʼղȫϿйͳĻϵĻͱһһεĸ˶пµֻǴͳĻеأ͵йũĿǰֻԱåȨữľ档йִг޷˦ũӴĳᡣǴ֯˿Դıũ˿ܽƽˮƽũ嶼Ϊй21 ͷչ

  29,000֣

  ------------------------------------------------------

  [1]ڷƱ19911215գײ

  [2]Ϸб2001414A04档

  [3]1992129գڼҸȼݺӡ

  [4]ڷƱ19911215գײ

  [5]йϻί칫ңʡʱ߽弶֯սӦӣ桢ǭ߽ĵ顷

  [6]ڷƱ19911215գײ

  [7]»Ϣ2003228ա

  [8]

  [9]йʱ19981123յ3棺أԺⶫصı桱

  [10]̸199823ڡ

  [11]лʱ199841յ1棺ũ弯ҵ׿һ塱

  [12]Ϸĩ200085յ2棺1,100Ԫôģ

  [13]йʱ2000624յ2棺湻ҵġ

  [14]лʱ1999710գһ˽ϰ̸Աܡ

  [15]лʱ2000382棺ɲԿ󡱡ﱨ1998821գ鳤ⰵ

  [16]ձ1998125ա

  [17] ũձ199847ա

  [18]йϻί칫ңʡʱ߽弶֯սӦӣ桢ǭ߽ĵ顷

  [19]ձ1999726գĿĵ确ڿ

  [20]Ϸĩ19961129գƶķ֧顱

  [21]ܿ151ڣйʱ1998829գ뾰ƶԽԽƶ

  [22]˽ڸдɣܿ19991125ա121յ7棺ũ¼Ϸб20011 316棬˰Ѹɲ䣬ﲻǮũϢձĩ199881ա7գ̫ѹһ޷죻ũ̫࣬Ѫӡϸ淴ƭڷƱ20001011գĴ֧顱ﱨ1999319յ3棺дĻءйгñ199919յ3棺һ֧ٵһС塱

  [23]ξϣйʱ1998829յ1棺Űٴϸ١Ϸĩ1998220յ7棺Ϊ˳ԷȨģϰĵ顱ձ19981111գ죬ꡱժ199811յ 4棺֧鱨Źߣٻң⡱Ϸĩ1999212յ6棺ŮԪ峤ĽڷƱ2001 212գ峤׿񡱡

  [24]ﱨ1998821գ鳤ⰵ

  [25]»1995328յ硣

  [26]Ϸ細20022£硱

  [27]˶ξ²дɣйʱ19991218յ1棬ǣ˴񡱣Ϸĩ20001012յ7棬ϷôصķѸ˰Ϸĩ20001012գһйʱ2000214գũ񸺵Ϊءժ 19981123գǮǮ̱20001218գݸƶȺ˽æ硷19971ڣ йҵչĻۡ

  [28]ʱժ199956ա12գӱ۴¼

  [29]ժ19981022գһѾоӼɲãũﲻ

  [30]ժ199751գ20ָӡ˵ʲô

  [31]Ϸĩ1996421ա

  [32]»ʯׯ19951123յ

  [33]Ϸĩ1996426ա

  [34]Ԭңɽһط

  [35]й걨ĩ1995324ա

  [36]Ϸĩ1995113գ

  [37]Ϸĩ1996614գһȨʧá

  [38]ժ19961111ա

  [39]ձ199546գͬһˮ֮󣭣ũ֯ĵ鱨桱

  [40]Ϸĩ1995721գѡ˭ִƴдȨ һϵġΡ󳱡

  [41]Ϸĩ199843գѡߡϢձ199919գѡμǡܿ1998 1231ա199916գѡƱձؿ200038գѡٽ֯ķ粨ȡ

  [42]뷨ơ1996124գժ1996129ա

  [43]ͬ۹19969ڡ

  [44]Ϸĩ1996112ա

  [45]ժ199876գũ塮Ϊ١׶˲ɺӡ

  [46]йо20014ڣڴѧ飺й½ѡٷʽĸоϷб199943յ1棬һƱδѡ

  [47]йĸﱨʱܿ1998625գǹһѡ١

  [48]йʱ19981114յ3棬ƾٴΣ쵼⣻ȻþѶ־н

  [49]ﱨ1999326յ3棬ֱѡѪ

  [50]̱1999411գݴѡٷ粨

  [51]19993ڡ

  [52]200094A10档

  [53]йϻί칫ңʡʱ߽弶֯սӦӣ桢ǭ߽ĵ顱

  [54]ͳƾ֣йͳ2001йͳƳ2001棬323ҳ

  [55]2003Դ» 2004412 ա

  [56]йĸﱨ20031229ա

  [57]ƽũ񸺵롮޹ɽ йĸ־200111ºš

  [58]ƽȣײ蹵йƽܹעϷ細20054£ϣhttp://www.sina.com.cn 2005041912:06 

  [59]йͳ200249ҳ51ҳ

  [60]»籱2002  97յ磺98գɨäա

  [61]Thousands riot in China, attack police, burn carsReutersJun 292005 07:28:38 GMTӱѪɷּǡ http://bbs.yannan.cnChina's 'Haves' Stir the 'Have Nots' to ViolenceBy JOSEPH KAHNNY TimesDecember 31, 2004

  [62]Դġĸ·ͼ 21;ñ2004218ա

  [63]2003Դ» 2004412 ա

  [64]سýʧϣ˭󣿡ľγ200485ա

  [65]20031111աhttp://www.people.com.cn/

  [66]ձ2001321գwww.legaldaily.com.cn/gb/ content/2001-03/21

  [67]ɽ֮ʮ·ڡϵйž޵̨2005582005й桷ݡ

  [68]»籱2003꣸20յ磺ֺũȨΪǰֺũͻ⡱http://www.he.xinhuanet.com/ 20030821 09:04  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ʮ¡ɫ֯Ĳ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					
ɫǵ¾ûҪݣȼ򵥽ܵ¾õĺ࣬Լ뱾оΧġɫáں

  һй¾á

  ڡ¾áĳνܶ࣬־õȤζ˵ڸλ¹֮ΪӰӾá֮ΪܾáŷΪڶáԡǱھá֮ӢӡΪɫáһֱ2070ڣѧҽܶGiorcio Fua ¾áһϲͳһƺ

  Ե¾õĽ綨й֮֡ӹ˵¾áָٷƲľûྭûٷͳƵĹֵ֮ڣ걨˰һԷΪ¼ͣ1ⲻķǷû¹нס½ڻ˽ȵȣ2ⲻΥӪ綾ƷǷȵȣྭûԳ֮Ϊɫû3ͨϷӪλȡ÷ǷľӪڶְҵ͵˰©˰Ӫȵȡ¾һֻ˰걨һӪӪ걨߲걨ӶȡǷ롣

  йľѧ̸ֻͳƻмٷɵġϾáʵֵĵ¾ز򡢶ҡͳƵĵزЩδͳƹʽеĲƸѾγ˾޴ģں̶ܴӰžͳƵľȷԡ GDPʡʧҵʡʵȣᾭõǱй񾭼ռжأһ㲻̸һ⣬Ҳȱⷽͳݣ޷йơΪԼռ20ңֹȱݣʵԶһΪߡ

  Ŀǰйĵ¾ô¿ɷΪǷãɫãδ걨úδͳƾõ͡ǷйҪ¼ʽ˽ơ˿ڡ̰ܻߡҵðαӲƷƱ֤ңԼ͵˰˰ȵȡδ걨ָûаչйطɡߵĹ涨δ侭Ӫܲ걨ɫȣྭóδ걨֮⣬һ粻غɷδͳƾָͳƻûнͳƻ©ͳƵģԼڴٱµġͳƴλûʵطӳйͳƱͳϵľû

  ¾õĴڿ˵ȫԵֻڲͬƶȡͬľƺͲͬ£¾õ״̬ͬѡҪ۵ģҪйתԹԴ͹оΪӶԼһЩΣĺɫû  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ɫû 					
 				 				 					 					
Ҫɫеļ棬ɫҪû;òţɫҪкɫҪʽɫΪϷʽ

  1ɫҪ

  ݽִý¶Ĳϣײɫмྭûţ

  (1) ˽Ʒף

  (2) 潼ˣ

  (3) Ĳ

  (4) ˿ڣ

  {5) ͬؿۡ¸ΥΪ

  (6) ĭãƱزгϵ档йг淶ࡰڲˡгϻ൱޴ĺɫ롣

  (7) ùݡҵڽЩꡰɫҵģҵǺɫҪ֮һ

  (8) ĺ֤

  (9) ¹ǽйðαƷԴͷ

  (10) 鿪෢Ʊֵ˰Ʊ

  (11) ̡˽֡Ųùʲ

  (12) ڲ衢ŴҪص䲿š

  ź;ûЩڷɽֹҵ潼ˡĲ˽˿ڡ鿪෢Ʊ¹֮ࡣ鿪Ʊ¹֮⣬ǰ˴Եиϰǿҵå޲ʶЩйҵƱز֮ࡣЩԵ©ڲ衢ŴҪص䲿ţĺ֤̹ϷֹʲȣЩԹʲ͹ԴΪӶҵƴ©ҵУ׵ЩԴԴȨġڲˡЩ϶ǡͷΡƲ֯ռһλ˽ܻ߶½̨ʮλعس˽ߵĺ̨

  ԿɫںϷľûвϷΧڵƷʲɹʱƷĽڣҲڷǷûв˽¸֧ʽܻؿۼȣЩκιȶ޷ͳƵġҪɫйռĶٷݶĿǰּ͸£ֱûκοܡⳣõĲͶͶгʻȷڷйĺɫã޷ȡýֵ1996ϰձضййشձգͿɿ˽֮Ᵽ

  199616ձйڼйձͳƱλ
 						 							 							1 							2 							3 							4 							5 							6 							 ע 						 						 							ձй 							2,365 							2,489 							5,047 							2,911 							3,347 							3,840 							ɢ 						 						 							йձ 							338 							2,848 							2,613 							501 							1,664 							1,020 							ɢ 						 					 					

  ԴйóĸܾƼĽϢձ199692գ

  ͳ֮󣬿ɼ˽ءɫҵ֮Ȼ޷ͳƳɫйеռصľȷݣҵƶϣӦ30⻹ԴĿǰ÷ﰸʱȽϸߵҵƶϺɫûĴ״йصķ̰۸ص鴦Կ1996˾عڽڡ֤ȯز̳аȾȵ㲿ţ˺ܶ;÷ﰸ

  й깫˽ͳƿھһ£ʱУʱְһ޷ͳһֻоһЩԹο1995119963£ȫعڽڡ֤ȯҵߡŲʽķﰸ3,8004,100ˣ췿زŹɷĹԱ230ˡ⻹鿪ֵ˰Ʊ1,000Ԫϵķﰸ취˷ﰸ[1] 1999꣬˽ƭ㡢թƭ鿪ֵ˰ר÷Ʊȵ¾û̵ľ͸ߴ22,657ˡ[2] 2001걻Ժ鴦˽թƭ͵˰˰ƭȡ˰ƭԼƷٱҵȷﰸ14,95319,972ˣΣڰȫķﰸߴ6,6508,906ˣ漰ʳƷҩƷ޻ũʡҽеαƷﰸ764д921ˡ [3]2003꣬ȫع˽12,939˽ɰ12,816𣬰ֵ100.8Ԫ[4]ֻ˵ЩǺɫû߷شжٲƸ롰ڶԶǸ˵աео߹ƣ˽һɵʧÿ300Ԫ340Ԫ [5] ʳƣйǡɫáʢУ

  ɫã̰۸ܵȨǮף

  ɫãƼۼ٣ĳֵĵ¹ͼðαƷ

  ɫãƷ

  ɫãɫҵ

  ɫã˽Ӻ˽ȡ֮ɫ

  2ɫƸĳʽ

  ȣйĺɫвͬƸйڲܹ֮Уʴ󲿷벻ͶʴӶתΪ롱ݳѻͨ;תƵ⡣90к¥е֮ʱй߾Ϊ½ˣһΪ۴ý¶֮󣬸ۻȻԴʻԺ󣬲ʻ߲ԼпʻŷǷãΪڵѴŷǷ[6] 󶼳ΪδʲߡִɫɫƸķʽǺһķչйҺ޶¡

  һԣЩɫƸĳʽҪм֣

  (1) תƵĲƲʲƸ޷㣬й˳뾳ɶȼ⾭ýӶࡣеʱоٵľ޶ֻֽһ֣ԶԶȫʽ𡣵йطĹƣйÿͨǮׯϴȥĺǮٸߴ2,000ң˽ϴǮԼΪ700ңԱϴǮ300ңһЩҵѺϷͨǮׯתƵ⣬ӱܹҼܺ˰աйÿܵĲ˰ʧߴ100-200Ԫһֱй½ϴǮһҪͷڴʦһλʦܣиϴǮҪַʽһ뾳ǩͬǮȥʱͨþ⻥ٵ֤ڶͨǮׯǮǷɢͶʻΪ㡣[7]

  (2) ƽ鱦͹Ŷ

  (3) ״̬ĵ½Ͷʡ

  (4) ݡصȲ

  (5) дһʱϱ㣬1995100Ԫϵľ÷ﰸУ봢γɶֱΪ80/500410/160090/700ƽΪ20.7[8] һʵԿвڸʵγеĳڴ

  ֽ𲢲ǺɫƸҪʽҪԭһΪֽ𲢲κ棬Ǵֽױ֡úԭҪǲŪһǮԺΪӱܹڷƲΪ֮ʽռֻΪЧرʲļֵ

  3ɫƸΪϷļֳ÷

  йġⷨǸ˻ǲ˶ַԼĺɫɺϷ롣˵мַ

  (1) αԼӹĳݴôŲһλĹԱĳͶʹ˾ܾĹʲ֣ԺĴǡڰĴ˲꼴عͶʣԼõ5,000ԪŲλܾͬ˵ȫǻѻΪλܾСһ壬δ˵ʲôڹ⡣

  (2) ̵꣬ٳԼҪԸôôһֵӣǾٹ˿ͣάȥһ̵ꡣݱߵ飬вٹ־쿪С̵ԼĹ֮ڡ

  (3) ǮͶСĿǰйһַǳ֮Чķг淶нʢе1991꣬ûκμ¼ɲ飬ʹ˳ɹϴ˺ǮΪɫ롱̰٣1991ǰڹˣϰԵؽԼ޷˵ԴĲƲ˵ڹгʱ׬Ǯ1991ԺڹˣЩǮ˵ڹг׬롣ʵϣйڹ׬ǮĲ1/10  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ɫû壺֯ 					
  				 				 					 					
й伣ʮĺ֯1978־޵СС󡢴ɢ֯Ĺ̡ȫʡк֯㶫ϡĴɽʡĺΪԾ19829£зˡȡ޺֯ͨ桷Ժÿ궼ȡ޺ʹ˲١Ż йٷԺ֯ĳν㶫ʡ˴19931116ͨġ㶫ʡʹ֯涨йײйС֯ڵĵطԷ档90й½ĺиܹԱڱͼΪѸ١ͳϱ199219998䣬ȫʹ෸Ż100永Ա376൱һǺڶ[9] ȤǼڱ˵ĵط롰Ժ桱Ļݲ༫2001Ϊй걨2001ĴʡڶŻ 900ץŻԱ3,737[10]ձ2001꼪ʡڷŻ379ץԱ1,820ˣαǹɹսɸǷǹ֧4֧9๫ﱬըƷ[11] 20023¡Ժ桱ָ2001ȫڶ3501,953ˣһݱ20006.3 3.8Եʡκһصݡ[12]йͳ֮ʵڴ˿ɼһߡ

  2000ĩʼй½ҹȫΧڿʼΪ10£ŽԺŭš쭡ȴרжӹʵйγΪٵĺ֯ҪǡԵ֯͡йĵԵϵͳǰҩʡЩأС򣩩 壨߼֣ݴˣй½Եͺ֯һʡлػɡЩԵͺ֯ʵĻԱҵְҵũ񣬻ϵѹϵвݺ֯γ˽ܵķֱ֯ṹƶϸ֯ɣԱ֮ȼԣѪԵϵֵܡ常ӻƺΪάϵ֯Ŧ⻹ѪԵͣڳԱѪͳϵϵγɵģҵԵͣڳԱĳְַҵϵγɵģ֮֯ԵԵ+ѪԵΪҪ̬

  2000֡ɨڡĽ˵йĺ֯ѾһŻﷸŷĽ׶ν֯ĸ߼׶Ω᷸ӺĹϵѾй硣

  1֯ṹʽ

  еĵƻĺ֯й½ĺ֯һԭŻﷸʱƴյ󣬷̶֯ԽԽߣѾ˱Ƚϳġ֯ʽصȽԣԱ̶Ҷְҵﷸһ׷ֲ㼶ʽ͵ָ֯ϵͳʵдֱ쵼߲εǱΪϴ󡱻쵼׶֮һ㻹С϶ȣ˷ʽŶΣְֹвͬĴڱھСܹܡ֡ɱ֡ڡȵ㡱ְνʱСְ򡰳ְȴϴ߳רΪıߵġš򡰹šЩʦжƻרɱ٣Ҳ˾ӪϷҵΪϴǮһװȼĲƲ븣ƶȣϿİͱƶȣΥ߻߽ܵпѹ

  Ĵʡַһݵбָеĺ֯ʼģִҵģʽȽϵ͵Ǹʡ˱صġΰšƶˡԱֲᡷʮٲȻǵġ̷ݺԳѡ֯棬ĴԸࡢָۡ˫֡˫ȵȴֱϿԴͳ;к֯ļ̳Уټ϶Թʳ״̬ĺ᷸﷽ʽģ£γֽ׶й᷸Ķ̬רҵķ֯Ǹۡġ̨һЩ֯ûʲôֻйϳʵǵòȡڶķʽ涨ý̸ֻ ˵֯

  ֯Աṹữ൱Ǹӡӡ͸ͷŻͽ̵Աкܶ˷ʢȫܵԼ¹ϣֶβְ̣ҵﷸѪ硣вݳԱܹѵ۾ˣЩǺ֯ĹǸɳԱΪǶʹúս֪ʶ˽⾯߳ưʽáսѡϵ͡׵֯Ϲϵ

  ״֯ԴսḻװԽԽȽԭǶǹƵǹǹ֧ڣžͣ֯ӱ߾˽ǹ֧ΪЩǹ֧йùģͨһй

  ֶεķչʹú̶ܻ֯ԽԽߡǰǷȵ㿼ֳ˽ڲռֿܵϣʱ·ߣ׼׷ѡ񣬶Բȡ־ֶηоȽϡʵ顣еھ޶թƭУףһƸõġ˴ͱǰ̨ǽܷɳͷһ֣ñȽϺõĽͨѸ밸ص㣬ͷĿѸתƵĳУӵ⡣ʵʩŻͷĿ׷УҪͶͻʾѣ縣ĳŻͷĿΰڰȺܱϺȼʮУڵҲ޶ҹޣͶٸգѼʮԪŽ䲶

  2 ڰ׺ϴϡñӡ

  ӸֵƵĴЩ֮֯ڶʱѸ𣬲ڵغ绽꣬Ҫԭ뵱صҪǩ빫ŵĹԱһγһֱ뱻˵Ĺϵ֯ȣй½ġڰ׺иص㣺֯ɵȨҪǾ켰˾ţй֯ĴǸ٣ص֯ţ٣̡˰ԼУ˺֯ɽݺ֯ͷĿиݣ˸֡ñӡ㽭ηˡϴһ֮⣬пʡݵ8ݣԭʡ˶Эϯ̨ίԱ㽭ĳ糤̨ҵЭḱ᳤㽭޹˾˼涭³Ϻʢ޹˾˼ܾʵҵ޷˼̨ܾװι޹˾˼ܾǰ4ͷΣηȡֶΣ͸Ѱӻʱġηһǣ浽67ҪԱУгίǡֳɲ42ˡ˾ɲ15ˣڻɲ10ˡլǰšйص㱣λͭңʵ˳η쵼ĺ֯Ϊɫڰ[13] 2000괦ļĺ֯ͷĿ񶫣[14] ڰԺյĺڰͷӿ[15] ɫڰͷϵηơ[16] Щ¶ĲʾڸԱϵǿı£ЩڰŵڸطչΪһֺ绽Ȩ

  ΪصǣıʾѾءмڲڲѡȡˡ밲ŵط˴ᣩЭ쵼ˡͨЩȨϵͳ̰۸ߣṫȨɱ˺յİ֡־Ṳͬᡢڰ׺ľ棬Ӧ˵̬һ̬

  3֯Ĺʻ

  й۰̨ĺ֯й½͸ǿھ֯ĸҲԽԽߡݲ飬Щ֯Υȡ޶ʽ𣬲ڵһЩصλĹԱϵԻַ80ҪһǲʷٱңƴӸغɡᡱŻﾭֵļٱڵ100200ңڸһؾͲ1,000๫ǵݹý屨20굽ҵйκʷʱڵܺͻҪ࣬ʯʱҲǹ˿ڣɹŮͯչΪר֯͵ɡЩУ𡰹ǸɡõľǸĺ֯ĺ֯ԡ˽͵ɡ͡ʰƱ͵ĺ֯Ƿıȡķ֯DD߻ᡣʾ1998ͳƣȫʡľ⡰ͷʹ1,400ػ͵Ա 20,000ˣǲĶ30,000ˡ90ƵƵĿעĿ1993𣬸ʡస50Ԫ漰ӢĴǡ̩й̨ﰸǾַ֯ĵͱ֡аṩ鱨֤ʵİܻﰸȫĸ֯ĺڰﹴᾳ֯ΪƱɹͬ򱻰Ʊ߼ȡһʹиĻճڳǩ֤ۣܵŷʹݾǩ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġ֯ĶĶӰ 					
  				 				 					 					
1Ϊʽֵ۵͸

  90ֵ͸й˵Ϊʽϡⷽ͵ıȨ֮ں롣ƵƵġɱ١¼ֱ·ġȽôʮ1995꽭س½ɱίǺθɡ£19973¹㶫ʡίҫгܡư츱յıɱԭгˣ1999628ԭίɱа̨һ 1999316պϹ˰˰ɱٻƳ绪1999326գ˳˾־ֳıɱίǰʮ𰸼ԱֶɱˣЩǺԱЩԵ

  йٳͼƾ豾˵ĵСЧǵڼ֮ĶָɲѡλѾᱥܳͷֶθӾ־ԡҪǣĶʹ綼ЧйŷְƱ¼ɱ¼еĺ滹о̨йרȨ£ǱȱȫУԱΪҪֶεȨ𣬸Ӿ˹ڵĲȫС

  2֯ԾûĽ

  ֯ͿʼԼľûƵȦһûʲô𡣡[17] ԡȦΪйרű֯¾ûҪ¼ͣ

  1ҵӪͣǺ֯бȽϳĸ߼̬90ϰڣֳ̬ĺ֯ѿ׶Σ90ڣ֯չǳѸ٣ȫضԿ֯ĻЩȨάõйϵ֯ԱѴѪԵԵϵһЩͷĿܹýһݡҪԴ࣬һǳ˾׷ծ˾Щ˾е֮Ϊĳĳʲ鹫˾˻ǡִҵƶȡĸĲ199535ƻġɷ޹˾һЩԱ֯νʵ塱[18] ֻһ֯۴֯ʽǴ䱳ڡ׶Ρ죬˽⵽ġĳĳʲ鹫˾ıʽȡһЩҵơݡҵ취ж֣ԼֱӾӪ˹ͬӪιɡֲιеǺ֯ҵͼøַʹԭҵ޷ӪԭҵеԭҵھӪзѱѰ󱣻Լ䡱𱣩շѡ2001ȫڡжУĴʡƻһšξó׹˾Žоûĺ֯˾ġҪҵ񡱾ǿĳձѡɱˡ¶Ĳϣù˾19988Ѯʵʸ£Ƹ벻֪ĳĳζ³ˣһҪͷĿܾ˾ĳӪ¡װάصȡѵȡҵ񡱷ָ˸ͷĿ𡣹˾Աÿ10췢šʡһΣȼͬ300Ԫ500Ԫȣÿж֮ȵġ𡱡ƽʱڸԵΧڼص̣Թ˾巢ָΥЩмڿгϳȡÿ10Ԫġѡڵгÿȡ̯߶ġѡԼӪĶĳУŸջǮȡ199910°ʱֹù˾20Աγһֹȷϸ֯ĺ֯[19]

  (2) ԱΪʱͣǵǰй̬ҲǺ֯ĹǸЩŻ˽ǹ֧͵˶Ʒ֯Ƿ͵ɡα֤аеȻŻԱϵܣԵԵϵѪԵϵΪŦڹ㶫еĳǰҪɽᡢ½һɡЩ֯Ҫڲ⺣гаУγɶȻҵԺڹϵͳҲһϵ滯ɱɱ֮𽥸ɵһˡҪԾ¥ҵġѡ䡰صաѡЩҲιҵ

  ЩԱΪʱĺ֯øʽȽϵ͵кϵġϰ족һӺ˵˺֯Ȩ๴֮Եطūۡ

  ϰ족ӢǺʡؽլˡ80ӢóԿݽ书Ϊͽ19851989꣬ƾֶεլ峤һåУΪ䵱ֺͱڡ1988꺣ϰ쾭Ӣϱ䡰ͷΪͷĺǿռĿڵḶ̌ҲùɴһٳΪڽ̡аʵĺǸɳԱ ץšץš·ӡŻﹲ2ˣ13ˣ衢Ź١թ߲һλعֳָҵһ·ﰸͱĪְﷸҲ15͡Ż䶦ʢʱڣԵһЩҵĸ˺ĳЩҲйвթ199312£˳ʵҵ˾ĳĳǩһ·ͬ޽ſһˮ·档Ӣ֪Ҫһݹܾвͣ18ԪǮŽ˽ᡣ[20] ڵйԲǸ1996긣ݰһרŷŸᲢ°ĺŻͷϣʥϸع־ֳ֣Ϊ常ˮعѲӴӳһŻЩƽаŮаԵ󷢺ƣ޶ [21] һŹΪ׵ĺŻ1989𣬾ĽɡʸڰרԸĿΪթǶԸó׵Ĺ˾ǿȡѡʹ˾֧ԺֵķáԶ޹˾һҾͱȡѡԼ֧Ź˵ĸַۼƽ100Ԫҡ10ҹ˾Ҳ˶ˣȡ޶ѡƵҵ˾Żñ˺֯粻ߣױ֮Էһ͵ؾģͲ

  ֵעһھʧ£һЩߺ㵥λֶα֤ԼӦ棬һЩطåԼǷ˰ѡ罭ֲ¹ֲ19964·ֱƸ3ҵԱ͸ͷźӼ۲˼ڸߣֳ˰ƣΪ˰ʶ͵˰©˰˰ЩƦԡĳȫСƷгһЩϰ壬Ϊ˼ǷծһЩ֣˵ЩծЧֻҪһţǷծծ߻ĲٵǷһЩġʡҲֻء[22]

  еĺͷĿԵطĿƽ֮ﻹҪö࣬ɽٷڵϰһ仰ٷгһǰ׵гһǺڵг֯ͷ簲С¶гǸǸıǻ͵ķмңûԼĵ̣ȴƽκһͳٷ8ڰжλгٷڵһ֣ϰ嶼ҪӭӣҪר׸գ֮ȺꡱһӵĵأӦɫƻֵ3,000磬֮ͱµצֶĲԴ󻧸ֺϷ˺Ϊгں࿴һۣɱ֮ɱȴң⡣һλµмɫռֻ˵һ䲻Ļ㱻⼸λ´С[23] ЩУɿССٷУڰ֮ʢԼһ֮踺ص״̬

  ֻʵμҵӪĺ֯ڴ¾ûʱҪ2001й½صġڡеĺ֯ԼľûЩڰڴ쾭ûʱһбʡٺͷĿĲƲȫͨӪǷɫϣϹҵǡɫܻ㡱ʵͨ¢ϹɫĶҵӪƸŵĶ³ӿǷǷֶϷֶһϷһҲͨǷֶΣڶ̶̼Ǯ7Ԫҡ߸úֶξӪϷ⣬ⷽĵǺʤڰڰǺϷ⣬ֶȴȫڷǷгĲƥ⣬ͲñֶԭľӪߣʹ˳гƾֶΣʤڰ˷װЬñġ䡢ʳҵȶҵڲΧ侭ӪֶȴȫǺϷֶΣǲñֶǿǿȡѣӶ¢γһ־棺һڰ֯ҵе˶Զ˳֮С֯ǲȡȡѡʽû[24]

  й֤ȯҵķչĴѾ쵽Ʊг2001¶ݺڰ֤ȯУϴٹԪ¼һ͡ݵ飬Щ֤ȯĻʵôӶǮƶЩͶϷҵҪǷز˷ٲȻѾ̽ĵǵĸֹϵѾ̸ڵչ䡣̾թƭｫЩƽ֣ع֤ݲŲ죬թƭ̨ðСʱĿԴ½ͬʱݵ֤ȯлŽֱֹȫйȺָһѹܵųʹ[25] 20043¡¼ǡϰ塢ͷĿ𱻽ʡԺ뱱еڶҵ֣Աۼʽ𰸼ع⡣ͨһ¼Ƿλڵйʱгϸ¶Ϣ֤ȯͶұ֯һž޴Ĺϵǰۺڵӵʮҹ˾ƿصʲ80Ԫϡڡ¼У1200Ԫעʽ뱱жҵ֣õֵ6Ԫ60ĹȨǼĿȨתˡ̼ŲɶϧðίʲȴδӼõת͸µĺϻˡйҵۼߣߣ˵뱱̼ŵ֧ߵи߲ [26]

  ּһͨ¾ûме¹нס½ڻ˽ȷǷûҲжƷǷΥӪĺɫӰйϴĺ֯еһЩײԱгΪһ֡Ȩ뵱һЩԱ໥ᣬ໥áȨữƶᰲȫγ˼в  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢֯·Ĺϵ 					
 				 				 					 					
֯ơġ˿йصΥЩ֯ԼװҹܴԹŮͯΪ 19911995꣬йƻ˿ڰ9.5𣬲˿ڷŻ1.9ץ˷14.3ˣȱĸŮͯ 8.8200047¶̶ĸ֮䣬ؾƻŮͯ11𣬽117,302ոŮͽ3ͯ [27] ˺䣬һ½20012003꣬йȴֻƻŮͯ20,360𣬽ȱŮͯ42,215 ˡ[28]ư֮˵йذ참ġ˶ʽص㡣ǹҲӣ19962002꣬7֮ȫعսɷǷǹ֧380֧[29]ÿ60ıӸഫý¶Ĳ֯Ĵй·ΰϾйϵ

  1Ϊ˳

  й˽ѳΪһṫݿԿƷй֮ƣǹյ1991Ϊ14.8ˣ 1992Ϊ25ˣ199438ˣ1996Ϊ52ˣ2002627գգй4̲Ⱦߣռ2/3ȫǼڲѴ100ˡ[30] 2003105ˣ72.2%35µ꣬[31]Щ80Ϊꡣȫ˿ڰ13ڼ㣬2003йۼƵǼڲԱռȫ˿ڵ008lԱ1417㣬йĿǰ420735֮䣬ռȫ˿ڵ032057[32]1991굽1994꣬ƻ඾ƷΥﰸ87,000𣬲永ΥԱ139,000 1995ȫعƻƷΥ57,524ץ永ΥԱ73,73419982003꣬ȫƻƷﰸ 54.69𣬹ץƷ25.01ˣ׼23.56ˣд̷19.65ˣɻ52.43֡ѻƬ14.73֡ƶѧƷ1412.5֡[33]

  йĶƷѷչΪľ棬շĸΥҲڲݱ10ʡУĲȫͳƣ1999꣬ɶƷշɱˡԡ١թƭ˺°͸ߴ2.6𣬸ΰߴ3.8𣬸ռ° 70࣬ΪӰȶҪء[34] ƷгѸ󣬶˼в

  20002002й涾һ
 						 							ꡡ 							涾أС 							ռȫ2,863ٷֱ 						 						 							2000 							2,033 							7100 						 						 							2001 							2,051 							7163 						 						 							2002 							2,148 							7500 						 					 					

Դݹҹֹϼ㣬2000ݼ»2000625յ磬20012002ݼ2004620յ硣

  йԶƷ̲νأ50ϣرصĶд̡ڸв½һС90ʼ㶫ķӳԵŻﻯƣԼͥŻﷷصڹ㶫1996329ƻһ׮ʡ󶾰ɹ㶫ֵܼԱɵķΪ[35] Ʒһߴ100/100ֻһų1995󶾰йһڽǵÿֻ4.3Ԫ۸µĺ,һݾÿֻ9Ԫļ۸֡[36] ֻۣۼ۸Ҫ۸߳ٷ֮ϡĲͳЩĺŻԴ˴ɾȥһΣ

  ԷŻÿ룬һγɹĹǾÿ걻ĶƷֻռͨ5ҡԴ˱㣬йÿʧڶƷһϵƸ൱ˡ

  Ʒ﷢չ2090ѳֳµص㣬⡣ΪһӦڹʽҪõĴййؽоָڶҪ

  2ڡסƵġɫҵ

  20йġɫҵչúܿ죬ԭҪ㣺һ潼˹ԴԴ֮ƣ޷ҵŮһҵйֵ˾޴ǨЦƶЦ潡ķѾṫڽܡ[37]Ůݣٷδڹʽ֯2003 818һλָйٷṩݣй潼Ѿ600ˡ[38]

  йɫҵеŮԣ2080ദ״̬ûкСһײ״̬ǵĲƸ׳ΪĶ󣬵ɱࡣ[39] £ǱȽҡˡǹ㶫׳ơͷĲԭһ棬ɫҵ޴Ҳ𽥽һҵԵ90ԺɫҵΪơ1996115մƻġŮ񡱾ưһһɺ֯Ƶšþư谵뱸ƷγԼһ׹ƶȺ򣬲ŴάԺĴ֡ɻʱϣϸ19957þưɽӴο420˴εĿþưϰ尲ƹϣοֻҪ500Ԫʱͨͨɰķ3¥İ䡣ŮӴһοͣõһСƱƾƱ쵽200ԪǮ300Ԫϰáɺ֯ļԺŮʧȥˡɾʱɺ;棬ο͵ʴ󲿷ݱ֯եȡ[40]

  ȫΧڣ֯ҵѲܡΪõصơݡ϶к֯롣ݵ飬óǸϽɳڱƣҪݡơ֮ΰΰѡ粻ĵλɳΰͲ𡣶ЩطɳɣһƽΪɳ޷ֳֳ֯ɣ֯ˡӡʴЩֳϰ壬һ㶼衰ڰסܻÿûά֡֯һӡãϰ֮⣬ڸáӡڻġ䡱ϽĹɫЩطǽϹģ19951116ղġ̨塱ֳǣڸôֵġŮɫҵˣ200֮ࡣЩطһ㶼к֯ȡѡжʳ֣к½֯ԱǿƼҺͷСȡѣÿҾ¥ÿ½200ԪСÿ10Ԫչ¥ÿλʳȡ10Ԫѡ[41] һݵ鱨ָĸߵҵڵ׵Ա졣ӪҲ̸ĳһӪûжڵ ڵ㵽λδܻ׼֧֣ôֳľӪпܵò֤ӪҲܿΪ޷Ӫҵ [42]

  ڹ㶫غһɫҵ׳ơ䡱һ㶼ڽϾþк绽֮ܵΪ90ڸҵгΪ 𡱵ġ䡱ǵڶʻϣԶԶһ䡱

  νһ䡱ǴŮӱǡŮ֮࣬ʱãʶ롰Ů֮࣬ÿһµֳҵͱƸȥز֮ĽɫЩȥܾһֳ˥չһЩǡŮĽʻ֮һҵڴ1995ԺġĴ䡱ͶܹߵȽĽʻЩ˶ԻɫҵĽ룬ʹһҵˡй桱Ϊô˽һҵ򵥽һЩ䡱Ļ

  ĳŮ1968ĴѧԺҵԭĳŹ߲Ϥ׼ˡ䡱һ׬Ǯҵְרְ 䡱¹7С䡱һӴ磬ͳġС㡱700֮ࡣĳУŮ͵СѶɿ˽䡱Ժ󣬿۳ַԺٷС㡣ϵϵġŮ޷䳡ڡĳһģеȵġӡơϽ֯ķΪ4򣨱׼һɲ䣬ʵ޶Գǡй䡱һĳ桢Xݻġ䡱ԭΪΣųƶĹԣֶβࡣ⡰Ĵ䡱ڸڰסرϤ˵ɨơɨ֮ء[43]

  2000꣬йȫ˴̿ίԱдרŵ鱨棬ָй൱ⱣԱȫΧѾγӴȺ壬ںϻڸ࣬ʡлأֻҪиֳͿҵС㡱ŮЩɫ鳡ıһЩؼŹԱΪӪ߳䵱ˡɡΪ׵һЩŶԱͳһѵϸڣһЩԱ˰ѣʹ̻ְҵͬʱѾ͸Щ·Ƿĸֳ֮ڵеľӪߺԱʾ԰ȫмģ˻֪ͨǡѯʵǷ֪мʱ󲿷ݡС㡱ԽɳλݾӪߡԱȺڷӳݹؼ乤Աַͨʽ뵽ֳľӪ֮С

  ںڡı£̻ɹתΣ(1) ЩطֳԱͳһװԡԱݳ֣ȡСѣھӪߵ루Ӫ֧ĲˮǹϵʳƷԼطã˶Ŀ(2) Աıȥֳڵȴѡֳͣܿ뾭Ӫߵֱϵ(3) Աϲߵݺͷȹصתƣӱܹŵļ飻(4) ϵȱ߾ʡݣԱתƣΪйṩ̷(5) Աĳ㡱ʱС㡱ͻתƵԡȫĵطȫԵġڱͿҵϷ̨ ġС㡱Ϊ౱ɡ⣬潵ĵصܲڸֳֳʵѾΪ潵нء[44] ŮѧΪйһձ󣬡ο־߳½дһƪŮѧ顱[45]Ȼͬ־ܱһܵйŵĴ˺౨ϳ֡[46]

  ŵҵһΥΪв˴ĵ¾áԿϾú͵¾òǹ̶롣õ֮ڹԢʱװȣô¾ֿתΪϾáйĿǰ˵봦ڲ͸״̬޷϶¾ڹ񾭼ֵܲеռ˶ݶѵ󿴣вٻת˵Ͼá˵йĿǰ϶ɳˣڵ¾ú͵Ͼ֮䣬Ǯ磬Ϣ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

Աںɫû 					
  				 				 					 					
ָǣйĿǰɫûⱣ븯ܵԱֱ֧ӲйϵЩԹʲ͹ԴΪӶĺɫûǸܷΪЩ˽ɫûҲиܵԱ֧֣ǰ̸Ļݰعֳֻһ19966£㶫ʡЭϯٲһָغ˽ΪʲôŽֹԭڼ˽ų֡˽ڹйشý͸¶㶫ݵ˽ǳⱣ1996ϰڣտȺ֯6ϴ˽˽86ڣֵ4,637Ԫ㶫ʡЭϯʤͿ6·ֱӲ鵽ݶβ½ᡢտݡŵ߸Լ˽صļӡʯ顢ˮȾŸۿڡͷʵӲ죬ⲻ٣˽Żͷδץ鰸˽ų˽ߵȡ[47] 㶫ݶ1994122819951120գ˽﷣й16,691йҾƳ10,689ռܳε 644,595.7Ԫ˽Լ10.9ֵ֣4.4Ԫۼʹ˽ӱܹ˰Լ2.8Ԫݲ飬ݶض˽﷣Уع֡ش˽1994ס1995·迨Զ׼ʵеġԴˣίҪ쵼ͷֹ쵼ʧ죬֧֣ͬĳЩߣʹдִŵΥΪݱɡΪЭල˽ЭΪһЩִŵĸΪȡǷ棬ϧ˽⹴ᣬ㡰ٷȨǮףʹݶһȳΪȫһ˽ص[48] ҵҲμ˽1996610չ㶫ʡ߼Ժ㶫տ˾˽ð˽Ʒֵ10.4Ԫң͵ӹ˰ֵ˰ 5.4ڶԪ[49] 㶫ʡտϪίǡسǿԣݱӻ˽ɹҽԪʧ19969Ѯտίְͣ飬ͬʱְͣƽ˾Ļиش˽칫ҡ̾֡֡ũҵϪ֧еĸ˵6ˣ״Ҫǻ˽ͨıΪ˽ṩ޶ʽ𣨴[50] йķ˶ֻͣڱϣܹԱ漫ܳʲ1/6Ա븯ܻ֧ġɱͣºعԱ˽ԽԽࡣ1998йʼ˽йغĺعسĵ̨ŵһһһ㶫ïعسСǺعسƹˡ㽭ɽسݺعس顢ںعس̰ܻߵİع⣬ǲ˽йﺣصĹԱѳ˽ıߡ2001꣬ȫϵͳͲ鴦ΥΥ140303λԱ̰۸ܵ֡[51]

  1999ġտش˽˵Աڵ¾ûݵҪɫտίء߷̼졢һŶһ󰸣永Ա259ˡ[52] ųơ͹һ˰ͷα졢鿪ֵ˰ר÷Ʊ17.2ݣ鿪Լ323ԪһҲڵطԱֱӲ뼰ָ·ģһЩ쵼ֱָӲ˰Ϊҵе˰ɲԼٹ˾ƭ˰ǧԪڷӵıʼǱϣ¼򺣹Աͳľ޶ֽĿмί807ǰ1,142ҵУ827ҵ鿪͵ƭ˰ռ98.33[53] Զ˽ǣȥĹԱְߣ࣬˰ԱйҹܣίίźءŹ˰֡ź¾̼֡֡߷ܶӡеȽڲŵĹԱ346ˣϸ߹20ˡйԼҲòϣԴйһ𾭼÷ﰸ永֮Ա֮֮࣬ӣ÷͸֮أĿġ

  ˿˵80ɫûйĴвϳɳ׳ԭǸԱ˾ǺɫûĻӻߡһٴ֤йĸ߶ȨԱǻȡǰƻҷԱǱӦѭְҵ¡  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ߡ¾÷ĵغ 					
  				 				 					 					
¾õķʹ˵˵ĵǽȫһ֮ϡѧҺӵ¾õĴڣʹԼй״ķʧ档Щʵݺʹȥƶߣֻʹ¾øӷġ

  ֮¾õغԴ⼸и

  1¾ƻƽԭ򣬸г˳ʵʩ¾ûĲڴ¾ûʱûо淶г׼̡¹Լ˽˽ߣ߱гʸ÷Ƿֶνг¾ӪĳɱܵͣǵǽĻϣΪڻԣͨǴһǹһط˾һ֮ǵĴгҡ

  2¾شԴķ䣬سŪͶΪλķ䷨ʹǿͶΪλķ䷨ͼйЩԻΪλƾϵͶзǺɫʢеĽ

  3ɫõĴǶͷϵļӡںɫùΥͶȡɣյطߺΥߵ൱Ĳࡣйо裬ǮССǮǮطߺΥ֮뵹زġŤǵĵ¹ʹձϣͶȡɣ˸ȥΥ¡£޵ĹҲУηĹ֧Ͷ룬γһֶѭ

  4ʹͳʧ档ĺɫãɫĴڣʹڷѷݾһ㲻ŵɫʡڴҶͳֲˮʮÿȫ˴϶˴ǶйͳݵʵѯͳƾֵĹԱҪԣݵĿɿԡ 2002йͳݵĻѾپйڣԴѲձĻɡ

  ĿǰͺɫѷĪͨɳʹӴľóɱʹͼﵽٻֹĿġ1992ŵѧ֥Ӹѧڼ.S .ˣ΢۾÷󵽷гΪΪ໥õĹ򣬶ժȡѧоڡ

  ͬʱѧǣоⳣһ㾭ѧҿǷΧ֮⡣ΪľѧУ뷣༴ΪͶԸĹ⡣˸Լ᷸Ϊĳڹ۲죬Ϊʵһ֡ûԼġɱ͡桱֮ԷΪԤڷڳɱԷȨıʽĳɱԺѡ񡣱ԸΥΪŹ߾ΥɱʹΥ㡱

  Ϊһԣɱ棺һֱӳɱʵʩзĳɱߡѡʱֱڷĿ֧Ƿʱɱһ˰һʱڷôͨϷıʱͻ٣ɴԶľûܲĴ棬ΪĻɱǴɱﱻ˾Ʋд̷ԷɵľʧһﷸСķɱķ棬ҪȡĴʩͨһϵṫߣʹﷸķɱ󻯣ﵽٷʵĿꡣڴˣرǿһ˷Ժ󱻲ĸʱȼиá

  ñ˵й״ᷢһǳΣյ򣺺͸ķΧԽԽ㷺ֹٺڽϵֱӽǴ󽵵ͷɱʹӵܳͷʽֻ͡ҪɱطĳɱôӱҡͻڣɫûͲֹͣоٵĴʵ֤2090йٺڽϵĽǲƶйȨĺữ

  ---------------------------------------------------

  [1]»籱199676յ硣

  [2]ձ2000320յ2棬2000Ժ桱

  [3]»籱2002319յ磬2002Ժ桱

  [4]йؼ顱http://kaolu.customs.gov.cn/

  [5]Ϸĩ2001322ա

  [6]Ϣʱ199689ա

  [7]ǵձ20001012ա

  [8]̨1995غš

  [9]̱2001411գ̱۽档

  [10]й걨200135ա

  [11]ձ2002114յ6档

  [12]»2002319յ磬 Ժ桱

  [13]2001427Ϣ㽭롮ڰϴη԰ס

  [14]Ϸĩ2000 928գžĺϴ󡱡

  [15]ܿ 20010309գгڰ˴ķû䡱

  [16]»ظ壺бڵһʵ»߳壬 2001517ա

  [17]2001210B1档

  [18]Ϣձ199556ա

  [19]й걨200135ա

  [20]Ϸĩ1996119ա

  [21]лʱ199665ա

  [22]Ϸĩ1996111ա

  [23]ԭءɽ걨תժԡڷƱ1996825ա 

  [24]»ƵϢ20011223ա

  [25]лʱ20011217ա

  [26]ţ¼DD¶طԱսȨۡܿ200514ڣܵ183ڣ

  [27]»20031117ա

  [28]» 200433ա

  [29]»20021211ա

  [30]»2003627յ硣

  [31]»2004213յ硣

  [32]ƷойĹؼԭءܿ2004915գwww.people.com.cn/

  [33]»籱2004620յ

  [34]»籱2000625յ磬ڡ2000626ա

  [35]Ϣձ1996413ա

  [36]Ϸĩ1996628գйһһΪ9601Ŀ羳Уɻĺʹ598.85ݸֱйڵ˽ƷģԽԽڡ3.29ϼ巷нɻƷ28ݶء4.22ش󷷶нɻƷ42¬ǿش󷷶ɻ80.25

  [37]ͷıĴׯϷĩ20021219աŮĵְġǱ򡯡20021126ա

  [38]ۡƻձ2003819ա

  [39]ڷƱ1996110գ֣ɱĵ

  [40]й걨199648գٵߡ

  [41]ߵּǡ

  [42]йʱ200048ա

  [43]ߵּǡ

  [44]йʱ200048ա

  [45] ο 2003522ա

  [46]Ůѧ۱ٲƽɫ2004518ա

  [47]ժ199674ա

  [48]1996726ա

  [49]лʱ1996615ա

  [50]տ1996910յ磬ʱ1996911ա

  [51]2001830Ϣ

  [52]1999916Ϣ

  [53]20001213Ϣ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ʮһ¡йṹݱԷ 					
 				 				 					 					
					
ĸ￪ǰйһᣬֲ㡢ӢѡҪ׼ѪͳĿǰйĽײṹѷ̵ı仯֣˵йڷֳ˾Ӣ㡢²㡢ԵţЩŷҰͬھӢѡĹУȻѪͳԭȻڣƲԭ򡱺͡ɾԭҲʼá

  µľӢѡƵṹ˾޴ı仯ȣг˲ͬԭ漯ŵ漯ţһЩ漯ӵг֯ʽܵΣܷ涨쵼׼λĹ˽׼λڡ쵼׼ũ׼ʵѴıԵ״̬м֯ķչڡʽĹ̵УЩ֯ʵм֯ʵֻ֯һѣЩ֯˫Ŀľףԣ֯ԣЩмִ֯ʹְܡṹЩ仯ʹùҡ֮Ĺϵȥͬйó֮֯ᾭýṹҲ֮ȽѸٵݱ䣬漯ųָΪӵĶԪ״̬漯֮ĹϵҲһЩ΢ı仯

  һӢŵγɻ

  1Դ䲻ƽ漯γɵĻ

  ĸǰйǸһͳһԪᣬΡáʶ̬Ȩĸ߶صϣ֮ϡʱľ󲿷ԴءβƸԴȨȹϵԴϢĻԴȣȫй¢ϣϲܶտõԴûм֯γˡҡڡĶṹ˼ªļҾߡߡӵ⣬ûƲоľҵȫ»ͶţԴȫķϵͳ涨ļʷţũϵϸ£մƽĹֻƷθ߶һԪԴĴһͳռеļֵжҲһԪ״̬Ȼ޷γκжȺ塣

  ĸ￪ŵʵʾͨ𽥸ıԴռ״̬ǰʮһǿģйĸԴռ״̬ĸıߵȨгΪȨ˽л·ǹԴ估ռеĲƽĲƽǸĸײγɵĻξӢ뾭þӢγɵԴͷй½ѧƽ˵йʱʱĻʱ֮תҪӰ죬ڶйʱתоУǷһֺᣨIvan Szelenyiѧңת൱ͬʱת͡ʱתͣǿԳ֮ΪȦתǰʮĸгһĻʱʱ뾭ʱʱӢš͵ľǡաڹȨѪԵʱʽǿ˲ͬʱĿתԣ֮ÿһʱתԴռеķ糱Уûǡաļθ߳70ĩĸ߿80ĳ80ڵĹٵ80ĩĵݶӡ90ºʮڵƾΪʱ۵Ҫڡʱ¢Դַڶײ档йв׼֮γɣԭڣԭӦв׼ռеԴڱʱ¢ȥˡ[1] աʱľӢ䲻Ǻܶ࣬ΡáĻ֧ǿ¸ʵʹеĴºͲҵḶ́ͨȨгеԴôȨԼ¢Ƹ

  ڵ1¡5ϸȨʱΪĸ˽˲Ƹһ̡23꾭øĸУйĸԵĽ׶ݱ8090ĸҪΪ˸ܣݹͶʹ˾ֽܾꡢʵҵгɭ顢ڼƻּƻҵ˵̰۸ܼΪ͡1995ǰ󣬸ɸΪ֯Ϊչν֯ܡɸ£һ֯ĸˣһ֣ͷܣ֯ӵеĹȨΪ֯ԱȨǮҪʱϵһ֯֯ӵеĹԴϼл¸ӶȡĲ֧֡ŻݵбԼĻᡣĵ˱󰸼֡֯ܡص㡣տе˽УίǡгزҪԱȫ𡱣Լ˽¶⣬õ֤

  1998꿪ʼйĸѿʼ֯ƶȻܹɡΪһ͸ϵͳĴ󲿷ֻСڶѳΪһƶȰţԴԴĻԴѳΪٷҪ󣬴ӶִξϵͳڲĥسֵƶȻܵĵ[2] ĳϳҪЮԻȡζĹߡ㽭ݵһåץعԱ̰۸ܵİѱеĲξûԱ°š[3]

  йɫĸʵǹҼƣܱйЩҵƶȲͬй򸯰¸еȨƸĶˣǵĲƸԴ˾ԱЩ˲ƸԶֻɵ̬ȣӵµĽǶȼָ1997꼰1998ϰ꣬ڱֹֽνġйۡۼҶԴΪͼ˰йִЩֻʱڣ19491953꣩[i]ֶƽṹı״̬ȴ˽ƺṹ䲻ͬ50ڣйƸռеĲƽ״̬гγɵģĿǰĲƸռеĲƽͨȨȡγɵģ˾ļ顣νġ֮ۡδΪһۡʱ֮֡⣬ṹγɻĲͬҲԭ֮һ

  2ᾫӢŵ֧ξӢ뾭þӢ

  ĿǰйľӢξӢþӢ֪ʶӢɣռеԴͬȷǰྫӢ״ξӢִָţγص㣬ԭڼȨµνоռһλãһЩ1978꾭øĸĹԱŻнξӢšйĵмԱطϵĸмԱдҵλĸˣξӢĳԱ۲йתڵξӢģʽԷ֣гת͵ĹУɲֻмݻζʧʧȥȨλ½ɲͨԭӵеȨԴ൱гĹлȡ˻档

  þӢɹмдҵˡд˾ҵܡ˽ҵɡеǰξӢеѪԵϵǴԭξӢתġйгȨгΪ㣬ԣгת͵ĹУһЩӵȨĸɲԼյȨɹؽԼıв׼ĳԱ֮ԭְ˽˻۲ƸҪֶΡ

  ĸǰȣĿǰκ;þӢĳԱûиԵĸı䣬ֻһ͵ľӢתΪһ͵ľӢѣɼƻٷ侭еξӢתΪгеľþӢʵ80ڿʼй൱ĹԱͿʼѧȨΪԼĲȡ˽Ҳ˶Ȱгˡ

  ˽ҵྭþӢıͨ3һǼͥйٷˣͨһơĸ٣Լ̣ʽػȡƸΪϵѰͨ;ʿйĴ󻷾£ǲòȨԴԴַʽķչѰֱӹϵ˵ྭþӢȨǧ˿ƵĹϵֹϵͨƶͨͨ˹ϵġԱ֮佨ָ˹ϵı棬ƶȵƻΪۡ˽ҵĵֱһЩҪг˳ɹڸ߼ҵбȽͻĸǰҶϡȱԴ¢ϲ¢ԴҲ¢ռ䣬ǴԻĳ23ĸһҪǣһԴɻĿռ䣬ڴ˻һʿƾԼгкͶԻİնӱ70ĩ徭ÿʼ֣˺˽Ӫõķչ̼λĸı䡣йĸĸУйԾƵĶλϱ仯ϱΪ4׶Ρ ԼƻΪгΪȻչмƻƷáɡгáλΪгơ־ƶλϱ仯ĸԭ80кӪҵ˥ܣŹӪҵ󣬹ӪҵάҪ˰ߵĵλ˹Ҳظڴ˱£˽ӪҵŵԲϷչ䷨ɵλҲһ̣˽ӪҵײҲߣԱҵľҵų⡢ĻʲߵײʿΪ壻ȴγһƽĻʸȫƽˮƽĽײ㣬1998꣬һȺܹרϽռıߵ20ҡ

  ʵξӢ뾭þӢֿ֮ۻҵĹϵȫйת¸¸ġйɫעġйƸĸʵǡȨгḶ́һ·ƽһ潫ԭԡСʽڵġڶáϷһٷȨĳЩ򳷳гáһУ¢Կƴ󲿷ξԴԱŴٷȨ˽˾õķչȡٳϵг̶ȡҲ⡢ƶת׬ȡ¢õľӪԣӮǹȨӻʩĽ˵ڵй Ա͹ˡ

  21ͳξӢ뾭þӢԼ700ңռȫҵ˿ڵ1[4]ײӳĿǰйתͣ˽вƲҡʱͶԼҪԴ¢ϣᾭýṹ˸Եı仯ϴҷչʷһǣʱ۷֮УܵͶгƷгļ۸ͶʻƵƶйȻҲʱ۹̣δ߱һҪԭǣй֯ϸʹм֯н֯޷طɳҲûдЩмײзãΨһǴ˽Ӫҵȫ

  ˽Ӫõ׳˽ӪҵײҲǿңβ鲻ʷȫʼԽԽشǵ֮⣬Ҳ˱ײŵý婤лʱűֽϵΪǵŽС֤ײڷȨĵĹٷ֯˴ЭеϯλҲԽԽࡣ1996һѡΪƼΪ˽ӪҵѴ5,400ˣа˽ȫ˴8ˣͬЭίԱ8,500ˣ˽˸쵼ӡ[5]2003긣˹аУйϰ9% ˴13%ȫЭίԱԼ25%ҵйԱ3%ĿǰǵعĸˡЭ˴Ӫҵңнˡ [6]2004ʮȫ˴ѡ2,900УǹƾõĴ200ռ10[7]һѾ199625 йξӢ뾭þӢƶԹܵ

  þþӢǣ1998꿪ʼйлʱġܡڸˮ档һ˱˽вƲַĹ˼Ͻ˽˲ƸܲƸķ롣ⳡ೤ģ⣬ʹľ߲˽оõʶǰشһӶΪ1999˳ֵ׼2000꽭ġۡ2001ּڡ˽Ӫҵ뵳ġһֻΪξӢ뾭þӢ֮ĽǮṩһƶȻͨѡ2003ٿġᡱһײ߲εΰţЭеεְҲԽԽߡ

  йκ;ӢŵʽϲͬʵһЩȴʮơ磬Ͽ죬Ͼʱ٣ˮƽձϸߣѼѷʽƵȡŵѷʽһҪԭ򣬼ξӢҪͨȨǮӾþӢ֡ĻǡĻᡣһЩ÷Ĵгγ˵ļоסءžӢŽײʶ𽥾γɣԼӦýײҪĳ΢ķչеĿռṹܴı仯ٳѾ˸ԷҰ

  3֪ʶӢŵݱ估漯Ż

  ĸ֪ʶ[ii]ײķֻǳԣ֪ʶӢײĲѭΡþӢ·ȫͬ8090ҲֳͬĽ׶ڲطԴΡáۣռ״̬оڽϸ߲ΡнϴӰ֪ʶӢĳ˵йĿǰġᡱе ȨƪޣĽӰСרҵԱ

  ĸǰܵë󶫡֪ʶԽԽ˵Ӱ죬֪ʶһ㱻ΪϾšǣĳЩ֪ʶӿΪë󶫵ĴЧԵõӡĸ֮ĭһƪԡѧĴ족Ϊʹ֪ʶǿ˸ĸǰеĴ˶֧־øĸͬʱҲȽͬθĸԣʱڸĸɵ֧Ҫ֪ʶӣڱڹϵڲϣ֪ʶӣʷѧҡʫˡҵȣءžøĸһ𽥸ı䡣֪ʶӱ֪ʶṹгеļֵеһ˵漯Žϣһȴ޷Լ֪ʶг֪ʶӽײ㷢صķֻ90֪ʶȺгеõ治ͬԸĸ̬ȳԵķֻ漯ϵ֪ʶӢ֮⣬൱֪ʶӲδӾøĸеõپ棬ᾭõλ½ˡˣ֪ʶӲֱ֧ǶԸĸ̬ȱԽԽ浼֧䡣

  ĸг̵ƽƼ֪ʶһЩĸصѧ羭ѧѧȣ֪ʶһҪĻʱ˽ϷΪټң𾭼ѧļרҡʦѧߡʦܿ¢еĸλΪĸеߣ˻Ȩġⲿ֪ʶӢǳɹذԼĻʱתΪʱϵйѰлоصӰ졣һ֪ʶӢܾ͵ʶ̬֧䣬ӵеźĻʱΪþӢǷ񣬲ƾַϵڻ۲Ƹĵһ־дȫʤͬʱҲƫ֧αԭͼֵۡЩ֪ʶӢǾþӢҪͬߣΪþӢҪѧҡѧҼ֮ѧҡҡýĺԹԼελ֪ʶӢǡǡ߱Ӱ۵ǰڷչγͿزУͿԵؿ֪ʶӢ뾭漯ϣСǰѰ⡱Ӱߡ˷йѧҡһֻڴװǮһֻڴװҵҸǮ2000׫ģ¶ĳѧҵļԱȨ̵⡣ΪʵһԲھѧҵܷ̣ڵѧǮ˺ǰ߳Ϊĳһ漯ŷġۡѧ۵㡱Ϊȫıļֵľá

  ⲿ֪ʶӢξӢĹϵҲĸǰкܴĲͬ1998ѧ߳ũһƪרĿǰй֪ʶӢķֻ[8] ĸ֪ʶӢֲͬ漯ϵ״̬֪ʶӢֳɡɡɡƽɡ롰ɡϷйᵱǰʵ߻ΪξӢмƵĽᱳһξӢ֪ʶ֮ôңǵܸ˵ΡӰ⣬Ҳ֪ܲʶӢӰ죻֪ʶӢĹԷֻ£ξӢǺֱܷܿͬĳһ֪ʶӢȺĹΪǲ֪ʶӢǡᡱԽԽԭ֮һ

  ʵ֪ʶӴͲһ壬ڵǰ漱ֻ֮ʱҲȻڣСᡱ֪ʶӢǻѧȫͬϷεϷøֶֿܵ׷󻯣ڸ漯֮ĳƽ⣬ΪμǿʱҪ㣻ѧоΪĿ꣬׷ĹУ֪ѧоҪĿǰȦӽ֪ʶӢϷһ𣬰һЩĳЩŵŰװΪۡȷʵ˾޴áɡ֪ʶڣв˶ڸĤ״̬ʹǶʶ㡣ƽɡ֪ʶǰ֪ʶӢȣԽеĲܹȥʮʶ̬ĻӰṹĿ޷˼׼ѧ˵Ӱ졣ӡƽɡ֪ʶӵ֪ʶṹ֮ԴȽϽӽйġɡ༴˵ġɡġɡͬ

  йԽԽѸٵı仯֪ʶ֮ķֻϻԽԽԣһЩյͬܿڽлΪϵ۵Сڷչй֪ʶĹϵʼһҪ⡣붫ǹҵľһ֪ʶӷ˶Σȫ港볹׶䡣˺ϣ򷢴˵䡰Ҳи⣬Ǻò˶١ı⣬ʵֻˣܸıĹ۸кۡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ײĵλ״ 					
  				 				 					 					
1мײĲ״̬

  ġмײ㡱Ҫָһְҵˮƽνв׼ƣ80һײռҵ˿ڵı33ձ28.7Ŀǰймײڴҵ˿еıԶԶڷв׼ıͬʱйм֯һײ޷ͨƶȻĹܵԼйлǶӰ졣

  8090ڣתڵ߷϶²Աṩ˻֪ʶײְҵλ½ظɲҵԱ͵λȴ90һЩܼͲҵйһЩƼרҵԱ֪ʶѸг侭õλѸߡĿǰймײϰ벿ֵģ߼֪ʶӣѧоԱС͹ҵС˽ҵʵİԱ¢ҵְȣ2,930ңռҵ˿ڵ4мײ°벿ֵһרҵԱͿԱʦѧʦͨչߡŴҵߡظɲмҵ²Ա幤ҵеϲȣԼ8,200ˣռҵ˿ڵ11.8[9] мײ˲С˽ҵСҵ幤ҵ߼¢ҵĲְ⣬нϺõĻҲлϵľ

  ǣйֽ׶εġмײ㡱˵治ͬв׼ȣйвײ϶ִƾмǿԣйǡƤ롰ëĹϵֹϵûжͬƣΣڹȫξӢ¢ϵ£ûκƶȻܵ빫Ļ޷ṫʩӰ졣йвײûжȺʶ֪ԼͬʲôĿǰййв׼ۣҪǴӾϿײ㣬ûǵָ꣬ײġȺʶͲṫ

  2˽ײ㾭õλıԵ

  Ĺ˽ײ㲻йܷ˵ϵνġ˽׼ǰְҵصᾭõλײ㡣йͳĶԹ˽׼ĶҪָҵְŸĸ￪ŵйĹ˽ײʵѰˣһǹӪҵְһڡʡҵҵְְһҵĻ뾭Ӫ߻ʷ˵Ͷϵȫͬγ˼ͬȺ塣

  ͳξӢĺϷԻ϶ǽƶȵĻ֮ϣִӲԼĳȺĴйĹ˽ײҵĹϵȴʮ⡣йܷȷ涨йɹ˽׼쵼ġԹũΪĹҡйԼǹ˽׼ĴԱԳΪġ֪͡ʶ򱻳ΪͶߡ롰˽׼һ롣ֻֻϵʵϣʵ֪ʶ빤ײδһ¹Ҫ˵ǣ1949йʼ߶ʶ̬ҵ֪ʶӼ˵ҲԵزһ¡ĸǰ˶УǱ֪ʶӡ

  ĸ￪ǰйĹҵͶԱΪԵ󲿷֣ǰǹӪҵʽְǳ缯ҵʽʱռҵͶкСһ֡һʱڣҵĹϵ棺һǹ빤ڳ䷢ĹϵϵͶ̡˿̵ȣڹٷУڵλ֮ķϵ漰ʡҽƱպϽȡܹ۲Ϲ֮ͻʵϹҵ沢һ¡˫ͻҪͶƶȣԴϿרµȫơڵ֧뵳Աܼල£ְͨûиռ䣬˽˵ĻҲɳΪɡݡ1976ڱġ˶Уд˲μӣǵʱеľ߷οƵı֡⣬ְнסԴĹУ֮ҲĦУԹ˵Ŀ൱ɢ˿԰ԼԸνġҵЧʡָľ״̬ĸǰȻûв׼Ӫҵȴʵϴڡв׼ĵλǹӪҵְ͵ҵصͨԱʱϸľԵĻƶȣũųڳо֮⣬ά˳о棬ײ֮ϰɴ˲в׼賓˽׼һв׼

  ĸ￪˽ײ쵼׼ű𽥱ԵĹ̡ĿǰŷڻҵİԱ֮⣬ļ๤Ⱥٻ𺦶ڲ֮УȫСģĿɧȻڸĸͶгҶԸ˿ռĿ˼ͥΪעְڿ˽ٵΪΣڹϵ⣩Ӫҵ˵ĵλ½ɥʧԭеġв׼ĵλмĴή²Ѹͣ᲻ȶص

  ڸĸУȥֹ빤ֱ֮ϵѾı䡣ڣڹҺְ֮ШһϵнأŻطȨʱŲҵϵģʽĶԪ볧ĹϵҲ¼ͣͬҵй˵ľҲྶͥ

  һǼЭԼֹͣϵڹӪ뼯ҵڣ漰70ҵְԼ1.2ˡЩҵйšְ֯빤ᣬγҵڲϵĻƺ⡣ҵľʱεǣϯȴûбҪȨʶ̬϶Ա͹˶ǹҵĹԱ˹Ա빤ͬȵĲμӹȨҲְĴڲƸ賧ר֮Ȩӽ꼯ͶͬԼҵļ̸ֽͬеȫʽĶеٳɷݡһЩҵӪ߽ͶͬΪһֽģͬİ£ͬдװ׵£ʵȴԷ֮磬ĳҵļͬй涨ְʵʱҪ빤ʵǩþҵ쵼˴һλְʱϯ˲ͬ쵼˹ϯְǸˣϯΥԼΪòԴǵĻ˵ͬȷǴзԵԼ漰˭ȥʣҪҪ룿[10]

  һ棬80ӪҵܵҪԸҪάֻʷѹδЧʺͲƷΪҪ񡣽90гѹ£ҵ豸¾ɡʽȱıײأƷȱ·̰۸ܶʹʽǹҵӪСŵĸټήҵǳһҵչϵĶѭʧҵࡣ1999꣬ʧҵӰڴҵͷϡȻʧҵʼǻ1,200򣬵ʵʧҵ˵ԶԶһĿѧߵоɹָʧҵĹģԶڹٷݣйٷѧڹԺ˵©죬ơ4,800¸ڹˣȶвŹҵĿĽһʧҵڲеġ塱ελȫͶģĴҲʮѡ֡ģѾʧҵһЩݵġģƫͣòݹʣ֡ģѡòΣǵסȻҲܲȫģ2.7ļͥ˾ס5ƽ¡[11]

  ڶҵҵҵйĺʻҵԴģʽʻҵͶܶҵȫŷʱռйܶ10ңҲޡҵҪڣǱȽ͹н飬ΪзԱṩѵʽ𣬻ڴнѧУзߴµĹ֪ʶЩŬɽһЧҵУʷзʶԴһַǶԿԵġ˫ЭʽġԳɹ۹õĹҵӵгʽ֧ϸߵĹʡṩࡢȽ밲ȫĹṩźסԣҵĹ˳ҵԱĽĶ£ҵĹᡢ֧зͳһսߣʺϻΪṩ֮ԴֿӪҵԹҵĿ࣬ҵĹ빤˵ĹϵǷǶԿԵġʵϣ˵ĲзԹǵܡΨסĿǰȻҲжŷҵʱ͹ͶߣĿǰ״ձ[12]

  ޹ңʡҵйص˽Ӫҵʹϵġ桱[13]ν桱ָʹϵ˻ص19͹ҵʱڵ״̬˼ڡʱۡԴ쾡µľСЩҵǱ΢ÿ1012Сʱʱ䣬ĩϢϲ޶Ϊ34ӡдƣ˵ĹȲֲȫжƷҵûκη豸¹Ƶûϵͳϵͳ̫ʧʹʮ¼ع̨ʺͺҵͻڶغڡݸϺȵصҵʳͻķ൱ߡ[14]㶫ʡͶȻͶȴӲʵЩ档

  δʹϵйٵһǳε⡣йųǡͶ񵱼ҡͶӦ˵ĻȨǣطΪʣḲ̌вٵطĻɲΪ棬̱Ѻõ˽˹ϵǣ£Ǿܷǳ˽ҵͶߵĹ״̬ȴӲԤʹд󵨵ýѶɷñҲȡ̬ȣż׷ࡣص̬˹ˣº׷֣طйزŵĸɲδ涨װʩǣڡͶߵ顢طĽ£طš

  ڹ˽ײУҵĹĽײ㡣Զˣһ㶼š19998£߾ְıֽؼ߲дһöδʾףñʵ׼ȷ绹ǽӵ˸óһλĵ绰ڵ绰в̸ʵ׼ȷֻһζв˵Ͷߵ飬ȥˣڳСʱĵ绰УλԱͬΪԱġСûκͬģʮֺġ

  ŷǹƾõķչԼʹϵĳ֣ӦͨҵⷽĲоʵйѾһЩĹڱ͹Ȩķ棬βܽ䵽ʵҪҵڵȺԼ֯ĿǰеġǿȨ֮Ŀնںġ 1999111գձͷλÿȫܹϯξжй֯ĳƪԡС뵳ȫһµĻûдڵıҪ˵ⱻΪδ󡱡ڶ죬ñòϱʧʵٴη棬ξе˵ɾú󣬡ձ糤ź񻹱ָΪʧְ⵽ְ֡һ¼вѿоʲôĵλʲôá

  3еũײ

  йũڸĸ֮ߣ˾ɣҲ롣ĸתƵкһЩоũũ塢ũҵũѧ߾һָйũҵѱһûʣĲҵͬʱũ⣺һǸأõġ˰족һϵӷ׵Ļйأյũҵ˰޷ЩԱЩͶũũɲĹ̯йأɲΪ˱֡б˽ңũĳ˹̣þũеũ񲻿ࡣһӵǣ㶫һׯ˽100ȫòŵĹڶũƫͣĸʽũѻϴﵽ˼ޣ˶٣ũ뽫޷ߡũȨְũżìܣÿɿмƻҪշĦ¼ũȨò֤ѡٶʽ񹫿ֻũɲ̰۸ΪΪصǣũȨط֣֮ũåѹ

  4ӴԵȺ

  Ĺ˽ײ㡢ܽײ㡢ũײ㹲4.8ˣԼռҵ˿ڵ69ҡ[15] ǻϻǴھҵ״̬ĻʲӦ仯ЩȺ˵ھҵĽṹʧҵʱʱԵرס롱ǽϺõĴΪʱܵ䵽һΪµѱԵ˵Ⱥ֮СݹƣйеĳʧҵԱũѻ1ң[16]ռҵ14ҡ֮ѹ˺ũײԼʧҵԱũѻϲ㣬˿ڵ80ϴ²Ե״̬ṹ᲻ȶĸԴ1988ÿ·1996꿪ʼ˷ĵθ߷塣[17]

  Ӫҵ˵ʧҵȻʱžýṹĵת䣬豸ĹӪҵȻ̭Ϊйó֯Ͷʽ1,000ҵᣬɻĿǰʹʧҵѹһԤֻ˵һ룬Ϊʹ1,000ҵܹ֣ҪҲܹרҵѵĸͶȴڻĿǰĽṹʧҵֽṹʧҵͶĹȹءĿǰũûлõκְҵѵͶ޷˵ļܼҵҵͬʱӪҵʧҵ˵ľҵǰҲֹۣǵѧʱʷĸĻ֪ʶѧú٣꣬תѣȴһĹҵŰʹùҵĸ̰۲Ƹѽݾҵգǧְ˦ϡ

  ٴý̸ʧҵ˵ĴʱΪʧҵپҵѣְ̫ҵʼйءȷʵڣеʧҵ˶ˡһЩרվһ֤תҪһЩȺ帶ۣʧҵӦΪҵĸĸЩվǿƼŵ˵ʵֻҪй˿ͶṹԼйٵĲҵṹת˽˶֪һʹʱֻеȵһȫʷ˲ܽ⻹һǰᣬй˿ڽʧҵ˼ȲܻصԭľҵȥҲܽµĳҵǱִ˦Ⱥ壬ӴĿǰһʧҵְѲʧҵ룬ձŮѧҵѹšҵߵƳշѵſߣ²׼е֧ߵѧӷѣѱԵʧҵְ͸޷֧ȺǡǡǶ̥ʽϸߵȺ塣ᷢչĽǶΪ˱⡰ƶĴʴݡӦòȡЧʩЩ˵ĺڽϵĲƽȡ

  ͨһЩĵ鱨棬˽⵽ĿǰʧҵְȺ򲻰֮ĹϵһݶԽձ1991197ʧҵְĵʧҵְܳΪһķȺԴĸ߶ע⡣ܽʧҵְص㣺һҪڶıͷʧҵʧȥԴֱӹϵ197ﰸУ6024թƭ12թ9𡢷5ǿǿå26 ǿȡ֯Э9ռ70.2ڶʧҵ12Ƿ߷ڣ΢ҵְͻ๤ΪڴУ35µ๤ķΪ162ˣռ80.7оԣģʧҵǰһ֮Ļ̶ձƫͣ壬ŻıظߣϵЭҵϵĹԣʧҵ˱ũγŻ197𰸼Уķ֮һϵ˽Żﷸ10Ϊ׷[18] Ĵʡͽ̾1997һݱ˵ųʧҵ࣬з˿ˡʡѺķУ19941995䣬ũռ75ңääϴ󣻵ǣ1996110¼ũͽԱı½20.7ԳͽԱı3ȴ23ҡ[19]

  ڣεڳм佼ũ˳·塣ݡڵȴеķԱУġޡԱߴ7590㶫ʡ͸Ĳŵһݱ˵ʡѺʡУĴϡʡﷸռϣũķռ90ϣвƲͷռ 88ϣ48ռ40Ļƫͣ60ֻһѧ[20] Ĵй˿ڴʡڹ㶫ݡƶЩط˿һйʡǰС

  һЩ߶Ⱥľֲ飬ṩѵһϸϡ磬ʡݼһλ̸ܽɲµ202ˣ˵ǰũԱɡΪص㡣ָԱĹСࡱ󣬼δ鷸˶ࣨ64.5мķ˶ࣨ59ָͷźٴηߣķ˶ࣨ16.5䷸صǣαװת򹫿Ե˰תɵŻתԵԡ١åŻӶ࣬ЩŻγ֯лƻԱָֹꡢߵص㡢߱׼ȣسתܻѳΪũһص㣬迪аϤıʩĦгļس͵ԣĦгҪߴ崮Կ֮Եȡ [21]

  õ߻רŷũص㣬Ϊʧת򡰴ǰЩУʧũ巸ڷйص㣬һԼֵشɣ1996Ժũ巸У˷ʱִΪѳ˷ɺ͵µĵߣǹΪ֮еķ˵˻˼ȴʵįҪһЩд̼Ķ棬ʹˣҲûһʽλгڹ̹ܽĵΪڶƶ֮ࡢƵũ꣬гõкǿԺͷɫʣгеļֵ׷ⲢλڽǮܷ档һֵ۴λͼγɵߵǷǹۣ̰ռеġҸۣưԵġӢۣۡͼѰֹۡЩֵ֮໥ϵ໥ã໥ԼһĽṹʽ֧ŷΪ[22]ʡֵһλоԱҲ鱨ָƵ[23]

  ڣй˿ѾγΪٵĺ֯ҵԱΪ֯ṩӴĺ󱸶顣ҪǵԵͺ֯⣬ҲѪԵͣԱѪͳϵɣҵԵͣڳԱĳְַҵϵĻγɣ֯[24] Եͺ֯һԭʡСءɣȽѱȡ޵Ϻġ½㶫ġ롰ġݰɽ ǰȡЩԵͺ֯ĻԱҵְҵũһΪѹϵҲвֺ֯γ˽ܵķֱ֯ṹƶϸ֯ɣԱ֮ȼԣѪԵϵΪάϵ֯ŦĿǰ֯е󣬲һЩײԱгΪһ֡Ȩ뵱һЩԱ໥ᡢ໥á  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ǰṹݱе 					
  				 				 					 					
1н֯ĳص

  ִһжԪԣľ߹Уײ㶼ҪԼм㴦ڱЭϡ²֮ϵĵλˣмܷĶԪĹؼмṫҪڸм֯й϶м֯⣬ĿǰмСҲм֯ıе֯УӦȺԷҪ齨ģġˡ塣

  1976굽1988꣬ʵеǻҵĶͷûͳһרŵǼǺ͹1988ԺĸŹڵš1989괺ԺʶŹҪԣ䲼ˡǼǹŵ˫طֲƣҪе֯źҵܲŵ˫쵼1998ԭ޸ĺٴΰ䲼һǿ˶Ĺ[25]

  ĸǰй100ȫź6,000طţϸ֮¡ĸڼЩȫ̱״̬1978ĸ￪źָ֯ˡ19966£Ǽڲȫ1,800طӽ20˺󼸾٣֯δ̫չվġ2002ҵչͳƱ桷ʾ2002ףǼڲȫԼʡֱϽе1,712ȫǼ13.3

  ЩſɷΪࣺһǵΪǿĳЩҵĹģ˽ӪҵЭᡢȣһǸҵλģװҵЭᡢװҵЭȣһУѻ֮šЩ֯УȽϻԾǸĿоᡢУѻᡢҵЭᡢʦЭᡢʦЭᡢ˽ӪҵЭᡢͶЭȡУѻɫʽǿϲ⣬ĸЭᣨ˽ӪҵЭᡢͶЭڣϸơԡٰ񡱵ݻҪ쵼ίɲܹԱЩ֯ףʱǴҵᣬȴٲȻһΡס

  廪ѧNGOой֯ͳΪNGOСƽӵӷ츺֯йΨһвƱ֯ԼٷλҿЭȵͳͳΪNGOʵǸӦеĴΪЩ֯йҲδ潫ǵNGOӳ֮𣬾йϵͳϵͳ֮һΪᣩࣨţϯ³ƸΣɵ֯ĻʵԱЭȴʹĻѧЭҲ븾ࡣйĻУ֯NGOֻΪвôˮĲŶѣҲˮţӹ̡˰񡢽ͨǽƻȲŵಿְһ򱻹ٳᡱְοЩ֯ľȫNGOԭ⡰֯ȫ㣡

  йдԵνġʦЭᣬʦЭᡢʦЭᡢʦЭᣬ⼸Э״̬˽⵽Ŀǰн֯һЩص㡣ʦְҵǴί˵棬ҵ߲Ӧ˾Ŵͨǣйʦȴƫƫ뷨໥ᡣ˫Ĺ˾Ӯȫȡʵͷɣǿһ˵ʦ뷨ٵĹϵڷԺתٰͨʦҪӣԣйʦһ仰˾ǴϵʦҵʱչֵġʵȻԼĳ١ϵܺáʦ뷨ٹ참֮ŷеʦȻһԭ뱻ϴˡʦЭ᱾Ӧʦҵ½Լʵ෴ʦҵЭδһְܣֻǴļѡ

  ʦЭʦЭְص1997ϲʦЭĻְжһΪʦҵܵΪҵĴԻʦְҵؽԼйеƶȻУʦҵЭּۻ۵ҲܶԻƵְҵؽԼйʦҵĻԾǳҵĽڲԷҪΪҵҪעʦϡṩٲ񱨸档涨ҵơơҵɷƸ켰Ʊоעʦߵƻʱ棬ҵòʽͨһأӦܵλЩҵƸעʦƲʱҪǡòǻʦľҵ񣬶ǻʦΥְҵµԡʦҵġ⡱Ҫ󣬾ͻʧȥҵһЩʦҵѹ£ֻܳٲʵĲ񱨸棬ͻҪ1998ȫ478һʦЭֱܵ桢١ִͣҵͷûΥõ103ǧҷ֧5,300ְԱ[26] ڻʦҵΥĻʸʦҵʦ߼֤ͼٲ񱨸֮ű¶ʦҵΣڵй½Ĺ˾ҵʱܾй½ĻʦߵĲƱ档ǿҵΣѹ£һҵѿʼʡǣʦٵ֡Ϊ潡ƶȻܸı䣬ʡδЧظĽʦҵְҵ¡ʦЭ״̬»ϴΪ״̬ݱߵ飬еĻʦЭỹΪΥʦΣ򷨹лߡ

  ֯ķչ⣬Ҳܺ棬޷Ĺ߹ּ̣߱ۻ۵ǣЩŻڡһ顱γ˴δйġϿɵġشΪṩһǿԵġԸĹֻҪЩشڣҲܵΪƣδת͹зӵӰͻԽԽ󡣵Ŀǰй£Щн֯Ҳʵ

  2ֻĸ߷

  ĸ֮й֪ʶӢйһв׼ᡣΪв׼ռᣬȶмôһв׼߲ײ֮Ļ㣬в׼Ϊʱ߲ײĳͻỺͣȶԭ򣻶в׼ϴº͵ġصʶ̬ʶ̬ռλʱ˵ĺͼ˼ͳͻӰȶ˼ԭв׼ѵҪȺ壬в׼ռĶʱв׼ʽͱ֤Ӵȶгȶľԭ˽оõķչرǹϷֹʲḶ́ԼĹɷƸ̣ʹǻ֪ʶӢΪйƾǻʶ

  ȻʵȴʧйȨгΪĸ㣬صֻڵʵйڲûγв׼ΪġΡṹҡǵ̩ƣֻᡣڵķɿײйһ͵ṹϵȽײϽײ٣½ײ㡢µȽײ൱Ӵ80ϵײ㡣в׼ϽײеȽײ㣩˵ܲִľѧв׼ҡѧҪ֮һͨ淶в׼Ĺ淶йܹѧܵĽ˱Ͼֻ˿еٲ֡йִľýṹṹְҵṹйȱв׼;

  ײֻǲʵйглγ˾סһ䱸ɭϵĸסլԼоѸֵĽײ㻯ѳרŹ˹ĸ־ƷרŹѵĵ̯ѷֲԿּйѾΪһƶֻĸ߷ᡣ

  ֮ٸ߷գΪᾫӢĵλͲƸ޷õռ˿ڴԱĳϡκ;þӢӮòƸҪֶͨȨгӢγں̶ܴǹȨѪԵʱĴ滻ʵǰ²ԱԵıӶС͵ǣҵƲǧ޹Ĺ˱ʧҵţЩҵƲֱӾӪεĳмӹεܹԱǣȴһ˶䵽ƶ̶ȡзζǣһЩҵƲתľȻƲҵĹȥξְЩ߾ǿЩƲҵԭӪߵġӪΪЩƲҵĹ໥ᣬ̹ʲԺҪЩԭӪߡ𡱡²Ա԰еʹ£ԽԽԣвϳֵĿֲһЩרԸ˵˺йҵڳֵƻĻֽײͻı֡ӷʵĲɱʬȶ԰ľУܹܿĽų̶ȡԶԣһƶ5ȨǮ95ıӶУܻвҪʹñǮ

  3б

  й״Ӹ˵йһֱ¸Ψ׵ĸɲѡλƵıйִļʮ꣬ѡθɲһֱδγһ׺Ļơûһ׺ĿƶȣҲȱƣȻͣػķ״̬쵼֡˲֯šػ˲ţǡһ֡İѡ Ӱˡй뵽طѡιԱĻģʽģʽΨףܹ١ٵǰһֽ¶һίϣȺٶλһ֤йڱָɲѡλƵĿͷý¶Ĳ̰۰ĻɲֻкС֡󲿷ְԭ򣬴ýɱ

  ĿǰȨӢΪһȨӢšΪȨӢһ˵Ӧþ߱ǿ֮⣬ӦþĻʣҪΪײ룬ҪΪײ룬ֻÿײеֵܷһЩݶǳξð֮ߡйȨӢǣȲΪ׼룬Ϊ׼Ĺͬ볤ԶҲŷȨãϡֻҪλþк̰۸ܽԵԼҲ֪ȥұȻûǰ;һߺйáһȴŮͨ;ʵԵɡ

  ĿǰйľþУҲһ90ǰȫͬص㣬ԽԽ߲ǴӹҵԵشͻض漯šϵ񾭼˥شߣظɵĻβҵṹеĻʵȣ벿ξӢþӢأʼһЩҵṹֱΥߣСعʣйͨʩ״ҲϣȴһֱܸŻߣչزʣдᣬȴڼ죬֪йϰյĹУز򴥼漯ţһֱڡС״̬һЩڻ᲻ߣž˽ٹѳԺȡֹũ̯ɵȣȴڸеĹġһЩùԴΪض漯ıߣȴ̨Ѹ١ʵʩϡһϵеĲԱḣߣھʱڶǼӿ˥ˡͻģҸͼʮԣúܿС1999ϰڹеȾٴ룬ֻǱһЩ漯֣ùдԵ֤ȯгߣŻ֣ͨȥелʧй̬ƻüġϿ̡롰ˮ̡ΪھӢӶҲƸйͲ˼κκǿߣȻڹҳԶȶֻһһߡֹʵ߾Ȼܹ֮˵ߵξӢ֪ʶӢΪӣйδɥʧġ

  ֱھӢ֮ʵѽѡ񡣳бִбй⣬ѳΪһѰᡱйءϷһκ;þӢԾߵķ൱ӰŵߣǹҺ棬۵Ϸһ㣺ǷԼ漯šȺĵαסԼȨλֲܲݵԴͻᡢ˦άİ

  йɲȨġӢǹͬŬȨӢȴΪͥԱ׼˺·ɹĹ٣Ե⵱ԢǱ5̸ĵйʱĸԴ

  4ýĹܺٵս

  йýһܵϸƣһֱзλص㡣ĸ￪ýӪƶɶ˱ֽӪȨýΡ÷뻯ķչơǣеĴýȻĿƣ˽˻˽Ӫ㴫ýҵòֱֽԳʽ챨гдҵΪҪסýֽšҪһŽýºҲƵòýڲŭǰ¾ܵڣԼڶгеķݶЩֽȥԻʱڱ༭롢϶Ҵ£Խ׳һڣֽҪгͱΪͨ׻ֻΪĴڻֽڴڻֽУȻҲҿһЩȽϴ󵨵ʱ£ܵϸļأƾ桱1998ͣҵԼ쵼ýʮң[27]ܲŦԼıЭᣨCommittee to Protect Journalists2003ȱ棬4꣬йϹѺĹȣռȫ类Ѻ1/32001йѺһܹ꣬118λߡ [28]

  ýƽҪߣҲǶֹȨලҪֶΡ̨תĹУȿűȻ¿ŵල֮¡1998꣬й½ų˶ݵ޿ڣеý֮ΪĴ족žƣʧҵʧҵԱࡢ̰۸ܼӣּܲӽ˶ԴýĿơ20001¹㶫Ϸĩܱ཭ƽȡְԴýƫ롰ɡزһ֤й1999°꿪ʼбҵ٣Ŀǹٷýһֵעǣپʵ尵չһЩ־չжϿɣ൱ķգչֻܰձ־ԭܲչ˽ںͬԼİ졣൱̶ȴʹЩýҵ׻ԻȻǲԽ׳һᣨй֪ʶӢһֱ룬һǼWTOٽйǿƼǶƴýһսʵйÿƼֶο᷽ѧϰչ൱١ӢȺеռйشýֶڸ£Ŀǰɹ棬廪ѧԼһЩ˾ġ̡ܹǿƵһ߿Ƽ硣[29]Ԥ2008꽨ɣרԤ⣬һɣйΪһҡֽ׶йǿĶ 200281йʼʵʩй涨һ涨ݼΪģйϲݶԱһ涨 20037Ѯʼý壬ĿľԲΪ˽ƸĸΪ¼Ŀ꣺Ϊ˼ΪýľԴڲ̯ɷУΪ˼ܸԼҲθĸﲢζŷŹơһٵʵʽýҵ߶Ƚţڴý屻رգýҵԱʧҵΪ棬ý弰ҵԱǿɡСĵѭĹơ

  һ񻰣ʽ봫ýҵƶйɣʵҲйʵ֤Ϊܡȥ꣬ʴýˡɡһԭйСؿšҵ񡱣ֻһЩճĴڻţййչйδЩýĽжҹ㲥Ӱܾ־ֳⴺм׼ԶģýĽɫǡĺ࡯ý弰ý£ԼýȻҪеȷ۵Ρ[30]ӾҪýڡҵģʽչӪͬʱҪʱⱣʶ̬ԣ縺ȷ۵񡱡[31]йùý£йҹ㲥Ӱָܾɴ20057°䲼ֹع㲥̨͵̨㲥Ƶ뾳ʡӪ㲥Ƶ[32]

  5WTOйӰ

  WTOһֱйһת۵㣬һ¼㷺Ĺע޳ɼWTOΪȷʵܸйµĻᣬȻûСᡱĽҪáĿǰڡ幤ҵĿں£漯ŷԼWTOΪͬеĽϷֲҡǵ¢棬Щ¢ԲרƵľûһ漯޹ص֪ʶӢԴҲַ̬ȣΪǶйľ״ȱϸ˽⡣WTOǷĳЩ֪ʶӢڴйٽθĸܵĻ? ԴˣйһЩѧ˼Ϊֹ۵ĿΪйWTO󣬽й˾ʹйܹͨеϷйĸܡһ˵ȻҪľʵͶǹҶWTOĳԱҲ̰۸ʢ֮أһЩһγιͷùͷʱ߶ȺͳΡʵҵһͶʱףйʢСѰ⡱Ҳ跨磬йЩҵһֱӪʱ룬ʱȴͨйϲϵչѰ⡱ȡ˾ӪȨ˷ŭ˵ǡѰūʵ֤ʱıйϷ򣬶˳ӦйܵƶȻ侭÷ŵ飬ҵڻлߵ¼10һֱй10ٵ50ܰ64%ó׺йء[33]2003⹫˾ӻ¸йصĸܰﵽ1,500ǰһ20%[34]Щ˾ǱһǶطӪ

  й˲ָͨһľЭı䱾ƶ״ҪﵽٽθĸĿ꣬ΨͨڸײĹͬŬʵйı仯ȡýչ

  ԤڣԺйڼ䶯Ľײֻ١˵ӦгҪ֪ʶʱϵԴôӵʱԴʿüWTOһʱҪδӵԴʿöࡪ˵úһ㣬ǰ׼û׼Ǹ׼ԤġͬһɣWTOйڵĵ࣬ΪûԴʱƶ򲻾߱ЩԴʱ

  ξӢźܿҵһʱϵ·֪ʶӢһҵķֻһ˻ԼķֻоþӢǵĵ·һЩûкֵҵʱľгܣһеҵѿԼǰѶҵһгݶԼƷƵĳҴʱĵ·ʱǵ˾ٿɽռгĳɱҲȻСҵǼϲֻǿ߶ؿӵһгҵйWTOԺܱ̭ߡһеĽǣϲ²ʿԵ

  йǰṹݱ״̬Ѿγĸǰȫͬһṹֽṹͨ䡱Ȩᡱķʽɵġײ֮ϷʽҲµı仯Ҫı漯š漯ʱ߶²ͳнķ򣬱Ҫд˶йȱ˶ֻ˿Ǩ˿˶̺ĳָ߶ȵķ˼ҵأּڽһļҵ׼йʮĸ̵Уʵֻ80кй˶ѿ󣬵1989ꡰġ¼һѿزۣ˺Ҳδֹ90йķֹʵйͬΣǳص״£ͼһѡ񣬵ܵйĲпȺֻں棬֮йдйڶԷֹͽ룬йγɵӰĿǰȽޡ

  Ҫй⣬Ҫһ˼뵽ƶȫλ˶ǾƸĸΪĵĸ 

  -------------------------------------------------------

  [i] ʱڡָйл񹲺͹Ժһʱڣ19491953ɶ˽ƵĸʱڡһʱйûйĹƣо˽ƴڣũ徭лũӵСأʱǶƲʱڡΪǶʱйĸ￪źγɵĶƽṹе֮塰ۡйᡣ

  [ii]й֪ʶӸʹкܴͬٷ壬ܹרϵļΪ֪ʶӡ˸ѾΪй㷺ܡΪ㣬Ȼһ壬ֻǽй֪ʶϲΪ֪ʶӢ²ΪרҵԱ

  [1]ƽȣйṹת͵нս(Strategy and Manage)19985ڡ

  [2]纣ʡίݻ󣬺ʡгίޣܿڵרԱίǣױгί񽭵ȣϴģϷĩ1998424ա

  [3]ȨһеʦڷƱ19991216ա

  [4]йײṹйѧ[]1999＾š

  [5]ạţ˽ӪõķչйṹǨ۴ԡ19966ڣ3840ҳ

  [6]ʮϵй׸ܿܵ94ڣ200378ա

  [7]ӪҵҲ̬21;ñ200439ա

  [8]ũɡӢ֮衱磭ά̳桷20001¡

  [9]ͬע4

  [10]ձ1997224ա

  [11]ȫܹᾭùȫͶģ״顱йˡ19975912ա

  [12]A Report by China Labor Watch:The Kohler CompanysFactory in Foshan, China: Dangerous Working Condition, Long Hours and Little Pay. 20056£http://www.chinalaborwatch.org /.

  [13]дɣƽģ̫Ѫߣ˰½ͥϷĩ19991126յ1棻ʤ񣬡ҹְҵֺĸſͶԲߡͶȫ뽡19961ڣФϣúȾѪͶȫƱ桱Ͷ1995 2ڣۣ(Jia County)Ͷ¾ּǳ̸˽Ӫҵ͹Ȩ汻ֺҪ֡ԭ򼰶ԲߡͶڲΡ19974ڣȫЭ˽λ顰άʡ򡢼ҵŮְͶȨ᰸Ͷ19975ڣ1996ȫȫͨͶ 19976ڣƲӣŮ񹤵˫ӡѧо19964ڣԨԴչ񴳧ĻأΣءܿ19981022-28գǿŮѿһ̨ҵְֺȨ桱ϺƱ1998722գڣڡժ1998727ա

  [14]й͹۲죺麣ǧЬϽַѪ200576գʹ-չ鱨桱20042£http: //www.chinalaborwatch.org/ƵڸվϿԲҵࡣ

  [15]ͬע4

  [16]һݲҵɾ͵ԱΪδҵ߲ڴͳƿھ֮ڡ

  [17]ܷ磬θ߷婤йķ⡷й磬1999ꡣ

  [18]з裬197ְﰸǳо19975ڡ

  [19]Ĵʡͽ֣̾ĴʡͽԱĵо19979ڡ

  [20]ɣ㶫ʡʡﷸ칤ʵ˼о19978ڡ

  [21]ʷ޹󣺡ڡϴѺũﷸĵ顱о19973ڡ

  [22]ͬϡ

  [23]࣬ũﷸĹɡ˼ص㼰Բߡо19977ڡ

  [24]׶ģۺ̬֯֯տʦѧԺѧ棩19964ڡ

  [25]󡢳½ޣŹй磬1996档

  [26]ȫټעʦǧҷ֧١þ졯걨ĩ1998814ա

  [27]ϸйοý塷й½ڣойȨ(Human Right in China)о棬йо2004＾2005＾ŷĴתأ־ַwww.chinayj.net.

  [28]118 Journalists in Prison on December 31, 2001,Journalists in Prison in 2001, http://www.cpj.org/.

  [29] Greg Waltonܹ̣ӴйѶع̽ء Chinas Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Techlonogy in the Peoples Republic of China.  ԭļhttp://www.ichrdd.ca/english/commdoc/publications/globalization/golden ShieldEng.html

  [30]йýĸ̡2003710գhttp://www.phoenixtv.com/home/finance/fortune/200307/07/83157.html

  [31]ͬע1

  [32]йǿĻƷ, BBC, 200584ա

  [33]ҵлĻ Ͼ顱̫ʱ2004723ա

  [34]󸯰ܡ˾ġǱ򡱣ѧ⻪ѧԺվhttp://edp.gsm.pku.edu.cn/bbs/  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

 йĸĵʧ 					
 				 				 					 					
 					
2001йһ˵شת۵飬Ǿǽ񷢱ˡһĺǳ漯뾭漯Źͬͳй֡˵ڴ֮ǰйĸɵʵʼë󶫴ʶ̬ܳϵģôһйʶ̬Ҫһ

  һйľøĸë󶫻˽Ϊת

  йĸĸ̴۸ӣҲŪһںҵʵСȨ˽лһʱʱй뵳ձ뵳ǡǰġ졷־ϷԱ£ʾҪ˽лвһͷԣ֪ĸιѾγɵⳡĸ߾Ƕë쵼ġ˽Ϊʽʵʩ賓Ϊ˽Ϊĸ˼ġȨԡ˽Ϊܸˣƶ÷չΪĸ﷢͵ũĸУνһ顱ʵǡһ˽顱ɢ硱Ǵӡһ˽СũõĻع顣һĸȷʵưܲũ徭ôƲıԵȻһȴһֱ۽ӣǾйũҵ˿ѹϡȱ˻صСũ״̬ӼĽǶʵйũҵִ˺иĸҲǷڹͿŸ徭ãҵĸĸȴӽ𡢼Ƽʵȡʴֶ̼οʼȨ·ŲǸѡ󹫡ϷֽΪСḶ́ͨɷƺ͡Ȩ˽лξӢ뾭þӢҪ

  ع1949Ժйʷ˵20ͺεйһ̣йͨһв׼δ˽йٸǿ෴ᶼƶ޲׼Ļһϵ˶ֻʹй̵Σ1978Σƽ¿ʼĸĸȻʹû˽ϿķչȴйȨĹԱȺͨȨȡᣬԼѸٱһ׼

  ˵йġĸ֮Ի˺ȫɸĸ﷽ԡĸĿꡢĸ·ĸԱľɵġֻж߶̵˽Ժ󣬲ſܶйĸҡ벻бȽʶ

  1ĸ﷽

  йĸĸ˵Σƽ͸ĸܵʱë󶫵רѽйΣԨϰԼƶƶȵй쵼㲢Զ׿ʶСƽָ֧ĸĶֻΪ˻ᾭΣҪĸƶȡָĸﶯйʷеĸĸơ100ǰɵĸĸ﷽Ծ ѧΪ壬ѧΪáʱɹΪĿȡֻ֮Ǽľ¹ҵл۹¼ƶΪĪ

  ųƸĸʦĵСƽ80ʵδγĸĸ﷽ԣɱΪĸ˼·ֻǡȽΪĸָ˼ġСƽۡ޷ǰëġоüӼȨΡëƵġ˼ʼʡеĹоûʱ徭ã̬ȻǼȨΩйǵʶ̬Ѱѡʱ塱йóţΪ˱£ùڹܹܣáгáʴˡʱ徭á֡гüӼȨΡϣëʶ̬ϵ޷˷ڶǵСƽʱìܵĸԴҲΪˡʱ鷳꽭ͼַһìܣ2000ˡۡ[1] 2001ַˡ˽Ӫҵ뵳ġһ[2] ޷Ҫ˷һìܣΪ漯뾭漯ŵĽṩʶ̬ݡ

  ëļй쵼۲ѵġģʽǡгüȨΡרƳ̶ԶȲйļȨΣΪֻҲŴżΡáĻȨһִĵһͳṹйġгüӼȨΡֻй쵼˵ĸƫãǹʹȻСƽûëרȨûȤҲøĸëʶ̬֮ڷѡֻƾԼȨѡӵķһǲˡʵǼΨһ׼֮˵ѧ½Ƿһ˼ۡΪ˾ͿԶرһìܡġèۡܰèèץסǺèۡʯͷӣϣ͹νСƽۡ[3] СƽʵΪΨһ׼Ȼ˾Ϊʶ̬Ĺѣȴɴ˶ʴ˹ٷʶ̬Ļϡġ˵ֽһˡ˵һһסıﲻһذܻ

  Ϊά֡гüӼȨΡνṹйƶԼ˻ΪɹΪˮޡġйʹ˼ʹ¼ĸԴ˼ɴȷȫѹҪͳƶȵʶ̬սԡ90СѧѧһԹ֮˼һֱΪһսԷ񣬴Сѧ3꼶ʼѧͱ뱳С޲׼Ļëϯܶ쵼½е޲׼רµļŷתеľѺΣɱطŴ󣬺ڲķѺͳŸ֮ͨԺʶ̬й类ŪĿȫǣһ̸˾뵽й˼ʮġơµġӶҪΪǰεͬΪšֱۡȺ˶֡ĸʽʽڲ롰ҡص룬ӶֵͬĿںţΪˡȨɲҪ

  80й֪ʶӢ׷뵱ʱг̶Ȳߡ漯ŻƲйء90йһгѧ硢ѧȿгϵרҵӢΡ漯ϣѧҵλҲƾ¢ϵλ׾ٵؽԼӵеĽԴתΪǮʿ˶ʿƾȡ£֪ʶӢҲΪ֡гüӼȨΡƣͬ˵ġֻо÷չӲ

  ָĸ﷽ָµйĸָֻͨչеȨֲȨṹġĸйʼгĲǱκԴȨҲйᾫӢеĴֻͨѪԵ̳СķʽӸĸǰľɾӢתͨȨǮ׶תƾмԣ䳤ΣȴֻоһʱŻֳҪйĸԺʷԽȨгΪıйƸֵʼ㣬ͬʱҲйøĸһԿס

  2ĸĿ

  쵼ļȶԼΪ쵼ǵʶޣйƵĸĸֻ趨һЩ׶Ŀ꣬硰ƻΪгΪƷáгáȵȡ[4] ÿһ׶ĿγɶżҵۣЩ۽쿴Ȼ˾ò˼飬ʱȷʵǣ浽һξӢһСȺ֪ʶӢ˥衣ڸĸʱƱ仯̫죬ÿһضݵĿ궼ֻɧѣֻ90йʮĴȷνгơһ˵1995ֱԱΪƸĸġĿꡱνгơںĪһǣΪӦԹҵĿ𽥼Ϊгƽı׼ΪӦĿȨ𽥼Ϊ־⵱ȻƤ̸֮гõĺгԴй漰йعԴԼ¢ԴãΪֹȻɸȨһصֻ֮˵йΪֹֻǽһģгơгơ

  Ƹķ䷽棬Сƽڸĸǳŵٲȸٴȫͬԣһֶͨȸȴûо߽͡20ĸʵ֤õĽٲȨ߻Ȩ߽潻̰ͨ۸ܻȸˣɴ˵йƸķزƶԽԽ

  3ĸ·

  νĸ·ѡ񣬼֮ѡƸĸﻹɾƸĸиĸһѡ˵ʵȫɸĸ﷽ġȻйֻԸڱԭȨֵĻиĸȻǷȨг¸Ѱķġ

  ӱƺǵСƽĵºΪѰȺӡʱָȨгŮº̣ͲڶһЩΪ˵ļͥǿĸʱŮʹ࣬ڲŮº̲ԼЧ˸֮ӡ˾ݴ˰ѵ˵ĸѡΪʢеҪԭ򣺡ȱѾ֮ȱɸܵҪԭ򡣵ǣڲȱ֮ǰľԭʼߵʱ˵أߵһ֮ȴԽǷƻܣžԵá[5] ˵ΪйִƵȱݲڸĸʱڵĳʼѡʵǶԹƵıȱ˽⡣

  йĿǰָĸ·ƶȸԴΪָĸ·ȨĴʴݡйȨͲϹĴӰۡں˾Ҫθ߲Ůм̳и¢ȨȨһ˵ʵΪйƶȺĵȨлĿĻԺһ쵼˵ȨȻ󱱺ճɸͨӼ̡ķʽֱӼ̳Уй߸ȺŮȻθλȨ֮⣬ͨʽ̳иȨΪμ̳ȨѲľԴͱȻΪѡйϲδԹȨ()̳зʽʵΪͬŵŮ󿪴˷֮š[6] ȻϲȨ˼̳У²ɲȻȺЧսȻǸܷĳ֣߶Ȩְѿƹһ¢Դ֮Ȩ˽ܵȨлƣʵϾǽйĸ޷ƶԸԴ

  йĿǰ޷˷ܣΪѳάϵйͳҪСƽʶ̬տǻΪ̺ΣΣ8090 ϰоΪƷʱδɽ¶ˮ90кڣּ޷ΪײԴԴϵṩ棬ûʶ̬ȥִųԱǾֻͳοֶΣθѹ(㷺ؽȫŵأ[7]۵ĸ߶ȹǿơ[8]

  κֻܽθѹȶᣬͱԱ㹻棬ԻȡǶרЧҡҪֱӸӴĹԱԾ棬ĸѵظԵֱϲδֱӸԱ̫棬ԱǵĹʲְͨ߶٣ǿɻõĴ˸ְϵĸ֡ ֮⣬ҪͨȨȡ̰ܻߣ⻹нںϷǷ֮ġɫ롣йĵλһȨաԸܾ˳µسΪλתġ͡

  Ŀǰй߲֮ԻڴܣҪž֮ԴһǽƸܰģҪǵĸܻᵼ¸߶ȨΪڸ߶Ȩ״̬£Žʵʩ߲ƶĸߣԱĲȡ֮ҷΪǰģĽȻǹ֯Ϊʽ졣ʷ֤ûһ߶ȸܡֻչȨײȨܳάȥ

  4ĸ

  ĸǸĸ۵ĲǰйʵûгƵ۵ĸĸ˼롣СƽʵһƵġʦԡèۡ롰ۡһʢСèۡ롰ۡΪ˶Կʱڸ߲Ľ߶ġۡ֡ۡ⡰ǡ֮ĽȷʵҪãƶָĸߵָʵʺǵ¹һ巺ġһйعҷչʩϹȵزԭֻǸݵʱĶ治ƺȨ֮񣬱Ȼ൱ĺ֢صĺ֮һߵҡڲϦģùڶ߲ĲθС㶫ȵһ䡰¸顱ǣ飬ǧҪȥ飬ҪϿȥ1989Ժһִ꣬ҪŤתĸ￪ŵĴ򡢴˽ӪãǿƵλǿջشԭȷ˽ҵĴʹһСҵƲʹҵʧȥһЩͻ빩Ӧ̣ʹһʧȥ˹ᡣ1992СƽѲԺٴο϶˽оõá˽оʽġ϶񶨩ٿ϶ٷ񶨡ɵĸӰ켫˽ӪҵȱΣ90ʱ[9]ᱳ²ġرҪָǣߵҡڲ벻ϵƶߣȨ״̬µĸԱȴһһ̨߳Ļᣬǰ̵ƽй̰۸ữ̡

  ԭĹһʢеһǣʱʱڵûκάϵԱ¼ϵֻϵΨͼͶΪٵΨһ׼򡣹Աǿڻϱ̬Ҫ̵¥ѹԺ潣¸̰۸ܻֹһΪڶϡڽ귢ļͻУһͨѧУ֯ѧϽУߺ۹塱԰Ȩ塱ͬʱеĴý нڡġ徫񡱣ַΪּۻ۵ĳ룻һ棬߲Ϊ˸޷˵ЭԹһΪĶ⽻УɵѧһٱŪṫȨ֪һЩشĹԼݡ罭˹վǩжԼʽйٷ̿һǿһϵɥȨĲƽԼЩҴ£ڹȴȫ޷˽ϸΡ

  ȻйߵʧֹһЩϸʧѳ鷶Χ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

˭ܸĸɹ˭ĸۣ 					
  				 				 					 					
йײĲ1992Ϳʼˡġ¼ûݻȫԵĶңؼڵʱĹ˻ǸĸߣũżͥаƵйһɢɳֻҪԼ滹ܱסͶԱ˵ѹܰ޶ãֻ

  ԵСƽѲй˹ɷƸ졢Ȧ˶(ƶȸĸ)ҵƵȣЩƳ³µġĸΪԱ˱֮⣬˴⣬Ϊ뷨ϵ޷ԹԱǵ̰۸ΪγЧƶԼ״ȻѸٵȨǮ׷ĳ֣ص᲻ԽԽԱòеġĸɱܷ涨ġ쵼׼Լǵġͬߡũ𲽱ԵΪƶߡ

  йĸĸȻһЩóɾܹͣ⡰ɾֻ͡ռ˿Լ1ϲ4ϲ㣬11ҵвڡ㳵ĹϵҲΪĸߡũ˿²˳еĸ۵ľ޴塣[10]

  ƶֻأ90Ժë»صǵУΪײԱﲻĹݺͺ˼йëı½ѻֻ20꣬ƺˡ彡֢ëʱѹձƶ׼ɵĴμ񡱣Ϊóʧҵе ֪ʶɽ˶ɵġ˵滰пɱ־¡޿ˡϵ꣬[11] Щпʵѱ⵭һЩԱࡢй˵汣ϡʶ̬Ⱥڵġ̡λԹ塰췴ȨȣȴħðػصǵļУ˵ʵʷڡйΪԼĺϷԲ˺ƶĲۡĸĹ涨һ޷ȷʶĸҲþĸĹũյλ˥ʷʵϸ۲ʵͻֶ֣ᷢëĻ90ͨ롰ۡʹִȫͬ

  1999йṹѾ͡ѾƼŵ汣ȡбİ취ִ֡

  ־һΪĭߡ1999519աձ۵ʽйгɣΪȦǮƣΪѲΣѾ˲ֶεĵز˺֤ȯгֳŲϣٸʸĹҵƵ֤ȯгϡȦǮС༴йһֱϵġ񡱣ܵ𺦡ĳ1999꺣Ϲ˾Դ¼2001ġҵ¼¼ [12]Ϻ֤ȯ첿֤ȯԱԸٸݽɵݱ桰Ϊ롰ۡʹڲ˾Υع⣬ɴ˽йһһĻС[13]

  ־漯ż뾭漯źĲһ1999ͨ޸ܷ˽˲ƲĺϷԣҪʵϳϲ̰ͨ۸ֶξĲƲкϷԡڶνۡһеνȽ롰ȽĻĴȻѾռ˿83² [14] 2001ġһΪ漯뾭漯źһƶȻͨ

  ־ѡϹǿƼб²90ڳ̨һϵ߶ʩϲ㡢ϲ㣬Щڶȹѹصȴһӷſա磬ڹԱײȻһڵ»Ҫϸһײн1999°깫Աн3ɣ2001깫Աн4º10·ֱ1.5ɣ3μнϼн7ɣ2002ٴα̬ΪԱн̶3ڹԱнʽʵķһĿꣻ[15] 2001ȴ涨¸ڹʧҵ󼴲Բ2000ּڼũ񲻺ġѸ˰ [16]ʡտͷ޼ա磬1998꿪ʼƵġծתɡΪһЩ漯൱ȻмľúηգҲǿ 2000ֻ̨ǺΪһͨǮľٴе¹ñΣգŲòݲձ

  ־ģ²νҵߡľ߽շߵԺУҪ󣬽ߵѧУշÿƽߴ50% ĻʿʩзչйҵȫۣᷢչгԶĸӰ졣ڡҵ£ѧУѧѡӷѵȸַáйط1998ȫ14Уĳʾһѧһƽ֧Ϊ5,929Ԫнѧһʹﵽ4,0005,000ԪѧУÿ轻ĸַüһԪеѧУѧڡҵΥΥշѡ[17] ҵУѧ15ϵѧΪƶȺ塱[18]ΪƶѧȴǱˮнҴż̫ߣࡰƶȴ20015µףȫļҪĹУСйСũҵУѧ53.4ˣѧΪ33.37Ԫֻ17õ˴ȫͬΪ12.62Ԫ[19]ֱ˺31.8 37.8ƶũӵ¸ڹ˵Ů򽻲߰ѧֻ÷ѧᡣ2002һʾУѧ10100ũ10Ķصһѧ[20]

  ͬʱйһκηչйδֹääƫߵ£ˡ֪ʶ͡ʣ󡣴 1997꿪ʼѧҵҹѣ2002ȫͨУбҵ123򣬱1159.4%2003꽫212ѧҵ200267200214ա5յƸϣ10ѧ1.5ְλľ档[21]2003ڱݵĴѧҵƸϳֵͶϵʧйѾ롰ҵ϶[22] ֪֡ʶ͡ʣ״˺ü꣬²ٴѧҵֻüоУϷΪҵ⻺ִСйоģ1999꿪ʼ199927200035200135[23] 2001о19982.312003ȫ79.9˱2003˶ʿо[24] ڽԴʦʡʩδӦ£ߵѧУΪաʵеоУʵΪĵͶΪ

  йĴѧֻռ˿ڵ4൱ִһһ1015ƽΪ12.5֮һƽˮƽ22 79λκιʵгڷƶؼһʵ߹ܽˮƽ𲽼²ԱײṹйһշƸĸʵǽռ˿83²[25]ŮųڸߵȽż֮⣬ʹ޷ﵽִҪļĻʡ

  ͬʱΪ˹᳹ȶѹһСķ룬¼˸ĸǰͳβԣһǼǿθѹһڹũгֵŻǼǿۿƣϸҪٰ촫ýܲԵĻ֮⣬Щĵطý̬ȵĶ֪ʶӡθѹۿƻΪѳΪ1999ֵҪͳηʽ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ڡɡ롰ĸɡ 					
  				 				 					 					
֡ĸʹйĿǰѴеȨ״̬¿ĸĸﴦϵ˿ϼΣ90̨ÿ ĸ֤һ㣬ЩʩնΪ̰۸ܵĹԱĲȡ˽ѽڣֹͣĸҲأΪȼδӷȫλĸֻá롰һ֮˵ʴʶ̬Ϊִ֡ӪϷԣôὫΪ֡ĸĴۡΪĸĸ˴Եײ㣬ЩԵײΪҪȥȻҪյʽΪвֲʶ֮ʿͿһ㣺ĸĸǵ

  ߽֮ں⣬ͬͬһ⣺ڸ߲ġĸɡиĸʩʱǷˡɡӣ·𡰱ɡװ ĸʧġͰΪӽڵġɡ롰ĸɡʵֻǴһһֶĳһϣĿȫһ£븱ĿҲв𣻵²ɧʱȡרֶάᰲʶ֮ʿʱǯȺַϣ߲ʵνء롰ĸ֮֡

  90ĸĸʷ֤νɡĸɡǰķʵֻǸλþѡάȨһԣνġ롰ĸȫһ¡ɡԷֹйʱ·ΪڣҪǸȨԱ֡ȷġǻëʱר˼֡ŹĶ˼ĸɡԷչΪɣܲʵƸĸԵֻԼյȨϷԴֹϷԶڸĸɹе漯šǵѧǲݾѧң֤ гüȨΡһáȨΡʣĺԣȾй˵ʵ͡Ե֮˵

  ֹȻ򱾹ںѣйľһ֦㣬ʵ1989йó1992СƽѲ֮ɡȡɵľáȡ֮⣬״һֱ⡣еĸĸʩʮжڡС״̬µĴý˹ĸĸɾ͡ξ޴Ҳй¡롰ɡйվˡΰ޿ɷϵǣʧҵԽԽ࣬ԵײԽԽӴ޷ִĹũ봦ƲƲ״̬ũ徭ѾΪйһ޷ѵʣ̬ƻӰҲȽ޷˷ƶԸʹԽԽĺữʹȱȫУԽΪԽеԼ

  2001°ʡʡ͢󣬵ֶ̰۸޷ֱԣֻڲ涨Ժ󹫲̰۸ó2,000Ԫ𺦵ͬʱ˺Щý壬ǡϷĩ롶ݡ־[26] һЩ֪ʶӣһЩ˵滰ļߣй˳ˡļ߼[27] ǿ˶ԻĹ֡ߡֻǵֵġӹ̡ܴӸϽ⡣

  ԽԽؿı롰񹲺͹һľԽԽңԶ񡱵λֻУʵУһҪΪԼܵѹ벻ʱǾ̳ΣҰȫġˡۡĸɡǡɡԥùһʵѹʵ˵νġɡ롰ĸɡ֮Ĳ𣬻˵οںŵĲ𡣡ءҲգĸҲգֻ漯ڲŶѡռзʽϣ߼ûʲôǸ߲ǱΪɡǡĸɡĴܳԼŮռоԴķʽʵбȨ̳СΪĸ︶۵ģʼֻǹ²

  Ϊۿռխ۵ⱻڸǣ20ĩйעν塱롰ɡ֮һǳ֣ʵҲν˼ۡⲻԽԽԽԽͿԭ¼㣺ȣɡرܶרıҪУ෴ȴִרġĸ塱ë롰ĸԾ޲ڡȻֲٷëƼĸ·ߣĿǰרƶëзǳܵѪԵϵ˾ܡɡë롰ĸĳȫʷʵȴΪݣɡʵֱͨġСӮǵĻռ䡣Σ漰Źڿйءѧŵָжʵйڵר壬֮ҲǡġԺйʶ̬սԼԽֹڼԳ󻯵Ķ󣬸ܹۡ徭ѧѧӦ漯ϣš ۣйʵӦȨƼҪΪĿǰĿġۡûܴѹ֮ݣܵһЩǳĴý׷֮ЩŵѧǲٻѧйĴ೪ͣ90εΪ׳ۣٲȻռͳελľѧ۵㡣ں̶ܴʹṫǴѧΪѧ˵ΪĿΪȨƼŷѧ˵ǲǲйġ徭ѧҡѧƵֲ֮𣬵Ǵ˫ȨԵһ徭ѧйġۡΪѧ˵ġ衱ƺռˡƸߵ㡱ⳡ۵ĽڻΪڡɡУйܵĸԴƺѧ߹ĴרһƶطӹɫСӪŽᾫҲԶӪǱΪڹ¾սȱԮһûɵĹ˫ر˵йҪĽҪӦежۣģǵ֮⣬ʾἱƷУй֪ʶӲڱѸٱԵһȱȵĿ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

ġ20͵й׽ʲô⣿ 					
  				 				 					 					
ʵʷ˽ķ֮һ͵ġĸǵʾǣоøĸԶԶġʷķչ֤κδģǨҪչƶȡƶĻƶ(ʶ̬)Դ˱׼йͻ֣ᷢйοҰƯһԺֻʷֻпһ͵ĸִ̣һƬҵıʱڣйܹ3ʽȫһƵйͳʽȻб䣬רƱȴһСǡȻãרΡǰʱȻãרΡйĸǰǡƻãȨΡĸǡгãȨΡ

  ھƶȵıǨйֻڰһӡ˽ΪΪ˽ֻء1917Ժʷй20ͺҶʷֻ֤һ㣺˽вƲƶྭǧȻѡγɵľƶȣıһƶȵĹ壬21ͻüΪһѡ񸶳ۡй1949Ժñв׼1978Ժġĸ̵УȨȴȨԼһ׼ȫͷһıԵ͵ȨλãáɫȨ󡱴˾Ȩѡ

  ʶ̬Ŀƣ˼ɷ˵80һζݵķ֮⣬˵ھͱ1949ǰۻɡһЩ빲Ļ˵˾˵һ㣺۷żޡӸԵȣڹ쵼ȴֻд蹦̵¡дڹʷԱš[28]ͽĻйҲдκ񻰵Ʒˣһѧ1949ǰɵġйڿ˼뷽Զִ˲ƣȻ21˻Ƚͬа취ӦȫƸרҵԱ䵱羯족Լϲ׿ƵýʩԹǡ20028£йʵʩй涨[29]ۿƹȻҷɿƷ롣һּȫعжġ̡ܹڽ̵Уÿ˶׵ôܡĿľܹ ˼롱νͨԶ绰ԻѰؼʺ־䣬ѶϢͬأѶŴܹӰһȺϳĳ˵ò֡⡱ʵһźŴDSPӦãΪ㷨򡱣ͨӵ㷨ݣӶϵͳ̡ܹһҪĿڹڳһȫԱ·ӻ CCTV Ӱ磬йҪɵʿʵʩԽԽ΢͸ӵѹ[30]

  Ρ1984˹ʱдգһܵȫӡʧȥϵĻּػҪ˹봦𲽽׶εĿƼֶΡ̡ܹһɣй˽һȫ¿ѧװľȨԡ12ġκ˵˽ͥסլͨŲ棬üԹȨܷɱָ򹥻йΪһȨܶ˺ܳʱ䣬ƺһĿԽԽңԶ

  20͵ʷֻرרȡרġ޷˱۾ڰһǰ;磬ֻʷУй֦ҶڿзĿˣֻٴ֤Ԫʫӡɽ̾ģ飬غд䶼ˣտࣻտࡣ

  йġĸѾһ͵йִʷҲйٵһЩ

  оҶʷԴ˿ڳ4Ժйγ˿ԴϵһԴԺڣйΣĺʵһӴ˿ڵ⣻пƼ÷չĳɹ󲿷ݶ˿ڡ[31] һʷ˼Ȼ٣ȴʼδΪһȫĹʶһʶȴͨ̿سʶУʱʱسΪһᶯԱĿںţǾеĲҶɵġеʷ̿鵱У漰ѻƬսǰϦ״̬оһʱѿı֣Ȼһ ԡܽ᣺۹֣жйȻչ̣йҲỺء𽥵ؽʱ巢չ׶Ρͨǿй˼ʮ֪ʶ󻯳һǱʶ20ĩ2ͻ(199958йפ˹ʹݱը¼2001ײ¼)У׾ٵسΪйľԱԴ2001911¼йѧбֳֻ˵Ǳʶߣһ֮

  Ȼʷֹһεظֻ࣬ȷʶҵĽ֮йʷ۽Ĳչܵ׾ٵ㵽еͷϣʷֻΪͳ߿εĹܣڽйȴ档˿ʶϾˣġ˿ۡܵ˾һõעš

  1998䷨100ʱдһƪ£[32] ̸1898ꡰ䷨ʱڵйǿ֮⣬мؽ⣬ĹȲƽȣΡãũҵھ˿ڹࡢˮƽ¡ļ˸ܣֻǵʱ˼μûʵĽ͹ߣֻܽЩΪƶȽһ100ǰİ취ƶսԣͻ֣ᷢЩΪԵ⣬100ŬȴδýԸӡϾʽйս

  ѵع۲й⣬ͻᷢйѳ֢֡״

  һĸ߶ȨѾ˵޷˷֮ÿԺȫ˴йֻܵóһۣ̰ܻߵĹԱԽԽ࣬ԽԽߣԽԽ1999깲̰ۻ¸ְﰸ38,3829.4ӷشϸɲ2,200ˣּɲ136ˣʡɲ3ˡ[33] 2000ȫع̰ۻ¸ְﰸ45,11317.5ְﱻشɲ2,680ˣּɲ184ˣʡϸɲ7ˡ[34] йѧߺڽйɷʱʾĿǰÿ5漰ܵĹԱУֻ1ܵʹ[35]

  ־棬ΪԼġҩǾܲϸܵķĺƶȸԴ20003±ںϵġݡ־ϷˡǰйṹݱԷһģ[36] йƶԸܵΪ½Сºͷܡ𲻵ƸܵãָͳξӢѼ䣬̰۸ܳתġ󻬼ȡĻӦǣӴ˲йκα־رߵ£ǿȱ߹λҸߣùҰȫֵعʵ24СʱءΪǣмί20001228շĵȫṫоԱߵ˱ʾҪֱ׳ؿ϶ǵָܵ˼ͷԼȡõԳЧֱ׳زҹֽ׶γֵĸܾǸƶԵĸܣֱ׳ؿ϶ǵ͸ɲǺõģǵȫ⡣[37] ͬʱйôֱȫרֶΣֿܵƵߡǰееļΪУøֶηǶԸĽ¶һЩطԱĿںţߡ£Źֱ߲׳ؽԼĺֻ࣬ܳ䵱ĺࡱʱҵһ˳ۼලڡſڣҧ˭ҧ˭ҧҧڡġָ٣[38]

  ڶũҵƲƲأ[39]޵ũӿУڳбԵΪȺĺ󱸾йÿ9,000У [40]ǵвڴҲΪȺĺ󱸾2000ĺ䶯йžɱһ߻ϳڶŮƶũͥûܹҲδܹκμѵڳҲֻգɱΪҵ[41]ϷĩΪˡž˼롰žٷ˼ָֻҪžڣͻԴԴϵµġžΪᶾָΪ˺ʡĸ 20Ϊľ޴ס⵽ࡣ

  ¾òˣ֯ĳ֣ԱӸֵƴЩ֮֯ڶ̶ʱѸ𣬲Ϻ绽꣬Ҫԭ뵱صҪǩǹŵĹԱһγһֱ뱻˵Ĺϵĺ֯ȣй½ġڰ׺иص㣺֯ɵȨҪǾ켰˾ţйĺ֯ĴǸٸɲ˺֯ɽݺ֯ͷĿиֹٷݣˡñӡ磬㽭η쵼ġɫڰ[42] 2000괦ļĺ֯ͷĿ񶫡[43]ڰԺյĺڰͷӿ[44] ɫڰͷϣ[45]Щ¶ĲʾЩԱĹϵǿı£ЩڰŵڸطչΪһֺ绽Ȩ

  ġƶ󣬼ռܲƸľ󲿷ݡһϯƣһйѷǳձ顣1999꣬йΪ 58,000ڣ˸ݳ㣬47Ĵ3ĸԣ˿С[46] ⣬ӳĻϵѴӸĸ￪ǰ0.1520010.458[47] йͳСˮ⣬ձ黳ɣʵĻϵԶһݡ

  塢漯š漯һЩϣ϶Թ²ͳΡ

  ⣬йѱƻ̬߶ӻйϽܣĿǰйѳΪϻĮصĹ֮һĮԼΪ360ƽռ38еĵط֮ءйֿԺоԱָй̬ѲٰȫʱлڵϦ֮ݡ[48] йũ˾ռԴ״ҲǳϾ20й˿ԴͨءԴƽõʱ⣻йٵҪΪûܹٽ뼼ѵũ˿ҵ롱һĽǡֵһš⡣

  йؽһ̵Σһ5ȨȨǮպܿ95%ܰñȥǮһйʷϲظݵġϷ硱йĿǰΪ϶ġиŬܻӡйWTOԺȨ֧ŵĹ¢ʱչʱںϣ֧ͬй漯ţγһ漯ũ漯ũʱͳεĸ֡Σ𽥼Ҫƺֻصʷ·װרֶηֹйһظֵĴͳΣ²㶯ҡ

  йʷתһȦֽһʷֻء  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

塢йȨʲô֧ţ 					
  				 				 					 					
ҪйĿǰ״һܽᣬԸΪص㣺

  1. Ȩ˽˻йȨƽײѾȨһΪ˽ıȡĵʱÿ걻ԼķŹĴ̰۸ܰǹȨ˽˻עš

  2. ϷӵСϷ˺[49]ԱʹȨƽ񣬽˾ռ֮͵һ2003꺣ʡһعֳָܸ˽ҵ̱ǿж̵߲1.8Ԫ޶ʲ[50]˵ֻ漰Աô2003֣谸ǹݵһ͡Ϻġ춥ˡ㹴طԱǿвǨסլΪܺ绤ʦ֣豻ԡй©һ2003103ꡣ֣йĸԽԽʹαֶζԸһǲϲʿ漯ŲݷǲϲκˣǷǳ͵ĹȨ˽˻뱩Ϸ

  3. ΪữڸƵƵĳвǨ¼ũ񷴿¼УЩӶƵľþӢеط򰵵ĳϸͻ֣ᷢطΪԽԽӽ֯ΪΨһںıǷǷģطʹñǺϷģ֡Ϸĺᡱ֮ڷǷĺᣬ䱩Ű֮ùӶݡϹǴ

  ѧʹáʧܹҡһһЩ޹ҵΡ[51]ЩʧܹҡĹͬص㣬йĿǰЩʧܹҡһҪйδִӡ˽˻һת̡

  ˵2090ڿʼĸй˳ϣĸѾ컯״״йԽԽһЩ뱱һȫȨƺܹڣйΪʲô֮ⲻ˼ĸԭҪйأһڵġʥࡱþǿγɡ˳ơ¾ӢΪڻ

  һй˵ġʥᡱ롰Ρ

  йͳ֮άȶڶйƶȻڼйءʼմһейһ为ĵ룬ǶйͨͷжڰĿǰйڶԭ򵥻عΪġǺõģֻǱЩСˡ磬ʡϲдѪȾ̲ũ񣬾ܵԱΪȡٰѹǻڴšΨһ쩤롱ǡЩ̲˵ʵ߶Ǻõģһ±߾͸㻵ˡǣָϲعԱעΪϹ߼һ¹䡱Ǿ񵳣ʵ˵Щ˲δڹͳעΨһ룬ּһͱˡ [52]

  й˼ڵʶۣΪڵĲԿǣԱֱͨȡͬ飬˱ԼһΪһֱСʥᡱ롰ΡΪģԸй쵽֮;ֻ̰⣬Щ徫ԸΪʵµġ١޷ʩչܣĿǰ־ĳ֡

  Ϊִ֡ʥࡱĻþʵйͳġ̰ٲʵۡũĻִ棬ймйʶ̬ĽδĻëʱͨ˶һƵ˼£ֻʥӷ⽨ʱĻʵ۱ë󶫡Сƽ쵼˰ˡǰFʱǱΪࡱ ̫ɫʣò̫͹ںصȻԸһȼ׻ڵġʥࡱá

  21ͳʼйٴμϣһ㣺߲ȨĴʸνġڽ̨Ӷάйķչȶй ʮ֮һ統FһǶеһԸһ쵼оֶơͣйһʱεġʱǡ¡ƶϩйʶ̬ĳڹ£й˴ʵ˽⣬˻ƶαһǡ¡ܹҵоϣԼ̫ԶũԼά±

  ʵֲڡʥࡱκִεһص㣺רȨʱڵǿˣ˵ĳȨԽƶȵĳȨǹ˥ڰΣȡǿĸ־ȨڡҽǿκƶȵԶԶ˵쵼ߵĸԸֻܷƶȵĳȨˣë󶫿ԳԽƶʹĸȨԶУԼĻ˵ǡдɡ޷족ļߵСƽͲòַƶȵĹԣ˺쵼һһҲԽԽΪִƶȵĹ֧䡣쵼߶ִƶĺϷλԽµĿռԽС

  ʥࡱʽ벻ڹũڵУҲձ֪ʶӵСȻֻȴһһαϿʵػ÷顣ɽʡ߸дڲΡ¶˳ǵŪ١١๤̡꼴õԡܻթƭݶ12ꡣ[53]ʡоҡũ巢չ۴ԡ־縱糤ڼũ񸺵ļɲ棬ũ˽йص߷ǵȨȴʡΪ鼮ǿȫսɣΪӱʡ׷硣[54]塰ڲΡ뷴ӳ ļзũ񣬵ġ롱ȴδȡκжֻ֧򱣻ǣεط̤Щ֪֪ʶӡ

  2003 SARSڣйϢӶѸӡڹѹ£òĿְ䵱ѵ򡣵йֻĿĸΪԸֻŰйķӦʵйбܷĹ涨شڹһܣ¶ҿԡάᰲŽᡱй¡йڶԼȫҪϢû֪Ȩͨһ׵ȼɭϵġڲļƶøԱȡڲϢйһЩĴִѧȰ˵ͳߵĵظһʥࡱ롣

  ߲Լ90дִ塷һʱҲһЩ룺ϣͳܹΪ׼ĳ룬ĹϵάһܹȺάٽϣΪ˫ϾһͬĶ˴й޹ҡĸʷо֮ڵóһۣרƣȨҵκθĸⶼǸùȨƽײ뾫ӢȺ¹ϷԴḶ́ĸĿںƯĸ﷽Ϊ룬Ҳ˿ı䲻һʵھӢȺоƵλ֪ʶӢΪϷеõһС飬ҲȻξþӢĵ·

  Ҫǣʥࡱִ֮ĴڣҲ뵱йʵйϵڿǵйʱҪҪأ

  һִܵƻѹ£߼Ȳ߱֯ķŹҲʹûȡͬĿԡڴͳУƾװ֣֮ϾͬڡʱĲƷڳӵȱʱװٷȴӵкʱȽװԼϢʱһȽͨѶͨߣĲԳäҲܿʵͬʱٷӵзһϢȨѹڵķԱͳڡڡǡƽı߸ıҡִܵƻѹ£߼޷ҲûȡͬĿԡ

  йٸĹϵ˼ġǱ롶Ѫ궨ɡ[55]жмΪķЩԪ롰Ǳ֧йᣬδΪʷӢۡϷҲڸصķ¼вݣֻʱ仯ѡ

  ڶڼȻ޷ԿƻͶ·£ֻʹø˱ᣬָ˱ʹ÷äĿģʩӶϵߣԼͥξӢǰ䶯һʱžŻȻԼǱ᲻ܺȴûκʩŻκγԱй·ﰸ߷Ҫԭ׷Դƻ߻˸˱Ա

  ࡰ˳ơ뾫ӢΪڻ

  һƶԽԽͻࡢ̬Զ񻯡˸е˸еǣûжаȫҸСǽй˱뿪ĸѰҸȺֶ⿪ŴƾӹĻᣬڸй̰ṩһġ˳ơ˳ָڱ̨˳ȨģָƾȨʱ˿ɹ۵ĲƸ˳ڵǧװٴйΪһ˳ơĴڣйξӢûθеͳμš

  йĹŽײͨڲļƶմѧߺڲ֪ᾭ࣬ǵΣʵй֪ʶӢҪǿҵöࡣ90йġʱӡCapital Flight)أٸ߹ѽڴ½ͨ;ѹĲƸУѾڹʵضйǵĿֻǸǮķ㳡ѡŷһЩҺͰĴǵȡôȽйѧΪչõһٴ룬ΪйӴĳѧ󡣾ͳƣйÿѧʽߴ40ԪвŮ֮ǰվߡ˵ƱҲһѡƱôйӢŮͥδţѾǶйδͶʲôġƱ

  һ˳ơйεӰ죬ýںⶨӵй½˵ʱΪָꡣймӵΪйӢǵⶨӵѡǸĵĶǡһƬ޴ĺ̲йÿһδ˳ܻƬ̲¼ƬǡǨЩطй¸֮ͬ꣬һ˳ɼй¸ġ̡Ƕӵĺסһʷϴδйɫ̴塱йӢųԱձ鰲żͥԱӣγ϶һ޶ġйɫ磬ûκιҵľӢĴģļΪ

  ࡰ˳ơĴڣйΡӢŵĳԱ뱾ܱͬؽĸΣȾ̬ͳμ˵ʣΨһ飬ǾάǰȶĿǰȨʱ÷ӵ󣬱֤Լ޶ȵؾȡƸۡ˳ıǮˣӢųԱΪԵĶڻ

  ٶǰ·ʮ˵һĻԺºˮ족й̰Ĺ̬ͬǣ뿪йԺºˮ졣йȻٱ̰ͥԱΪ԰ȻҲΪѹե֮ǣйʷйͳĴͳˮۡˮۣɸۣҲͲκεԼáˣܸǰȡաʹͳμʧȥԭеλƸĸȻͳμڸá

  ʵĴѹ΢

  ǰĹʹϵйյĹʹϵȣͻֽᷢй൱ˡǰŷһֱս״̬Ӫ֮䲢޶پýҲûγǣ˿ʸĸϵйͬ⿪ʹйγ˶εľý200312µΪֹйۼ׼Ͷҵ465,277ʵʹʽ5,041.71ԪֱͶʺͶҵйѾռҪλ[56]ڻͶʵĹҺ͵ѳ180ȫ500ҿ˾400ȥйͶʡ20055µףڻͶʵĹҺ͵190ȫ500ҿ˾н450ڻͶʣ30˵ܲͶз600ҡ[57]ĿǰйֱͶʵĽӷչй֮ס

  Ԥеľ޴棬ʹҲսʱй֮ʶ̬ƶȷľ޴磬⽻ʵ϶ܵ̽ĳ⡣ڹʱУйһ޴Ͷгй13˿ڵĹɺӣй̬Ȩ״ȫԺԲơʹŪйй˿ʵֻ3ң˿϶3ڵķҵĲ˵͹ˡΪˣձ1989йָùϵԺ󣬷¹̷˶йȨ״̬½ֽȻǾ޶ҵͬһЩų йͨѧ߸ĹǣҪй־ýǧйڷ¹й̬ѾΪ⡱ [58]ʵ⽻ʹйѧĽ̿пܽԼġ¼ġǡ19896£йڱˡ¼йڹһܵʱйȡ侲۲졢Ӧߣȡж̬ȣԾϵƵʱ 1996꣬󲿷ֹйϵָйڹٵҪĽɫ[59]

  ѹ𽥵Ĺ̡ۻع鲢йο֮£ʹ۲1997ǰɡ̨йƹ١ĲԴɹ̨̽½Ͷն̨࣬ѾΪĹۣ70޵йʧȥִλϹ˳ڶԡ̨ʹѾΪйϱͳս̨ϺѾ˶̨˾۾СʹSARSΪ̨һƬֻŵ2003 14£̨ڴ½Ͷʶ2002ͬ74[60]ûʲôرй½鷢Ԥ̨ۡйΪ߸йĻءѾپ1989ǰá

  йĻĿǰġƴҹϹȨίԱйȨⱸѿĳй⽻ǻۡ ȷʵ90˴ȵߡίԱ53ԱϯλУɹŰ͡йʡյԽϡչͲΤȹṫϵȨ״ܲĹռݣ͸йܴ⽻ռ䡣ЩȨ״ϡ֮ͬ⣬йɹˡԮȽǮ⽻ֶΡһֱԺȨΪʹίԱ̫ĵ˶2001ѡ˺ȻίԱ»ϯλҲδָܻίԱԭеӰ֧2003ϹȨϣûйȨ鰸Ȼͳɡսʱ⽻ƷʵȴԻ⽻תһꡣҲһ꣬йϹȨίԱ䷢ȨȻȨΪȨʷϵļ裬ǶȨ裬йȴΪմմϲ˵̬ȵ֤ǣ20057ѮϹ棬ǿ¼ӱRobert MugabeνǷ˶70޼ҿɹ飬Υ˹ʷϹ鳤ϻǴ˵¼ӱѡ١ַȨɡ̤Ҿöձƣ¼ӱˡģ޴˵Σ[61]йܹ6000ũʧȥأвٳоҲǨĳǷʧ˶Էٿ¼ַȨĳ̶ģйԶصö࣬2004һλı񣬾סǨϹǰʳ£Ϲȴδ˱ʾҪǴй

  ԴйWTOԺйҪÿͶƱйݹѾСȨ⽻ĳ롣йԣȨ⽻ǴﵽйĿꡣйڵ̶ԣȴδʲô¡йϼӽƴýǿԷѹҰȫ͸ԽԽ㷺ʵϾȨĽΪйҪٵĸԤ

  ԴԴӿʴʱӶԹ㴢ɵѹΪйӮ൱ԣʱ䣬ԱȽϴݵӦϵͳ޶ʴ⡣

  йľúⷰϵҲйоȦӰ죺սʱŷרҶǵоѺ̬ȣڵйоרй˺øơйṲͬǰõ񻰣һйWTOԺʹйεǸ߿ƼĽѶɴڴйŷǰһֻ˵ǳִһԸϣΪWTOǹľϷ򣬲ͨıһҵƶȡĿǰΪͶйԤδʵ֣ɫڶйػˣǰйͶʼԪĽܹ̣Golden Shield)ΪйÿƼֶμǿƹЩĻڶڲδ͹ййκССһ̨ܱ߳ͳ˸еǰ⡣2002ĩƳĸйרؽͳɡƸĸȨ飻йʮٿǰġƸĸ񻰣ʮԺġ񻰣ԼSARSΣʹйƸĸԤȵȣ̬ȵĽᾧ

  ڶйǳѺúǰִδĺˡֺøѾʹһЩйרҲעһЩȫӦñӵϢйSARS¼ܽĽѵԲǿۡ͸ȣǸӽܵضԴýӽƣΪ˴ֽϳ SARSʱƶһԷļSARSϢΪҥԡģԷɵϳͣйϷļʿϢǱһЩѧ߿͸ŵĹΪ

  ܹȻкܶ֯ʿǳйȨ״ɣǱϾҸ̽ߡΪһһǰ;ֻĹͬŬֻãѩ̿ҪһԼΪ䡢ŵӴɫ۹óô֧Ԯй

  оٴйͳεġȶйδһʱʵĸӪ쾭÷ٻʣͬʱȡΪԨķʽŸΣӾìܡ  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

йǰ;ֹ 					
  				 				 					 					
ķϣйڲȨܸıйڵΣֻ֣һһԸ뷨ЩΪйȫڿƾķǣ߼֮ϣйһ֧ЧŽġӡѾ޴ͶġʩۿơθѹɷҰȫɵġȫϵͳȣЧάйȶ

  ߵĿȴûֹۣйͨԡĸ̨ĴʩԹһ޲ټϸ߿Ƽʹãйһ޷ ᣬӶʹһרܹڽ1015ʱǿάȥһִԽԽԶȲܱ֤ȨұӢĵĹңƵڡչйʵǡ˸ɲ񡱣ǵڱͻʱܴܳȼյġػ𡱣κȽġʩԡػ𡱵ķ޵ģйջгŲסһ졣йһ塰ĳͳΣִŲȥ֮ʱҲйڽ֮աʷϴҲһǣ˿ڵĿǰ̬ͣĸ߶ƻԼµԼأͳεйҪؽκʱؽѵöࡣһйΪʲôԶ

  йӦάĿǰרλӦִΣֳɵģάĿǰƣάӢŶڵӶᡣôʣµǣйǰֽΣһЩųơĹУˮȵУ

  ԤйһΣķĹ̡й֡۳סľ飬ԼĿǰйѾ߱ʧܹҡĻһʵ״ֻ˵ʹйȨ֮һѡĿܣǰҽٲҩйǷҪƸĸ˭ɱһͳξӢ˵ҪʱŻ˳йһֻϣԭ򲻵òй̨ϵͳξӢ˵Ҫ֪ԼǷ߱˲ݡ߱һĸҲܿʼڹ˵һһ֧ĸɱһ֧ĸɱ⡣

  ٶǰΰĶս䵼ǡʿ¼¼ᷢ˼ҵۣӢսǷԱ⣿óĽǣڹȻԲսⳡս绹ǻᷢȻսɱ⣬ΪѪĴۣһ˳еΰɡ俪Ԫѫ쵼£дʷΰһʡ

  йǲҲӦó1840꿪ʼйѾһδɹı磬Ӧһ150껹ִεı硣йԻʷйˣӦǵѡ

  ---------------------------------------------------

  [1]ձ2000226յ1档

  [2]ףйʮϵĽձ200171յ1档

  [3]Сƽѡйױ༭ίԱᣬ硣

  [4]йоңʮĴҪѡࡷ磬1995ꣻйʮȫļࡷ磬1997ꡣ

  [5]ĸ￪żʷֻĳ򡱣20011222գڡйվġɳͬ־ɹˡ

  [6]йԽⷽĲϼܼڹڵıֽý壬Щھ˽֪磬ġʱѧķԵСƽӵӷĿ˾ǰгϣͬİӾ漰ӳСͬǰ׸ֹ˾ίܹܱ֮ʷľúϵ֤ȯгܿ 20011124տֵ£桯Ļܹʡ¶ȫ˴ίԱĶСղ뻪ܹ˾Ļڱ൱𶯣ݺý屨侯ܶӳѸٽ⣬ͬʱǿ侯ͬй뱣һ£ʾֵ׫дֵͶ壻ġй̫ӵһҲṩ˺ܶⷽĲϡ

  [7]̨ۺоԺսоרоԱ1999귢о棺ǰ½Ρȶ֮ñݡʱܿԶۡô󡶻ʱʹ㲥̨֮޵̨й½ձȶý1998ıݱڸñ֮һΪ½ҪʾΪ½ʿ鵳йѹñоٵʵݷӳ˴½᲻ȶ״ĸñַΪhttp://www.dsis.org.tw/pubs/reports/rp-mh9903001.htm

  [8]μβ·йڿ20021ڵϵ£www.chinamz.orgо»ɽ߸¶˳ǵ๤̶̣ۡĻ㱨פ߽άƽҷгӼȰй2001825յϢҲ¶ձ¶¬ί񹤳̺󣬸ί֪ͨȫսɡձ⣬ϵġݺᡷվҲԭʱرա

  [9]ʱй½ڡ

  [10]μ׾ġǰйṹݱԷݡϣ20003£3ҳ16ҳδɾڵȫĿڡйо20003ڣ68ҳ93ҳ

  [11]־¡޿ˡڡĸڼ䱻ɱģйȫƵ˰ͷϡϺлʦѧϵĸڼʱ˰ƵϺδɱ˰̨Ϻί񻪡£ϲδƽִ̲С˰Ǵɱ˳еκΣֹ顣

  [12]ֱƾ־19994ºţ20014ºšҵ񼡱Լ20018ºš塱

  [13]ƾ200010ºš

  [14]μ׾ͬע11

  [15]ձ()200214գۡĻ㱨

  [16]Ѹ˰һũ˰ߵĸĸ90йũ񸺵̫أյ˰֮⣬صǵط̯ɵĸַãѡ·ѡͷѡز˰ӷѵȵȡ1998꾭ũҵͳƣЩطũ̯ɵķã֮Ϊշѡ40ٵҲ 20ũͼ಻ԡĸֵطյķúϲɼĿȷ˰գԽֹطշѣʵΪطԱĹʸյķã˵ߴ60ķݶѸ˰⵽طǿҵƣڼʡԵ㣬̾ڵطǿҵֹͣ20016ѮʡСѸ˰ɽʡʡίϴ󽲷Ѹ˰ҪԣԼߵļᶨģۻ廪ѧѧһν˵ҪȫֹͣߵС

  [17]»2001213յ磺ҵܵͬڽҵ

  [18]ƶѧĵ鱨桱걨2000125յ16档

  [19](й)Ҫʵʵѧߡ»Ƶ2002114ա

  [20]ⱾԺɽص顱Ϸ細20029¡

  [21]ְе䡱걨2002114ա

  [22]ߣ2003-01-16 07:49:00ѧϼϷĩ20021231ա

  [23]ȫӴ򡶽2002114ա

  [24]2003-01-14 21:24:00

  [25]ݲμ׾йṹݱԷ

  [26]μβ·йڿ20021ڵϵ£www.chinamz.org

  [27]ضб2002130գƶǺᱨɱ:һ www.jwb.com.cn2002棻йᵼ20011ڣһߵĹǷǡϷĩ200111գķԪ쿹幤ԭ©ٳ

  Ϸĩ20001012ͷ棺һCommittee to Protect Journalists2003ȱhttp://www.cpj.org/.

  [28]żߵżߡݡ20016ڡ

  [29]ųϢҵ(17) й涨ù涨20011224ų202002627Ѷҵ10βͨ20025¹200281ʩС

  [30]Greg Waltonܹ̣ӴйѶع̽ء Chinas Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the Peoples Republic of China.  ԭļhttp://www.ichrdd.ca/english/commdoc/publications/globalization/golden ShieldEng.html

  [31]˿ڣйδ顷Ĵ磬1988档

  [32]һ͵Ʈ䷨Ϸĩ1998417ա

  [33]ձ2000320յ3档

  [34]ձ2001311յ2档

  [35]Ϣ200219ڡҷ˼֮ҡcyfgg.xilubbs.comġǰ̳

  [36]ͬע11

  [37]йɼίԱȫ鹫ձ20001228ա

  [38]Ϸĩ༭۳ɽۼලǹڡйվġɳΪ20011128ա˵ ֶж֡οƱصŴýý׼Ǹ׼¶Υ߼ժɴñķ룻ϼ봫ýļߣⱾйԱýܲɷãеĵطίר˼ֻ֤֤ŹųƷֶ֤ǷֳϢԴľǬñŹߣϡȻвܷõȺҲһСߵȫԽԽûбϣҷɽ˳ǵ쵼ٵĽˮ๤̵ļ߸Ϊع⺣һ潰ļԱƷ裻Ůڲɷֳ˴ˡһһ˺߰˷ָҲۼලĺ˵żŵؽۼලļĳЩԱвǹ˵Ķ񹷡Ұ˱ļһɥҹCCTVļڡ͵ʵ¼һĺдţ̨ߣ͵԰̬ĵķŭһСƽյݣĿƭ衢вáΥҼ͵һϵоʱݡйʷϺһ󡣡

  [39]ũߵͷСũéйũ塢ũũҵĶԻйо20013ڡ

  [40]»Ϣ2003731ա

  [41]һ˱ŵĳɳϷĩ2001419ա

  [42]㽭롮ڰϴη԰ס2001427Ϣ

  [43]žĺϴ󡱣Ϸĩ2000928գй19981ź᰸ء̱2000818ա

  [44]гڰ˴ķû䡱ܿ200139ա

  [45]»ظ壬бڵһʵ»߳壬2001517ա

  [46]£Ϊ󡱣йʱ2000515ա

  [47]ձ20011029ա

  [48]̬һصĻ⡱лʱ1999314յ3档

  [49]Ϊ˼ڡǱйʷеʵϷһе

  [50]1.8ʲһҹᣬΪ?http://finance.tom.com20031124գϷԪƲԴ顱Ϸĩ2003124ա

  [51]Robert I. Rotberg, "The New Nature of Nation-State," The Washington Quartly, Summer 2002http://www.twq.com/info/archives.cfm).

  [52]ѣϹԱӦWHO족2003511գȫļwww.chinesenewsnet.com

  [53]һߵĹǷǡйᵼ20011ڣķԪ쿹幤ԭ©ٳϷĩ2001111ա

  [54]һϷĩ20001012ͷ档

  [55]˼Ѫ궨ɣйʷеϷй˳磬20038³档

  [56]лʱ2004224ա

  [57]2003ݼй񲿲½ڡ2004ȫᡯϵĽhttp: //chenjian.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/speeches/200405/20040500220473.html 2004-04-15 13:382005ݼй׼ҵ52ң5,844Ԫ2005712գйhttp: //www.bjid.gov.cn/mrkx/contents1.asp?infoid=20050712122855060001

  [58]20044¹ʣλѧңλһ㣬ȥ궬ǰκй۶⡱ѯһЩѧߣһ˵õӡ֤

  [59]Ĺ⣬۽̿顮ġͬ۸ʷԪʱ2004531ա

  [60]̨巴˼˹籩Ͷʴ½Ӱ족VOANEWS2003529ա

  [61]UN Radio News for Monday 25 July 2005, http://radio.un.org/print_all.asp?NewsDate=7/25/2005 .  				 			 		 		
 	   
                                                            			                                                                                                                                   

߽ 					
 				 				 					 					
й½зĸ鶼й쵼ӢйڽеĸĸλΰɹйγΪⳡĸߡⱾй塷ص۹йĸ࣬Ӷийĸڷǳεľء

  ⱾΪߴ˾޴ ǳߡйĸġҵܿ(1999614)Ϊ1999ȵġ֮ǡ(Honored by Business Week International Editions as one of the Stars of Asia as opinion shapers on June 14,1999.)ߵĳǾ֮ΪͽͯСʵ۵¡λ˵滰СNew York Review of Books 1998108ΪⱾ鷢˳ƪ

  йڶⱾĻӭʵġ йѧԺоԱʢΪⱾӰHarriet Beecher StoweġUncle Tom's Cabinִ˶Rachel CarsonġSilent Spring֪Uncle Tom's CabinںūϵģӶϱս˺ūžĴ졷˵ԻĹģӶִ˶Ⱥӡ

  ⱾյйߵȺѧ죬ԽԽΪĴʱȴھܾ쳤500ҹҹȫ֮ٱΣյǰϦ˹˹й

  ӢFinancial Times(July 17, 2000)رܼص״̬"It was the arrival of some unusual neighbours that gave He Qinglian, one of China's most outspoken and respected critics of government corruption and abuse of power, her first inkling that the secret police were closing in. The kindly old couple that used to live next door moved out quietly in January. Since then the neighbouring apartment has been occupied by several middle-aged men and women who do little but smoke and watch TV. Their front door is always left open, providing them with a view of when Ms He comes and goes, and who visits her. When she went away for two months recently, they also took their leave, only to return on the day she got back. 'From a demographic point of view at least, it must be said that this is an unusual household,' said Ms He, who returned from a two-month tour of the US last month that was funded by Washington. 'They are all in their 30s and 40s and there is no sign of any children,' she said. Her unease over the new neighbours' intentions ended late last month when she was removed from her post as an editor of the Shenzhen Legal Daily and assigned to a lowly position in the paper's research department......Editors throughout China had been warned against publishing her work, she added."

  ߱ȴǹһҷټıֽPhiladelphia Inquire (June 28, 2001)ԡPupular Scholar Flees ChinaΪⱨıȳ:"Fearing that she would be ensnared by the Chinese government's growing crackdown on scholars with Western ties, a popular social critic in China has fled to the United States. In her first interview since arriving in Princeton, N.J., on June 16, He Qinglian, 44, said she believed China's security agents were preparing to arrest her, most likely on spy charges. She said she had planned to leave China on June 26 to begin a previously arranged sabbatical for a year at the University of Chicago. But she abruptly fled the country after security agents broke into her office on June 13. A month and a half earlier, she said, they had taken documents, letters, her cell phone, even photographs of herself with American friends. He (pronounced huh) said she feared that if she had not taken off suddenly, she would have been arrested. 'If the regime simply wanted to eliminate my influence in China, they knew I was going to the United States in two weeks. It wasn't necessary to collect evidence against me," she said.......She gained notoriety in 1998 by publishing a book, China's Pitfalls, a denunciation of the endemic corruption among the vast Communist bureaucracy."

  šŦԼʱʢʱ·͸ȼʮý̱ıȴǹͬΪý౨һߵıȥٴγΪһĹš

  ⱾΪʲôôܵṫڵһӭڶ̶̲һʱڣȻᷢٶ᣿йδκѧΪ˳飬ҲδѧΪһΪܻӭĹйΪʲôһλܹڰѧߣȴ̣

  Ȿ֮ץסǧߵ飬Ϊô޿ɱ粵ʵйȨгΪɽġƷȨг£Ѱ롰ɫ䡱ƸԴ䣬Լɴ˲ĶйδչȻԼõľ¾õķġ֯ƶֻΪָ23ĸĽйеṹײռĽṹֻȨ߲Ǹĸɹߣռ˿83%Ĺ²Ϊĸ︶޴Ĵۡ

  һҴйĸ񻰣йڶ̰֮ǣṫϻӭ顣ѧۣҪ˽йĸĸͱҪⱾ顣

  һʷ顣

  עӢĲֻǹοҪȫ¼  				 			 		 		





йƬͼѼ棩

һѿǻ֮ŵԿ

й½һнԱûϢԴҲࡣйƬͼѼּΪ̽йʷʿṩȫأһ򾡣Ч⻹зǽǽɣʵΪǻ֮ŵĽԿףѼеed2kԴÿļԾԿ£ʹ/Ѹ/¿أٶȿȡϹ˸ԴһٶȺܿ죬һСʱ²ģСʱ뻻ԣоȥѼɣ/Ѹ/¿óɿͬʱ1024Сʱػأ֤³ɹ

ע⣺йƬͼѼǻδɵĳ棬ûа鲿ֵȫصַйƬͼѼʹ÷ǽнܣʾĴԪhttp://jingke2008.blog.epochtimes.com/Googleƽ̨https://sites.google.com/site/jingke2008/ءбƼ飬ӭjingke2008@gmail.com

һйѼ

ƽ̨https://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/xinwen/hxp_demo.html
Ƶߣhttps://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/huaxia/index.html
Žأhttps://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://feeds.feedburner.com/jinb/books
㴫ƽ̨https://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/wstp/wstp.html
ˡйšְ棺https://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://feeds.feedburner.com/zgjw
˵̨Ƶأhttps://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://feeds.feedburner.com/ntvcatd
˵̨һܽĿ浵https://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://feeds.feedburner.com/ntvmenu


йѼ


---------------------------------------------------------------ǽƪ----------------------------------------------------------

йصĹңйķʽзܹ̣ǣGFWGreat Fire WallYouTubeFacebookTwitterBloggerWordPressGoogleȫõվͷһԶйʱйıһڽ¶ʷֱʵվַй½ԺУ

ʣʲôǷǽΪʲôҪǽ
𣺷ǽָ÷ǽVPN缼ͻ鿴ţȡϢʽʵ+ж=ۡϢԴжϵĻǽ壬˲ٵϹӣԿɿʵΪж׼˼ά߼

ʣǽļ֣ǽȫ
ĿǰõķǽšңΡͨ޽ȼ֡ǽǰȫģͨѶǼܵģʱǽIPַؼϵͳ֪ڸʲôймǧ˷ǽͼֲˡ

ʣɱ˵ǽľô죿
𣺷ǽľ򲡶߱壬˺ûԡй½ĳЩɱѷǽ϶Ϊľй¡иɱ󱨷ǽΪľ䲻˽йʵͻķǽ˺ڿ

ʣǽأ4طЧ
1ȥҳطǽ
https://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://feeds.feedburner.com/freeapp
ַšңΡͨ޽ȷǽұߵġӡҼ㡰ĿΪѡ浽ҵĵԡD̼ʼء
2ed2kطǽ
https://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://emule-gifc.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default
ַṩһЩ°汾ź޽أơed2kͷӣ/Ѹ/¿κһ½񼴿ɿء
3ôʷǽվ
https://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://us.dongtaiwang.com/loc/glinks.xml
ַһLinkͿɽ붯̬һоͶԼܻơվİȫ֤⡱ľ棬վ
4Skypeȡǽ
Skype缶̬Skypeʺųṩ·ǽء裺
һȥhttp://download.skype.com/SkypeSetupFull.exeSkypeºúװעһʺŵ¼
ڶSkypedongtaiwang.comΪϵˡ
ڡϵˡбҵӵġ̬dongtaiwang.com㷢ϢϻԶظ·ǽصַ
5ȸǽ
һ仰ǽ׸룬󣬳ǣзĿǽǽӢۡ ˸ѡһùȸ裨google.com̵ǽصַҪƺɫš ַIEַ뼴أʱؼʿϱ任㡣 

ʣǽΰװʹã
šңΡͨ޽ɫҪװһ˫УԶһվ˵ǽɹǽɹҲ˵ȥԶ򿪵վ￴ˣܵһ̶ϱӦַYouTubeFacebookTwitterվڲǽ£ЩվǱ޷ʵġ

վƼǽɹſԷʣ
Googlehttp://www.google.com/ǽGoogleѵ硰¼ֹ¡һݺƵǽGoogleѵĺޡ
˵̨http://www.ntdtv.com/ûŷû񣬡͸й½ŽȽĿ㳹׿干йࡣ
޵̨http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/йάȨ˶Ϊ漰²ڵάȨϷûԼʿ
Ԫhttp://www.epochtimes.com/ȫ򡣹עȨɡԪرό⣬ʵرʵࡣ
Ѷhttp://www.boxun.com/Ѷ̳ٸ֪ʿһáܶʿ˱ϣ˶¼Դڴˡ
йhttp://www.kanzhongguo.com/һֵʵѶֲиıر⣬ЭѹйӮ˺ߵĹ㷺֧֡
http://www.newcenturynews.comԿ͹ۡΪרҵ׼򣬲κ֯ҵ֧䣬Ӯ˺߹㷺
http://www.minghui.org/ֹҪվõһϽ¶йԷֹȺϣ˽ˡ󷨵ӺʹѧԱԼȺˡ
ִhttp://www.falundafa.org/chigb/index.htmṩֹ鼮ֵϡ
ȫ˳йģhttp://tuidang.org/й˶лŮ˳й֯˵˶ӣơˡ
http://www.zhengjian.org/Ҫȫҿ桢ʱա֮ΨС𷨡񡢺뻵Ƴһ
֮http://www.bjs.org/ɺƽ㡢Ӣʱ֣֪ʿеһԴٽйȨṫΪּ¿
άȨhttp://wqw2010.blogspot.com/йصάȨϢԱ־ԸðȫʧȥɵĴۣһֵȨϢʾйȨ
Twitterhttp://www.twitter.com/˶֪΢罻վ
Facebookhttp://www.facebook.com/˶֪Ƶ罻վ
YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/˶֪Ƶվ
YouMakerhttp://www.youmaker.com/YouTubeƣһЩйصƵ編ֹࡢݳݽȵȡ

ǽע
һǽҪϱվƽʱǽϵվٶȡQQռȾ½վǽܻúܿ߸ϲˣòҪڿ˷ǽʱϴ½վǽ걻վҲҪǵõǽϵĹرջ˳ť˳
ÿ˷ǽܻһ⣬Ѿ˷ǽǴ򲻿κվڷǽû˳ģû˳û˳͹ػ⣬ǧæɾǽֽڢֲоõڢ֡٣´һǽŻ޽ϵĹرջ˳ť˳ͿˡڣĲ˵δ򿪣 - Internetѡ C ӣ㡰áΪLANʹôǰǷи̡о͵ȥ㡰ȷٵ㡰áԴʹôǰǷи̡о͵ȥȻһֱ㡰ȷС

---------------------------------------------------------------ƪ----------------------------------------------------------

Skype缶Ŀǰ㰲ȫ½İTomSkypeмأǧã
Skypeأhttp://download.skype.com/SkypeSetupFull.exe

---------------------------------------------------------------ƪ----------------------------------------------------------

WebFreerⷭǽֱӷYouTubeFacebookTwitterȱվ֮ٶȽ
WebFreerأٶWebFreerҵ°汾

ε¿޸İ棬ϷһҪӲϣκԴءʵⰮվhttp://emulefans.com/ҵһЩ⣩
ε¿أed2k://|file|emule0.50a-ScarAngel4.2.rar|4781212|440E6C7029C567D7577D9338B83E80C3|h=PBPOV4ILILA2CEHYEL52JU5TWR5PD4KQ|/

emuleXtreme8.1޸İ棬ϷһҪӲϣκԴءʵⰮվhttp://emulefans.com/ҵһЩ⣩
emuleXtreme8.1أed2k://|file|emule0.50a-Xtreme8.1.rar|7043936|E3AC29184B51D01377429F4F3E7D2E1C|h=OA5ZRAXXIQOFXERKQIM6E3HZO6KHBHRR|/


йƬѼ

йƬѼ˷ӳйʷбƵرĺͷֹԩ㹻Ƶ˽һСƬed2kԴÿԾԿ£ʹ/Ѹ/¿أٶȿȡϹ˸ԴһٶȺܿ죬һСʱ²ģСʱ뻻ԣоȥѼɣ/Ѹ/¿óɿͬʱ1024Сʱػأ֤³ɹ

ѸؽƬķѸĳԴ̫͵¿
һȥhttp://dl.xunlei.com/Ѹײװ
Ѹףed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣѸ׻ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
ؽƬķĳԴ̫Ѹ׺͵¿
һȥhttp://xf.qq.com/粢װ
磬ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
õ¿ؽƬķ¿ĳԴ̫Ѹ׺磩
һȥhttp://www.easymule.com/zh-cn/ص¿װ
¿ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣ¿ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ

찲šĵļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|찲.mp4|754077503|99E1115150B935892E1895A2449E9AAF|/
Ѫ·ĵļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|Ѫ·.rar|362947405|02C99499E80ABC72939719A816635D6B|h=OAIWCQKF6S62YIBDBKKWJWK5SKG2FGHQ|/
찲˶ʵ̨ĵļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|˶ʵ.wmv|38839622|96B63E6783B19B72B1B79D2C690FDB0F|h=CW6P5G6P25EKGVAEM66RIQG3IKZGZNMF|/
찲¼20 йǰձĵļ¼Ƭ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|20ǰ.avi|319342486|5CF4A39B2D3C376623F5EF887EBAB1DA|h=IUYCV5ZSFGT47FL3P6FA5765NBIVQWNO|/
찲¼20 йǰձĵļ¼Ƭ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|20ǰ.srt|23669|C1FC1E5B2C755CB727912C1775D2E608|h=UAJ5VFAQAFW7BFRIV3NFBAKM6MK4TPOS|/
̹ˡĵ̹Ӣۣ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ǰ_̹.avi|732448768|162A3FB8E67780F5C97947DAB3520619|h=G2YHXFIZAB7HO5E4MTZY2VJ6PQMZOPM6|/
̹ˡĵ̹Ӣۣ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ǰ_̹.srt|62569|43CF42EAB743DD9BF5B909C892E7ECE5|h=JWQZZIXSY5SD657ZGUOVH4HDHVXERL3C|/
2215˵2011˵̨Ŀ֪Ϊʲôй𺶣أ
ed2k://|file|2215˵.mp4|83618076|D6FC90837DB2DDD26DFCEB021DA9A884|h=SFLGES7EPOQ6OLKSNG3ESA74KQ56X36H|/
Ǽ֤1989TVBĿأ
ed2k://|file|Ǽ֤.mp4|178482334|32A0153CA34A4741B5AB3F6635B4AD1A|/
һ¡ʷƬأ
ed2k://|file|һ.rar|31630487|1087A1D259BD44E02F62E3032FF4B549|h=CG73QZCP5KXIRUXONEU4EOG26VEVL7AA|/
89ӹ̸ġϽ20ǰԭǸ˰أ
ed2k://|file|ӹ̸.rar|5666732|C070EDCED11CA1410653B669C3CB29A2|h=BN4ECSVVUWM5HGIGMMUWKKFSPVUWDGBT|/
ǰ찲Ź㳡ѧ¼ұֳأ
ed2k://|file|.flv|19829315|0FAB26CC7324095A795CBBBE3B468313|/
һǹŽ_¼_찲ɱ_˾ѧˣأ
ed2k://|file|һǹ_MPG.rar|1917412051|8498CDD1A3542D4C6E279C8FA5243F44|h=AAD6NOSQPVL4Y6RABEUXEO5F6WBYICCR|/
ĵѪۡϣ֮ʹ㲥̨31Ŀmp3أ
ed2k://|file|ĵѪ.rar|1002374557|7E7CE553591AE1CFE25F1D70504AD80C|h=P3OMP4BDLH66HGL6ZTSIXF4E6SMB4JDZ|/

α𡷣2001귨ֹ찲Ź㳡Է١αй߼51ײʵӰӽأ
ed2k://|file|α.mpg|197595776|57FA15669D5393BDEE339BADBBA22F2B|h=XBTJYDBV7P6PAJPX5B3MRYRYQJ56VJI2|/
4.25ҽ˴Ϸá1999425շֹˡΧϺĻأ
ed2k://|file|ֹϷϺ.mpg|174609092|93EBF95DEDB83BCBA3F0FF974748DE6F|h=AJW5TYROB4W5OKN6UM2DCKDHIBPDA4CZ|/
ĴΪβֹ봨ʱйͼ߼޻ֹתĳ磩أ
ed2k://|file|ĴΪβֹ.rar|446394347|F4B67532566652FF2E11A72D6C23746E|/
ôŶйժֹѧԱٵĵ顷ǰԱǸߺʦ˹ΪժǴڵģƵд֤ݣأ
ed2k://|file|ôժ.mpg|334474728|FBF10D60A4F8BE822721C8D28422978F|
ҿйռͼӪĻ20063³һλйĶý͸¶ռʹڴժֹѧԱٵɣأ
ed2k://|file|ҿռͼӪĻ.rm|49474223|4C66F8956723C54D5A968CD24962A126|
һĿ¶ֹѧԱժپһִ侯ʱժУԻȫ¼mp3أ
ed2k://|file|ժ¼.rar|4143759|3475685482056C10AD0A433FCAD47F2B|h=62ZPLFPZDFUOSOSLYDBF7SVECXHKLDH5|/
йժֹѧԱٵ绰顷ߴ绰ҽԺľ췢֣swf밲װѸ׿Flash Player򿪣أ
ed2k://|file|ժ绰.rar|2196801|F88684872CB7AF7D94D0C0909E01D5A0|h=4JAO5XVEBAYXGHSO2NYRYZNQ2SGFOQ3J|/
50йطֹĸࡣswf밲װѸ׿Flash Player򿪣أ
ed2k://|file|50.rar|83124013|A35E1144CB4112C1E5BA73ABCB573D69|h=3IFTBXT4GIARACU3EPCTUE7HPX7UW53Y|/
֤2003ҴйȺֹϵм¼Ƭڹʷӿʵģأ
ed2k://|file|֤2003_VCD.rar|336593335|ED7020E529F40F7E25B3D4CEDB078000|h=RYCQZXBYIDJR7PCHFWCXKT6GDUSSNQ6Q|/
ѵĿԽϣ3000˵ıأ
ed2k://|file|ѵĿԽϣVCD.rar|400852785|CE0216541DBFC7C2FD5C44C532DABB6A|h=E2DMMSH4FGKGGV363NUHEN2ZCYKHLOPE|/
ѵĿԽ£3000˵ıأ
ed2k://|file|ѵĿԽ£VCD.rar|432330306|41CDC5AB836EE5096AF8075EFC6BC5F0|h=I2XKTKMAB4D36PFGBRQIVMFB4FBKKIQ3|/
ֹ_ȫ鼮_¼_MP3_̹¼_֡أ
ed2k://|file|ִϴȫ.rar|1485282040|C06DEEC173FC129BF01757E0AF726693|h=ZA5Y75EVUN2V3AG2RBT5YVRPMP5RUA3Q|/
СֹܷĴͼ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|.rar|883455585|B77AF62D20EA4F9F815E3E3B278F34CC|h=PMYZN6E5ECCJQJXMBV7SDDUO3L7RTEMS|/
ǸδֹһżISOٶISOļķ鷳뿴ķּأ
ed2k://|file|Ǹδȫż.ISO.rar|3341420491|E171FAC39483C2553205E234F6D75707|h=OKOKE6YBNBSFEQFDJVLF7PWSONHTWT4U|/
Ǹδֹأһ.·أ
ed2k://|file|һ·.mpg|273492968|AAEFE87110DDDEC96A8BF8B251BEC10E|h=RMEJGRA7KJZ6MVW3DCSTKY5MJFB3OXHG|/
Ǹδֹأ.󷨿أ
ed2k://|file|-󷨿.mpg|276495576|9B10FF6105BBD09C4D5FCF2935E29A76|h=DE7XOP6SKW3TCLHPGJGZAFGH3FDVO6RI|/
Ǹδֹأ.ģأ
ed2k://|file|-.mpg|276325924|51BBAA105DC087E67962579A106A84F7|h=6FKCTC5VV2YPSHFAOCSEWEVZ5L4DYFJT|/
Ǹδֹأ.ӳ˵ˣأ
ed2k://|file|ģ-ӳ˵.mpg|254598848|8BDA7A8DFB4D37244FCBBDB9B817C841|h=UDWTIVJVYAFWVPWDARQC6PET7EIZKPH5|/
Ǹδֹأ.ɽأ
ed2k://|file|壩-ɽ.mpg|278668516|075597111BF14433B6BB91D0E011FE31|h=27E2XZ44K3U42YPKGCRRIJBVZIAYMSEU|/
Ǹδֹأ.ħУأ
ed2k://|file|-ħ.mpg|284717888|03809D0A404209E3AAEA9489AB28ED9C|h=XX6TZQD2WPW6T7VBCGFKRO25OEALXTWR|/
Ǹδֹأ.£أ
ed2k://|file|ߣ-.mpg|501475044|E0E331A27DFFB5BCE0CA0C64E164BFAE|h=G3MDH2OPD6SLIHKWON65YODMQYGTFCIB|/
Ǹδֹأ.ģأ
ed2k://|file|ˣ-.mpg|508928112|46D555568A9B9408B7DE89CAA3DED18E|h=OKKJEGML65XDWC75CQ4DQOEWCDCGXPWW|/
Ǹδֹأ.ک裩أ
ed2k://|file|ţ-ک.mpg|878059524|B059C75E5F818EEC3F52DE8902930B9F|h=XPP6Z53TK26WMPCOUPG6GH4KKWFXSITY|/
֥Խһ.ྡӪҵҵķֹѧԱӵڹܷȺʵأ
ed2k://|file|֥.ྡ.rm|195838894|E58FD56EBEF6F6BB0A5FB5924070D5B1|h=L2Z3YUAT4OYLOUOQIBVWMCJUB43OTNI5|/
֥Խڶ.־գӪҵҵķֹѧԱӵڹܷȺʵأ
ed2k://|file|֥.־.rm|236701417|44F75590C9708D36EEB3A65EE1530F2E|h=NJFJYYGPRNYLEGWQAA7435AGNIAI7TMT|/
֥Խ.ӪҵҵķֹѧԱӵڹܷȺʵأ
ed2k://|file|֥..rm|220653930|B2DD939496022576A316DDA144009A6D|h=JECBLKROF252SRQ5XZLJDDGL53R3D7LS|/
֥Խļ.ԽӪҵҵķֹѧԱӵڹܷȺʵأ
ed2k://|file|֥.Խ.rm|224942630|CD0453281082B343B7E07A8997090924|h=VRGA7LSRI75LELM4BZOMRP5FPGMZ6PEC|/
֥Խ弯.ӪҵҵķֹѧԱӵڹܷȺʵأ
ed2k://|file|֥..rm|220889599|8F1FB24A3E82A5D9276A8EF7CEFE2922|h=BD3G3MPGZQUTNCSDYQSXGQFW4JQIVG4G|/
ԽǽôĽ¶йȺֹļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|Խǽ.rmvb|627682602|13A5377E50B702FACE59D641DC6C0989|h=SWBZWS3XGWVHMXXANZB7CFLLMABLADNU|/
ɳôִĽ¶йȺֹӰƬ2004ѳǹʵӰӰƬأ
ed2k://|file|ɳ.mpg|773775800|605952163FA06918EAE47C56E8B3BB8B|h=H7O4ZWBBUIRCCMGMQ74FQNXCDBE65XLV|/
Զйӱʡʯׯķֹʵ£أ
ed2k://|file|Զ.flv|272146515|7881FDAD27ECAD53E676107A6DC511C3|h=EW3IOZKUDER6AJ6NXN7PSDDMP3CFUR2Z|/
峬С¶ֲĻй½ֹѧԱժٵıwʵ¼ıɣأ
ed2k://|file|峬_Dvd.rar|2392371601|0379BD7269C0EF110C875E8C0C730256|h=FWYFWLZOGOA7XDR7LWW22NK7CGXRZWRX|/
ժ¶йժֹѧԱٵľ챩Уأ
ed2k://|file|ժ.rar|1926157230|0ED7F69987E1B1C7FF2C2B5C95CC8433|h=HEDZJ4LFGEC6N5ZJL4RWYNE3FH5HQMMJ|/
޺ᡷֹѧԱڼܲ˵Ⱥʵ£ݷֹѧԱ֥Ůʿ¼Խ㣩أ
ed2k://|file|޺.rar|214485752|481B1F5408E050FC3AB5ED2E42431A55|h=ADYJEG53L4OC57UBPEUGNXDT54PFVEB5|/
񡷣й조찲Է١α߷ֹֹѧԱ̡ܿýħժʱԼ桢ơ̵ʵ£أ
ed2k://|file|.rar|293245985|248709DF8BC7C13905F7BA814107ED57|h=TTSQV7WLORTDKRMGEHRDHQ5ZYRCDFB22|/
ǷߡƮǶһħϵķֹѧԱԴƴ֮ĻһУأ
ed2k://|file|Ƿ.rar|416500033|737DCF6354753CB7CA90D2B1FE909FE5|h=GAMQSFRFCI72EBID2JPYE3EWACO3F4HV|/
𺳡1999йʼԷֹĲпȺع£йڷֹѧԱٿ10ŷ磩أ
ed2k://|file|.rm|138818977|A39712903CC727E85DA3786A79CE6124|h=2P7YG5BYSBI76KAIG3MFDIN3RNZBGY3I|/
ѡ񡷣һȺֹɳʵǰǡȷѡأ
ed2k://|file|ѡ.mp4|96289935|A83EBDB54A93580FA505B50972EB6767|h=WQNAQXNYH7YYLU3VSMJOFYI4RUGIDBF5|/
ԵһȺֹѪ˽һѡ֪Ĺ£أ
ed2k://|file|Ե.rar|331915619|FCE0EEE2BF48011397AE03F4746C94F4|h=BMJUZ4QS4Y6JOTTEDQBLPNCY4EWVX2CW|/
ֻءĴ档һռԽ˼䣬ʱ䴩ʷƬأ
ed2k://|file|ֻ.rar|311102783|97BB799F5FBC7E7F2FFF9DCCDD02B492|h=XFT5VBN7LHDNUDLHPLHVJRWKMHJGRMAB|/
Χˡһйפѹֹ⽻٣˽ʹͶɵĹ¡¸ƭأ
ed2k://|file|Χ.rar|346117160|FB4ACADCB2AB7FB262A3B198DD117347|h=35D5ELQP2TIQ5DCN6YMNIKEMOC7FXKBI|/
Ա.ƪ¶ӱпȺֹļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|Ա.ƪ.rar|1609443232|6D0BE568948B8599C735D4F646D0FD25|h=YGT3JSFO6ZYCKMGH45D34DZ5M5VDP7AJ|/
עйġʦΪֹ绤ηŸйֹ߲ͣȺֹҲܲпȺأ
ed2k://|file|ע.rar|1160585231|B221C386640AF78EFFEFFCBC1CBE6D6D|h=C4LHHX7PO4RTCP7NGHTHNZMECBGT2MPC|/
棨һż128K/MP3ļõԡֻȲţmp3أ
ed2k://|file|_128K.MP3|465042171|0BDC409A84F3A6830F9CBED4BA7950D1|h=I2KZO7NUU5LKY73FF4GHBDLWBCVWHUT7|/
һżISOٶISOļķ鷳뿴ķּأ
ed2k://|file|_ISO.rar|7973222714|44F19DB1B6DF9213446D51ABEBB28F24|h=5I4ZEFXYEA5O5YHLC5EMUBR4OTHC74HE|/
һʲôһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_1.mpg|357445144|663DB3C2E0192DC59EA93096F83645BE|h=2F356KKKREOZ7DSJZBJ2KJ7QCO2EA4IB|/
йҵģһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_2.mpg|517852272|C2BC63EC237A818CD901E1196894A6DE|h=YI3MB6E47ABFOCCPSTTQR4LXIGDBCBV3|/
йıһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_3.mpg|651933128|9E086B555F4725C4921B190174B8A616|h=YRMZ7TU7A6ZSDGDXBISVGEBOUE2RGOIQ|/
ģǷһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_4.mpg|358693132|FD8A60EAB3E3DC28D38999C030C59C2F|h=TBJ5QILTGOXDNVTTCCLSHVAQGD5FAIQM|/
壩йȺֹһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_5.mpg|503905948|A64C004D2E2BF8BADE2E428FC18C37BB|h=RY4OOA4XHNXAIGQROIS5PFLYCN7WC6AO|/
йƻĻһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_6.mpg|646897020|8821810BA979A546952B545E33A5348A|h=37DMELTFUWCEQ5U76ONPQDCQHD2TNPFY|/
ߣйɱʷһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_7.mpg|424871356|7D2BA277D306D5CBFB2148A6AF426378|h=WAS7O3GIXJWEJHVCRZ5VORRL6LWAS5RU|/
ˣйа̱ʣһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_8.mpg|422591512|78195B453132C684565EEE5E0CEC16DA|h=FGKEWXWRYDE7O5LUFVIK7UY6TUT4CHST|/
ţйåԣһѪᣬǹ۶йأ
ed2k://|file|_9.mpg|757637944|391C2E8E93F3D1581BF38A69A66E6A9F|h=ZNVF7SYOZPTPWJYRXFLNT6SEKI4OA6YH|/
Ƭβɽǳĸأ
ed2k://|file|_song.mpg|23900016|82A6761B36A49097175DCD558EAEB975|h=CIQ6RRCRDYA7ASIO7R3SPKSV53YWFAQH|/
嵳ĻӸϲйĻԻؽϵؽ˵ĺmp3أ
ed2k://|file|嵳Ļ_mp3.rar|1086445143|D8261564C87C2BB219C36F095005E630|h=M62FJD3DIMVCZX2YPLVJ2LYZLTBGYXN2|/
٩٩̸˵̸̨ĻϵнĿΪʾйĻġԻأ
ed2k://|file|̸Ļ.rar|1231422197|F0EF77738A152BF651EE60725D125639|h=GOGNJLHUDTNK5BATRKPKV6VVOH5VHWAR|/
й˵̨Ƶѡأ
http://hotdownload.org/other/bomiwu/ǽȥ˵ַºúwinrarϲѹһISOļɿ̻LevinISO򿪣

Ԥ.ȼգաϼأ
ed2k://|file|Ԥ[ϼ].mpg|308806148|D65FDD41B7A3408538E52562061D176F|h=GE4O46JNB5DPRDJOGXL64YOQLNCMXUPP|/
Ԥ.ȼգաмأ
ed2k://|file|Ԥ[м].mpg|301713300|1B6BB3E20EEBA7E9662B0DCE6CB4C7ED|h=GSWOO6ZMXAGY24N75O4VD26TUCD2D23I|/
Ԥ.ȼգա¼أ
ed2k://|file|Ԥ[¼].mpg|314581288|0A8BB062D4E6C17585C381E816BFA0DA|h=YEZJAQQQECYHCV4MAZBGNYBSNCNVRKLO|/
Ԥ.÷ʫʷϷںҵݣأ
ed2k://|file|÷ʫ.mpg|542649352|8E4B14392BDDBECA0CC182FC9E575F09|h=ZPHWGJ45XKU2UD6ARRNCUV6ZWQ7YHZ54|/
ԤеĽ졷һδε¼󣬲ŷԤصİأmp3أ
ed2k://|file|ԤеĽ_mp3.rar|1168785419|B7F18589BED8819F2A6518C9EBD021E1|h=77BJLHWBT26JU6ZZAMV6KPFVIY6IX4A6|/
ռࡷࣩأ
ed2k://|file|ռ.rar|116178215|AD28BDA9384B994E4C264C9E726EBF79|h=YMUIZYVTON3BC5Z7YU6A7STU7QEKHWWL|/
ˮ֪𰸡飬ˮҲԡΨۣձΰĿѧʵ飬ؿأ
ed2k://|file|ˮ֪.flv|158351381|DA88CDF7EEE742180BBA0C4B32954B2F|h=R6E7LPWHBXZCDYXPHCMJQGOTQLW43N5W|/

ëйŴķԡ1969꺱ƵåԴ¶أ
ed2k://|file|ëھŴ.rmvb|3747587|8FCF0BC5316139DAF7C6CBA2C0463F35|h=BY4RJ4YG3DXGGA3ODEIZDU3INOCRSB4B|/
ֲħ-ë󶫡Ƭ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ֲħ.avi|365887488|D91CF24AE471EDF0CEED4537DA0193D1|h=45IQGUYHUFPISZTPVKWDUVZQLHLHYD6T|/
ֲħ-ë󶫡Ƭ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ֲħ.chs.srt|98376|92140E080DDA760194F5623E936DA0D4|h=ZXFZVO6BSECIDRRWP774G4N4QHZPS22W|/
̸ëΪ֪Ĺ¡أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊ֪Ĺ.rmvb|74087167|FAD416B48CB0486BC29E5F46EE3DDFF8|h=LETNTEOUAWX5NLS4OHXU6IVOGF4PIT7K|/
Ŀë󶫡ܶϵȫ81ռë󶫡ܶΪ֪Ĺ»ɣmp3أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊ֪Ĺ.rmvb|74087167|FAD416B48CB0486BC29E5F46EE3DDFF8|h=LETNTEOUAWX5NLS4OHXU6IVOGF4PIT7K|/
˾ŵӵ̫ĸﾭ¼Ƭܷ桢޿ˡҪȼͥԱѧ۵ѧߣأ
ed2k://|file|˾ŵӵ̫.rmvb|615074142|761BE6DD245F26FD084583CE5DE7DD0E|h=JCQO7DM4RIKCXTGZLSW4E2C5RREVOBGK|/
㡷ϼ1980귴˼ĸĽƬ䶷ǹѧ²ǥиĶӡȸŮʬбϾɱأ
ed2k://|file|㡷ϼ.rm|147054931|C904D278B5CC7D6FE9AABA53329110E8|h=RFINNV7THULNQVLY33TGB4RL2C3SI7CQ|/
㡷¼1980귴˼ĸĽƬ䶷ǹѧ²ǥиĶӡȸŮʬбϾɱأ
ed2k://|file|㡷¼.rm|158372007|A62665F542B576CF485E0DCF406C9B57|h=WHLXUZGX6ODSIGXBTRHN4A5QHYTDAG4N|/
ˡʷģξ߳ίֻнִѹֹȵȣأ
ed2k://|file|.mpg|774972660|4F5FEC377049EAF35EC2040344D58DAB|/
ۼߡΪһƵأ
ed2k://|file|ۼ.asx|10526179|BD9059027A23B29F8123E07B0095EEC0|h=SJF6NZBVSVKXS2LKNRX26WK5NBJEGPFV|/
йڶۣأ
ed2k://|file|йڶ.ram|25493478|AA92FF071BF92838CDB918F20EC83875|h=CILOGE4JG6XFYVKIOLOYPGPSMSVSDY6G|/
¼ұCNNר̸ġأ
ed2k://|file|¼ұCNNר.mp4|47544929|43BD22A40D2DE38225DB7F1CAE4447DD|h=HCQKPDEL3NXBC6QF73O4C2O7UPSJ5A7U|/
ϺĻأ
ed2k://|file|ϺĻ.rm|57737216|72B13CD83B499E8282D183A45A271967|h=HDB2XZK3F2QAH3FOH5HJOXZGAVQGR2QE|/

ĸЩ¶1ĵ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|1ĵ.avi|264773224|DAB3C0544CA7951BD1E65E75DF9CACA3|h=2BUIX5PYYR5T7YG2ZNNAKMZKZ32DYCOT|/
ĸЩ¶1ĵ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|1ĵ.ssa|31836|1201EFF757802A2F3AFF90D0BB9E24C2|h=NI7CSW5KKAILKEYAEJTEJNSCZCTLCOZD|/
ĸЩ¶2췴Ŀ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|2췴Ŀ.avi|347526000|9D8811BC21BA8293D68EA56612609533|h=VU6F6K5SOBRKZEYYPN7ADBNW3YBL772K|/
ĸЩ¶2췴Ŀ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|2췴Ŀ.ssa|25360|17FDA9B18FC05447635A7AE91B6FA232|h=C6HXIGC3BJVOCASFZBTMJ27LLYR346FQ|/
ĸЩ¶3·-ƶ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|3·-ƶ.avi|284482914|69B69FF3A85D92576E5DB23CD765789B|h=32YAVCZU72JTIJ5P45N7HTB3NWH6KERB|/
ĸЩ¶3·-ƶ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|3·-ƶ.ssa|21623|B185A6AB1F3142B489BCC746622559F0|h=VM34MYHWDEI2M5G6SH2A7U373OR5YQLV|/
ĸЩ¶4ĸ￪ŵ̥.avi أ
ed2k://|file|4ĸ￪ŵ̥.avi|268290782|C6DFC53A0FECD887D22047BF1BC4B0D2|h=KQHKZYEWQCUWCAOADAKTIIEPTKSI5ILE|/
ĸЩ¶4ĸ￪ŵ̥.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|4ĸ￪ŵ̥.ssa|22271|E23B22A612613CA42102C4DF61F9104D|h=M57JE7SPGKXKPTU77U6UGHVJZZOUMN2E|/

[й].ӣ.ˡ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ӣ..avi|347918122|34D975AB497AF967E4A2095965CEBE08|h=MD74C54OZZM4TFRF4BKMH4H2L7W57IHJ|/
[й].ӣ.ˡ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|ӣ..ssa|30128|AB438F040764B02EA3E9B35B2C7A4337|h=777OBWRVKBK5PNZORX3B77M4WKVOR3CU|/
[й].01.ְ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|01.ְ.avi|290934834|CF793B4F388AAE052C645DC2D02ED554|h=QILDWVOONL25UDF653U7L4AWTBYKQTB7|/
[й].01.ְ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|01.ְ.ssa|45681|223218EF62273BA71CFED57537CDC260|h=OYMRJNTXSBFOYHBSFRV7HMQGFZMXRDZ3|/
[й].02.ൺԺĹ¡.aviأ
ed2k://|file|02.ൺԺĹ.avi|321856842|69908D458231400EF5E631499EDA82C4|h=ZX5NVO5322S6UUVJLOSCDEJRNHUL3QHY|/
[й].02.ൺԺĹ¡.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|02.ൺԺĹ.srt|18445|FD904326E804838D1F0B85841A180ADB|h=CRQH2CH7DA3WSZRUJZKESYVWBR5Q47BG|/
[й].03.ˮΣ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|03.ˮΣ.mkv|728124060|7B6B553271C550CC861893EBF445D686|h=GG3BHQLOL7DUOKHEPB5WDNQ3GM6532DL|/
[й].03.ˮΣ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|03.ˮΣ.srt|21046|AC694457E88EEC1994EC199427326970|h=3QHQYE25IYZ443ORAI5CGKWZSC3SDF5A|/
[й].04..عս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|04..عս.avi|355059152|DD3A6B6634AB36EEA7676DA899897D93|h=B2SGTUV6FFMEQJH5BIO6UXXMBU4RDGCD|/
[й].04..عս.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|04..عս.ssa|42403|577AC3E154F3810AB3CE4E4D47E1E62E|h=ON55SVYFK6ZTJV3KZHVHSLNBHXWXSZU6|/
[й].05..ʥѰ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|05..ʥѰ.mkv|314382640|ABF69FFC2F7A67BF6E57BF4A5EB76C28|h=OGO5W7MG6IPVXPPSQUIZHJ4ZKWWPGYM7|/
[й].05..ʥѰ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|05..ʥѰ.ssa|47515|2AA75E099B0B1D1BE1923324230CC67A|h=NXF3CUPCLHWYDX3JB7LWETNXKNMGILD3|/
[й].06.طɲʵ¼.aviأ
ed2k://|file|06.طɲʵ¼.avi|315361642|29FB774FAB1326A0AB577965743E46F7|h=UVPQAJQFPAGC5CDAE3VNXMYKGR5HQJXM|/
[й].06.طɲʵ¼.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|06.طɲʵ¼.srt|19540|245CBEACD5416D19D9F1441231778949|h=VWFDPGSMYDOHQASRN2IWXIYYMQWYAT5W|/
[й].07.޹̱֮.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|07.޹̱֮.mkv|319266878|B947D2E61E08A3EF7F8C1771A90BDA18|h=UI46QZSBWZIXGAJOPOC35HC4NVVX66ZW|/
[й].07.޹̱֮.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|07.޹̱֮.srt|32233|3B042999B755D8B99835173B2E241838|h=EEASKJMKNF2WFL7S23ZXCCMROHGUY6QI|/
[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.wmvأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.wmv|459859103|44210958C55DF1944B45DCAAB1AE341D|h=XMCL3ZQY67OQRB5I43DT2F57KGMKPVWJ|/
[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.srt|15652|722812614351782BA413E53A4AE714F0|h=DJEAI37MZT2W4XRZJH7HQ7HUSVP7GVCX|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.mkv|314688804|081DCDE4E2BC4EB1CDCB2F1184765024|h=FESWBM4CHBNRFYNLJGJQGUO4P2DAACIP|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.srt|19224|E8C1C2F2C9F37ED56C701B57BEC89592|h=7BLMALX3HT7TLQ2UHQF36HVP2E4D7SOL|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|10.ŭС.mkv|317055380|2D83B3AACF14489006195BB6BA9D71BA|h=6RUOWC4U7CTBXZXXGYFUPMJKXL5AN4IV|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|10.ŭС.srt|19614|F0169F6748278710D5F99A831A3E2B99|h=QGSVOAGSNTCTVKABQD6NCOIXMHIELGUS|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.avi|337910588|1B576638D83A2B3F2D47FC0238547C64|h=R2A7RUMBWPWJ7CL25LSAICMGGF3UFNOF|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.srt|21954|978F5ACD4E41A7998818FCBC5101FA88|h=VDRXZJULSHQXZ6BN7WMSBOVUFFO3FW6I|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.avi|518841436|FB7FE120EB1D5B3480D5F89B2FE45990|h=IGZK36UZR34OC2DAUCPVOF5YKVTDVE6C|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.srt|27280|A182170917E01176473CC37DDB4561E8|h=L2H4SVYVR6LTYKOHXPNEBVHHNSBMUK7S|/

Ѳݽ_˭й_1_רƸ빲͸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-1-רƸ빲͸.rm|143563976|747038A4DE7FA26F0C814D7638C5B50B|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_2_⻼򹲺 أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-2-⻼򹲺.rm|163995885|75306C88879D61354A5D644069ACA262|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_3_սٿ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-3-սٿ.rm|222582999|506DA8146B0850F580976C91B8D26A53|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_4_ͲҰרƸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-4-ͲҰרƸ.rm|250039831|CD47CF0B2A0653756C980A8C915611FA|/
꡶˭йרãһأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõһ.rm|25610189|4D948FCC84BEC99543FFFD2D41C2A6C9|/
꡶˭йרãڶأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõڶ.rm|25463124|755C2E0E9221A60ADDEE5C7FD37321C4|/
꡶˭йרãأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõ.rm|25334804|2D4D98A800D867F7672B54388573707E|/
꡶ɽ빲ϣأ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]ϣ.rmvb|154486906|D7BA793A369BD20F90A9681F675E42BE|/
꡶ɽ빲£أ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]£.rmvb|130689414|C38093B3BE86975E47476F67DC7A7D7C|/
꡶˭ϣأ
ed2k://|file|lϣ.flv|149898140|BECB0BE239ADF0DED9058DEF0A1FD19C|h=E2TRWCLK7VWP74U4SZL7U7DICNVUSVW2|/
꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|l£.flv|156629559|2A65622DD96C12E8985A7CABB17CEBBE|h=FEN3MBHHY2B5RSKOKC5OCWWJNU2QIEMO|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣϣأ
ed2k://|file|l˵ʧˣϣ.flv|138219754|349875CCE9208DF9479CB9C3594F93AF|h=OZNRWFACPR2QG2NADXJQBXG5OIZUC6V6|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣУأ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣУ.flv|158817877|3E9F974052B8D5D64B158B2FA8686657|h=MLB45XYYW7AVCAJP2LAWSR6LLNUUPFON|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣ£أ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣ£.flv|160273353|28724D273EABDB191107884CD6C592B6|h=YLCUGP2RSN5FMMAS3VO2C4L4WIRIQSSE|/
꡶˭ϣأ
ed2k://|file|˭ϣ.flv|148861176|62604FC89FB3223CA4866E36B02389E4|h=2KHQNVH2XVJJN6ZV7FKK7HLEPO5O3JFT|/
꡶˭Уأ
ed2k://|file|˭У.flv|148779028|543F48E8D2A30C9B0B4FA63E061812BC|h=K3WHR37JMRSF4AO7LPAIPI2E7XYODISP|/
꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|˭£.mp4|136622368|28DD6E8D98DE00AE7F2F7B9F2820D56B|
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡1йΪʲô<򹲺>أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊʲô򹲺1.rm|31974911|B96345A0841883CFED8A86862C1E9DF6|h=JRTFCAN36YPONOTMV3WHJDGBYI6K6HSS|/
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡2߸ͳ<򹲺>أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊʲô򹲺2.rm|40849701|764D841844B1690C40BAC15279902211|h=BEVYL46PNLHRM6YXIH65MWFSFKNRSBRU|/
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡3˭Ĺ͹أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊʲô򹲺3.rm|37874074|02252C6DA6C4FA67F69351FE2D4257B4|h=DSWL7W3EAOZHOSW23EFEW3WN5ABOW72I|/
սʤʮ꣨ϣ˭սأ
ed2k://|file|˭.rm|106916155|6316D347300852ECEDA6A2972CD6E9DE|h=7I3PNSHWOTLDN3UOZWWNUWS56777MYOB|/
սʤʮ꣨£йսʲôأ
ed2k://|file|սʱйʲô.rm|97644121|127F421003AA7C23C82D27C12EE01F51|h=3DCJ5H3E3DDZVLFHE24MA3VVIOMQBHCJ|/
꡶<>ĵ롷ڱݴѧֻϵݽأ
ed2k://|file|ĵ.rmvb|159795079|B1A97410E84AA9193170F2274B74C26A|h=AHFEOYM2LPNITDJLXWLDIA7GBKXNGIO7|/
꡶˼徿ʲôأ
ed2k://|file|˼徿ʲô.rm|81904157|093A7B106505265A3DFBF122AA9E0A30|
ϵʴӢƪ,лأ
ed2k://|file|ллVCD.rar|943141302|85415E78EF165AD939C7C2376AE127D6|h=KOGOUNEJOANHOJ24BWLUFBFZNXG343GY|/
ݽлŮأ
ed2k://|file|лŮ.rar|391939486|DDA51FBD7AC17A0049ED609F91FD1C9D|h=UE7QUBN7VXHTBQZ7EIUMXHBUBQNB2OR6|/
ݽʴǰйǰйأ
ed2k://|file|ǰйǰй.rm|161675111|BBEBFF6A9ACE588DCDF9766B420C17A7|h=6QAXFWV5ZCXZRRSQK57QM4QZ2XUV5XJR|/
꡶׶̸·ѧأ
ed2k://|file|׶̸·ѧ.flv|114869977|7B8FCA8BFFE9E7110239EBED7F46088E|h=TO3TS72CYXQXHJWA2VWFXH3DMVQZ3DSK|/
ݽ̫ϣĻأ
ed2k://|file|̫.ϣ.ram|118591475|594384AD6117BA1D65FBEDE8D20FFAE8|h=PPUU3AYCRKLSWCEAMULW3XAZCPMFM4QV|/
ݽ̫£Ļأ
ed2k://|file|̫.£.ram|89127155|1DFC04AB67466979236E48FF3BAB0192|h=5YVZUN67L2LTUN525ZZVLR7DQLOLKZG6|/
ݽй̨ǰ;أ
ed2k://|file|й̨ǰ;.ram|203536333|C56BBCBBC54CA8AF0B41C8628DE22782|h=7KJTNFVH4KDKZYPONDC4PAVGU3XCB4J4|/
꡶̨ͳһأ
ed2k://|file|̨ͳһ.rm|34729275|273F1688CD63AA17B91A39674C4CEED8|h=V6XZOQSL7FPHIKG7PGGLJQ7QK4DR2MFA|/
ݽйͳһԭ򡢵·ʱأ
ed2k://|file|ͳһԭ·ʱ.rm|121811425|5D44EB891BB687C994D40676EFF4A90E|h=CUQ3BU3FGWA2LEMSXRXHC7L2ODTYFITL|/
꡶йĸ￪Ÿйʲôأ
ed2k://|file|ĸ￪Ÿйʲ.rm|196634075|DDB483D6783D8546D6B07D054A8CA42E|h=2ICJFRBWW6EUEJNNKIRERGIKNML7CERB|/
꡶һⷢʯĵʼϣأ
ed2k://|file|ʯʣϣ.rm|25942086|8A6BD072DFF85C50E05A4191F6BD61B4|h=O2Q7VEW4OYHG6PTG2I4675SEOPDC2SQ7|/
꡶һⷢʯĵʼ£أ
ed2k://|file|ʯʣ£.rm|25937070|050D83DCF5F2E7D4761F07210FBEDCD6|h=U24Y6PBGUYNCAWJPIFKULQJI5STGYPQC|/
꡶̸[]--Ӹأ
ed2k://|file|̸[]--Ӹ.mpg|650094844|0245E796A0CFD7A68F985B709B251646|h=7SYX5PUBYE4B2A6EYBVCRNC5PG6EZOHV|/
ҷѷأ
ed2k://|file|ҷѷ.ram|62858641|88232E81A9A57311A7A3B5CD674E683C|h=6EEJCT4ENM2FBY25VS4K4DZ3SRUY22EC|/
꡶йˡأ
ed2k://|file|й˶.ram|43037499|66F486DD58E2C7B22E0AA37588D3D294|h=7U6Z4LIWDZY42GGMICHJBQJBYBCGAZ63|/
꡶ε˼άһսأ
ed2k://|file|һս.ram|61755288|35B231D8842ACA11D64C449EDC10AA0A|
꡶ƭĲйˡأ
ed2k://|file|ƭĲй.rm|51313376|1236C00F725FD3B0389237A008E165E7|h=6ZFIEX4T46YQTBO26DJ5FI4CIC4YWMKC|/

δδأ
ed2k://|file|.m4v|474984898|0AA32E4BC33C7CC6B9EFE12A1BCA9F59|h=NRDQM5UEKRIQ63MRRHLPPLB63ZCCO6UK|/
δδԲϣأ
ed2k://|file|Բϣ.m4v|414911883|EC9700F4E1F765FD755C7F27C91FDD87|h=TJSOALFVD3KQD6GOZUY3UXDQHII7WKLC|/
δδԲ£أ
ed2k://|file|Բ£.mp4|260971159|B88852385986B17ED06A7A5811E2EBEA|h=AAJVZH7H63OMJ5GWGCUS5M3JB3JJ6MV3|/
δδأ
ed2k://|file|.mp3|211558849|E24B1327FE0D068B35C2574B9C932D99|h=CZSHN2T7ZMHFX4KIOBKNU522QJ7QIA2I|/
δδ㻨أ
ed2k://|file|㻨.mp4|614659356|FFF422F22E693EB55ACAEA8ECBE53E95|h=SQ23I6TQ37DDIKNBQMK4QLGM4WTPKDTZ|/
δδ4851أ
ed2k://|file|4851.mp4|422620086|46AD7678916BE90679170D6C88942DD1|h=VJKG7DSUY3IFRMOHMFXAFYCR3SQ4ONBU|/
δδأ
ed2k://|file|.m4v|509241040|9CD0226D0C9CB834177A849FE0447849|h=ZV34OSBNX7T2LNTPYZ46E3M4YYEVTR2V|/
δδͶأ
ed2k://|file|Ͷ.m4v|815835245|599ACB56FAE495488ABE2676FA81CFAF|h=UD4OKIWHVYV7H6VDIS7NZPA4EFK47YBT|/
δδͯϣأ
ed2k://|file|ͯcd1.mp4|872564912|F3DB3913692ED74921F616BB600F42E5|h=FKPMBKMYR5LUG4NRROFHQHZSKPDCGHOW|/
δδͯ£أ
ed2k://|file|ͯcd2.mp4|726702216|970CB9078035AF04055DF826FA83CAC6|h=W6MMWI6HTCVH2TX4JSVHR4LJLK5R6T6R|/
δδׯ̽һ𳪱֮衷أ
ed2k://|file|ׯ̽һ𳪱֮.m4v|42471671|4A86F3AC64A450DDB0437F4382896B8C|/
δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭϣأ
ed2k://|file|һƧˣϣ.mp4|586973931|AEEADD032FE088BEF88FB666EDC43486|h=INQO4VQIGG2XSD5A5LHKGZVA4BHBVAD6|/
δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭ£أ
ed2k://|file|һƧˣ£.mp4|701762871|53AC03C78CFE90638D966C002BD13379|h=4AGUBYJCLUT26JCDYTLL7TCUKZYUGLBS|/
δδ÷һƧˡأ
ed2k://|file|÷.mp4|198604170|E67401CF65ED14ECEF969B425DF65E0B|h=FHQM5HHOQGVGNWU3PM3BQXYQN5746IUT|/
δδCNN̸m4vأ
ed2k://|file|δδCnn̸.m4v|152383944|D818ECCA723FB38084595DA8323AABDC|h=QNATSONOZVEOBMIBWBL7MBUKYMDPVFFU|/
δδCNN̸.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|δδ̸.chs.srt|28863|833AA0306A0420C7CADC6AFCBADA9A53|h=RW44NDQLOTTQQ7O4VWX5OFQZVDP7CH6H|/
δδ졷16λý幤ߵĶԻݽѡأ
ed2k://|file|.mp4|950235693|A5F33868970BC751059A248ECBDE5F30|h=DX6A3DXU7RTOPYTZPSSQBHNZVIZYPKKK|/
δδϲ÷ںϰ̲ߵĲɷãأ
ed2k://|file|ϲ÷.m4v|88529585|90D461FA8B01AA2C3CFEEFBE24A580CC|h=WFTPVIDVXEWY2N5MF66OEJWBQ2HMNMTS|/
δδ겻ԭʦ裩أ
ed2k://|file|겻.m4v|69872665|C8519AA19F027439785C4AEA06F41C77|h=3VRIIFMFGEKONJGUKGYLOWKRLQ4VACJZ|/
δδǡڰ̲أ
ed2k://|file|.m4v|102603801|C9B6185EA247EFF3B3274BEBFDBAF45A|h=47TKWWPD4DDQJD2TZV6HEK2V6PPX6V34|/
δδкй2009¡˳īӰڵĽͣأ
ed2k://|file|˴к.m4v|23361422|65AD626A67404173ACFBB6609EEE5C8A|h=RX3VUACM7KQBL2GS64M74OUUWFJF5GYC|/
δδˡ20101016գ١Źɣأ
ed2k://|file|.m4v|108939906|AE633A4E4AAC3515A11132E5E254FE1E|h=3O2FI3NXT5SOT762ZG6622ZVO4O262OI|/
δδʵδδҶԡհܺ߳ĸ׳¹ǫֽеĲɷãأ
ed2k://|file|ʵ.m4v|103224647|135AF716A26D97FBDF00A3C74EE75765|h=UM652LZTOX675TUXKGHCH2YSVYROR7XY|/
δδΣҰȫ2010122ŵ㣬δδ裩أ
ed2k://|file|ΣҰȫ.m4v|29803363|E7A97FD3E34798B6B8CF59C438E94A8A|h=F6EYRJF5D4KJKU6DO6THCRMS52JEY6XD|/

ԭ¡ڰ̲أ
ed2k://|file|ԭ.flv|707422514|65A5100FF3857AD129EEAB1B7C710847|h=JMILUHI7R7HFDMU3Z27R7Z3MGBLDSE65|/
Ҧأ
ed2k://|file|Ҧ.mp4|246955090|841BBBBF69D28C849EAC779E5062A19C|/
顷أ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|479633682|DC1573E195C632534C4D36F45F7130E2|h=MUNFENWC67U7FY6XYF7KICSU35XYS6FQ|/
Ϊʲô졷أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊʲô-.m4v|817489278|E8A4DDA59099848DC69857EC911EF498|h=BIC3YWFIHQI7WCYAXCORTKDLLGJX3OBJ|/
봨أ
ed2k://|file|.mkv|381357219|51EE296E2C7125B4CCD6499E75F8189F|/
ǵޡϣ봨أ
ed2k://|file|ǵޣϣ.wmv|112367347|8D42E6B329154326FE81F983A25721C7|h=IPMEVL2ETES2YPNBEANL34KVNZ2BGSZM|/
ǵޡ£봨أ
ed2k://|file|ǵޣ£.wmv|71371065|BA2201C187508EF9AE87023A8E88D99D|h=6NZWTBY7D36II2OFUHLRAQTLBAH6SJF5|/
ذ֮1̲άȨأ
ed2k://|file|ذ֮.CD1.mp4|272884270|B36D3845FF291B7DC7D51DEC7D8AF5A4|
ذ֮2̲άȨأ
ed2k://|file|ذ֮.CD2.mp4|189072590|D34912914A1EABB9E12810DCC1C5D131|
̫ʯ1㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ1.avi|89237586|FB2B26B7538563B659370C450B61DDC0|/
̫ʯ2㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ2.mpg|176426881|3F0AD24E8BDB46329C5970EB35CC2B84|/
̫ʯ3㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ3.avi|112000438|3D52BAAF6A44EA46D77333380B768DAB|/
̫ʯ4㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ4.avi|180190082|B90595578758197821C381DF04C76748|/
г2008ѩִڼ㶫˻ؼҵĹ£أ
ed2k://|file|г.rar|148189757|0CFE50AC2515DB0B86B3319378BFF4BC|h=BC3D3QNUSHTXC6FQIFLMGFXVDEFHY5MC|/
û԰Ůʦƾʼĩأ
ed2k://|file|û԰.rar|456303980|FC43F8CD1F07FCB466BE04E5C7031320|h=Q627MMK4AVC7LPGJJBRJZQUYBVFHNWNW|/
ƵΧۡΧޮܰɷãأ
ed2k://|file|ƵΧ.rar|134027140|D0CCBE7F011D342F1F31F197FDBDE40D|h=PCSOGAR6ML7BOC3KOY2CUEIQIQEKEMIJ|/
ϡޮԮ񱻿"Ѱ"ޮͥʵ¼أ
ed2k://|file|.rar|265699048|3E686960714034DC3CFDC94A202E3243|h=YDJQK7FIEMYILESATY63TB4KSHP2Z5PZ|/
Ƭϡأ
ed2k://|file|Ƭ.rar|133295683|022A524CE936B7970B81D6A47944099D|h=VPHGY7EAQL26GJBAJHGVZAEBFT7VOBIR|/
ϲؼҡ80̲άȨʿϲϷöαץ"ƻ"1ͽ̣أ
ed2k://|file|ϲؼ.rar|284555706|207207772636960C6AD7031FCA928D28|h=2GVIJL7MLRNLQFDHPEL3RIO4I2DXVBVZ|/
ڿաעڿļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|ڿ.mp4|278847268|CB9F1B1E5D36CB5B254AC6EF17A8A915|

ܡѰѵ꡷أ
ed2k://|file|Ѱѵ.avi|732690432|1A9602D2FB3C3373327D862903CB5661|h=QTAVAQO5Q2XF2OWHBCXQHY5QDGUBTV6L|/
ܡȥأ
ed2k://|file|ȥ.rmvb|220700183|CEE892555E43131B4A56DB258BBD89D9|/
ܡԶɽأ
ed2k://|file|Զɽ.rmvb|136404666|4F763F34D020B4F5AD45CDDA8C1A7067|/
ܡ𷿹أ
ed2k://|file|𷿹.mpg|190291444|D77BAB27C9D12F60723A55621EF84D9B|/

Գܵظ-סƪأ
ed2k://|file|Գܵظ-סƪ.mpg|378409948|E930F5AB2B1EC4C89486580672EECEFA|h=AHROFQWMDUEQVCTNSW7JEX67EC2CBQSV|/
Գܵظ-ƪأ
ed2k://|file|Գܵظ-ƪ.mpg|644194208|C6159C66FA9065C4D82191CD624C70CC|h=USJKYCPC6LQG43BU2XQPFC6T7KDTY5HY|/
硶·һ.ҵ˼أ
ed2k://|file|_ҵ˼.rm|247077553|0F9D4A252EB7369FED51F217E999533B|h=APSP6GAD4AXQ3MI7T647PLSLFHEYKUOF|/
硶·ڶ.ҵأ
ed2k://|file|_ҵ.wmv|337373188|55672CD3E3324FEA91FDDE70084B4295|h=Y2HOJL3YKPMOCXQSW452LTBILDFPCICU|/
жΡҵΡأ
ed2k://|file|ж.mpg|413946232|866C2F5FCE67908EDC0D11461DF01801|h=7QDM5HXRQ54XFPBPMGSJNRU3GDDT4JZF|/

ѷ򸾡ɳǵͽأ
ed2k://|file|ɳǵͽ.m4v|234396488|F31A86F6FF42822AC91192E95A89CA1C|/
Ӧѳأ
ed2k://|file|Ӧѳ].flv|262430484|1E7B593FE40ABB43EF5C264150E2234F|h=C7RAX47G4ZWX27AFFCIHY2AGJKDQD7ST|/
̨ׯϷô壩أ
ed2k://|file|ׯ.rm|53575746|B8B9FC666BDD8384803F8CF0CB92894E|/
Ϸáأ
ed2k://|file|Ϸ.avi|941473792|1E5AC9828F1DB5D01A6260C64B00A837|/
ʢĻ--ʮ֤ԡأ
ed2k://|file|Ļ--ʮ֤.rmvb|353195733|87CEEE8157983BF51072F6C3F6311DC1|/
б߹͸ũӪأ
ed2k://|file|б߹.avi|943431680|02F326FCDC98DB22594E8C52B4615069|
94½һ䡰쵼ߣ325288ѧأ
ed2k://|file|.rar|2383355400|5B0A0C518BD6202AA21408B8DA584B03|h=EZKQOPX5ACKSHFPW2PVNJS55WYJFMGAF|/
񡷣ɽࣩأ
ed2k://|file|.mp4|534342914|70221EE86AD563F1990A9EAFBFA4CCCF|/
ΪʲôǵУ˷棿أ
ed2k://|file|ΪʲôǵУ˷.mpg|69809416|D26B8EA5005DEA613BCFAA63A83C608F|
йĴ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|йĴ.avi|444084224|8CBEE126D4832EB784F4300AFF7D7DFB|h=IGXLYNCOJBQHQ4X3EZLQT4AE456PDV7G|/
йĴ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|йĴ.srt|57181|CE962E90524D8CB73D3739138462FAB5|h=OSUORHHS3RJVCQEFTJWHB7FHHFPIEDOP|/
˼¼֮1ٺ츮ݺᡷأ
ed2k://|file|˼¼1.ٺ츮ݺ.mp4|229279726|51EFB645D3CD5EC92573056D9A094810|h=BHAQ37IJEFTH65TQOC5FXYQZVE6GJJ5M|/
˼¼֮2˵滰أ
ed2k://|file|˼¼2.˵滰.mp4|117475345|63B92C0A450AA49B7A2FF0D9978B11E1|h=NBHJRZVTUDCYR7YBVEWE7WG7KSFALHEN|/
˼¼֮3šأ
ed2k://|file|˼¼3..mp4|77529622|000A2732DE1E8FC9EDDC1DDCAF8B7680|h=S3DY7KM5COP2OJ7ZDASDOR6FYHT6ZAKO|/
˼¼֮4ɽ29أ
ed2k://|file|˼¼4.ɽ.mp4|339890637|31CCB9C7B99B3469D9F71F172940750B|h=2GPHGJUEADMZF2BTSIABMWDRGQR5VVC7|/
˼¼֮5봨ǰϦֶԲеأ
ed2k://|file|˼¼5.ǰ.mp4|16480508|440E34CBC712EF63A82A1E0F6076AA1A|h=TUHOXUL5G4YQXICKX2BJC4L77NJ53X7D|/
˼¼֮6봨[]֤̣أ
ed2k://|file|봨.rar|68045290|A106026F8FA142B62909B928BA594540|h=CZQP3WDXVXQ67SYHOTELUS2YMNE46M6F|/

һΪķƹ¡ȫƬ㣬ɵʿᷢУaviأ
ed2k://|file|.avi|1463328768|5199FA8DB1F24B954C51F13CB8C2684B|h=CERXCRB5I3IDOGRZZIH5HKJ3HZGFWXBP|/
һΪķƹ¡ȫƬ㣬ɵʿᷢУsrtĻأ
ed2k://|file|.srt|58597|6A14084C1CC8C0BD2A5644C9251689B5|/
ѹһǿأ
ed2k://|file|һǿ.rar|367904580|E26184AC493CFB6DCDA46D7EB47C3333|/
ά йġʧ㡱.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ά.avi|314036682|33FB3514FF39BF88C05311AEF0FB6C18|h=4UOGKK7NWQEMT66LZBVGK2GKB7WGXUFA|/
ά йġʧ㡱.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ά.srt|22752|75EC535CADFF90A1114AD3045A1266E2|h=IJBIGSX4T7NKRUX6WG2YOVHIONEIVH2L|/

¡С䡷С͵Ĺ£ڹϻӰڴ󽱣أ
ed2k://|file|С.mkv|1491024316|14C16538F24826BD7DCF398860EDDF0F|h=5R33CDRKN7MGXS4CHBT6GSUMFDJIPIQU|/
¿衶𼧡ںʷɵӰ߽鵴󽱡أ
ed2k://|file|.mkv|2275607090|77319B75A9D3209EBCA62DED12DA0B25|h=Q3Z2NB5NLYZ22H72TDB2SHWQ64JGCASM|/
ıš໪Ʒš㣬̶ܴԭԲʧΪıõƷأ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|534132506|DEBB7BEEC71C27D7D2BBAE73345D9D24|h=SN2KD5H53N4EBQB66VIU4H3EUM4IZMHJ|/
ġˡԹԵķ˼ܶʱ򣬲Ǳ˵ײкǿ󣬶ԼԲУأ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|579146103|975BB68B289EC93C34F7307CA67F5508|h=FRPXI2Y4Q4V2ZJAOMXHY7OMEMFXH72YC|/
׳׳ݡӰƬ漰й˶ݣ޷й½ӳ׳׳ҲƬ⵽8ķأ
ed2k://|file|.mkv|868269028|A19D934B92A36DC144A514F5715217EF|h=JRSNA6LFSXTZKZK77AS3KM44DLNSCEKO|/
лܽ򡷣й50ڵ70ڽ20ʷĻع˺̵ķ˼أ
ed2k://|file|ܽ.mkv|734038994|3D89832F1F7459623ECF1D2CCA862532|/
äһԵĹ£ֹʵӰܽأ
ed2k://|file|ä.rmvb|471615153|5013B80E9157D6A6E77A159CD2093EE6|/
󵱽ܡʡ4ͨһȺڵصķ˰¼ʿйأ
ed2k://|file|ʡ4.mkv|428658914|79917EB199135571FDF57C296EFA0388|h=7ZVJFWGOWUXUYYF47NLCJT262VJ4TKTT|/
ӰļڡӰƬ¼¼¼ƣأ
ed2k://|file|ݼ.rmvb|913830220|1FFCA8C4D2309EADA7ADDF9AFF130ED3|/
Ӱ̫ƮӰƬ漰ݼйӾͷ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|̫Ʈ.mkv|2199592146|76732E49393AB8CA5885B878EBE27FD2|/
Ӱ̫ƮӰƬ漰ݼйӾͷ.chsĻأ
ed2k://|file|̫Ʈ.srt|88081|022842FF4BE93A0FEF6DF3706A80E752|/
.ſ.ŵߴָ꣩漰ؿ⣬֮ӣ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|.avi|734586880|B6E4961C38345AC17940F0B17068DC4B|h=PPNBFLG6QS7RH2TJBM33JZ3DVG2P4GWY|/
.ſ.ŵߴָ꣩漰ؿ⣬֮ӣ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|.srt|18139|6040DCFD42484134932FA83B6D50F360|h=6272V32ZM5E7JJRRDPJKLD3TLBJSPQ3M|/
Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd1ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ɫcd1.avi|731156480|5F4C6ED7FFB9A73DF5F2C70D1BD64981|/
Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd1ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ɫcd1.srt|38837|036EE7F18E99D80AB95D49EB85FFA91F|/
Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd2ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ɫcd2.avi|731629568|BC45FC6ACC110B39E7E2DB3D808F7D12|/
Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd2ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ɫcd2.srt|31438|15C5E76145932A1FA75AFB2E55E25B55|/
ɽؼŮӢ۰ɽؼĹ£֪ܵԭ򱻴½.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|ɽؼ.mkv|5859189093|62199D0F0BB51B40EB158BB6CBAA661C|

˹Ȩı-ո.aviأ
ed2k://|file|˹.avi|391996682|38393581E487A8FDD91741B2058EA04C|h=SXDA3J3LOBRBLDTLK4CU64HP47322RB6|/
˹Ȩı-ո.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|˹.srt|23741|7CBC939DAAE2058EE721ECEC5AC0810C|h=QYY6QBVEXCYKI5GNM3ZOCIRO6FHGPWPH|/
ŷҰͼƻ-ǽġ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ŷҰͼƻ.avi|325386340|08A53295E0F2205801B045C15F21A907|h=NXS5OZOQPVYZMSDUD7FPGXYU24JZEFDR|/
ŷҰͼƻ-ǽġ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ŷҰͼƻ.srt|68994|DBCA3F66E12489FFE44D631876BA7AB0|h=6QQL3YNSECASSU6SNK6TZZ5V5QMNMMCQ|/
ҵࡷ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ҵ.avi|288454656|392A62D93BB5C21686C7D1CF50E3BE41|h=RRHHRKI7ONGZ6CI6LOM73CXWC6BC7WD4|/
ҵࡷ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ҵ.srt|37691|B5DD924D4543114F6909DA0DD7AE9615|h=IOGTI35562MOAKHUC4J5GDICBDLAEAJF|/
կɱࡷaviأ
ed2k://|file|կɱ.avi|475017216|8BF1D6E81DF76213520DE6F576A75487|h=7E4VM2I3CWHXOD4MZH4NKKOMUMJ5J2TR|/
կɱࡷssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|կɱ.ssa|51714|A42C736D19E7320925D855295D027D52|h=YPEPVW62XSQZTYENX4HI5BTRKI2NVFXD|/
¡չɴⷸµΪ֪أ
ed2k://|file|ά.mkv|1154470762|98FCE895961229640A0A4F7911B66529|/

䡷88¼ƬΪ¼˼ǰĺ󱻽أ
ed2k://|file|.rar|161503354|275BBEB41FAF9266ECAB974354909180|h=LC7ZZCGE5U7V7433QDODXFLNERTSEF3K|/
һɽһѪ42ȫӳ񵳿սĴͼ¼Ƭ׻ؿºӺѸ״Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|[һɽһѪ]BT.torrent|116936|762162C0C7DFB444D63DDDBBF65C31EF|/
򹲺͡۰60棩½40桢59ɾڰ棩أ
ed2k://|file|򹲺60.txt|12828|37E6450EFB251213ABE27DBDA68708EF|h=STAJOEC7AASUZAMUWGBWIZFZWCAUH23A|/
ʷࡷϣ֮.ʹ㲥̨Ŀë_Сƽ_ܶ_ҫ_й_ʷ__巴_󼢻ģmp3أ
ed2k://|file|ʷ.rar|1188280060|46079C819D1EED08A4FC24B07A1768A9|h=V2CKI7NCE4WULMZNQTBXOEKDNRTXGXNY|/
ݽԭعˡΧйֻᡢͼӰټҷݽľʲ֣mp3أ
ed2k://|file|ݽԭع.rar|977137837|26F1D1527722ECE0C62B946C9E4C5DA8|h=DU4LH3XN3HZYWFTAWNSNFRAXIVY6KXQT|/
йһٸʶ㼯ййʷ״δһٸʶ⡣רαװζУmp3أ
ed2k://|file|йһٸʶ.rar|809920590|C98D87B5F81A3E8C7251302ACE2B63BE|h=QF7W2US4HLWIYYCX7ES6KWIDQGOJZDRD|/
鷲ۡơעʵپ١ӹɫʣmp3أ
ed2k://|file|鷲.rar|1643295987|74E3DACFDF4B95192F2941997F645570|h=NOYZECQP7A3G3NDDWBF7UFQLGDNP343F|/
ۡơעʵؾ٣mp3أ
ed2k://|file|.rar|1341932304|29D70F6ABE1504F98CEB732EE9F2D3F3|h=X3F2AW35VBAVTKFAZDXA6ZRXGXMDVCWB|/
򹲺͡һɽݽأ
ed2k://|file|ݽ.flv|29962892|767CC7819D979449D5FF52107CAEB83A|h=66RJR6U67CA4WYSEQKUYCS2YHXE5I575|/
98ӡŻм¼أ
ed2k://|file|98ӡŻ.rm|177845894|B64D34439165F695D7715E1B33A9A5FA|h=5R2FNBUGRQTGOZ2DSDHPMAHPWYQKXGJC|/
2008йʮš_____ѩ_йٷԸ˽ش¼أ
ed2k://|file|2008ʮй.rar|148503827|497D0754BB689BC4A69E3D70828059F1|h=P4QQSQGCXTPKLG5UVX3DN2SU3RQUOX4E|/
йӤ¹̷ر𱨵ʾйˣйӤʾйˣأ
ed2k://|file|йӤ.rar|346731727|1D51D933C7FA9322CB1C3D7846EB1204|h=4LYKYR2GJGAPQSQDU5DXRNS24D6VAIEC|/
2008Ӣžְͳݽأ
ed2k://|file|Ӣžְݽ.avi|222504416|C1070C753152203F9735D070562747D9|h=NIJM7DH6C5YSTJP6ZTRCOYJZ7ZVLEJOV|/
մѧǿݽأ
ed2k://|file|մѧǿݽ.rar|94303523|F0ACAFD9E72D81BB6AC1111EE120F7C2|h=BDYTV3B3FYWZG4U743CI3ZLUBBTJT74I|/
ëϯƲأ
ed2k://|file|ëϯƲ.rar|3731492|25BC8246C78B2E0035EEB2681AD05EB4|h=MCMHJFRGGSIP6FCELSYTYQMWEPMNK27Y|/
1991ڽ½ͬأ
ed2k://|file|ź.rar|4225865|A96710F3E89F6ABCF18817485AF0F8C8|h=7CPJ44ZRXR5XIROX6D2FNAXU5ZNILMSV|/
챩ǨƵأ
ed2k://|file|챩ǨƵ.flv|19355522|CAA8B3E288FA363D7258E08F27BE539B|h=45JFWJ6UIRTTNAL5BPVQWCMZS4VGPOSV|/
屩ǨƵƴ챩أ
ed2k://|file|屩ǨƵ.rar|19059592|A256BA6138EEDA3869D7436B0D24785E|h=EZHVCEAUAX4IFOU4VVTFMYTSEQEKLLDZ|/
2009ʯ׿أ
ed2k://|file|2009ʯ׿.MPG|56336384|20825741A191F48AFDD96D6AA8E151BF|h=B3A7VSSXRLU22HG773LMIQG6QCDI7BAE|/
̨͸_μġƶ¡ʮĶŵƽأ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|172689661|6092D9F14D520411C58CE095261C2A2A|h=45L26C2AADNFI4GTHYTIVTYT2ZMMO5DF|/
ķݽĻأ
ed2k://|file|Ļ.mp4|43908212|51D0B6BF11248D1D268DF7315F6C4B3F|/
ֿ̽˶̲ģǱ˶ܽᣩأ
ed2k://|file|ֿ̽.flv|59073734|1D19B2F2F8E9E3FDF88D41F09120824E|h=AUALIEDQLAXFEAPURSPLKYJK4K6DCFMJ|/
մÿᡷƵأ
ed2k://|file|մÿ.flv|25940431|5EB8C768C80B8CC39B6CE4D1125EC966|h=SLW65QNCK5FB2R6HWYAQUAET37IUZ3IW|/
ƽݽأ
ed2k://|file|ƽݽ.mp3|60023047|D5565C8509A6703F878E43B3E3EA3ED6|h=XUMQKQRIBLDQOZELCMIFLKATHQ4CEHEC|/
ȥŮݼޡأ
ed2k://|file|Ůݼ.rar|9903679|3A9568152DAAC816749F26CAE1A7206B|h=XTJU2MRKAF5YM4GS7F6FXWUPSIU2UOEE|/
ʵദͻ˹̹ƽأ
ed2k://|file|ദͻ˹̹ƽ.rar|14866059|961934267FB5105314D7C74E2080F460|h=HXGM6CXCNR5OMEJVWP6YDL3TL2TSTHJ2|/
ǶɱƽƵأ
ed2k://|file|Ƕɱƽ.rar|14300971|692E9BCA28510E379FA6946E95ACC121|h=7NLELCMYL4I3OWFVOWPFPEXZ7OTREE74|/
Ԫ׵ķŭ֮ƵķŭƵأ
ed2k://|file|Ƶķŭ.rar|8132172|AC6D206D532B447EC13575C00A2041B6|h=V3ND5PSXIP3VHZTORZIUFECGL2P47UGD|/
Ԫ׵ķŭ֮ݶ졷Ƶأ
ed2k://|file|ݶ.rar|12109278|226E1A0C308BBA231A066C35949D9B0B|h=2UXFAYGGK5LT4WFLGEVYW3BQUXT5MFVC|/
2012̨쵼ѡٵӱȫ̡أ
ed2k://|file|2012̨ѡٱȫ.flv|563175524|473D685FFFBB7811364DA4CD8BB35F7E|/
¹ϱƵƵϹ󣬳¹ϱŹˣ޷´أ
ed2k://|file|¹.mp4|94309044|258830339DD3173D19C94082DEE05532|h=22FSAUQVHL7QXVD3ESJY5NZSIJPDDB44|/
βί֣۹ڿ¼ڲأ
ed2k://|file|֣۽.f4v|5488742|9D2EBA5A72DD72EF9CEB35F739DC5E0B|h=7YJAMANXLWST24EWM77K4DIEAWAH2MYM|/
ڿڿ1ıأڿȫ¼أ
ed2k://|file|ڿı.rar|430092140|8DB514B5FD967564F4D9AC44187590B6|h=X3NTC4WDAVR5VS247DAJHEUGXPUDPMVL|/
ڿڿ2̤;ڿȫ¼أ
ed2k://|file|ڿ̤;.rar|153902884|224E2E08CD97D25A18F38822396A8359|h=XY6U5UG4XTSE4NB3HJIXMYQ2LRHR3Y42|/
ݼʽơԤƬƬݣأ
ed2k://|file|ݼʽ.rar|27509129|1E687D4B17F2DE8A0EBC1C215473614F|h=CFZAQCOVCAEAOBWRZ6ODUIXQGMRBQN7P|/


ġйѼ

йѼзӳйʷı鼮txtchmpdfָʽֻ͵û鶼ed2kԴÿԾԿ£ʹ/Ѹ/¿أٶȿȡϹ˸ԴһٶȺܿ죬һСʱ²ģСʱ뻻ԣоȥѼɣ/Ѹ/¿óɿͬʱ1024Сʱػأ֤³ɹ

ѸؽķѸĳԴ̫͵¿
һȥhttp://dl.xunlei.com/Ѹײװ
Ѹףed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣѸ׻ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
ؽķĳԴ̫Ѹ׺͵¿
һȥhttp://xf.qq.com/粢װ
磬ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
õ¿ؽķ¿ĳԴ̫Ѹ׺磩
һȥhttp://www.easymule.com/zh-cn/ص¿װ
¿ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣ¿ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ

йѼ1TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100صַ
صַʹ÷ǽǽʾԪhttp://jingke2008.blog.epochtimes.com/
ʹ÷ǽǽʾGoogleƽ̨https://sites.google.com/site/jingke2008/

йѼ1TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
άƽ-------------TXT+CHM
˼ӽ&֪------δTXT+CHM
---------------йӰ¼ұTXT+CHM
-------------¼ұȫTXT+CHM
Ƶ&----------й̫ӵTXT+CHM
־-------------սݵĽļTXT+PDF
־-------------ë˹볯սTXT+CHM
˵á˹---------չϵĻʵTXT+CHM
-----------ɫޣһѪܵʷTXT+PDF
-----------ѩɽʨӵ˽ʵأTXT+CHM
Ӧ̨-------------󽭴һľţTXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------̨ѣTXT+CHM
-------------ĸ̣TXT+CHM
ڷ-------------е̸TXT+CHM
---------------йࣨ찲ļTXT+CHM
Eddie Cheng--------찲ŶţTXT+CHM
---------------ؼʱ̡ռǣTXT+CHM
Ԫ-------------ˣTXT+CHM
Ԫ-------------嵳ĻTXT+CHM
Ԫ-------------TXT+CHM
ƽ---------------ֹTXT+CHM
־-------------ת֣TXT+CHM+PDF
־-------------ֹTXT+CHM+PDF
-------------ǲսTXT+CHM
Ĭ---------------ԣTXT+CHM
-------------߽TXT+CHM
ŷ˼չ-̷ŲйֲгĢƣTXT+CHM
Ϲ-------------ϹڷֹȨȺıࣨTXT+CHM
֥ӷ---ǷŮӵĹ£TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ӣֹ߽TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------TXT+CHM
Цʩά---쳯TXT+CHM
-------------Ϻ¼TXT+CHM
-------------¼ȫ4TXT+CHM
-------------ë󶫺ŮǣTXT+CHM
־-------------ë˽ҽ¼TXT+CHM
&ǡ----ë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ£TXT+CHM
-------------̫䣺ǧ﹦ë󶫣TXT+CHM
߻---------------̫ģӰ˶ȥTXT+CHM
߻---------------ʷķɿڣTXT+CHM
η---------------ʷʼǩ鵽Ӱ磨TXT+CHM
---------------®ɽʵ¼TXT+CHM
Ӳ---------------ë󶫵ļࣨTXT+CHM
-------------ļë󶫡ܶ͡TXT+CHM
ǫ-------------ܶTXT+CHM
---------------йʷTXT+CHM
---------------һѽ¼TXT+CHM
³---------------³ϻ¼֮սTXT+CHM
˸-------------йԶ山սʵTXT+CHM
-----------ʮ꿹սʷݣTXT+CHM
л-------------й׳֮աڸǵйսࣨTXT+CHM
-------------˭йTXT+CHM
Ц---------------ʷǰׯϳŵTXT+CHM
˵á-ӰռǣTXT+CHM
Զ---------ڵĵˣTXT+CHM
-------------ռǣTXT+CHM+
˼-------------ʯᣨTXT+CHM
Richard Pipes------ʵ¼TXT+CHM
ķ---------˼ĳħ֮·TXT+CHM
-------------һᣨTXT+CHM
---------------һҵ̣TXT+CHM
---------------ʱũʵTXT+CHM
-------------Ĺйʮ󼢻ļʵTXT+CHM
Ҷ-------------²ﴫTXT+CHM
-------------СңĸʵTXT+CHM
-------------ĸߣTXT+CHM
֣---------------ɫĸ˿񳱣TXT+CHM+PDF
---------------ĸTXT+CHM
³---------------ϵشɱʵTXT+CHM
-------------ɱ飨TXT+CHM
˻-------------¡ĸʵ¼TXT+CHM
н-------------ɽTXT+CHM
---------------ƽ٣TXT+CHM
---------------˻TXT+CHM
---------------ıTXT+CHM
ƿ-------------йһٸʶTXT+CHM
-------------ַTXT+CHM
Ԭӥ---------------Ʋǣձ£TXT+CHM
ʯ-------------͸ӡձϵУTXT+CHM
ʢѩ---------------ԶĻTXT+CHM
-------------йִ壨TXT+CHM
¹&--------йũ飨TXT+CHM
---------------ҷԣһ˴Ĳ棨TXT+CHM
-------------̸ĻTXT+CHM
-------------͸йTXT+CHM
SҶαƽ-й˭ڲˣTXT+CHM
ܷɿ-------------йﷴ˼TXT+CHM
ɽ---------------쳯ĩTXT+CHM
֣---------------й֮TXT+CHM
ƽ---------------Ȯ岡йľΣTXT+CHM
ƽ---------------й˷˼TXT+CHM
ɭ-------ʧȥйй뱳ѣTXT+CHM
ˡ---------аģTXT+CHM
߹⿡-------------ƷйTXT+CHM
-------------̳̣TXT+PDF
ư-------------ֲᣨTXT+CHM
ӵ-------------ǱжֲᣨTXT+CHM
-------------ֲᣨй֮·TXT+CHM
й-------йTXT+CHM
-------------йĺƽת֮·TXT+CHM


йѼ2TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100صַ
ed2k://|file|йѼ.2.100.CHM+TXT+PDF.rar|175801497|0E1E881AC4C323BD09D96665BFB2D783|h=CFKKAC3RM54GIGWMAF4N5KKNMGQ4HVLL|/

йѼ2TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
δйѧ-------198964ͼƬȫCHM
ӵ-------------ռǡ㳡ϵĹ͹PDF
Ľ-------------ӢףTXT+CHM
Ƿ---------԰סǷ¼TXT+CHM
Ų-------------йĸо棨TXT+CHM
-------------ë󶫵ͽPDF
-----------ëࣨǿܣTXT+PDF
ӿ-------------1949꣺й֪ʶӵ˽˼¼TXT+CHM
˼---------------ǱйʷеʵϷTXT+CHM
˼---------------Ѫ궨ɣTXT+CHM
Ի-------------б߹£ӪTXT+CHM
Ĺ-------------⼯CHM
³---------------³¼֮սPDF
Ҷ-------------ʵĳʣTXT+CHM
Ƴ-------------ѽƳǻ¼TXT+CHM
ڱ-------------¡дϷ˿TXT+CHM
ڱ-------------²̣TXT+CHM
---------------ĵ£TXT+CHM
---------------TXT+CHM
лӾ---------------ȥTXT+CHM
---------------ĻеĵѧTXT+CHM
лӢ-------------ӡ˱ĸ췴лӢ¼
-------------оϼ¼TXT+CHM
ǿ-------------ٵľ·TXT+CHM
ƽ---------------ͷʤͷTXT+CHM
ƽ---------------һ֮ʣTXT+CHM
ȡ-------ȨԴTXT+CHM
-------------йײ̸¼TXT+CHM
---------------ܾԣTXT+CHM
½-------------ʮ꣨TXT+CHM
ɭ-------------ɭС˵TXT+CHM
Ԫ-------------쳯¼TXT+CHM
---------------¼TXT+PDF
н-------------ʷTXT+CHM
󷨵-----------GoogleTXT+CHM
󷨵-----------УTXT+CHM
󷨵-----------»ࣨCHM
󷨵-----------УCHM
-----------ѩӣTXT+CHM
---------------һͨй˵ļʷTXT+CHM
---------------Ȩ֮ãTXT+CHM
-------------ʯȫTXT+CHM
---------------ǵİʮTXT+CHM
---------------ǵʮTXT+CHM
-------------ǺүǣTXT+CHM
---------------ԤԹTXT+CHM
-------------»ࣨCHM
-------------ᷢԸࣺ½ƪCHM
-------------ᷢԸࣺƪCHM
-------------ϧԵCHM
-------------ĶTXT+CHM
---------------ʮ۽վTXT+CHM
̳-----------ܡ¥ΡTXT+CHM
̩Դ---------------˵TXT+CHM
Ƶ¸-------------ʻ¼TXT+CHM
Ƶ¸-------------ʮ꣨TXT+CHM
Ƶ¸-------------йʮ꣨TXT+CHM
Ƶ¸-------------ԬϵTXT+CHM
-------------ţTXT+CHM
-------------ľͷTXT+CHM
-------------֮裨TXT+CHM
---------------еıTXT+CHM
·-------------·ϬļTXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ʦ¼TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------嵳ĻֿΣTXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ֿΣTXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ʦ¼TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ӹկ׶TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------˼ʷTXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ӽʦ¼TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------ʽ߼TXT+CHM
δйѧ-------йᾭýṹTXT+CHM
---------------ϵУTXT+CHM
-----ҿƤTXT+CHM
---------------ɣTXT+CHM
лǿ---------------͵ʷҿ·TXT+CHM
ѧ-------------İ·TXT+CHM
Ҷ---------------ǣTXT+CHM
߮---------------ࣨTXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------عTXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------ɫʥɽTXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------빲ͣTXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------䣨TXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------Ӣ˸ѧTXT+CHM
Ԭ-------------УTXT+CHM
-------------ɽ봨CHM
-------------Ʒɣ٣TXT+CHM
-------------μ̽أTXT+CHM
-------------ĵƣTXT+CHM
-------------ۡTXT+CHM
-------------ҿʷǰɴCHM
-------------ֻתо֤ݣTXT+CHM
-------------ֻתʵ£CHM
-------------䴫˵TXT+CHM
-------------ڤڤ֮жTXT+CHM
-------------˼ ռ䣨TXT+CHM
-------------˼ 빦ܣTXT+CHM
-------------񼣣TXT+CHM
־---------------ǽTXT+CHM
컪-------------Ž磨TXT+CHM


йѼ3TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100صַ
ed2k://|file|йѼ.3.100.CHM+TXT+PDF.rar|226888624|B8AFBC69AE4A67E01E6C0401A663C094|h=JGQLXFIW26THBLEMPNWDX7HGO4C4T6LT|/

йѼ3TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
˹&Ǹ--------ָйժȡֹѧԱٵĵ鱨棨TXT+CHM
-------------ֹЧҽѧ鱨棨TXT+CHM
󷨵-----------αٿƭ֣CHM
󷨵-----------˵ֲᣨTXT+CHM
---------------GFWĹԭͻƼPDF
-----------׻ƴ2000-2008϶棨CHM
-----------׻ƴƷϵ֮ʷհءPDF
-----------׻ƴƷϵ֮д桷PDF
-----------׻ƴƷϵ֮ѪԯPDF
-----------׻ƴƷϵ̳߲֮㶯̬PDF
-----------׻ƴƷϵ֮شĻ󡷣PDF
ɽ-------------ɽѡTXT+CHM
ʯ-------------ѰʵĽʯTXT+CHM
˼-------------ʵTXT+CHM
ܹ---------------ʮǰǱڹеĹTXT+CHM
-------------й1949ǰʷTXT+CHM
---------------ҫƽԩٴTXT+CHM
йѧ-------ɷۻ㼯TXT+CHM
---------------1957ļӰټTXT+CHM
ڱ-------------ɽ̣壨TXT+PDF
лӾ---------------ƽTXT+PDF
Ⱥ-------------ȺʮTXT+CHM
ؽ-------ʮꡪġҰʮʵPDF
˼---------------ë󶫵ũTXT+CHM
߸&ϼ--------ĻʮʷTXT+PDF
ҦԪ-------------ҦԪļTXT+CHM
-------------ĸϻࣨTXT+CHM
ܶ-------------ܶĸｲTXT+CHM
ΰ-------------ӻ̨ҫ̨TXT+CHM
-------------йĸζTXT+CHM
֮---˶PDF
-----------20ͺҶʷܣTXT+PDF
Ԭڷ-------------ʷǸʲôTXT+CHM
ᡤ---------йĴ󼢻ģ1959-1961PDF
-----------ȨоѡTXT+PDF
ն-------------ἰˣTXT+CHM
---------ӶõTXT+PDF
˹˶-------ʶTXT+PDF
Ρ-------һŰģTXT+CHM
Ρ-------ׯ԰TXT+CHM
---------ȺTXT+CHM
ά-------------άļTXT+CHM
Ү-------------Ү˴ȫTXT+CHM
͢-------------20ͺ˳TXT+CHM
-------------йı磨TXT+CHM
ƽ---------------˵ѱ뷴ѣTXT+CHM
ƽ---------------м1958TXT+CHM
ĵ-------------ʶTXT+CHM
-------------ǳTXT+CHM
ѧ-------------ѧļTXT+CHM
-------------·ᣨTXT+PDF
ǿ-------------й棨TXT+CHM
---------------㶫TXT+PDF
-------------쳯ʦTXT+CHM
ý-----------ѩɽѩ᣺ؿۣTXT+CHM
-------------ۻ¼TXT+CHM
Ȫ---------------TXT+CHM
¡-------------ѩѪ죨TXT+CHM
-------------˭ǿTXT+CHM
֣ƽ-------------Ĺ٣ڶսʷTXT+CHM
---------------ʿ֣ʮйݱĻɣTXT+CHM
---------------µ۹ĵʣTXT+CHM
---------------찲֮ӣTXT+PDF
-------------ƷѡCHM
Ԭΰʱ-------------۹գ֣TXT+CHM
л-----̨ʷ̿飨TXT+CHM
лƽ-------------Ǩ㣨TXT+CHM
־ʿ-----------־ʿļTXT+CHM
-------------ɣTXT+CHM
ƺ-------------滰йTXT+CHM
Ԭ---------------漣Ļƻ裨TXT+CHM
ǧ-------------ǧļTXT+CHM
---------------ļTXT+CHM
󷨵-----------ʷǰ෢չԣTXT+CHM
ʤ-------------ˮ֪𰸣CHM
&----------Ʊͼȫ⣨TXT+CHM
-------------հͷ£TXT+CHM
й-------й幤ѵࣨTXT+CHM
й-------й½ʮࣨTXT+CHM
ƽ-------------ᣨTXT+CHM
---------------ļTXT+CHM
ľ-----------һΣǰˣӢһѻƬսȫTXT+PDF
ľ-----------һΣְˣӢڶѻƬսʼĩTXT+CHM
-------------ĻTXT+CHM
-------------ԤԣTXT+CHM
-------------ִĿѧTXT+CHM
-------------ִࣨTXT+CHM
-------------ʷУTXT+CHM
-------------ӣҶTXT+CHM
-------------ֵǴ棨TXT+CHM
-------------TXT+CHM
-------------TXT+CHM
-------------Ѱʦ棨TXT+CHM
-------------ҽɽҹTXT+CHM
-------------ҽѧ漣TXT+CHM
-------------ʢ䣨TXT+CHM
-------------ѧ֣TXT+CHM
-------------ԤеĽ죨TXT+CHM
-------------ũλΪTXT+CHM
-------------̹ѲչCHM


йѼ4TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100صַ
ed2k://|file|йѼ.4.100.CHM+TXT+PDF.rar|244497585|F76340478722A4EA25A1573BD6D4154B|h=2PTSH3JRLGQPDHFSNWA22GGSH2R7XAVB|/

йѼ4TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
˼-------------й500ʵTXT+CHM
-------------ҿйػƵĻPDF
-----------ԭտսʵʷTXT+CHM
ƽ---------------100ɡȫƽչϵ֮գTXT+CHM
»˹---˹šԭܵTXT+PDF
򡪰¸-˹ʱհTXT+CHM
ɽ󡤰¶-˹෴ʷTXT+CHM
ղķ˹DĦ----йǵPDF
已˹---½׼ԹƶȵķPDF
֮ѧ-------------Ȩ˶ʷǰϲģPDF
-------------Ӷ޲׼רйרTXT+PDF
ʮ-----------ܶ飨TXT+CHM
-------------ҵ ĶTXT+PDF
-----------սࣨTXT+CHM
-------------ӽ֮սۣTXT+CHM
-------------սйȡʼĩTXT+PDF
֣---------------һٸżȻݱһȻ۹Ϊʲǫ̂壨TXT+PDF
ձ---------ͳ¼TXT+CHM
-------------ӴʷĽǶȶʯռǣPDF
-------------ļCHM
ܵ¸&ѧԨ------йͼկ׷ǣTXT+PDF
-------------ի¼TXT+CHM
΢-------------սTXT+CHM
-------------쳯ʷǣTXT+CHM
ⷨ-------------ܻⷨ¼TXT+CHM
Ż-------------йڵظTXT+PDF
---------------й50꣨TXT+PDF
-------------˫ɽ¼TXT+PDF
֣-------------֣¼TXT+CHM
-------------ռǣϲᣩPDF
-------------ռǣ²ᣩPDF
˾&ŷ--·ֵܶTXT+PDF
---------------̳ϵʥŮѴTXT+PDF
&&---޿䣨TXT+PDF
Τ-------------˼ʹ¼TXT+CHM
ϣ-------------ʷǰTXT+CHM
ʦ-------------ʦĸʵϵƷCHM
-------------ҵķ1949-2003TXT+CHM
-------------ºοTXT+CHM
˾-------------ʮ꣨TXT+CHM
-------------һٸ˵ʮ꣨TXT+CHM
-------------ţ䣨TXT+CHM
ѧ-------------ɫŹӳTXT+PDF
ˮ-------------·ֵë󶫣PDF
-------------ռǣTXT+CHM
-------------̫TXT+PDF
޽-------------һͯйʮ꣨TXT+PDF
-------------ϺռǣTXT+PDF
scheler------------ĸʵ䣨TXT+PDF
---------------֩(һݹĸĸ˼)TXT+CHM
ׯ-------------й֪ʷ1953-1968꣩TXT+CHM
С-------------й֪ʷ󳱣1966-1980꣩TXT+CHM
---------------ļTXT+CHM
Ҷ-------------˰TXT+CHM
Ҷ-------------ҶƷCHM
С-------------ţ¼ĸеľ飨TXT+PDF
С-------------й¼ʷĳ˼δѡTXT+PDF
齨Ӣ-------------˼ȳʮ̸¼TXT+PDF
н-------------һ˵ʥTXT+CHM
-------------깦TXT+CHM
ŵ-------------ŵռǣ˵ʲôTXT+PDF
-------------һTXT+PDF
-------------󼯶TXT+PDF
---------------ļTXT+CHM
Ӧ̨-------------Ұ𼯣TXT+CHM
μҶ-------------μҶѡTXT+PDF
ˮ-------------ˮļTXT+PDF
֮-------------֮ļTXT+CHM
-------------ļTXT+PDF
ƽ---------------ɳTXT+CHM
---------------й·TXT+CHM
---------------ΪɶսTXT+CHM
Ż---------------ȨֲᣨTXT+PDF
Ż---------------ŬᣨTXT+CHM
-------------жйУTXT+CHM
-------------δй䣨TXT+CHM
Ƕ-------------й루TXT+CHM
-------------߷ѡ¼TXT+CHM
-------------ٵʥй2070ʫգTXT+CHM
-------------˵裩TXT+CHM
-------------֤ʣTXT+CHM
ĵ-------------ҶTXT+CHM
ѧ-------------ĸTXT+CHM
---------------þ루TXT+CHM
---------------ʷĻƢ----й۲죨TXT+CHM
-------------īTXT+PDF
-------------˼TXT+CHM
-------------åʢ磨TXT+PDF
ִ---------------뿴ʷǣTXT+PDF
-----------䣨TXT+CHM
-------------ļTXT+CHM
-------------ӼǣTXT+CHM
-------------ͯ£TXT+CHM
-------------ޱе棨CHM
-------------ɽɼ̽΢CHM
-------------ԵǧʷòTXT+CHM
-------------¶֮ȥTXT+CHM
-------------С˵TXT+CHM
-------------ԤԣTXT+CHM
-------------ҽ̸TXT+CHM


йѼ5TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100صַ
صַʹ÷ǽǽʾԪhttp://jingke2008.blog.epochtimes.com/
ʹ÷ǽǽʾGoogleƽ̨https://sites.google.com/site/jingke2008/

йѼ5TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
ε---------------PDF
---------------ļPDF
߻---------------TXT+CHM
«---------------ͳ֮TXT+CHM
־&------ԽսоTXT+CHM
-------------ֿǣTXT+CHM
---------------ƷȫTXT+CHM
-------------йɲУTXT+PDF
ʦ-------------̳¼TXT+CHM
-------------йԩ¼һTXT+CHM
-------------йԩ¼ڶTXT+CHM
-------------ݺɣTXT+CHM
-------------ĻTXT+CHM
-------------ĸʷTXT+CHM
-------------Ϻ칤˾TXT+CHM
ϣ-------------ڰTXT+CHM
ƽ---------------ɣTXT+CHM
Ʊ-------------йʷTXT+CHM
-------------ĵTXT+CHM



֮УƳ뷭ǽעĲhttp://jingke2008.blog.epochtimes.com/Ƽjingke2008@gmail.com


塢йͼѼ

йͼѼѼзӳйʷ༰״ľͼƬʵĬ𺳣žʡ200500Ϊһͼed2kԴÿԾԿ£ʹ/Ѹ/¿أٶȿȡϹ˸ԴһٶȺܿ죬һСʱ²ģСʱ뻻ԣоȥѼɣ/Ѹ/¿óɿͬʱ1024Сʱػأ֤³ɹ

ѸؽͼķѸĳԴ̫͵¿
һȥhttp://dl.xunlei.com/Ѹײװ
Ѹףed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣѸ׻ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
ؽͼķĳԴ̫Ѹ׺͵¿
һȥhttp://xf.qq.com/粢װ
磬ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
õ¿ؽͼķ¿ĳԴ̫Ѹ׺磩
һȥhttp://www.easymule.com/zh-cn/ص¿װ
¿ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣ¿ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ

йͼѼ1صַ500ţ
ed2k://|file|йͼѼ.1.500.rar|50102987|F2FA4FCCF6E9FF80FCF677DDC82E163E|h=3KIZGTAXMRTONUO77VWAU7VQNHZZ6ZPB|/
йͼѼ2Ƴ200ţ
ed2k://|file|йͼѼ.2.200.rar|28635527|CB836964B450893F95FF122DE5C09DC9|h=LETHF54QJPQL2UMEYRJ2J33SBIS4YN2V|/
йͼѼ3Ƴ200ţ
صַʹ÷ǽǽʾԪhttp://jingke2008.blog.epochtimes.com/
ʹ÷ǽǽʾGoogleƽ̨https://sites.google.com/site/jingke2008/

йѼ

йѼҪѼһЩλԭйĸÿ׸һMP3MV͸֡ed2kԴÿ׾ԾԿ£ʹ/Ѹ/¿أٶȿȡϹ˸ԴһٶȺܿ죬һСʱ²ģСʱ뻻ԣоȥѼɣ/Ѹ/¿óɿͬʱ1024Сʱػأ֤³ɹ

ѸؽķѸĳԴ̫͵¿
һȥhttp://dl.xunlei.com/Ѹײװ
Ѹףed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣѸ׻ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
ؽķĳԴ̫Ѹ׺͵¿
һȥhttp://xf.qq.com/粢װ
磬ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ
õ¿ؽķ¿ĳԴ̫Ѹ׺磩
һȥhttp://www.easymule.com/zh-cn/ص¿װ
¿ed2kӣӡed2k /ȫƣ¿ԶضԻûڽϵ㡰½ѡ洢Ŀ¼㡰ȷʼأ
100%ɺȥԼѡĴ洢Ŀ¼ҵļ

塶л̡70̨巺Ӫİ80ѡлĳˡл塱ŵڴ½أ
ed2k://|file|-л̣MP3+MV+ʣ.rar|12551307|A3780215CA740013EFF1762263A65943|h=RLLQZ5Q3M6Q3KGMLLFN22FKPK4QVVHZ7|/
̨Ⱥǡʷ˿ڡ̨ļҳƬ˾ɵʯɵǡ𣩵һٶλǣڰ˾ΪԮ½ѧ˶¼ƣأ
ed2k://|file|Ⱥ-ʷ˿ڣMP3+MV+ʣ.rar|21355253|C9139B53F63943AC4FF47C068A858C56|h=EV76QHC3V6L3KCH2ZJBI7MRGH6XPX3P3|/
޽һǹ޽19871990ɶݣ޽꡶һǹ˵ϣȥǹһǹɴ˱أ
ed2k://|file|޽-һǹMP3+MV+ʣ.rar|106072325|1537C286A5AF6D43B08358F8E217F2BF|h=Q7YKCCOKVQTDWN365PR36X4BNVBNH3XH|/
ͯգһţͯ1989רοʼĵطأ
ed2k://|file|ͯ-գһţMP3+MV+ʣ.rar|12508433|9C3EA4E9907B1FD0A911135AE916E3F7|h=KEURWY6ON6FO2N6TWYP4NPDOQD5W6WJB|/
㷿۱ǳЦ̾䣬MV񻰣أ
ed2k://|file|-MP3+MV+ʣ.rar|20879088|22EA84CF13E61049E0F7E33E088675B2|h=RNL5GZ2XQL5CNGAHB6ACLBDWEUWGF3BJ|/

һЩǳ֣ϣܴһƽͣ
ع&СȺĺ䣬ӰǷ񻹼ǵµԣأ
ed2k://|file|ĺMP3+ʣ.rar|5141514|3F90F5D72A3E22897DEACF284631641B|h=FQDGSOE7EQUUKLEHNM3CH37H7HH7TADO|/
ѡɣɰ̡ܹǷǱǰԹ÷죩أ
ed2k://|file|ѣMP3+ʣ.rar|6440572|E65F88DE7B8CE0F34AC6C0E48F6AD68B|h=DC5EGKQ4OQ4V6QBCNP3JDO57I2KKARD6|/
Է顶ˮʱ򡷣ˮΪʲộһλʫ˸̾ˮĻۣ˼ᣩأ
ed2k://|file|ˮʱMP3+MV+ʣ.rar|31801998|FEBD5DED1159A98B46662C7D04108B66|h=PFBAWOTUC36UMPZ5RDYUUG32CBSUCX5O|/
ѩ˼ʹңʹ˼ɣɽòǣı䣬ŷ崿أأ
ed2k://|file|˼ʹMP3+ʣ.rar|8851593|3D836BDD7E5D7DE7CA2D1E4F23E8B653|h=37RDUAIGQGKA7OFWT5G3DAUEZK5E2XDM|/
޻޻ǧһأ޻Цӭſʥ߹޻޻ʥ߹أ
ed2k://|file|޻MP3+ʣ.rar|6339275|1E9C61E6E7D13757200B27D475892F38|h=GTIF4FBOBQPFCHHK7SXT4Y4DKGUGOZKW|/
桶ʹ˼䡷ݵӰֻءԼĲأ
ed2k://|file|ʹ˼䣨MP3+ʣ.rar|3117689|DEF3D3E93970AB3F76CF8F9DEB76939D|h=SEYMFCUW43TAGTV5CQ3BU2S5TGKNYV7M|/
塶ΪݵӰֻءԼĲأ
ed2k://|file|ΪMP3.rar|3799436|9F1486684B7BEB8A9F22D67E4C6FC2C0|h=7WFAY3R54BM7A3IMOYXZH233OCAIS3ZZ|/