
٣һԴϣȨ߻ԭ浥λӭҵ;                          
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ۣصַhttps://www.bannedbook.org  ǽhttps://git.io/jww                                  




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 								 								 									 										 					      ȫжָ

  ̨ϵڣ

  ǰҺʹ½һЩ죬̸ҺȻؾ̸˶δй㽡ڻȤҷ׷׷ԣʮҡе˵ϣй½ܸЩеϣܵЩеϣԱ̰ܵĳͷеʾйкϷķԵ빲ƽԴʹйȵȡҲ˵ʵǽ޷Ǿйʱȫͷʾͬ⡣

  عǧηչǵȷνĳȨȷ塢׼εȡȻʱգѾԽΪ޿ɱ粵ֵˡεĽȻǼ׵顣һضУ˾Ӣͷе⣬»Ҫи־áԼϣβڸ֣Ϊʲôʮǰȫ綼ռԭѧҲ˷ǳҵֵ֣̽鼮ĲƪѧߺͤΪ˻дˡʮĩ˳һ飬һߡȫ̵ˣڸԡιʡ˶ƽȫһЩ롣

  ͤٵֹһžһȻȫĴ˾ʱŭȵطˡ̶൱УǷǳȵؿŷİ˸Ȩ¡ݿ˹工ˡǡǡǺ˹Ȼһһһس׿̨ˡ󣬸ϷԵǣȨȻҲȻ̨ˡһľޱټһЩ䶯ʹȫ˶ʮȨ

  פʹˡʱ͹Ȩ⣬Ͷһֱƶչפʹļ굱УĿȨ̨ľ벢ƶ˸ù̡˺ת乤ʹȫĹƶһֱδϡܵǣĹ۲˼Ϊ֣˶ܽı㷺˷ƶ䳹ʵ֡Ȿ飬аġ˼Ľᾧ

  ʹڱгض˼Ĺι۵㣺εıʵרƼ⣬ͬǣ鲻ֻ̽׽жָϡֱΪֹʹһֱһλжɡгȷȫʮ⣬ЩߵӼȻ̽ȥЩ߱ŰͳεĲΪǿ㲥ӡɢ򴫵Ӵ˶ʿǲ־Ӵʿ߱˽жԻ˵ȡӹȥ鿴ЩǿжЧķʽ

  ʹйرע˵й黳֮⣬Ҳ൱źرʾй½һŰ˾ʱǳǳؽӽºֻһС˵ֻҪξֵһλλίıվǱߣйȫһˡ뿴йʮʮϵǹרƵУйжĲͬжĲֻͬжĲͬ

  ȻʹΪйҲĲʽϣйܹ˶ڶһͽרע⵽һµķչչʹ־ϲΪйȻܻǰ壡ڶ׵ĻġԪʱһϵоƪ̵ۡؽ¶йаʡһڻɺ䶯ģһ˳˳ʮһѾн˳й֯ĿǰȻÿ˵ٶӣͷǿȫתļǰڷŷʱҽѧʿָ֮ʾƽййڼ

  ֪ĳǸȷй⡣ʹڱչ˳ߵ˾ƽƣţһµġйܿͻǵǰ֣ʮרҲں̵ܶʱڴʷ̨ʧʷԵķչᷢشáΪ֮

     											     ¶ʮ̨  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

İ 								 ҪеĹй 								 ˡ 								 								 									 										 											  											 											 
ⱾԺƽʽƷʮߵУдҪرеĹҾйΪһɹĻΪ֮һֽڶͳµ񣬴ɡйֻһ֮ңΪйҰȫϢһŰ˾ʮգע¼ǰϦйʡһʮͬʱʾ

  ʱйϽµĴ󲿷ξίԱܼϵĵСƽѹɹĻйѾӪеȽҳʮˡңйȫҲȫɡ壻й̨֮ĽŹϵཫڣһԸԵͳҲٳɣпֵܳı߽ջʷһͳһȶʵ֣йҲɳΪܻӭǿȨңͬڹԡ

  Դӱ鸶йѳΪʵĿꡣȷʵӦǹйԼĵ֮

  йԾ˵ĲٸıУڸܵʹѾתΪһɹˡũȫʾжڶм¼ľǧԽԽйкʱĿʵԼڲѹԹ㷺ڲѶйһרҲսɢûйƽɵѡ£ͳ²˺Σֱ죬ɡҡѧߵѹδЪйһݼӢ֪ȴԴرнĥѡ׵ȨδϿɡإһĿִˮ׼Ѷ׼֮£·ڸSARS뺦¸ıܶרƶȨԵýΪ̣ϲܹ𽥽֮С

  йĳרչԱȣǸˡڱһҪҪǴжӼ˹͹дЩʱˡۡĦ磬ǼЩڹȥΪŬȥʷڼܺϡȷʵҵۣ谭ҷչϾϵͳƶȡ

  йʷӵȽĿôäİͶƱȨѡǵͳйĿǰΪֹԱȨ

  ֻжȫڶרעչΪȫƽֲ塢ά塢뷨ĳɹ֮Կϣͳڵڶξְ˵¶⽻صᵽǸÿҵı֧ɵһǾ֧㣬ǾԼδ쵼ߣ¹ʩ½űʾҺе˲ϣͳķԣܵйҴʮͬĿ

  Ϲ鳤ҲϹȼ᰸ǿҪԣرֹϹȨίԱţΪίԱ᳤ѱһЩҪΥȨĹУӦһС͵Ȩ飬ֻԴٽȨĹҲſԼԱ˵ĳԱȫһپʮĸеһٶʮϹһжеܲ׷άȣPaul WolfowitzҲһֱƶǿ֮һ

  гжƻҵע⣬ֲ֧ʵֵжչգԺͷίԱԱ׷˾Ա꡴ٽAdvance Democracy Act of 2005оͰ౾᰸ʼͷһתģרƶתƶȹ̵ооɹ뾭ӦЩո𲽵Ĺҡ

  йԽԽһʱ˵רС֮ҡڶıٶȽйȫǰʮѹͳεĹ֮СȻйȴɹšձϺɱӡᡢޡŦ̩ϼӡȣܰ˹͹ڵΧšڶڶӲɵΪɹңйһȶΪңڹԽϡ弹뱱Ȼйϣΰ¹٣ԡҡϵһΪйȻ޷ɳڵذڶ괺죬ѡٶԽһйİƥ˱

  ⳡؽУôԸйôأ

  ⱾרעΪҪսƽߡұᡤգGene SharpӶõFrom Dictatorship to DemocracyĹҿhttp://www.aeinstein.orgվҵⱾķ롣ǰйһŰ˾ͳɹˣҲͬһ꣬ŷĹ屻ƷˡȥڣͬĳɹӳǶһѰϰգûʹֻ֯ͳɹˡǹ͹õڿӸԼǰᵽӶָŴǰһйʹ

  ڱнܹһЩʽڴжҲٴչ

  ÿǧƵʾжУйչޱȵڿҵľǣԹҷΧΪ֯ҪġһҪĿꡣżǳֵʾǺ׽ģǶȫԡͬʱʾܴʹ˼жѹĻʩзΧԵάʱȨҲάϵ

  йҲҪһۼȺڵɡڿǡ˹͹УŹͨɣҪӵȨ϶ѡȨЩ¼ıԭǷԸȨйٵһЩδԤ֪䷢չȫѵ¼紦SARS֡ϵͳƵ¼׼òЩǺҪģҪһ߿ɼ˵ƽ̨񣬲ٴα֤Ȩȶתǿܵġƽ̨רעһרȨɵĸ̰ۣҲ˱жýҷз塢Сʡȫײĸж˾Щв̣ó׹ȡĹʼ˹ҲȻͬɹƽѡ٣͸ѡٰȫĸܹԱ

  ڵչֵĳɹУѧһ¡ǾҪӮȡװȫԱ֧֣ҪΪˡҲйˣҴ󲿷൱ᡣҲǰģҲ˸ܵ״йض¶ʮ۵¼У籨ȻֹʾЩȻǰѹʿ;ͺɫõ壬һЩʿ󷴶߿ӱܰȫߡڿǡ˹У跨˵ά˳ʾ߽йؼж

  ҪǣڶҪطԴ֮ͨšаУ⡣ʾáͳ칫Һǫ̈̄ȡжй˵ʾҪáϺ̨CCTV

  ˶ȫйԼ֮˾ܰæˡάڱն˶ɹмӣǵľڿ˷Ӱ˶ڻ˶ɹǽ̵˾ٰͷ糡ļɣɳЦִߵķʽһڵĿ־ҽϵѡٽԱ͹۲ԱҲ˹ؼɫһԭƭԵѡ٣תչʾ˶

  ڸĶԹעҲǷǳҪۣǶ߰£Bashar al-Assadľ޴Ƭ˺٣ʵܵڰ͸ｫɺSaddam HusseinĵµӰ졣ȻΪǧ񼢶ֱӸë󶫻ȴȻ찲Ź㳡ļߺζ뱻ȥ

  һַǰѽ㼯ںεķΪҪԸһɹʷѧߺʦɵСԽһо䡰רС跨ռ֤ԼԷеĶϡڣÿλ߶ΥԼҷɺܷϵĸȨβΥйصĹЭ硴Ȩԡ꡴ٽṩռ֤ݲЩΥԵĶߵķɻвһЩо١רСĹ

  ̽ʱйʦжʿԿʼռε֤ݣʹ󡣸ʵأMahatma Gandhi̵ǣʼʱǷͲȨҪ̨ˡһҪʽʾߵĲϷԡѰġǶ߲˹̩գCharles TaylorϹķͥظ棬ʱǵͳ̾֯вӵμǣڱ׫дʱԺͼ˹¬ǰζ쵼ҲʷԺ󡣺ҲõˣŤת·ߣйʿ֯һȫԲ飬ɺ͹ѡ١ܾв·תǺҪļ

  ڶйʮ֮йĸ߲쵼ֲڡĽǵĶ壬ĽõĹԱٸܲ߶ڹԡͬŦԼʱģݵһλ˹˵ٱȵ̸ãһеʦ˵ԱƽաǴܹ֮Ĺѧˣءȥпܼٸܺ͸ĽĶߺеطϵĶӴļȵ͸ܹ֯ܽϣʹĸＸйԳΪһȫִĹҡֻҪ͸һȺԸ־ʿ־ͬϵĴȺڣһչʾ޴ĿɨоɵĸܣΪйȫƽȡ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

л 								 								 									 										 											˵áPeter Ackerman˹Max Kampelmanϸ˼һսԣɰٷ֮ٵᡣܿˡ֣Jack DuVallṩ˺ܶ۽飬ԭΪʹ÷Ǳһ˹סءնڣKurt BassuenerͰˡأEric Witteṩо޸֡˹͡Kristin GuidaͲ˹𲨣Charles GraybowΪʮܻӭĶߡϡ°Dean CowanɫĵԼԭ塣󣬿Carl PoseyʹⱾøӿɶ

  ҵĴʹǣ𡤰ͶHarry Barnesˡķ˹أMichael Armacostʷٷ򡤲˹˹Steve Bosworthֵ¡ɳHoward Schafferʷ˹ķ˹٣Smith Hempstoneº١޵·򸾣Win and Betty Lord޽ܡ˶ˣRoger KirkԼʹǵ;顣ʿǣϡˣKen WollackˡնMichael LedeenԼģJohn SullivanԼ˹John FoxʲCarl GershmanŰBarbara HaigˡɣMark PlattnerᡤգGene SharpBob HelveyݡɪJennifer Windsorɡ῭Adrian KaratnyckyʷءİͺգStuart Auerbachءɵ£Walt RaymondԼǷǵľͽ顣 ʮָлط£Rowman & LittlefieldĽܵáﰺJed LyonsԼɭ˹˹ˣJonathan SiskǾҵԡҲʮָлʲJulie Kirsch༭УԺӡҵƷ  											 											 ҵĸĸУޱȡ˹꣨Capt. Robie Ellis Palmer,USNͿɪաˡ꣨Katherine Hooker PalmerݺͷݡǵǱĬҹǿҵӢ˼͸ʶҼǵڷҸֵ³Ĵϣĸվޱȣֱľ޴һֶȨˣ̬ľ裻صͳжĴڡ

  µNew Delhiһӡѧر⽻ȥ޵ԺͣǵĵһԼᣬڵذϱòͱߺɮ̸۷йѹʮĻУʲ꣨SushmaⲢԸҶڳֲͬߺļ飬𽥷չ˼룬ⱾͳУ⵽ۣ˷ǳҪá  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ǰ 								 								 									 										 											һŰ˶°գ׸ͳӢԸֶʽʱ˵ΪǰйԼͶʷġѡ˵ֹۣȻսʤа񡣡ȫȡɵ˶УҪĽǼǿ쵼ʱ䣬ټһϣʱԤ⵽ձĻɡԴԺȫļȨȴһһص̨ˣƬ˺ƽɡ

  ׸ͳǴνݵġҶ׷ȡɵҸ˵顣ޡоѧֵǰÿһѧһ׷ͬĿꡣһǵһŮѧңҶôϣȥ衢׶غŦԼ

  ·¡ġһ롱ݽԸΪǧѧеһԱϷһУľ÷ǱԷԲƽȴľ޴

  һ죬Һͻ̡ᡱĽͽһīׯһͬһξʹѹȵĸоԴһһƶȸPRIīһֱһĹԱʴÿǾסĴׯǺǹʵΪֻвͿ־ʹǵȨά֡־ļƷһרȨ֮īΪڹʡ֧ԮȨһǿ

  һ굽һžšڼ䣬ҵ⽻ļĪ˹ơպͲ˹ڹƶȴӽ״̬ƶȫתʷ̨ϣҰһһϵСԱߡĪ˹ƴԺ硢ݺԱݳƳ³µľΪפʹμһŰ˾ɣУ֤˶ǿԱƷġҪɼֲиŬ֧ԮҪȡʤġ

  Ǻϯ׫ˣʱɭĹ䡣ͬȫ¶רаҲڲǰȨȨ˹ꣻڿͳִڼ䣬Ժսԣ估ͳư칫ҡ׸ͳִڼ䣬ұΪ䣬ŷ⽻ϵ

  һǵһŰĪ˹׼׸͸״λʱȣGeorge Shultzö߲Ի͸ⳤ̸ʱע⵽ϲ뿪ȥִ̽гáǸʱ䣬һѭ̡ҿ׸Ļ̸вͬĲԡ

  ۲λ͵⽻ҵΪһŰפʹפ˹ڶԸһλ죬ʲKaroly GroszʱҲ˴ѧľ顣ⲢһһҵĴʹݱǱеһƽСЩ΢ʮ΢αеָߡ

  Դһžš뿪⽻ת˽ҵҶԴҪԺͿ˸ǿڹƶ߽֮붫ŷͶ֮һҿǰδе˶ȶƶгõĽϣᵽΪɽ֮ʯ԰ݵҪɫ

  ͬϻһڰ˸ҽ϶ĵ̨ڡ۲̨Checkpoint Charlieĵضϸһִİ칫¥һ־ʾһյɹ򿪷ţϵͳѹơսĽš

  ҰұľҵʽͶ뵽һȫС£ڻɳ𲢽Ӫһ߸ҵĴʮһ£ǳһһʮҲμӵͬ塣һǡ֮ҡFreedom House»ͨѶ뻷ĵĶ»Ա

  ûıǲġֻҪع˹ȥһͣͿԤһ͵ǰѪܵʵչʷ֡ϣաë󶫺ʷµԵ񡣶һ¶ʮգǰ»John Paul IIιڻ֣˽ʮ̫ϣͳµܺߣע޶ż֮ڣ֣KosovoϢάǶά棨Slobodan Milosevic£ǧ˱ɱᡣ

  ⱾĿΪչʾδȥδǹȥķ档ȥĶʮ꣬רƶȫıΣǿ϶ڶʮ굽ʮ֮ȫרǿԶĿǰר趨ޣһʮ֮ڣһʷʹ

  һڰ飬Ψһûһѡٲĵطȴ˹ڶƶȺֵ۵ǿ֧֡ʮѧһовһ۵㣺ǿԼ뵽ġԵĶȱɡŮȨ֪ʶʱͼڰ罨һ϶ĵ̨Զ׼ϣĵ̨ǶȴֹһжһžŶʮ¶ʮһգ֮ҡڰᣬ˼ҺʿSaad IbrahimҵʱվԱߣڶдĵԣٰԼȫΪսͷųʱ˶Ѿʷǰƽж

  Ҳһй顣һŰ˾꣬ǽƵڰµ߽˿ϣйҲ˵ؿ¶ʮգҲμɽׯǰеķֹᣬμѶʮȷйҪ󣬲սõΪȨֹһԴйϵţĻƲǧֹڴ˿̣ǧֹйȨȺֹĵȺ˶ǰͺ̡Ӣ²ֲиͰշִ棬ʵ쵼ķǱ˶

  ܣⱾǹж顣ڶ¡ŦԼʱԱɭ̩A. M. Rosenthalڡ֮ҡһϣһŦԼļŵά˹Kitty GenoveseıɱʵʲôʱȻΪıɱڰٳ֮𣿵ڸԶһĵط𣿵ǱѪɱȺ㲢侳ǵʱáͳɽ¡ǰϦʡ

  ҵĻشǣǱͳǵĶ߲ɱʱۻǴġ֪ڽգϰıڼ֪ǿֲսĸԴǱжһʮߵ飬ƷǵսԺսҲȨЩҵԼ˺͹ǰ;

  עɺ˹̹̻ʵļ֮·ŦԼʱһ¶ʮա  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

һ а 								 								 									 										 											һһµģǶκʽĶר

  Ϊ˺ƽ壬ǳһŬ

  еɵؾԼˡ

  ǰͳ׸Ronald Reagan

  Ԫ£ͳϣ״η˵ʱѧһ´ʻ㣺аġaxis of evilϣͳͷĹңˡʺͱûһϲƺǷһƺϴ´ʻǵ鷳һ֮٣編ⳤ֣Hubert VedrineΪֻǰ֡򵥻֮ƺָаǲֵܳģע1

  Ȼҿа˲ǿܣǽڡͬǣΪаʵԶܳʵʴڵľ޴רƻȦרƻȦ֮һ˿ڱļʮС

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  ʱʵذרȨͬŴױСһ㣬ааҪɫıֻ˶ѡйĶߣ˵֮һ˿ڣѳ˾޴Ȼ͹ҵԴһ֧ӵкװǿӡϴʯͣԼ50̲жƵ£ǿϣֲҲô֧ԮطչģɱĻѧͺ

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  Ӣվµ˱ˣKurdishȻҲܺͬƲãʯͻȡʳķ԰ƻʵʩˮ׼ȲӤҲ½ˣע2

  ʣᣨAyatollah Ali KhameneiϵͳؼĥıɱȡˣԿδѡٵͳΡҳֶ֧ɫеĿֲѡ쵼ϣϵĺƽָŵĹϵʱἰڵȴۣʧʱʵжר

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  Ȼйå۾Ҫ֮һУʵĹᣬҲͬй̵Ͽ͡ݱйʽһȽķϵͳָۺ估似ʵĶߣע11Щ۳ԵӰƽȫ⣬йΪǿ˹ἰǿӲɵʵ˴Ըʽ档

  ڿֲĶһʮһ죨ע 911¼һݰͻ˹ֽ̹һйŸͬѧʿTalibanȨǩ˾뼼¼ע12ı滹ʾйӪ˾ΪKabulע׶ѧʿȨһͨѶϵͳѧʿȨһֱڱǵ¶йά弫ӽѵע13һλ˵ǸǴ֯Qaedaĸ߲ԱӢGuardian˵й֧ǴʽǮһžŰԭҪֲڵѵӪ䵫δըѲ߮ɵע14

  һö˹ֺ˵ͷͷĵ鹦йͱĹ߶԰ͻ˹̹ӶߵЭ

  ֧ԮЩֲ׷ӵкĶùңй൱С⽻ϴ֧֡ŷĩ߰׶˹Belarus³ƣAleksandr Lukashenkoչ˷ǳܵϵڶһҶصĸ߷ᡣһθ߷ʱ³Ϊ֤ԼйãйܿƵ»˵׶˹ʼ֧ԮйȨϵһйϹȨϵĳɹϲǷһйĶ顣ע15ձ˹ˣMinskע׶׶ĸ߷ᣬ˵йл׶˹̨塢غȨй֧֡ע16Ϊ˱ʾر³͸ѡȡõλǰڣ񼴱˶³ƴ׶˹⽻ߡ𾴡ձűйְ֧׶˹ڷκ漰ȨŬע17

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  һʵĹᣨAyatollah Ali KhameneiŰ͵Ŀ˹Fidel Castro˫߻ϵʱ˵ǶȨĵֿǻڻؽ̵ΪκԴߵĵֿȷжע22˹͹磬ǿӲɵĺ࣬һ͵ʺ͹ŰӵǿѺùϵŰʼ֧ڹϵע23

  ڷޣǵĶͳ߸ѣMuammar al-Qaddafi֧ԮƬ½ϵÿһΪǵĶ߲˹̩ռ䷸ͬɽˣFoday SankohṩѵǽѺùϵáɽʨɽ͹õĸǰߵ쵼ע24ǴɱѴķǷ۹ܵ䱣ʨɽ͹ͯӾɵʯоȡע25ݡʢʱǣOsama bin LadenĸǴֲ֯ҲɸѼ߾ֲ֧ʨɽ͹ѪȵʯƸע26

  ѵİ£޵Ķͳڲκγͷ£ʱǲǵåԽȺԵˣһžһɱ˳¼ӱȶĲпѹõΡʯ͡ӵԮ¼ӱȹȻԼΪУǲǧ˵ľ֧ԮչĽɳKinshasaߣɽɳսѡӢ֤֯Global Witnessһ棬¶˸չȨ֮һЭ飬Э鱣֤νսŵ¼ӱȨʲƸЭ齫¸չɥʧ൱ݴСȫɭ֣ע27Э¼ӱڸչսͬʱķ鷳˸չɥʧصѡ

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  ֵǣЩȨʹӵıʽнףһȨƾͿԼóϵΪȫԱfull partnershipŵԼ۶õ߿ƼǱ˵ĵһѡֻɱΣԸĳʱҷЭ顣  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

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  άǴѧĦJohn Norton Mooreڹƣ77Էңע32

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  ֲԵ䷶תƵһҪ֣ǰѷΪҰȫ⽻ߺ͹ʹϵҪôƵĹ֧óйͻ˹̹ͰΪӪһָܸıҵİȫ͸ҪγɶսԵ۹ʶҪĽ˵쵼֯ܲ׻ѸٴɹʶǱڿʼΪŬ

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  ӡȳ羴ɸʵؿ쵼ķǱ˶ʵΪκεطĲӦܵȫĹעһӢڱӡȵɡֿƬ˵ҽͬԴһӡһػӭע9ŽṤ˶Solidarity movementݿ˵˿޸Velvet RevolutionϺĽУKim Dae JungԼϷǵNelson MandelaŹͬЩȨ˶һǶףַǱĳͻøʵصĻ˵ǡһָǿǲԵص֮һ֧ԮԷǱȡɣôʮдﵽʶедﵽʶǿܵġ

  ְҵ⽻ƶμҲܹĻôֿܾ͸ʵˡٸӣӡͬе쵼ɫһ㣬ӡ߰Atal Bihari Vajpayeeɱ⽻ĹԱҪöˡͬڻʢ׸ҲڣԱڹԺǴú鱨ֵĹԱ뱾ӽˣЩΪƵƶܶǡѡٲμǣӽܹӦǵѡҵʿձͬ顣⽻ӽҲӦЩǶѡٵμףֻѡٲǺϷġȻ⽻ȴΪڵǺϷģĵȨȫ־ġ

  ƶѡٲμһĹԱԼ֯ԱҺʿҲһǷ֯NGOԡͬ塱˶̳ʽ֧֡֯ߣȫǱ㼯һ𡣡˶һλһžžӡµУܵӡ쵼˵ܰӭ֧̳֡֯һλ飬ڶڻɳУҲΪ³ʿ׶ࣨAlejandro ToledoṩһѰ֧Ԯ³ͳɭAlberto FujimoriĻᡣȻԺ³ɭѹ׶ȥɳв̳ߡ֮ҡȡԺľٰȨע10ȻǶ֪ģһηǱ˶У׶³ʿ跨ɭ׶౻ѡΪ³ͳ

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  ڵڶսڼͽһȫ¼ܹĹʻ˳ӦµơζشѧԼϲףJohn Ikenberryġʤ֮󡷣After VictoryһУһ޴ĴԼдŲϹŷˣӱԼ֯NATOУWorld BankʻһᣨIMFһϵǰδ֯׷׳ͬʱ幫ظ˵¹ձڲ񣬴ٳǵһκĽԸɹرΪжʵ µǧ꿪ʼһδڡʤ֮󡱵ʱڡΧǽĵķչսһǸΰʤǰһҪµĻӦµƣҪµ֯ˣӦѹơһԣȻһֽʵ֡ʵϣЩµĹʻӦΪеҷ񣬶ӦķΧ

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  ڲѹ˽ⲿΪȽϵĻھĶ˹ʿƷLeonid Romankovдע1ҵһλԭ¹ʦѸֱ˵˵Ƕ˴ӡ̨˽⵽¹˿ʲôҲһͬĳӡ·еĻᣬϽͷġȻڣҪռϷյԣ˽ⲿΪȽϻʶͲܵ͸뱻ǿע롣

  ʲôֳɵĻɷչʲô;ѶͨЩ;߱ʲôԴͬʱʲôϽͷܹԿѹȨ

  ׸ͳڶʮǰӢᷢйشٽ˵ƹнչδԴٽΪ⽻еĸҪرǰЩ˵ǵǿĶ߸ˡ¶ࡤƤᣨTheodore Piccone޲Robert HermanڶʮȽҵ⽻߽мڶ귢һо棬ָоʾܹЭչɵĿ⣬ȴδܽٽ⽻ߵҪءԽԽطԵʵƼĲСע2Ҫȷ粨˹ЩֲƵĶȨҪЩԳжⷴ۵ΪʱеòĻ;Աƹڱ⣬ҽȻΪĽṹʩĹҶԣͬãҸΪҪ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

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  ľԤ㣬Դ̬ȡһ¶ʮ¹Ա䱫Colin PowellУʮλȨ쵼˺ԤĿǰԪߵʮԪͬԣԤ㲻ΣĵжǵȵʮҪѽսᡢԼ᧿ΣȨԣҲҪκЧֲ˱ĳڲԣ塢Ρ͸ȡΡȨȫšԼľѡԵĺġ

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  ǣ硰֮ҡִжɭJennifer WindsorڶʮڡŦԼʱָһ˶ƶչı֤ʹǶܸ֯ͬʱֱ֤ҲܺܿΪϷ磬ͳʮĸѡʮһֱӿĸĪ¾û鷢չƻЭؼԱ쵼ˡЩӸϸıڷչԮͳ߻ûʵʩ֮ǰЩϷķ磬ܾѾӰļɭָһЩŵĹԱҪͶȨ׼ЩͲʷչUSAIDԺУWorld BankʻһᣨIMF֯õƺ͹ձ鹲ʶͬʱһȴǱⱻἰһλ֧йԱ˵û볫

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  ȥ˽βĸ״Ҫĸ⡣⣬ƺô򲻵ģǵĽǶһֱвСڼǿǵвͬʱҵһƽķؽҪġ޳ԷǱԺͷרһᡤգGene Sharp˵Կ˶̸߽жע6ҪŬǰǸߡ

  ڶ觺ӱ߹

  ͬʱҲ⵽߹ͨõģֵһԡʹѹŵһ𷢻áҵĲ˹һԺһ귢ɱĶ߿£Janos KadarλһģӲɵǸʲKaroly Grosz쵼˹Miklos Nemeth⽻Gyula Hornƾõɶ˹Rezo Nyersڲ˹ڼ仨˺ܶʱһҰȣGeorge ShultsĪ˹ƽҵȥҳᵽִõıʺͶʡҸᵽʿףҺʿһʱһĶࡣҲǵİ칫Һһһһò͡ºҲ̸һŰ˰£ҴŸʲһȦһʼȥ֥Ӹ͡ɼĵʿ԰ʿ٣ݷͳѡ˶ſ˹Michael Dukakisݳεһվǰ׹׸ͳŦԼʱ˵ͳ·ݷĪ˹ʱһǿгɺɵ壬ϣ㽫סĿõһУԴᣬһϻȨܲͬ˲ŵᡯڻӦ׸ͳʱʲͬ˵һ޴ĿꡣΨ񼰰ܵȨɵʱܴﵽĿꡣڸǵƶȺһĹԱң˵Ȩ״ѺиơҲָһЩòգΪ⽻ԱԴʾߵ̬ȡһе⡣ʲشʱ˵ܰκƶȣһ൳ơ

  ʲ֮ǰûеǴ۽ˡȻûתɾãǵԪԣвײе۷ݷһλסɼ裬ͬʱҲƽյʼ˽԰εĴ뷨ʧҽһֹϵϵ㹻ѹ󣬶ȨƽתʱһЩá

  ȷʵ⽻ҪԺ䱴ˣJames BakerָֹҵͬʱʲĻܵ˺ҵİı֤ǷԱġһŰ˾겼ϣͳʱϣһλͳʱҾܾԤά˶ࡤŷViktor Orban쵼һСѵȡFidesz壨ŷΪеԸСЩ쵼˺ߵúܽһŰ˾һһĹ塰âŷ񡱣Munkas OrsegʱǷҪʵװӡע⵽Щâŷ񡱵ĳԱǷ̫˵ģЩ˷Ϊ̫˴ûκӦУƽеľ顣ָĶǹɱ˻ʹ˺ˣаһμеҺʹݵĹԱ֮ǰҲ͡âŷ쵼̸˻ǿƽȷָκοǹ¼ӦȫȨ

  Ҳĺ쵼̸Ͱµı߽磬öµ˿ʱڲ˹طǿԾµ¡Ҳ̸ƶȺǰ;˵Ȩʱԣǻкõ³磬쵼̸ʱгʵڹ̨ǰͿʼˡܶ๲Ա»úܳɹЩѡΪԱЩںϷ׬˻ٵǮԭĵģûб˺ʲݻصϼңȥ

  ȿռĹͨ

  Ҳ֤ʵÿһ߶ͨΪҵ쵼⽻ԱʱӦ취߽ƹϵΪ㾡乵ͨʾӦרȨ

  ʽڶʮһЧ

  һֱעڸ˵ȨΣñȴӼоȳһȨ˶߻ֹͣĳЩȺʵַʽ˶ߵ»ǹĶ˹⣨Nicolae CeausescuһŰˡڼ䣬͵ʱĸ񲮸Eagleburger̸еʱóͷż̫˺͵ˣԸΪÿһͷ۵ɫк͵¹Ӯ͡ĲڶλӦͷżηӮЩ̣ȻץһЩ˽ЩҲѧֹơ̸ʱǿĳһȨǣǸҪеĶƶȵص㣺ɼľĶɺ˾һԭǣ̸ʮһҪгúɵϵʮùҵĴ󲿷УǶûЩ۵㡣

  ߿ƶ

  ںͶ̸ʱصӦ˵ΡļˡϵĽʷеӦ˵ߣԸĻǽģԸϡҪӣĶڹתƶȺȻǱصġMikhail GorbachevźܺõԼокݽڹΪһλ֧ʿͤVladimir PutinҪ̨Ŀ˹ά˹Aleksander KwasniewskiĻGyula HornеλڸıԼԺ󣬹Ӯѡ٣ΪͳࡣʱҲ뿪ְλ

  бǣZambiaǰζ쵼߿̴KennethKaundaӿԸλáһ¡ŦԼʱ˹ķRachel SwarnsԴкܾٵı̴KaundaڷǸ쵼˹ҵĶֶͳΣȻѡʧܣֺ͵λ˹˹дǿң̴Ц˵һɵˣʮ졭ڸһᣬͰ̲սסܾǰѧһڷ类˵ǾһʧȥȨƵ˲þͻʧȥζԴָҶһЩĿеʱõ޳ɵĻеʱõǼžĵֿλʱûΪô˴䡣̴һбһݶֽı༭Ļ̴ˡע7

  иֵǣһʧƵĶƶ³ΪˣΪǿǿʼһȤϣܳԼͱԼƱʵ뷨ʵʵĺô߷ȨλҲƶȳߺ߻趨һݻһоʧƵĶ߾ס׫ддǵĻ¼׼ѡ١ҲҮ·Ķ߿һ˹ģǰε˹߾ס̸۽񣬽ǵ۵㡣ҲһϹԱ֤ߺļƽְİȫ

  ΪˣŦԼˡ־ĪƣCullen Murphy鴴һĹޡthe Last ResortϹʹ򲢹ϽһԶ볾ĵ졣ǿʱãסϣԴϴƲ˹ʡǵ˺Ǯƽܾ׷顣Լпܵøܸߵݳ޵ϹԴǲҪἰеġʵǲ뵺ġڸⱳŦԼˡ־ᵽ϶⣺ȺлżѪɱ¼ע8

  ڶĩͶһƪưҳ˵ɺ뾳Աս⽻ͺɺڰ͸ĻⷬŬע9

  İ취Ǽ̻

  ڶԻһͬҪıľǣ߲³Ǻܱҵġһ赲ԼĹɡȽҵУʷʮļءӦһЩֱӾиЧӦӣ磺Сƽڡ찲ļ˵ǻᱻġע10߿ʲָŴ˵ǻҵǸ߸ϵġԭ˵˵Ǽȷġߵƺ;ܾԼĹҳΪҵΪֱΥʷģͥHague CourtרΪ߶ڵⷨͥƱ߲ͥȱϯУս߱Щѡάˣ

  ȻֹͨȫãҲʩһЩѹҲһЧķ˹ٴʹ˵ĺܶԡһĴʹڳʹȣעNairobi׶ʱĪMoiǹķ˹ٴʹдҲҴҲΪǻӡܺãȵڼ䣬ҼĪʮΡûоܾһ档ڹϵܽŵʱֻ鿪ʱӳһЩķ˹ٴʹڶرĻʱ˺ܶһᵽİ취⽻ڳʱĪ̸й뷨ķ˹ʹĪıԣԸܶ൳ѡ١ķ˹ٺܻܿĪڿʱڶڳΪҡķ˹ٷĪӻ־˽ⲻ㣻ԸþѹƵķʽµЭķע11ķ˹ٺͿʿʹĪͬѡ١

  ЩͨҪĿģʵȫʹ߱ת˼άǴһõķ򡪡ѡ٣ֹʾ߿ǹķ˹أMichael Armacost˹˹Steve BosworthʹʹԱأPaul LaxaltûҪ˸ıԸƽ뿪ɱλʱδ˵Ҫֶ֧ŷζȻֻûȥ

  Ȼһ⽻ʹ޷е£ҲӦˡʹҲҪĹԱÿһʹݶӦһλר棬ԷǱսԡսεõİרѵԱ⽻ӦʹȦΪʹǽһµרҵ;еİն޵ԱǿԷչְͬƵλġܸо⽻ԱѶ߸ߡʹӦһС飬ʹݵÿһšÿһӦһйĻ

  ԱĴʹڣӦÿԳµĶڼⲿţȡ׼ġֿΡášڶڵĲſɰΡáԮصĲţǱ뽫صƶĽչÿһŶһЩض֧ߣƷ𵽹ؼáҵĴʹڵ鱨;ҲӦ뵱صİȫš뵱صľʿרԱ뵱صҵȡϵ

  ڽռҪλֵÿһڽרԱںܶĶȨУڽѧڽͨǼΪҪģӰĶҳǶıǴӹŰ͡޵ж޵ĲʵЩʱڽ̻ΪͰݶźЩʱѹȣҲΪµѹĴڽ̵ĵսΪλǼؼġɵԺʹͳԼʹְܶҵ⽻ڶжĻؽͽйͽͽֹԱԻʱԵúܲںܶ£һĵǽڽǵذκڽ̷ֿ£ڽʹ÷ǱֶΣõɵȨ

  ʹǺʹʹӦýеĻʾεԽԺʹϷһ취ǲǵķԺСһʮգԸʹݵĴ䡢ŲʿӢʱ¹ôϯڿ޶Saad IbrahimСͬ걻ͷţЩҺһЩ֯硰֮ҡкֱӵĹϵ֮ҡǵһȥ̽֯ڶ佱

  һͻʿķǽǺͶߵĴһ뵽ʹݡ˵ʱķ˹ٴʹݣһյĻУԱͷʿһЦ̸Щʿ죬Щδȥڲƺ裨ע12СĻͻҲǺܺõĻᡣڴ£ߴδ뷴ı档ȻܲԱ˴˵ӣҲԶʿļǿԸأʵضӢܶġҲʿһᣬԶߺȨһ˵Ĺ

  Ŀ֮һƽʽĹͨȻͬʿȨһٿԲ顪һ˵ߵķܺƽ̨ǰ;ġַһŰ˾ڲطܶΡʵϵĻܳߡ

  ڴҪֱһЩһνפȨҵĴʹ˵Щ

  ڱɹʶ֮ǰ뱾ĸ֧ͷ֯ŴɹʶΪõ֧Ԯκƶ޴Ӱ졣סǴٽһܹƣζŶͳ߻̨˹ʶˣҪϵԶڱ棬άֹʶ

  Ĺҵκȷӵҵ񣬶Ķߡֹι̣ӦþⱻںĴڡͳķʽǣһεĴʹְʽ֮ǰӦڻԾʽʮǷġõĹҲáӾͻлҪˡųԱԼܲɷõȣʹ˽ĹҳźԸ

  뵱ڼӹ֣ͬӻǲġӦز߶㡢ԼʿܹΪЩʲôͿܸʲôжĽ顣ҪһҪʿɹʶϵͳļƻ

  ִڲΥϼƻԭִѰһڱҪʩѹԱḶ̌ΪṩĿռ䡣ע⣬Ӻ;챻˵ٲñԴԼʱ̾ͻһشͻơЩȫ򽻵ʱҪעԴ

  չԴƻʱͬʱҪѰ֧ԮǱԴͨԼЩ߶ְĹҵӰ졣

  Ӫÿһңͬ壩Ĵʹнл״ŬЭ³̡

  ʹж

  ΪʾӦЩԭҽʮֲͬˡһλְҵ⽻ٹ˹Harry G. Barnes Jr.һŰ굽һŰ˰פĴʹڶλżʷ˹ķ˹٣Smith HempstoneһλԳһġƤʹһŰ˾ŵһžŶοǡԶͳΣĪȫͬĶߵӰ£λʹΪĹס

  ˹ְҵ⽻

  ˹һŰ굽ʮǰһľ¾䣬ϳѡͳҶ£Salvador Allende GoshensȨͳۡǴLa MonedaΧʱ򣬰ҶҲɱȨƤŵأAugusto Pinochetһλ빲Ϊеľӽ졣Ϊ˹ʤѸٵؽʵ˶ɨڴ֮ǰϵ֮һδй䡣ӵһǧĹУ˶ΪҶµʵԹŰͺĸеͬʱҲϣܹĻصͳΣע13Ƥŵ쵼ɱ𣬺κεطɱһ׼еȨӰԼؽûҪǿŬԹǲп漰㷺ģ޷ݵĥ𡢺ɱͼǧ˵ġʧ١ȡָⳡΰѹһ½ܾ DINADirecci de Inteligencia Nacionalһ꣬ƤŵԼͳ˺ʮУѹﵽȻȥߵй̫̫ų޷ɹһС˷ӵļըȨϵϽŪ˸ССĿӡ˹ʥ磨׶ʱѿʼ˥״̬

  ƤŵȨڣԻָȥƶûκŬսʱڣҶµĵ̨ƺǹŰͺ͸ĽɭͳĹ伾ӾúͲԮ֧ԮƤŵصľ䣬ǶȨ̤ȴڲȷʵֱ죬ǻ㷺ΪCIA鱨֣˶԰ҶȨĵ߸ʵϣCIAֻ䷢չѡ׸ͳĹȣGeorge Shultz˵ȫ綼ƤŵطֲҰȹȨͳGerald FordͬҲûоתԭԲȡܶ෽ʽֲParis ClubծȨˡԼк͹ʻһᡣǼԲָܸʾԣΪὫ͸ʽڻСȻϲ쵼õɻңtight-moneyߡڰ»ޕϺһЩ˷֧ԮߵĲԺУǶƤŵزȤ˶ľԮ

  һ꣬ʥеġ޹֯Organization of American States߷ϣνҪȨݽĽΪǴΥȨľͶһƱѽĵºһЩƤŵĻָӣӦЩ̬һиʹ÷ɸе˸еǸȨһʱĻChristian Democrats죨ΪͳģPatricio Aylwinָصʢٺ󹫿޳ɵĹ۵㡣ע14

  ע߿أJimmy CarterͳѡѡжȨɢΧķǴϣͬʱ߸еµصһЩȷʵĽͬһڹԺǿȨս⽻ߵĲͬ롣˺ǣǿҪ⣺ʵ

  һ߰꣬ƤŵѾ߱㹻ţһιͶƱʹԼͳκϷѡƱдţ֧ƤŵͳάϣͬĺϷһǹķϹѡYESǣûйѡƱҲYESǣȻʤƤŵµˣ

  ΪµܷʮͳڼΪ꣬мһŰ˰ѡ١һŰˡʮһյһܷͶƱУ꣩Ӯ֮ѡƱɲѡٽΪŪٵѡ٣ǣƤŵһҲû뵽涨һŰ˰ѡپΪÿ˴š

  ׸ͳڵһڻָ˷ԹǿӲ⽻ߡƤŵÿ˵ӶùȻ˵ûкվһߡһʹ󲮸James ThebergeӵʱĽAnastasio Somozaͳε׸뷨ۣͼȡͳΰ͢ɱԼĵжԹҾơ

  ȻһŰ˶꣬ľģʽԴծȨ˻ҲԼǿάֵĻ̱ͨʱڵʼɱãʹ͹˶ѡһ߰ChiquicamataͭжҰѹ󣬡͹ҵϻᡱAFL-CIOвҪϵƷӶƶ̡űºһЩ޷ΧڵѡٺʮİչȨǿȻϢһŰ˶̣꣬Tucapel Jimenezһ䣬ڶƤŵصȨ˿ͷ̢֮ıɱ

  ڶ꣬һŰһ곤ʮͭչɪ⣨Rodolfo SeguelΪҹίԱϯȫܰչ󣬾ʶȨüǿֶѹչԶʮһΪȫաһ죬ûŹư裬źŽǣԼһǿҵõĶɪĻ˵߾ǶߣǶרƣҪı䡣Ҿ˷ܵȺʹôᵯǣڳƳĬҲѹȥϹҾ»ԽԽŵ״̬Ȩڿ̨ˣע15

  ð˹ı

  ᵽΪǸûһ´ʹʱˡʵϾһ͵Ĵʹȥӹʥ磨׶ʹݡǣѡ˰˹Harry Barnes˹µʹһº͡Դǣҵ͵⽻ҡһְķʽػΡ

  ˹Զӡȵʱñӡ͸ײ˽̸ӡҲΪ˹еǵĲǶ԰˹ĵƼһԵħʦȥɡдµĸλϣͬذԼ˵ĻС˹ѡ˹George F. JonesΪʹŵϯ˹һרңڸ˹ι

  ȲڹԺԱԱƶԼΡԭȨ䰢ķ˹Elliott AbramsĲLanghorne MotleyΪ޹ʼ䣻ʲأRichard Schifterȡ˰ķ˹ԭλá˺һƶʹȦߡʱ¿ƣMike Durkeeϲ칫ҵΣ˹˵ǡԵʵɡ

  ֮ǰ˹һڻʢټѧϰһŬȥʵԵߵԮ˹ΪȷʹȥһƶջعٽȫȨ֧Ԯɵг;Ϊһ̻гЧĿγϲҪ̫ࡣʹͳѾעᡣ˴ֱӻԮ⣬˹Ҳڻʢٵʱ佨һӷ֯͹Ѱ֧Ԯ·ҪʷϵԸӽĵá

  ˹˹˵ǰ֮һŰʮһˡ˹ֹۡѾ跨ϳһˡȫɵȫЭ顱the National Accord for the Transition to Full DemocracyǰڵġˡDemocratic Allianceɵɣ֮һǰSergio Onofre Jarpaġͬ˵Union of Independent Democrats̷̺˹ŵJuan Francisco FresnoĹ£Эͳοٹƶϸ̡ЭȫȨ͹ȨĺϷѡͳ͹ᡣƤŵμŶԴЭ鲻ǡƤŵһŰʥҹټ̷˹ŵʱܾ˺Ҫ۴Эκγԡ̳ź͵ȴӰʱ˵þ⡣ַӦʹĿ־֮СͬʱЭ֮ǿӲת˱˵Сг˺ЩͼⱩˡһ⽻ַٰѭ˵һõĹϵרֲڽ̹壬ȷʵ໥ġ

  ˹ڵ󲻾ãȱ˵˵ǾʵģһԭǰȨͳϵһԭܹӰΪܶ࣬һԭǹͬľѧʲôԭǱΪĵ͡롢˵Ϊڵооصĵλ˹Ƥŵصݽʱ񼪶Winston ChurchillۣǹҡŸαײҩشƤŵصʹ⽻ܾΪ˹ʹԺһʱΪδʹ͸߼ԱĴͳ

  Ժ󣬰˹ʼܹغηɼ棬Christian Democratic쵼ά˹Gabriel Valdesά˹ĻȻӼŭƤŵؼšԺ󲻾ãΪƤŵؼŵܺ߼ͥṩ֧ԮŽʦᣬһŰʮʮڴΪȨվһҹĻ˹μҹļ˹һٶǡʹޣŭĪʹԼõЩϵһ𡣡ע⵽һıֽһǡ˹һԱһŻѩ֡һըĿֲӡҪȨͿֲͬǣ˹ʹεһ֮ڣʾ˺Žᡣֱ仯ʱͱע⵽ˣмֵ

  ӵȨһŰһ£Ա»ޕ֮зһֱƤŵȨߡƤŵؼűǿҷķʣ˵ηʡΪ˸ޕ϶ĶʥǸðһֱġӭʽǰޕϵķﵱŹȻȺĻӭȺɢȥ֮ʥӵȨһӭޕϲԱ

  ڼ䣬ʢٶ߲ϡһŰ£ɱˣMarcosרͺصĶάJean-Claude DuvalierרˣޣǵͳΣЩṩһƽĳ·׹ĲıDonald ReganƤŵȨҲŲ֧ԮɱεСڱʵǷͼϳƤŵȨʱش˵ڡƤŵػǶ˼ɡȼǵһŰһһΡδȴܼҵγȫͬһŰ£һϹȨίԱϷ鰸ȨǴ鰸ƤŵμֹͣȨĥŰΪҲƶȡһֱϲƽ⽻quiet diplomacy˹Ǵ𡣵ǣжǿҵĸ롣ȵĻ׸ͳȻ֧ԮѸٻعκͶԻȨءҵŽеõοԣƤŵ֧ΪǵжԵġ桯ǵĹ񣬶ǰЩΪ֧ԮصıʾñһҼϹԺҪȨʹԼĸǡǡǶԵġ

  һʱһѲ߶ʮˣǲμʥķʾǰзաʮ޽˹˸Rodrigo Rojas de Negriþס֡һɣCarmen Gloria QuintanaˣҴǳлʹΪѰҽŬ

  ˹ʹӰ˿BetseyܡȨίԱᡱ룬صʥμ޽˹⽻Ҳμ޽˹ĹײԣʹԼ⽻ٺ޽˹ӰƬڿŴŵĻȦǰĵġ˹˵յʱЩӰ֪ˣ¶ҪĿֲ֯µĺڶ죬ƤŵصıֽͷһƬдۣɴʹĳϯֲֿ֧塣ȥô˹ĴģʾȺԼμĴʹˡ

  Ժ䰢ķ˹ڻʢٵĴ˵ʶɢκΪŷŲһƼͺУˮȥԸȷġǣԱζķJesse Helmsʵʱ򣬺ƤŵԼԱ棻ֻҺͰ˹һ棬ѵ˵ķʽ˹м䡣˹Ĺ۵㣬ԱΪƤŵرϾڳȥҶ£AllendeѾ˹סԲѡٵСǷȱѾܵĳЦ˹˵ζķ԰˹ر̱Ϊ˹һʹͼ߹ζķȥ֮ͼٻذ˹ûгɹ෴ǣ˹õȹ׸ͳԼԱޱ֧Ԯ

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  ж֮ЭҲ𵽹ؼá˹ˡ塱徭԰͢͸˹ӵʹǽѶǣǵܸЧشٽȨĸءҲַʹһȨշḻѶĴᳫߡдңûԵزƵЭĵӦ𵽵֧ԮͷЭʵá

  ŵᣬ͹ǹٷͷԱѹƹҵӰ죬ͬʱҲ͹Ļ֡Ӱ졣ɪ⣨Rodolfo Seguelע⵽һŰӳİٲޣRichard AttenboroughѫĵӰʵءЧӦͬһʱͭ˵İչ˶ƤŵȨļȲⲿӰǶΣǱȥʵǿҵķǱѶȻͿǶ˹ɪ⿴ŽṤᡱPolish Solidarity仪ɳLech Walesa˸ʵصĵ·˶ȡ˱װͻЧõķǱע16

  ǱƷʤԺĽӰ죬Ӱɹ֮ۼšŶάάǱƷʾǰǵĶ¼ӱRobert GueiάᲢۡ˾˳֮󲻾ãάʾ߳˹޲עά棩ķעɺ͸ͱھºӱƲ÷й㷺ʱֱ֤еġһŰɱװһְڶµ⽻ע⵽һֶ˶ڷɱǱصֿһԷԷ߲ñȨŨȤע17ʣڹĴʹȷʷʱһΪһȵʮ֮һٰġˡ顣עȺϵڶӡȡݿˡī硢ϷǡϺʮҷΪһ֧ȨΪּĹˡCDԭÿٿһβᣬɸ⽻Աμӡڶ¶ʮʮ׶ʥеȺᣬлŷ̨ʽμӡ

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  Щʼƣķ˹ٶԿ˵İ͸ֱԹԺı䷽Լߴ򽻵ĵһ־飬ʹһǷ׳֮սܵõ˵㹻֧Ԯǵܾһⳡ֮ս϶ᵼĪı

  ķ˹ʶҲǲϣGeorge BushķˣҲǻʢ٣George WashingtonܷѷThomasJeffersonJames Madison壨James MonroeάѷWoodrow Wilson˹Franklin RooseveltķˡҲ˵뷨룬ӵΣ˭ֻ˵أ봫ͳ⽻෴̬⽻עﶼͳ

  ҪԿĵʲôһŰ˾ʮ¹ķ˹ٵ֮ܿͱ簲￲Kenyan Anglican̶˵ģĪڸһЩ˵ְҵɱֵɡķ˹ٶµĹ۲ʾĪԼҲʸõһţΪĪ⽻ˣRobert Oukoʱ⵽ıɱĪǸ·ʻʢڼ䣬ֻõԺĽӼڴ֮ĪȻʼ⽻ڰеõ˸߼ĽӴܻȡĪۡ˵ĪŹˣҪ֪ϣͳ͹䱴ڻʢٶ˵Щʲôҽ˴ʧȥ֪ĥڶ죬Īİ칫˵ͷǹĪǷŹıɱˣʵΣķ˹ģڹȥʵĪڸĵίԱʽþ֮ǰɢ󻹹˱׶ؾǹ˵ִߡ

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  һ꣬߶ڴĽGen. Maximiliano Hernandez Martinezȴְ

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  һŰˡ꣬ȨȳϡŽṤᡱΪϷ

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  ѵǱս䡣άǣɡʹЭᡱInternational Republican Institute֮ҡ֯ṩѵԱڰ񡰵ֿ˶·Ǳ˶棬ȡ˾޴ĳɹ

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  Ƚ׸ͳԶ԰ŵĻǡڰŵ˾ְһʱ׸ͳǷ밬ŵ˸ʱͳ˵Ƕ԰ŵ˵ִ̬֡ȡȶͳ˵ɱڵ֧׸شҵȻ֧һϷѡɡȷ˵ΪȷʵѾѡˡ׸˺ѲطʱɱȻǰȥ˰ŵˡ׸̬ȵҡڲŵ̫Ը⸰ʡ֤ὫǳҵػӭҰ׹ҲǳؽӴս롣һŰ·ɱͳŵԺϯϷݽݽ׵ԱȴɱṩֵԪľԮһ鰸ȫƱͨͬŵ˽ĲԺBob Dole֮ΪʷΪݽĳ𡱡

  ŵͳڼش飬δ䡢ͬʹɱ𽥵Ĳ֧ԮԼϵѺȻֺȵȡȻִڼȷʵĸ˷ɱǰ;УȨֳɵ壬Ӷʹ½ǰڻ¼д־ҪһתΪһѡٵ塣ΰĿﵽˡǰʹķ˹ѰŵΪڿطġһҪ˵ڸ֮һγ׵Ĵɨѵ¶Ļ˹ѡΪһͳķ˹غ˵Ļ˹̨֮ɫ١

  ɱЩЩʾأɱİмҪ塣һʾһЩμҾΰ۹⣬ܿҰȫԸ֮ϵȻЩ˲߽ײ㡣˼ѵĻ˵һｨһǿķϵͳôұһҡΪ˼ǿ֮ĹͬϵΪ½һܶΪǹĵֻձȿͿ˻ľ»أһĿ˼Ҳ˵Ϊ׿ز˵άһķɱҲԷһҪֻ֣ΪǸɱĳںϵΪҾáһҵİȫ͡ԼĲ롯ܲɷֵġ

  شӴ˱رˡʹΪ˱ض֧Ԯٻᶪ˿վءΪƤ»ɽMount PinatuboıΪȨ֧Ԯε̬ܿܶȺܲѺãҲǿġԼ裬תȥ֧ԮʱƺΨһ߿װңɱ֪Ҫϵ²ܵɱһֱѣϵMindanaoɳҮAbu SayyafֲӡִĩڣıᡪҲ֤ΣжߵľĲɿĵαסԼеȨʶ̬ϵĲѱԺΣδزɱһΪ˵ȨʱѾҡҡ׹ԼҲ޳ĪҵμǱʱμѵǾǣǲɿġ

  ɱҲ֤һвͨʱԻƶչִймҪأʹܴ֮һҪ̨ͬʱλ쵼׿ԽĹԱڲͬʱҲӹɻȱá

  Ƕ˵ְΪֵȫһ£ǽıʽͳͳĹʾͿվΪ˵ѡԴģضԱͨڲ룻ҶЩΪѾڲĶ˵ѡԸΥĽʹʱѡԷɲдѡҲԱ¶ڶִĲйרҵƱ˲룬ӿֹٱ¶ѡеթΪͬʱ϶¶רѹгªѨ

  ŷ棬ͨߵܿ丯ܵĳ̶ȡһ棬⽻Աϣάһõ˫߹ϵ׵¡ͻƫ̻֢עclientitisָĳ˻֯һʱ䳤֮һȻĶƫ̻󷴶áԡڷɱϣԺʹݵһЩ˺ʶûϷˣȡʩ֡ҲʶˣȻʶԭȴͬܶ߼ԱΪ˾Ͻа൱ҪĽɫ޽ΪڷɱսԻܵвҹųûѾظ

  ˾ɱǡ֧֮ᵼټڲʲôɫһԱѾʶ˱̨ǾͿ԰߻δѡЩûʶһҲ̨ͬ׸ͳˡ

  ôȡʲôʩʹ̨أʱιԺ鱨о־ֳĬ˵ҲûʲôΪǣ᲻֧һѹԸ쵼ˣɹٷýӷɱصıʹȷľ

  ȻһЩҪҲɱ¶档ķ˹شʹϯŵɷһǿҵѶϢѶϢĸ߲ʿ̫͡˹˹ʹ롰ѡȫ˶ɵϵҲǺҪģŵйذȫѯ⣬Ĭĺ³Ա⽻ָ׵ˡʣFrederick Brown⽻˹УJohn MaistoʹԶ׿ʶ̾ѡ˹֮ǰѾ˵ġ®ɽĿֻǸߣΣڷɱǵĳ棬Σɱ񡣡

  öѱձʹõļѡټ֧ԮɵֶΣڵʱᡱصһЩҪЭҲǸոճԷɱѡٵļжǿЩ̵μǣͳˣ޷ʤ쵼˵ְҲġѡѡٺѡټѾһֲĵĹءеĹҶ뾭һֶζùĳϡһٰܹһϵгɹѡ٣һԾΪ족֮һһŰ˾طĲΪ˵õĳϣʱԼѡһЩ۲ҡǵѡ١³ƺά涼ˣ

  ⻹һΪ̵Ľѵҵ߾ϲʵƵҪЩҵμ޷룬ĳûĳ߻ĳʲôӣһֱˡǾ̬ķչ⣬´ڱľ档Ҳʹǿ˱֮⣬԰չһЩӺͻ;⡣ɷɱ֤ǱƽзչһЩ쵼Ա͸ɲܻһЩԤĻ֣Σѹͷܻͦġ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ά̨ 								 								 									 										 											ʮһ͵һǱƷͳε¼ڶʮ£άȫƽɿԺһѡٵĽùͳάѡܣȴܲʧܡʱܶμΪȨֻñֶβƷȻϷԵ̨ٴ֤ԺƽֶҲʹȨΪȨ䣬ܶԺпܻ뵽¼Ӱ棺ʾռ˱յãӴõĴƮ˳ζĹŨ̡Щֻ֮СʵϣռúȡҶûһǹһȻšھйάҪұԼ֯ĺըĽĿŶȣ̨Ŭںըֹ֮ͣſʼġԼըӺάǾڵķ˳ս䶨֮һСֿ֯OtporΪֿѧ֯ǳ嵽ǰأԶ˵ҪλáǻЩĳ˯ŵάӡԼĺοںάǵĸطȴĬС˵ѧ֯ɱ֡

  ά죬ֿ֯ĳԱϽͷװģĿᣬԴ˷ߵ䡣пһ˹ͼ״ĵ⣬ӰʹķѡǴ󳳴ֵݳҡ֣вʱ˵ַͳ֯Ƿʱ֯ԱȺӵǰصľͶסһжʹһҲʹֲ֪롣ЩѧѾ쵱ǵĵˣЩ쵱ǱڵͬıߣһݳһϷҴߵų

  Ȼֿ֯ͶԶģǵľȴԹ⡣ֿ֯ɡý塢ܹ֯ڻκǴõ˶ǧԪṩ֯OSI֮ҡ͹ģAmerican Center for Labor Solidarity˽ҵģCenter for International Private EnterpriseŷоInstitute for Democracy in Eastern Europe¹ЪᣨGerman Marshall FundоͽίԱᣨInternational Research and Exchanges BoardѡϵͳᣨInternational Foundation for Election Systems-¶쳸ŮϻᣨStar-Delphi Womens NetworkŮϻᣨNetwork of East-West WomenʦĶŷŷЭᣨAmerican Bar Associations Central and East European Law InitiativeѧᣨWorld LearningƽоU.S. Institute of PeaceᣨNational Endowment for DemocracyʹЭᣨInternational Republican InstituteȫЭᣨNational Democratic Instituteܶŷ޵Ļ֯Ҳ൱ĳ̶ϲЩ֯Ӣ⽻¹⽻еĵ¹ᡢ⽻ʿ䡢Ųϣô󡢵¬ɭͽݿ˹͹ý֯նίԱᡢŲAID֯ȵȡҰЩ֪ʴڣһн߸̨ԸʱжٸЭͼơ

  Ȼաֿ֯쵼˲ά˵˵Ժϱ֡׾ͼӱݡάǵĸ壬ԴΪṩ֧ԮĽЩ˴˶֯άǹڵʮ˽⣬ҴδͼԼĹ۵ǿӸάˡһҪάǿؼ˵ǵľжԼġںƽʹõĲȴܵȨרҵļӰ졣

  ֵһǣά˺ֿ֯ͬ͡٭һоǱ˶ѧ߻ᡤյ顶ӶõⱾڸֲͬѧ䴫ġά˵Ȿṩ˴ݻٶͳλļеĹ롣õⱾ顢ⱾǡˡУ޲ءնάRobert HelveyΪֿ֯ڲ˹ѵγ̣ⱾǽάΪͬ족ĺնάάǵˣǱ˶ǡһսװսսԷǱкܴصնάǷ֧ά֧һЩѰ;

  ֿ֯ѧǺάǵʿѧһʽĽ˶֯Ⱥڡά˶άͳεͬƹһЩþ˾Ϻ϶ѹĵֿж߻δʽ̨ȨѾתƸˡʽʵ֮ǰǾѾάǵľˡ

  ҲάǷǱṩ˲ϵĽάھѡƱͼලͶƱƱѵͰΪǷάľѡṩһɹԮά淢֧ԽԽ٣ͰͳѡǰΪܷӮûȡѡɹȻȥͶƱʱԼȻʧƣͼܸͶƱҪѡ١˶֧ץסʱϽͷǴάǸػ۵գ֮Ӻ;죨չԻ޲ߣά治ǫ֮̀һάǹ͹Ľ棨Zoran Djindjic˵ʵصšʾǲܸ߽ȨսԲ衣ûᡤյĻ˵Ȩֻеõںĺ˳мȡȨҪĲάͳΡֲһжϣȨֻܽ塣ά汻ϺͥⱱԼĺը֮ȷ̬֧Ԯ󣬵ܾʱ͵̨ˡ

  ߡְ¡ˡְ¹ǰ⽻÷Wayne Merry˵Ķǣ·½ʦֹһɱôƷȨġǴº͵ϵ֪һϢ÷˵Ǵѧǣս˼ǣƣԸȨԻǶԶȨķǱͿʤˡʵ֤Щڽ־͹GDRGerman Democratic RepublicΣз˹ؼãȻһˡ˶ľ顣ע7죬һ۸Լ¼ӱȵķ߽½Ʒά쵼ˡصսﷸά棬һЩʮάΪʡЩǾͲܲóȷȫķܶĿꡱĽۡ

  ķǱսͻ֮ĻУǿѧһľ飬κ¶صġɱάǵʤȺʥѡٵĳɹһйһ๲ͬ顣ֿ֯ѧǴӷɱǱ˶ѧϰ飬ĥ뷢άǵսһ˷¼ͬǱըâ䣬һ֮ͨ·ûκǹġ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

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  ע7÷ɿء˹ɷãһʮʮա  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ڰ ܻӭʮ 								 								 									 										 											Ȩ¸ܣԵȨضܡپʿLord Acton

  ͸ӣǽȹΪһֽڶ걻ģѵ֡ȻΪﵽĿģǱŷѧһĹ۲죬˽ڲĻֱ֣ʮ߱ˣͼ8.1

  ֪һ½Ƕȫ߽ԽĵһγԡӦһΡϵͳʮͨҪǱÿ깫ͨܻӭġ߼Ƭÿ궼ӦøЩߵУЩʾ֤ݿϷͥ⽫Щͽһ˽ǣͿԿʼоνǻܡЩ߾νȨƶȡϵͳĻͳڻһֻǸΣʵȴڼķϡ

  Ƚ߷Ϊࣺ

  ߣɺSaddam Hussein֤ʵǶʮɱĶ֮һʷ֡ϣպë󶫡ǸһĴӡҪȨлȡ˵ġΰ󡱵һ

  ߣʮɳڵذӰãAbdullah ibn Abdul Aziz Al SaudһӡԴֵܷյ£King FahdһžзԺĿҡֵܼĳдȨʹöλϲͳ̵ͳιҡʹ޷սĹгɶѵ⣬ĺĻؽ̼⡣

  ¶ߣһյİϯGen,Omar Al-Bashir of SudanǷԼսøŮͯūĲȡ

  񹲲ߣһʧľ߶Ե֡ڿڹŰ͡йһЩ޹ҵ

  ͳεߣһͳε߽νġϷԡԼ쵼ͳε°ˣHosni MubarakظܵġNational Democratic Party˹80ϯλܰʮĸЩӹһòʱᱻȡޡ

  ȨߣŰľMullah OmarһȨʵİڣAyatollah Ali Khameneiķ̣ԼܾѡԱ¹㷺Ĳѧжľĩָˡ

  ܽȫжʮߡ߸ߡ¶ߡߡ߸ͳεߺһȨߡЩһͬ㣬ǶʮǵͳβߺϷԡǵĹϽԶ߸˵ĵڲȫǸ˰ȫǾԼκĵˡǴϵµĸܺͼݳ޵ʽԶƶ貹ڡǵĹͬĿԶиȨԼʶֻ̬ǱǵĻŵãĲбԹңҲ쵼һ˿ɾҲԽԽˣһЩ˿²ῴĵҪﵽĿǷֹǵĽӰǶߡ֤һĽӰˡںܶ£ԽòǸҵԽǶڱأȫķٺɡ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ר 								 								 									 										 											Щ߾ʲôԣڶĶȨڱ£о˵ԡûʶ̬ȱر˴֮໥ƺĻ£ȨвϵĻۺάԼȨͨƸǴʴȻԴ͹˰գб˽ң͸ǵľ䡢ˡʺ͵طԱΪԼ֧߰ŹŽھȡóɹ͵Ȩ߱˫Ĺϵ

  ٵսͬͨڿֲ͸ѹѹķߡеһЩʹðȫɧšĥʱɱֲͬߡ΢һģһЩǿ߻۵ıֽ֯Եǻƭֶβٿѡ١вԼʹøֶΣȷЩ岻ǿڸ߿澭áε£ò̺Ͳ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ķɺˣSaddam Hussein,Iraq 								 								 									 										 											ܺɺڶ괺챻̨ȻڴΪһϯ֮ءܻţڹвһžһսɺ仨ˮ֮󣬺ܶΪᱻ˴Ȩλϸߣȴˡȷʵй壬Ƕü˲̵ķʽѹˡǰдеһԭǣɺĴŰĶ˼²Ϊ֪һעɺڶ걻رͥڶʮʽߺɺָһŰ˶͸ﱱʮĶŽܶһдδӹô壬ǹʮˣдԼһǧδָκ⵽һʮԵк⵽ɺʮʮ󡣣

  Դһ߾꺣ɺʽսɱ¾ʿͼ˵Ŀ壨Kurdish populationҶϲʲҶɣShiiteؽͽ˷ɱ޽˺ƴļȴϹľƲǰδеΣһУɺµѽ򡣴⣬һֱвܱ߹ңѰдɱҹĶǼ̳ĿֲͳΡ԰˹̹ɱʽը߽нͣԹʿֲӸ

  һЩԺɺйоָȲҲ֮ˡʢٴѧGeorge Washington UniversityϵĲ˹زʿDr.Jerrold M.PostΪȷʵһʮΣյǲԤϡҰĲʮֹƫִȫޣǿֻԼҳϡͬʱһսңܵĿǲŻ˹زʿΪ˵ҪǱ֤ԼȨϵϡ

  Կ壨KurdsսȨ۲족Human Rights Watchල֯ΪɱһŰ˰µ¼һΪľжAnfal operationУݱعƾ˱ɱ¾ݡȨ۲족ָ֯һŰһž֮䣬װɱĿѡﵽλ֡˶ڹɳڵвһŰˡ꣬˽ʣʱսͳнһɥ˵࣬Ҳ˼һžšڹص˲˹սʹöǧɥıɱλڽ䣬ʲҶɽͽϲͼϯһСȺʲҶɽͽλӣΪǹׯѷΪƽأŸ˰Amara͹Hammarأһг׻˾ǧʷİرĻMarsh Arabs

  ϡǣKanan Makiyaڡֲ͹ִ˵ΡRepublic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraqһ˺ɺӵġ״ҾлྺԵİȫ֯ŵĴɳʹľ˾ӡɺܹ֮ȨôƽΪΰ֯˺ܶ˱ĺ顣καΪǴڵвѸٵءо񾭳ܡĥԼɱֻΪָͳԱҲɷʱǾͰΪʡΪեʣǻв˺˵

  ɺûκξ±ھУ¼ȡʧܣ;ֻ΢ϵΪ˱вȨɺͣظʹ䡣

  ɺĹңܾһֱκıĿ塢䡢ڽ̺ͽ׼֮ؾ֮ĵжԣĽ룻ԼѪδ䡣

  ɺһһũͥ常󣬲ܽһλʦKairallahһһ巴Ӣɿ꣬Ϊ͸УBaghdadгԶ׼ĺɺ˰塢⡢̫Լ۹ӡȷʵдһƪΪϵ۲ӦĶ˹ˡ̫˺ͲӬºںɺʱڱٴη

  ɪGamal Abdel NasserӰ˺ɺѧʱμˡʲBaath Party˵ʲ峫һִġͳһİңȫֳ۹壬巢չáѰڱһİֵɫѹȡʲΪɺṩһ֤ʵ԰ҵҳϺչʾеıĻᡣڵеλѸһǳͳɪķAbdel Karim Qassemİɱδ졣

  ڰʲͳεĶʱڣ˵ɺһĵѶԱͿڱʶ̬Ѷʱɺʲ崴ʼ˰磨Michel AflaqͿˣAhmad Hassan al-Bakrͬˣ˵鰵ɱڵʿһ꣬ʲٴζȨͳǰͿˣBakrȻһʼɺͱΪĻǿӲʿڲΰȨʼϵľ֡ʲһ꿪ʼͳΣԴģܸ桢Ѷʹơ ˩˵Ϳ˵֮󣬺ɺһ߾˵Ϳ̨ɺľְգJudith Miller÷ףLaurie Mylroie׫ġɺ벨˹ΣSaddam Hussein and the Crisis in the GulfһбΪѪϴ񡱡εٿһһǧ߼ԱμӵĻ顣ȣһʲҶɵһαĹҵ԰顣ɺһݡߡ͸ָίԱԱϵԱִжԸߴλνη߽дӴ˿ʼһɱʹɱ

  ɺĽҲ޷ĿֲͳΡŮһֵܣһžԼʹԱȡԪƷɺͳεǱвںɺ֤ó̰ȫԽԪ£ֵһžصˡǵ常һλڼǰָӹԿ˽лѧĺɺȨеĸ߼ԱͬɺڵãUdayͿɪQusay HusseinϮֵܵķӣɱǼǵֱϵ

  ڵúͿɪҲб޶ȵڵõĲдĹ£кɺһˣǹһܾŮˣԼһпǹԼ常һžһΰɱδڵóΪзϡӴý壬ض౻׵ı˽ƷʳҩƷνóסǹӵĸˣ˵ĶԱŰܵܿɪ¡鱨ȫϵͳÿһȵɱˡǺɺĽӰˡ

  ȣɺͳβȫڿֲͳϡߡڣʼͼԼһ߶˵ʯ͹˾лӴľÿĿҿʼ׼ĻͱĸĽڰʲóЭῪʼͶᰲȫظĸƻ⣬ɺ֧Ԯ˽˵λһжԶڱȽϽķ棬ڹʺɳڵذȣΪ˸Ůṩıƽĵ⣬ʹһֱԱ¢ҵ

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  ͬʱ۲ҹƺɺеĲʲߴǧԪΪԼİ񡢹԰µȻȥ˲Ϊ֪ĸ߶Ǯ͸ʤԿ䣬ӵĽһ˹ҵ״мͳסլΧǳɴļˮءؽŴаͱףBabylonʱõשͷϾжԺɺ̴ʡǴ˳ԾǡսĸסMother of all Battles£Եһβսȡⴱ½ԷӵĵΪģ͵ĸʼͼˮʯԼһҳ˵úɺѪдġ½ΪǺɺڽ̺ϷԵһֿЦͼһΪ޴ѽӽ깤Ϊ¡ͬʱһͳгɴͳһ׶ءÿյѶDaily TelegraphкɺǳݵĸϷųеİƶ

  ɺָᣬӢӦĹҵΣӺƣϹʼƲõ룬Щʯ͹ҵͶʵĹңڰڰеĵλ⣬˵Ľڰŷ޺ͷ޹ҽΥҲ߽СգԹӺͶԼĲб  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

˹߻ǣIsaias Afwerki, Eritrea 								 								 									 										 											ھšһݵʱڣ޶Great Lakesͷ޽ǣHorn of AfricaһĴ½شЩ쵼ڣΪҵ˼ˡһЩΪλ֤ʵǵ쵼ǣҪʶ̬֮ϵźʵơһžŰ꣬ͳֶķ֮űΪһķ䡱Щ˿̩ȻŤתƬ鷳صˡϣ鹹ţЩȴԽԽߡʹڿֶٽʱЩһ쵼ûһˡǿֶȴΪǵ˹߻ǵ÷˹άMeles ZenawiڸɴάᣨYoweri Museveni¬ĿףPaul KagameԼչĿLaurent KabilaΪרעڷչáĽͽó׵ʴȵ䡣

  ǵİ߻ͳ֤ʵһ쵼ѹԵˡܾѡ٣ѹƶĳɳ˵ؿɡ

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  ΪʹǴǶ˻ӭλ˶䣬߻ȡȨҾڲʲôʱͳѡһĹᾺѡҲңңڵظˡ

  ھܾԼ˽ѡͬʱ߻һ쵼ǣһνƶȺȷڽḴٵһӶƶȵĻᡣǲǽǵĺϷԽڹ㷺ͶƱѡٵĻϣǽƷбߺͽɱĹϡǻȨ֮ǰЩҾ˺ֳط޵ɲʱڣ¬ϡIdi AminڸɴķͳΣ޽ǵĴ󼢻ģԼZaireڵĸչĪšɪܣMobutu Sese SekoĿֲͳκ͹ҵ߸

  һ쵼͸ףǽһͻ֧顢ڲͬרƱñƶңŵһ쵼šһЩ˼ߣǺܾǰѾжʶ̬ص߻ܾҵ쵼ߺ֪ʶӵ۵㣬Ϊھ÷չϰʱȥֳ壬Ǹܡ

  һž¬һɱУʮ˱ɱ¾δܵ㷺ȻЩĿɿϵΪΧӺϵĻֶʵؽЩձ䣬ǶԿյؽ̻Ȩıݡ

  ǿֶٵϣһͼˡ֮ڣǺǷսʹʮɥһʧͬʱάͿǲԮڸչ߾ҡĿѾֹʾɧżߣȻȴûвȡκж跨ֹƬϵسͻⳡ޵һսսа˸ҵľӾСڶһ걻̣ȱĶԼɪJosephΡ

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  ߻ĵĺ٣Щòսսﲢ繲ͬս븾Ů˹µĹҾܾ󲿷ֵԮҪ˷ۣǱ߾սĽʹ˻ǲӦΪԼ濼ǣΪǵĹѳѡѧAmerican Universityϵڼ滪ʢ١ɷ޻ᡱFree Africa Foundation.ϯGeorge B. N. Ayittey˵ǴսеõʲôʲôûУΪһƬƶضսָڳͻ¾õѣսʹð߻˼ΪĶĺʮֿնʵʡսʱʳԮΪծۡŰ߻ٵвǱɱ¾ӣܻᱻʿ;Ӹ߼̨ҲΪֶܼá

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  ⳡս⣬߻Ķǵͳ÷˹άMeles ZenawiԶֵܣһžһ깲ͬƷǰάMengistu Haile MariamһδĹͶУֶ֧ʹǷ˶ԶǵĿơ

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  ʹЩܹѶҲ̫ǹѶԺһȫȨָǵ˾ǡʮֱִߵԸתƵġ

  Ϊֹ߻һͬǵĳŵδʵ֡ǴֻάԼȨΪֶͳ԰߻ܼ˶쵼սӶԼСΣյľءģ˵ԸԽԼʼǸĴƣе鿪ʼֱЩҵʵǸŵȫͻûҺѹͳ߳  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ذ¶ޡ±Ĭ磨ǣ 								 Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Equatorial Guinea 								 								 									 										 											±Ĭ磬ǵĶͳĲ˹Francisco Macias Nguema൱ݵġڶߡаͳ£΢С޹֮һ˿ڱšĬԴһ߾Ʒ˶ͳΣ˾Ȩ֮󣬲δʹñѹƶͳεս

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  ĬȨԼ˶ʯȥĹעǷֲͳԱƵȨ۲Ա˵ǾʽմȨǲ־ɶ˳ӵҵ䡢ϵŵĹɡ

  һ⽻һžŰԡŦԼʱ˵ִͳĶͳεʱѾȥˣµһϮġȫȱĹҡͳһУȫԴ͸˲ƸȻб˵Ľ£Ĭ跨һͳԱȨͼͥƸһžžλ׶صġ޻ܡAfrica ConfidentialʱͨѶ˵ԤĶ곤Ķӣذ¶Teodorin Nguema Obiang͸ǲGabriel Nguema LimaᾺλ ĬⲿǵĲȨ¼һֱСһž꣬ʹأJohn BennettǴȨ̤Ȩ֮󣬵ԻڵȻһžͳһιϣһЩ񡢹;ԱַȨĬȡЩϰֻͷȨΥߣĬİȫڶһµһ˽˷ڼ䣬ĬֿʼеȨΥ֤Ĭر߼ߣûȨֺ鷢

  ȻӾšڣ֯¼˳ϰټĿ̺ŰͨǶη߳Ա֯˵һԺڶ¶ԴԼʮ˴ʮļͽ̣ݵĽǷǷн֤ʡ·һʮƻҰȫвЩֻǵеһ֡

  еıļ֮һʿƺٶһɧšڶ£ʮƿˣIsabel Tonkaһ壨BubiĳԱߡŦԼʱ˵ǿɻˣǰܻҵĴׯעMalaboǵ׶ܵɧšһžŰһλӹ׶ڵıȰ¿ˣBiokoϵľӪ֮һδģᱩжУƿ˵Ĳ⵽

  ݹ֯λӹɱʿͼƽв˴ԼˣΪǲˡǱȰ¿˵ԭס񡣱л˵ʿؿű񹥻ǿ鲼ˣͬʱܰȫӵĿ̺ȥ

  һžž֯˵αӪĹĬǴһǷķ塰Ȱ¿˵Ծ˶ߡMovimento de Autodeterminacion de la Isla de BiokoǱָؽ룬ʮԱ̣ʮ˱ʮļ̡еݶµĹʣĬ̱֮

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  ʺʮίԱᡱInternational Committee of the Red Cross̽óǵļԼ񻯡ԺڳǶһȨ¼ָģб˵ʵп̿򣬻ŰŰټȱͻᵼ

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  ʯ;˰ɭڣExxon Mobilͷʯ͹˾ÿʮͰʯ͡μǵĲ΢ģһֻʮǧ˵ĹǸܴĿѾڷ޸ͶʵĵĴĿꡣͶʹûʢЩ˾ڵȨжʯ֧Ԥ㷽棬𵽼Ǳڸܸá

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˹±ȣ£Idriss Deby, Chad 								 								 									 										 											±쵼ƷգHissene Habreרͳεѱһžš꿪ʼͳβ¡ǰͼףYoussouf Togoimi쵼ġ˶֯Movement for Democracy and Justice in ChadľӺѾָؽɱʹÿ̡ԴһԷж󣬳ϵĹڳͻƻҡ±ȿ˾ӺͶߣZaghawaͰٵǣBideyatԱеĹؼְλҪλڶͳ硣ʺ͹ڵĹ۲Ҿٳڶһͳѡеش󣬾Ǹӵĵ±ȵڶڡ±һ꣬һְҵ٣һŰ˶ջȨڱָıԺһŰ˾ӵյƷա  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ŵ磩Gnassingbe Eyadema,Togo 								 								 									 										 											ͳʱͳߣŵʮ꣬һ쵼һξ䣬һѡжȡȨȻϳܷٵѡʵʩķһžһϷһžŶ꽨һܷʿܾԷԵ֧߽ɧšƺıɱЧѹƷԵҪķԵ쵼˰ƥ£Gilchrist OlympioһֱУŵӮȡһžһžŰٵͳѡԵ˶ʮµѡ٣ŵġ񼯻ᵳRTP, Rally of the Togolese PeopleӮ˰ʮһϯеʮʮ£޸ܷͳֻڣŵڶٴβѡڶý巨Զԡڮٺ衱ͳʩ̡ԪסڿгļȨ֯ǴڵŰɱвξ̡֯ҲǴŵµձΥȨһžŰͳѡڼ䷢ľ͵ش  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ޡǣ¡Paul Biya, Cameroon 								 								 									 										 											ǣʮ꣬ǷõĶ֮һһﰬþAhmadou AhidjouͳְһŰ˶һֱͳο¡ǵİȫӾзǷɱ̺ʹζʧٸ룬ūƾ˵һֱһЩԵھšںϷ󣬱ơݺƭԱ֤һžŶһžͳѡʤԵ쵼ڶѡйĲݣͳεѾռеĴϯλͳѡڶꡣ

  ºͿ¡Ĺ۲ҵģͨ޷һ͹ܹ̻úôٰʮӢǧԪ͹ܽʯʹӲ͵¡Ĵ󺣰ĿȣKribiۣڶɡ˵ʯ֧һʼͱгֵİȫֹܣձ̰۲ҳֱ̬ȡ͸֯TITransparency Internationalѿ¡ÿĸܵһӽλڰֵһ֯Բµδ¯㹻ķʽ֤˵ܺƭҲʢС  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

˹̩գǣCharles Taylor, Liberia 								 								 									 										 											˹̩ͳһһӷһžšͳߡġǹҰߡNPFLNational Patriotic Front of LiberiaһŰ˾ʥڹ͹Ժ󣬽ӹ壬ΪΥȨܹע̩֯ͼŦManuӵǺʨɽһϹʵʩƲԳͷ֧Ԯǰʨɽң̩շƲԷֹ̩պͬųСʯ

  ͬʱǺͼǻָԷЩͼƷӡ˵̩ڶṩλǺʨɽսڼǿ߽ĹڣһžžȨһֱһԳơǺͽˡLiberians United for Reconciliation and Democracyķҡڶ״̬ԻӦ׶άǣMonroviaһҹͬʱ̩յİȫӼҲܳͷǷ̺ͷͥıɱ

  ̩쵼ķѲӣжλӼһμΪ׵ı׶ĹԿ֮һž걻ѡΪͳװͻԶԭͯʿͨöͯӲȥ̡һžͳѡһֿвнеģҲ̩ӮԼķ֮ѡƱЩ۲˵̩յʤӳⳡѡٵĿΪ˺ƽ֧ˣΪ̩ʧˣ̩սս

  ̩һİǣĸˣˡһݵİBentleyѧԺҵҮSamuel Doeڵ촦ʱ̰۾ʮԪӵ֮ݵļ˳跨ص˷ޣġǹҰߡ֯ԺΪ쵼ˡ̩ڶ̨  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ɡ׵£ǣLansana Conte, Guinea 								 								 									 										 											ڽļǣһӷж޹ңǰͳ˼Ķ߶ŶAhmed Sekou Toure׵ͳڶŶһŰȨ׵һ꣬ڷӷ֮ԳΪǾӵ죬˵ԽŶλá

  Ȼ׵ʹѹֶιȨʵҪЧԣʩĹᣬҵòԼ԰պ;֧ߵݡһžһξӱƷһвΪߵĹԼǺʨɽıѹ񣬲ϲھšѾֲȶ״̬ˡڹý֧֣һžŰ׵ӮøѡĵڶڡвϰٵAlpha CondeٷĵŹ֣ںΪɿдͽ̡  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

޲ء¼ӱȣRobert Mugabe, Zimbabwe 								 								 									 										 											¼ӱͳƷͳε쵼ɫϣһܵ𾴡ΪһβľѡʳȱѣձĲάȨķܶУڶµͳξѡ۲Ϊɡѡ١ƶеķԵ֧ߣͶƱվʱرպ͸ͶƱȨͶƱ֮ǰĳڿΪУ¼ӱȲֻɧţ֧ȥԵĸ˶MDC, Movement for Democratic Change쵼ˡѧҡ͹֯ԱѡһЩе¼׷ٵִġ˰ߡZimbabwe African National Union-Popular FrontZANU-PF֧ߡȨľӺ;죬ؽνСĺѡ˺֧ߣɴ޷Morgan Tsvangirai쵼ķԵĸ˶MDCڶѡӮһʮϯλеʮϯ÷ԵѡһžֻӮϯԼξѡһ֮ǰ¼ӱԽҪɵ·Ϊɿɡˡñӹܰӵеũ

  ˥ϵ¼ӱȣһŶ꣬һ޷ֳһԱ޵ǣעSouthern RhodesiaδǰӢֳ԰Ȩıλ˶УΪһ䡣һӴӢЭжһ¼ӱȰ˴ͳελġˡZANU;֡ˡZAPUZimbabwe African Peoples UnionĿĬJoshua Nkomoһ𣬺̸н˰ͳΡһŰˡ꣬¼ӱȳΪ³ҵһŰ꿪ʼͳְλԻȡȨ¼ӱΪ˴ﵽĿģûʹñĶϰһŰ꣬ǲɱѵġݶӡFifth BrigadeMatabelelandɱNdbele˵ļ԰Ϊѹ˿ڵƣĵݶӾݳɱһˣĶҲɱͬʱھùƣһǧ˿м֮˿ڴڼ״̬˴Լаٷ֮ʮʧҵ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

°ѣǣMuammar Qaddafi, Libya 								 								 									 										 											ùơܺ͸ʧҵʼ֮ʱ跨ǵĹʸƲá˴ӴԼÿһԪʯУԵܻ١

  ѵ⽻ƿʼһžž꣬һŰ˰ɾո޿ƱȣLockerbieϿյķ103ŰPan Am Flight 103ǼɷͶʱϹԺͣɱɻʮ˵ĿѶʵʩƲáҲͬ⸶һŰ˾գNigerϿյһܷѹһʮ˵ļͥ⳥ҲһŰ׶صʹɱһӢΣҴǾ𡰰Abu Nidalֲ֯ӡȻһֱάԴһŰһ꿪ʼʵʩĵƲãΪȻڻʢٵֲϡ

  ѵװӵ˾ִġָίԱᡱRevolutionary Command CouncilϯһСȺŵЭȨķʽͳιҡ֯ƣǼһǧηУý嶼ǷǷġ

  һĶɪأSirteɳĮ򸽽ξ֮ǰǴѧѧһ꣬ʮʱ쵼Ʒ׺˹King Idris䡣ڰ塢ͻؽΪǡjamahiriya¿ԷɡȺڵĹҡνίԱᣬǰѻҪɹߣȴûȨѵġƤ顱Green Bookƻƹʱ֮һѡʵϣζŶʯͺؼҵʵйҿơ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

Լɪ򡤿չ͹Joseph Kabila, Democratic Republic of the Congo 								 								 									 										 											չ͹ǶһûʵȨڸչͳʾϹԸִһžžϵв޹սĺƽЭ顣Ŷʮһ¬ﲿӵĳˣһѾûˣȻطԼƹҵһЩ۲ǻɿͳԿǿ漯ţЩӵзḻԴĹ֮սûлһһ£ʮһĿױıɱȨױǵ֧֣¬ڸɴ¡ؾֵ֧ķѼŶԿ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ľյáǣMusa Sude Yalahow, Somalia 								 								 									 										 											ڴ󲿷ֽݣһֱǸʧܵĹҡˡ֪ʶӺǰιԱѡٳʱֻ׶ĦӵɳMogadishuһͺ̵ܶһκߡͬʱһǰ˾ĦӵɳʣĲ֣طǿ˿ϲвǵķءʵжСңSomalilandPuntland  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

˹ĪȱˣIslam Karimov, Uzbekistan 								 								 									 										 											ҲѾʷ˥ˣĪλȱ˵ͳǰ۹һǵķʽΪĪ˹⹲͹ĹһĪǹʦһϰ塣ʵʩһ׵ĶרֹķԵڣֹ˿ܼĹɵĻؽ̳ݡֻռ˿90Ļؽͽ涨вǧӺͻؽ̻йˡ

  ȻȱһģСΣյĻؽңȨ֯۲˵ĪвΪڣѹʵϺпܵζ֡ͽڴлؽ̿յУַвˣΪЩϻؽͽϲӡ

  ΪһսҪعҵ쵼ǿˣ쵼һֱĪʾҼҪΪǽڰͺǱڵ͹·֮ȱˣΪһֹؽ̻ԴḻɢҪضΡʢһֱƶһԽﺣߣ԰ȱ˺͸õҵʯ͵ΪжԴӦһ滻

  һ¿ֲӹͷ𷴿ֲжڼ䣬ԣȱ˵ĵλҪĪĲӺսʹȱ˵ĿվλڹĿĹ

  ڹڣڵ¹˹ڻGarmisch-PartenkirchenЪģGeorge C. Marshall CenterоĿ˹Roger KangasڱʾĪŲͳͼͥƵطأǵ֧άϵȨĪҲⲻø߼Աȶƽ⣬羭ְ񲢽ҳߣʩ輫ѵ⽻ְλǱڵִȱ˹⡣˹˵Ī֧֪ڶЧҳ̶ȶȨȨ˿ӵи֧֣ǵӾָˡ

  ͳ˥ڼ䣬ĪΪù͹ͷӵ̳Ȩ֧ϵͳȱΪһֵʮ䣬Ī˹ưಿ򣬶ݲֳĳټල޻ռȱ˹ëGDP85

  Ү³ѧѧPauline Jones-Luongڵ˵ĪˣԵط쵼ǵĿԼ޻óлᵽط쵼ڸݶԿĪ֪Ƕҳ϶ȡ˵ٻ߰ԼԸ۵Ļôϵͳ߽ˡ

  һžžڣһϵըɱʮˡ׶ʲɣTashkent֮Щ쵼ΥĪΪϱñȽϴ󵨡˵Եʶ쵼Ǹռ˵Ŀռ䡣Լ޻õ档ţδļУǿȱڿֲսеĽɫشԮ⽻ֵ֧ĽɼǿĪĿŤתơ

  ûκֱ֤£Īνͼıһžžը¼ڡȱ˻ؽ˶IMUIslamic Movement of UzbekistanһǱصĻλ塣¼֮󣬵־в˷Ƿؽ̷֧ɷȡ޵ġErk͡Ž˶BirlikԵԱԼȨߡһžž£ȱ˻ؽ˶ҷǰȱ;УˣTajikistanڹ˹֮󣬵ּǿԱɵĻؽ̷ӵѹݹ֯Ϣֶǧϻؽͽ©ٳй̡̺

  ĪʹôǼҵЩеڽ̼ߡһžžڱ˵Ҳ˼ӵĻκһ˼ӵĸסطֽĻ˵ԼĶѡ·һšԴ

  ˹ţȱ˵Ļؽͽ»عؽ̵ĹУڽ̼˷Ӷв̫رᵽԴ𷴿˶֮󣬡ȱ˻ؽ˶һžžŵӵÿսʧˣͬʱõľ֧ԮҲ١ǣ˹˵òǻֻص˷ǵӪС

  ȻпѹĽڣʵԴΪڰƷࣨTalibanȨжչȱ˻ؽ˶Ѿʧȥڰİȫء˶ֵʵвѾˡݶ۳ġԶۡHong Kong-based Far Eastern Economic ReviewԳҪȱ˱һؽ̹ҵ֯侭԰˵ĶƷ׺ͱǣOsama bin LadenĹһ൱ʹࡣ֯ı˵Դȱ롰ȱ˻ؽ˶λӷͻԺ󣬹ٷϲտǣSurkhandaryan˵ı߾ߵشǿƾۼǨǧҪĴΪѾѾ͸Щׯ

  ȱһžһǰĪƺһ͵άȨְҵԱ·һȱвһãSamarkandСӵле̺;ѧĴѧѧһŹ֮ǰڹӪĪӡҼƻίԱᡱState Planning CommitteeһְԱʼһֱչһǡһžšΪȱϯһȵѡУ꿨ĪٴεѡһžὫĵһӳ꣩ܲάҲɵġŷްȫߺ֯OSCEΪѡٹ©̫ܾɹ۲ԱμӡȨ֯ԶеȫͶϯڴĳǿ

  Ȼְھɵάϵͳбͻ£Īȱ˵Ĺϰһž£ԡʱ־˵ҪƶȣͬʱԼΪڳڹͳ֮󣬻пܽ𣿡Ȼʮŷ޵ǰιңö൳ƶȡһרơ

  ҪһȱܵķչҵǷڻӭһѵ¡ǿ˹ȱֿ֧Ī˵һ˽ǵĹұڹڲͻټϣǾҲ˹ǰή

  ͬʱȱʦʦרҵԱѰһЧĪ˿ɧֶͼӰŽ˶Birlik͡Erkķڽ̷֯ǵһЩԱšǣһЩķǹٷ֯ȱȨίԱᣬطٷѹĴ󹫲ڡ

  ͬҪǣɲûд٣һȱ˸еͳƣȱ˵˾ΪٶʮԪܸİٶʮԪƽ룬ĵҡ˹˵Ⱥڶǰҵľ÷չк֪ܶԾûʲô̫Ķȡ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

¡Saparmurad Niyazov, Turkmenistan 								 								 									 										 											ȱһĸǹҲɸ˶ͳšȫвеĸǹʱĵֳȨԱٱ䶯Щǰҵǿͳ£ûֹͣĻѹͳηʽҲʹΪһַȨ¼һžžùΪͳʹΪǰΨһٵͳѡٶʡ˵Ĺҡӡˢĺ͹㲥ý壬˾ڽɣֹԵɣаķɰȱȶˣAgzybirlik˶ԵķͥУָǷǷıɱбýʷֵȽϡ½ĹӵĴȻ޵ĳ·ʹȻгһ;ܵ谭

  ǰάԽһ׾µĸ˳ʽԷΪ˹Turkmenbashi䡣硶ʢʱ°ָǵǮңÿһֵϣ˹µФصķؼӾƺͲҶ̱Ҳ⡣ҵĽĿУϰһСĽɫġȸǿڵөĻϽǡסһ𶥵ĹУ׶ʲ͵ߴһ˹µĸڶӢ߸ߵĹŶϣɳĮ̫תʹȻķ룬ǸҲƿ⣬ǹġͳ𡱡ר˵ĿǰжʮԪֻλΰܹ֧ЩںĻͬʱȴݱѾǧԪ

  һž꣬һδĿǰĽ״  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ŬյҮ򣨹ˣNursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan 								 								 									 										 											һͳŬãδѾӵ˺ɨһеȨҮԾùԼͳȨЩԱҮؼĹίԱûԱ֣ЧزٿδͳСŽЩеȨ˴󲿷ֵĲԴ;÷硣ҮѾЧƿֵʯҵʯԼ֧ߵĿڴ£֪ͨᣬͳѾѩʯ͹˾ChevronʮԪһܵʿʻȻʯ͹˾͹ҵרǹƵĹ˵ʯʹԱȽϱأͳ˶ﺣCaspian shelfʯʹ֤ġһžžҮһŷ֯OSCEΪԶԶڡʱ׼ѡУӮ˵ڶڡڶڼ䣬˷ɡѡ˶һЩߡмʾ˵в׼ԽԽսҮţȻڶ꣬гǧǩһСɫ·White Pathķ֯ʹɫ·Ｘܾ»ԱҪ󣬵ٴעΪһ

  Үһġ꣬һžһʮĹĪ˹ƶǰϦѡΪͳľһʦҲһλǰάɲ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ĪĪŵˣImomali Rakhmonov,Tajikistan 								 								 									 										 											ĪŵͳֻбĿơΪԵطͷַŴ󲿷ɽũ塣ƶĹһڴһžĳսлָšֳͻʹЩάʱȨǸӷԻؽ̺ͷǧѾǲɢϵ˵ľĪŵǰҪһžսУȡһɵľٶȨӴ˼ǿͳȨһžžʮһµѡл97ѡƱʤҪԭǴ󲿷ֵķԵѡ˲ܻʮǧ˵𣬶ܳΪѡˡܲάҲɵġŷްȫߺ֯ơŷ֯OSCEѡǰ©ܾɹ۲Աϯѡ١ 										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

˹Ү򣨼˹Askar Akayev, Kyrgyzstan 								 								 									 										 											 											
ڼ˹ͳҮAskar AkayevŰζַڲҪıԵŶȹȨܹøĸʹƶ½ڹó׺Դ˵ҮĽ͵ĹӪ˾ԴӪԼгĸͳμŶҪòŵĿơȨҮмѡ٣˾ʩѹ˰ලͷ̰ɧý塣£ȫ򷴶ʾȺǹԹҶ״ɱ˼ͶʯȺڡһžͳѡ٣Үʹʧȥѡʸ񡣶ڴ¼֮ǰġ˹͵Kyrgyz Republicöͳεȡǰվ꣬һνֹҪμӾѡҮӮ˵ڡҮһ꣬һλܹѵѧңһžšΪͳ֮ǰ쵼ѧԺ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ɽ³ƣ׶˹Aleksandr Lukashenko, Belarus 								 								 									 										 											һ鷳ǰ͹׶˹³ӮһžɵѡٺȡȨ֮ʮ³һžȫͶƱķʽ޸ܷӳڣȨһ澫ѡԼ֧ߣŲ˹ᣬһİȫӶʿвпѹ󲿷ҵ³ǹԪףΪԭڵһžžͽˣָ֯ɱӳһЩʿڶһµͳѡУ³ƻѹʤ76ѡƱŷָ֯ѡթ۵ΪƱڶĹˣVladimir GoncharikһҵԱʽѡƱ15꣬жʿѧͼ߶⵽ƵɧźͿš  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

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  Լķһ꣬ڿİȹѧAl Azhar Universityûؽ̺ѧλǸеѧͶAmerican University  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

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  ¡ᣨHamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, Qatar

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  ¡ǹϴ󹫹Zayed ibn Sultan al Nahayan, United Arab Emirates

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  סܡˣJigme Singye Wangchuk, Bhutan

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  ʷߵʷ߼Mswati III, Swaziland

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¶ 								 								 									 										 											ھ¶ȨУȨװӵ¶ˣ߱ͼٷˣӾͻƾһλӡȻڸ˶Ȩ£˶˻ƷˣȻһ˶ȡ֮ļŶҪǣھ¶УװǹĻƽ֯ҪƷЩ߶Թ˼սͬʱתĹУӰ˹ؼɫһЩ¶»ȡȫȨһЩ¶߱Ʒˣʷ˹ɶAlfredo Stroessnerϼİɳ£H.M.ErshadϺȫ

  ϯյOmar Al-Bashir,Sudan

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  ϯԵķɶɢҪķԼʣJohn Garang쵼ġյžSPLASudan Peoples Liberation ArmyһλϷƴƬ̵ķ֯յžǡȫͬˡNDA National Democratic Allianceһ֯ȫͬˡʮ֯ˣЩ֯λڶȫͬˡݵڶĻؽװ֯ġᡱBeja Congress⣬Чͼȵʿתյʮ֮õҵζDan ConnellƣΪڲľʹǵԳɹػĽζ˵һȨڰϯͼ֮ķûʲô͵õηȨ

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  նά̡򣨰ͻ˹̹Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan

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  һӡȵĵӡͻ˹ּ̹ҺļǨƵͻ˹̹һ

  飩Than Shwe,BurmaMyanmar

  飬󽫾쵼ȨڶȨģ̤⵽ǴǵȨаǷĥǿͶݱز۲˵ܵӰǹ־ֳŦKhin Nyuntн͵УǿӲ˾½˾òMaung AyeϽɴӲлñЩǿͶáûŵɽռAung San Suu Kyi쵼ķȨκμһȨľʽԡŷʽעΡŷGeorge Orwell ӢҡƷǷС˵ũׯԤС˵һŰġƵġҺƽ뷢չίԱᡱѾ¿ǵİ칫ңͷϰηһȨɽռʮŸºڶ꽫ͷšȻݱļȻѺһǧηһžš꣬ɽռġȫˡNational League for DemocracyӮʮһѡٵʤǾܾһѡٽԴһƷһͼƾΣҵĵѡȨһǹһֱھ֮ܿ¡

  һ꣬һžŶȡȨһսרҡ

  ƤԼǣ¡أPierre Buyoya,Burundi

  Լһžý¡һսҹҵĽ״̬ΪڣȨ¡ԴһžսԼжʮɥԼǷͳ۰ͨǣSylvestre Ntibantunganya۰ͨһžзǹҪȨдͼ壨HutuΪͳԼǵͼ壨Tutsiռλ뼸ͼ巴Ե֮䣬Ȩ䣬һһȻڣȻҪĺͼ巴֯ûͣЭ顣

  Լ쵼ͼĳԱԴӹҶһֱͳҡԼһŰƷһδѡٶͼͳͼJean-Baptise BagazaȨһžе¡صһͳѡMechior Ndadayęܺһž귢Ķɱ¼ʹССĹҽΧı֮С

  ԼһľһҵͥھѧԺѧϰڱʱ͵¹ѧϰȨЭ飬ԼӦڶ꽫Ȩƽĺͼ帱ͳ

  ȡظǣAbdelaziz Bouteflika, Algeria

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  һžžеѡ٣ظڰλ׼ͳѡУõһžŶȡȨʱļλǵĹԵȨ׼ͳѡûбϡĶڴѡǰҹ˳ѡ٣ָѡסһӷͳУѪĶöһֱɶͳΡ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

Ķ 								 								 									 										 											Դһһ겼ʲάʮ¸Bolshevik RevolutionĪ˹ơԼǹȨ½γɽϵһȨϵжڹаʶ̬ĻǽһרơƻãƶȥٵĿꡣǻֹκ켺ڽ̼Ĵڡ񹲲ȨȻйԽϡ弹͹Ű͡ǵľƸͬӱ͵ĹȫƣйĲ־øĸЩĹңȻż֯ΡĻ򡣵Ȩ߹ѺʿڽɡܿţԴѹԺ

  йJiang Zemin, China

  һŰ˾찲ɱ¼Ϊ˹ҡҡ׹ĹȨйĹѹʿĻͳйǰι쵼ˣעСƽҪһǿӲ̨ǿ˽ƽӹоĵ١ûΪһľĸ̶ûκκ̨̨ѹʿͬʱĻǵرסй쵼˵ְλڶʮڹĶϣʽλһй쵼ˣҲǺͰżƻõġСƽָĽĽӰʮĹҸϯʦĺΡƹܳΪȨޱߵĹ䡣ȻȴԼؼԵľίϯְλⲻܲ˻񵱳СƽһĻʵȨ

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  ͼԼӿ쾭ΪԶƻӺθĸͼԴƽĹرմҵͽһЩʹľøĸ¹㷺Ĳˡѧ˶ѾƽϢˣ˺ũȴڽϽ־ǧεʾкͰչעй¹ָйڿĴʮǰһǧΣʮ򣩣θܺСҵ˽лȡ⡣˽лѾʹʧȥ˹й羭ó֯й˰һйгʽ룬Щ仯ʹء

  ͬʱҲ½һɻܻԾõĿơߡĩʼľøĸһ˽ҵ͸徭ӪߡԽԽҪѡ;סصȨ֪в׼ӿֳ֯Ⱥ壬ǴʹƷϺɱ޹Ҷͳ߿̨мΪ˼ѧȵ漯֧Ԯͼѹ˵йȷλϡ

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  ĵʦСƽ·һСĵؽоøĸһѹ켺ëһȥΪйʵϵ쵼һ߰ڿʼͼƵļƻáϣһһЩٷͷְλԴȨա

  ڽƺֻסһְλίԱϯڿԤĽġְλкܴȨƹйʮӡָ쵼ĴȨյľλξֳίУλλǽĻš

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  ǰδͬŷͶŷƷͳεĵ·֯˶ļ󡣺ܶ౱Ŭȡ±⣬ÿܶĿǸԼҵԵġȻܶ˷ǳڽҵǺõöࡣǻʲôĹйһȨأȻͼӵΣպѣһǲعغдȺͼ뱱һɹ뱱ʿƣڶǧ򱱺Уܱ֤뿪ȫݣ60ı˽뿪˵ʹ̨òȶ򵥵ķʽֻҪµʱ䣬˾ͻӵнÿյˡŦԼʱ¶ʮһգִ˿ʹöµĹȨ׿̨

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  ũϣԽϣNong Duc Manh, Vietnam

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  ķ̩أ弹Khamtai Siphandon, Laos

  弹ִġPeoples Revolutionary Party쵼ˣȨսʿɵ죬쵼һȨȨŵºɹ㷺øĸѹˡ˼廯ũҵгøĸķ̩ǿӲʿԺ½һ˽ƣĹҵǵԾõĿƣӶ𺦵ĴȨһžŶһֱεһ弹ȨְλһŶ꣬ġĩڰѷֳͳζսвμ弹

  Ƶ¶˹ŰͣFidel Castro, Cuba

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  ˹ᡤ°ˣHosni Mubarak, Egypt

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  Ķ£ǣBashar al-Assad, Syria

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  ͻǣZine al-Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisia

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  ࡤ˹ɣ˹Jose Eduardo dos Santos, Angola

  ڰԴӶ˹ɣ˹뷴֯ȡ׶ȫˡˣUNITAս󣬺ͳεķԡѵսʼһ갲ǰϦսڼ仪ʢ֧ԮıȣJonas SavimbiսǷʯԻ˽ʹóͻƽϢԴһŰˡ˹ɣ˹Է԰˵սΪɣѹƻɣȨУѾв첻ˡͳִ˶⣬MPLA䣬ݱְλơ߲Աĸܺʹ⽻Ա֮Ϊȫ˻սȫ˽лʹԪʧ١ʹŽԱǾ˵ŵǲɢİʿְҵѵİսܻݡ˹ɣ˹֤ڶҪѡ١עԤڶս״ȫͳѡ١ѡίԱڶʮ¬ľְ

  ҶţAli Abdullah Saleh, Yemen

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  ׶¡˹ڵ£أJean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti

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  ף¬Paul Kagame,Rwanda

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Ȩ 								 								 									 										 											ᣨʣTheocratic Dictator: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran

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  ӱйͱϷͰͳȦɻΪ

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  йڶͳ֮£й罫ôйΪңֻôܶľ·רΪйǶȫ簲ȫвй쵼˵ǵĵˡйר˹Ross Terrill˵Ҫǵˣ֧Ϸԡע1йӵܹϮսԵϺִҵ¼ҶأGordon G. Changʦڡйע2һ˵йĿǰ׼ΨһҡⱱҲйһܱڹйҲһԽԽصвйΪһңλǫ̈̄ͬͳһҲԺƽķʽɡйҲ翴ѣǵˡ̨ˣ޵Ҳŷһõƽ⡣

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  ᡤлأDanny Schechterġֹйսһһ漰ǧһڵ˶й˵ҲǱܴ˿ڣ뵱ĸʵ˶Ϊƣע6ֹԴڷҺ͵ҵԨԴʷֹײǣ๲Ա˺;졣ֹȺƾž޴;ģÿ찲Ź㳡Լйؾкƽ顣۵ġϻ籨һžž±񾯸˵ֹ˶йвˡŽṤ˶ڲвһҲ¼Ҷ־ķֹ˶ġĩëȫΧũ˶һѹйٴУڷֹչע7

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  ǷԵйĶߣйʿһµĹʶͳšɡйšй֮ıۣǺġĿǽе񣬶Ӱ졢߶ߡİ취ʿйĸײһκƽǱڵһĲ£йҪ壬Ǳؼй˶

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  ʹҵļԴʹйǺҪġġٽȺBusiness Community for DemocracyɹĹ˾ҲйͶ̣Ӧøйƶһرƻа

  ˱ɹʶκйһǱ̺ͳɹıҪ

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  йشٽйʵʩκļƻӦɡٽȺȫ

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  ҵ벻븯ΪرǲΪߡ֧Ԯṩ֧Ԯ

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  Ǳϲ֯ʿйڵʿɡϹȨ顱UN Commission on Human RightsϣԸͶƱ֧ǴйַȨľɼ֧йĿ΢ɷõʱеֹô͸ƶҲһЩͬйҪܱȽϵ磬й蹫ȨĿγ̣ԼƼġšƻ

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  йһģƻǱҪģҽкܺõĽЩƻҪáԭѾѲĴٽУֻвٷ֮Ļйй˿ռȫܶͳ˿ڵһ룬йڹȫвӦͨһйر𷨰άһӪ빲ͬŬӦսͻᡣӴٽйĿᣨNational Endowment for Democracy͹ҵϻᣨAFL-CIO͹Žᣨ American Council for International Labor Solidarity֮ҡԼٽ֯İ𵽺ܴáʹЭᣨInternational Republican InstituteʮǰйũѡٵļƻӦٽͺʡ쵼ѡ٣ЭصĻ

  ³ġӶõƶġDictatorship-to-Democracy CenterڣӦΪйרһͼƻ߻ȫ˶ѵйʿ˶ʿҪЩйԪȷǺҪõġЩԸðΪܶʿҪʽǱڵ»ʱǵļͥҲҪ֧Ԯ˵дԡǹŵķʽ͵Ǻܹؼġ

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  Ӳͬڹ㲥ӦӪѶܾ֡U.S. Information AgencyġȫWorldnet̨ʧܾѳ֤ӪǳķζҺںͶӰ¹˾Ӧõõ֧ԮжĹ;רҵӾĶ»ᣬǰ飬Ϊ̨һʮĹʻᡣڼƻʵ֮ǰӦóʽƵŽṤҹٷ̨ԼĽĿһֹҲйĳеصĵ̨岥ԼĽĿϷԵǣ»¶ʮյıֹ̨ΪǴźţظĽĿй½شʮСʱ֮áעйŵһǱ岥źԴָ̨̨巨ֹΪֵ̨ܾйָźԴصɽκη֡йʿƣܿйһγ˹ֹϤ˴ŵǲ岥ĿǡǷֹĿҷͶ˹ǩԼ൱һٸ̨ء

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  ȣʹͳӦ뽭̸۶ʮһıԼгƵĹϵư̻ᡢ˾ɺйĿǰ⣺Ӵʧҵ˿ڡڶʱݱΪİչľóɳͻϴƲ״̬к͹ӪҵִŵԺƽػʹЩ⡣ǻ۲ƷǴƶУһרȨɱĽȡġ

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  Զ»ͺһֱƶı쵼˾չԻΪʹԻɹҪ֧Ԯͳŵ̫ĵһԵ㡣

  ޼̫ƽҹͬһġμӵĹҽޡŦӡᡢɱϺ롢쳼áձ˹ܶȺܿȺɹšŵ³Ჴϼӡȡ˹𡢶˹Ⱥӡ³Ƕšͼô󣬻̨塢Ǻ¼Ϊ۲ԱȻ̨ı֣һɫңӦñԱڡǺܲҵģϲ̨һȨңδ⽻ϣֻ̨Թ۲Աּ롣ʹһЩȻڹɽ׶Σʮʽμӹ۲Աǿһ֯ҲĹҡ

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  ǡ̫ͬˡAsia-Pacific Democracy CaucusԼֽ֯ĵһҡйôУ˵һҲ״̫ҿ跨еȰ˵̸߽У

  ̫ͬ⳷ͶʼõƲãṩԮ

  ¶ͬչٿȫԵԲ鲢Ҷڣɵġľѡ

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  ȻǶеĵȻȴܵҵĹע״ֱһһֲ¼ı䡣νרҶԻؽǷͳǵĶ߱Żɵ̬ȣɻؽǷܳɹعԼʵϣͳΪЩһչһ£ܵ¸ȨȻŷνʵ͹ҰȫˣΪ˱ʯ͵ĹӦͱԴ֮ʣҪǱ֧Ԯɳڵذķյ¹Ͱ°ͳ˰ĵڶԮյ¹ҲǡܵĻ鼰ѡǣǻԼڶߵĶ壬ΪºɡкɳڵؼȨ˶֪ºɸմϱߡЩ߶ŷ޺ձ˵Ǳ״еĶȨЩʯͲصĶߡȨǲȶģᱻƷֻ˭һԼᷢʲô¶ѡ

  ˸ձĸϲKlaus-Dieter Frankenbergerд÷ǳԣ˵һĿʲô뿼жδ𣬻ʢٱӱصؿǷӦüЩѹɣȴºɵͳıΡսԺԴϵĺ˵ʲôشļƻֵжչôƻһҪõִᡢԪԼȡĳһ̶ȵĹʶƷ͸Ȩƻһ֡ӦжҲӦרöУӵȫȨע23Ӧʶġ־õʵЩҵֻаǽİȫܻýҲ˽ʿЯһº͵ġȨô̳еǰߵȻ˹ɵļ˷ӡ߽͢¡

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  ʵ˵ҪıеߣЩҽӪȣҺʿػؽ̣ͬΰڽһҪʶؽͽռķ֮һΣǱչܵʹؽҺͷǻؽҳΪܺѡնЭǾҪġҪµķԱչԻƶ뷽ѹȻؽĶߡҪԸṩͬжҪΪͶԴ

  ϣⷽñǰεŷ޻Ҷúáڶһϵ˵Уϣͳ䱫͹Ժ߼ƻι˹ҵĿꡣڶʮʮжϵݰУ˼巽ǡʢʱݰۣݰеų߼ٽҵɻȴֲԸսλĶͳߡɾѡ˺Ͱ˹̹ôԼͰҲӦǿܵġϣӦ׼ֻǰΪĵˣҲӦҪѵľע24

  ͬǰ鱨жרҸأReuel Gerecht˵ģ԰ṩԮ㣬ְ֧Ѿ˵ȨûΪǴӦеҫ󷴵˺ǵ档ֻҪؽרοƵı䣬ǵԶʧע25һУһЩֵرעΪṩ˽ϼѵĻᣬͻƵĻӰͻһɢΪԵѧߣǱϸؿͼЩһɫĶȨУҳĵطԱʹ֮Ĵ塣Լϵǣͻ˹̹ȱˡʡˡ˹˹̹ۡͰǡ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

ͻ˹̹ 								 								 									 										 											˶ΪΣյĶͬʱӵкӡȺͰͻ˹̹֮䣬ڹȥ̶̵ʮѾսûѡİͻ˹̹ӡսǰͻ˹̹½ıһžžʮƷѡİͻ˹̹ѡٲлNawaz Sharifͻ˹ֵ̹֧ĻؽӡȽٶĿʲ׶սԸߵءһж򽫾˵ļƻл˼Ĺϵƾǰͻ˹̹ëһžŰʮǰ½ܲıһžžʮʮֳӡսע26ֻҪ¶ִʲ׶ĳͻԼӡͻ˹̹֮սҲڵĽ취ûпʲ׶ͻ˹̹Ӽ¶߾ҲɣҪάָˮ׼ľ֧ԼȨ˾ӿʲ׶԰ͻ˹̹˵зǳҪ塣һ˺ײһִΪѾԼֵϣҪʿʷ֤ǡǡ෴Щ԰ͻ˹̹ΪصĿֲǴ֯ѧʿֲߴ򽻵ĹҲܵóͬĽۡͻ˹̹ʦˣAfrasiab Khattakָ֧־½ֻŪø㡣һһ¼Ѿǲɻȱˡֻβܳײֲ塣

  ȿǰͻ˹̹ĵڶǣѾεûͻ˹̹ʮһʱͻ˹̹ܹѡԼ쵼ˣһɡݡŦԼʱ߲James Burnsıξͳ֮󣬡ͻ˹̹ŵҪعȴּıӵĽеɡע27

  ǣ浽һǧһžžƷ䣬ͳΪǳʱĵһ¼ָβӰͻ˹̹񣬶Ҷڰشչо޴Ӱ졣

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  򽫾סʱǸʹרԱĿ˿ĩעKemal Ataturk̷֮ģʽԴ˱ʾĳ̶ֳȵ֧֡Ȼͻ˹̹ĳԱؽ̵ĹϵȴȻͬսİͻ˹̹ؽͽܵһλˣZia ul-Haqķɿ硶ʢʱ˵ģؽͽڶѡȻ򽫾ķ̷ľѡлڽ̵һֱͼдܷӳͳڡϣԶ򽫾ʩѹ䵳̸Сǲûʵ֧ȨϷע28

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  ˵ǣڰͻ˹̹൱ġͻ˹̹ıɵģǳרҵļߡͻ˹̹ȻȽϿţʮĲҵ׼˵ȨرѹϰաžõĻʮĳ»ڵĲͬʱӡڹȥʮȴΪϾóɳߵĹ֮һͻ˹̹ԱԱнձƫ̰ͣʢУͻ˹̹һֱΪܵĹ֮һԶԶеڹԼμ൱ڵĹԤȴռмĲ֡ ڻʢ˹͵µ¹ϵаݸҪĽɫڰͻ˹̹εķչԣṩЭԼŵʱʱӦǿZafarullah Khan JamaliȨ̸ﱸͳѡ١ȻģȫЭᣨNational Democratic InstituteʹЭᣨInternational Republican Institute¹ص֯νԼѡһ԰ҪĽɫ

  ѡὫΪ˹͵֮Ļһոµľ档ⳡνУ˵㻰ǵһҪһҪµ򽻵ǸѡԱʹϷȨΨһġǵĸ뿴൱ҪΪܹͻ˹̹ڽԼҵֵŬѡĹԱʹԴְȨʹܷȨӰ

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  Եܺǹƶȣʵ䲻ĳƺͻ˹̹һ˶ΪһʧܵƶȶꡣɳڵذĻؽڽѧУȡ֮աڰͻ˹̹Կɳڵذ徲ɻؽͽWahabistĿУͷִĻؽ̽ԭɵĵطҲγ˺ǿǿаѰͻ˹̹ŬúõĴؼ㡣ΪʹһŬΪʵеӦͻ˹̹ؽһĹϵͻ˹̹ӱΡҪڴﵽһĿ꣬ͻ˹̹볹ؽ˰ƶȣΪֻܸ𹫹ṩѧƷͲ͵㡣ѿҺܿҪڸĸʵʩԮͻ˹̹һʱ䣬ǰͻ˹̹ҲԴΪڶ乫ṩĽͬأִܵأԼ˾ƶȵĸĸҲǷǳҪġǱѡĻϮģȨ߶ӦѹЩʹĵ

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  Щİͻ˹ֺ̹֧ߣ˻ǱȽº͵ġиֶӡȽ̽ͽĿǰкܶͻ˹̹ؽͽѣǹʾԿʲ׶ûȤ뿴ͻ˹̹ʵʩӦðѰͻ˹̹ġ쵼ܵ͵ȥһº;񣬶ǽѵڷذͻ˹̹ʱˮ׼ߡͽϴΪ뷨Ѿ̶ѵߣ֮ǽġ

  ͻ˹̹ƻһ׶Ƕͳѡ١ԽǿЭ°ͻ˹̹ĵλԽߣս߾͸пܳѡͳõķʽȰ˵ЩԱҪμӾѡһ㣬ŽὫǽĹؼӶùɵĹ۲쵽һǵĪDaniel arap Moiֻʿʱܲѡ٣ʿһŽṲ֧ͬһѡʱʧˡֻҪŵԣҾлͻ˹̹һеΡȻһܴս;ĹϵʹԺԻһ⡣ֻҪܽܡල򽫾ẉ̂ͺʳԡ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

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  Īѧʿ͸Ǵ֯սҪߡ밢ȱ˱߽Ϊк͵沿ӼҪļҲǾ÷ȣTermezṩ˵Ԯ㡪һĿ꼸ûʵ֡԰ѧʿ͸Ǵ֯ϮСȱ˻ؽͽ˶ʧԱ˹װѧʿȨ֡ǲж֯ṹҴ棬Ϊȱ˻ؽ˶ľᣨJuma NamanganiѾˡǡȱ˵Ļؽ˶ɵвѾ١ȻвʵĵĪˣΪѹɵĽڡ

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  ȱĿǰ൱չĵһ͵ڶ׶ΣѸƽĿܡѳ¸ҵ˵ķһȺΪָصɷα绤ʦˡ£ȥʵǰϦĪʮŬиΨһȨעˡȻýԺҲûκβ㼶Ρ

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  Ȩ۲족Human Rights Watchȹʷ֯ĻȱҪȻҵӰ첻ϼӴЩ֯ȻҪǰᳫɶġʦЭᡱAmerican Bar AssociationСŷЭᡱCentral and East European Law InitiativeҲžԵá˲˾ϵҲμڰ׶˹ʵСɡstreet lawĽƻʶǵȨܳķɵıϡȨͻʱȨӦȱϵУûбҪˡ

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  ʮ¡֮ҡʲɣעTashkentȱ˵׶ġȨԴġHuman Rights and Resource CenterٰһľְӢ͵¹ʹ´ʣڹ𾪵Ȩ״輫Ĺʺ͹ڹעԶԶԤڵЧĵĴںѵİʹȱ˵Ȩܹø߲Եķ͸ķʽһõĹ⣬ΪǺʾӰ졣ȱ˵޻ҵҪˮԴˮԴԹҵ̬ȶ񽡿شӰ졣༯ȨƵĹУĻ֯ĸ뵡ְ𵽼ලáȱ෽ʱѾˡԣǰ޻ҵǳ֮ƣֻƶ˿еһС֡Ӧᳫʻ֯뵱ص⡣ӦȡȥʮѧĽѵȱ˵ľ»ضԻӰȡ̬ȣΪ룬˲뵱صϵԱȳŲʵ̬ȣʹܵ𱸡

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  ʮԺ⽻ίԱᣨForeign Relations CommitteeϯԱݵǣJoseph Biden»ᣨAmerican Iranian Council´ʱǰһƻǱϣʱ뾭ⲿĳͻʹԶڸ״̬ͼıӹϵݵǴһʼ׼ȷķźǣûֵܹף͹ܹṩơڽеȨкܴӰ죬ҲӦֱӽȨһľ飩ǱǳСġҶ͸ҰʰѶͳε뷨ΪȻܹԵӰġһĽѵӰʱȴԿӦܹͷСϣͰݵǶˡҪͬʱҪ̨ҪĻԲܰչʽǻӦʵĶ⿪š

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  ڿQatarSheikh Hamad bin Khalifaal-ThaniѾʼкͻθĸڶĳŵҪѹұһ壬ԷȫμӡˡCommunity of Democraciesı׼һžžΪһʵѡȨֱѡٵĲ˹ҡһطѯίԱѡУλŮμӾѡδɹʤѡĿǰڳﻮֱѡٲᡣڵֲٹý£al-Jazeera뵺ǵҵرȨĻ⣬ʹ丽ڹΪջ𣬾ܸǫ̃񶾵ķƫǸǸСв

  ˳Ų˹£ϴ󹫹United Arab EmiratesUAEһɡĹңѾʼ˾޴ľúαĻȻȣעAbu DhabiUAE׶ǹSheikh Zaid ibn Sultan an-Nahyanͬͳΰϴ󹫹δصĴڣϴ󹫹ѾƶСɳĮһִҸеĹҡϴ󹫹ڶϹչƻУƷʡʵ롢Ԥ׼Ϊǰì֮Ȩ۲족Human Rights WatchѰϴ󹫹Ϊ·ռĹҡӵдԼʮǧ·ûŮƽȶԴĳ̶ȼİҡ

  λʮһУ˹Sultan Qabus ibn Said al-SaidѰOmanһƬƶɳĮִĹңӵִĻʩ񡢹ʩҽϵͳѧУͬʱһλ̳е⣬Ϊ˹ǲ˹ΨһûŮģҲûƼ̳ˡֻ˹ٵȨֻʵʩһž䲼ĵһܷеļŮͶƱʵġMajlis al-ShuraίԱᣬ͹ϻѯλŮһžߺͶѡеѡ

  ɳڵذѹԵִƹңִܵλ̳зʽעһϵ϶ಡҳԱͼܿѹȺ;õ⡣Ϊһ泱Ȩ֧ܵңHouse of SaudȻԡ徲ɻؽͽWahabist IslamƣͶ޶һɵĽ塣дһڽάϵɳڵٵвսǿʢĹڻؽ̼˷ӣЩ˷ӵΪṩһһ¼д󲿷ֵĿֲӡ

  Ѱΰɳڵص;ʱʼȴ⣬ҲܴΣͳߣҪΣķĲȶȨؽ̼塢ͳִѰȶмʾĿǰڽ֮С˵ӣPrince Wali bin Talal۹βܼٹڵĲȡƣᵽ˰ѹҵĿԡҪɳڵɵѹӣֺĶߣֽΪ١

  ڲ˹Ķ򣬻ͳιҡεͳԼĦ硣Ҷ֮ҡΪɡĹңҲ˵ϱͳεĹҸһЩKing Abdullahһžž丸עϹȨһֱԼľõҪ⣻̳еиߴٷ֮ʮʧҵʣӵƶ빫ϸܶȱЧʵĹϵ跨άǲȶĹƽ⣬ؽ̷ӺͰߵ֧֣ͬʱҪŬӰ졣˵Լ˹ҽ˵̫̺ͻ̶ǱϷϵҲڳҪκ;ñѹһЩĸ

  ĦĹĬĬKing Mohammad VIҲһžžȨһʼԸʧҵʡƶäսɵ˹ߣIslamistЩ˵֧ԮʵеĽ޵ƶȺгãȻһЩЧ뼯ȨԼܵĴڣһ̶ƵĺϷԡĿǰĬĬھúθĸϵļ¼ûΰ롣ĬĬڶŵҪĹұɾƣȻδȷĸĸʱ̡

  ϵľƹң벻յѷɣHaji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin WaddaulahȨƣԴӵǻһֱʵнܺȨԽԽĹ׷벻˹Jigme Singye WangchukϲСάܵĿƣѺ׷ʿ֯͹ϻᡣڷϲʷ߼ʷߵKing Mswati IIIܵڹϻҪĸѹЩϻǿϷǹϻõ֧Ԯ˶ʷߵͨ䲼ͳΡ

  ЩƹңЩ̵ģԼǵĿǰǹɵơһֵֵ̽ٿһԻ鲢ճһƹϻᡪƹϻᡱMonarchs for Democracyϲľ˿Խ飬֮̽·ڡˡCommunity of Democracies£ɶԻӦܴӹȥ̬ʮõܶྭ飬ΪܶѾ߹һת䡣ڲٵһ̬ڷչУڰǰϣMohammad Zahir ShahڼںϷѡٳ֮УڳȫڱǣԭĹɳ˹±Simeon Saxe-Coburg-GothaڶһȫƽɵĴѡгΪʷһѡٳιҹְǰ̩ҲγԤԱ̩һžž̩ѹƲҪʾ߿ǹKing BhumibolѾĸĸﳫͬʱƽѵһƽط֮·һˣע34ڹȨͳµ弹ʧȥǵĹΪĿ弹ͨ弹տ̨̩ۿ̩弹һߵĹߣ弹һȵľʾЧҡʹάˣDouglas Hartwick۲˵ڹ쵼ײ֮佨һֹϵע35ʢʱ˵ڼկNorodom VacheahraߣɭӱΪΪֱߡע36

  ŷ޵ľУĿ˹Juan Carlosɵĳڽ׶ԼֹϹеսҪáһܳӣǿȨͳԺ󣬾úھ˵Ķʱŷ޹Ҽľ޴ࡣڹȥڶ뱱ǺжϵС˹жľѺùϵпܴͷ֯ǹͬ˼ΪִĹϵ⡣

  ĦԼλһڶԻѡˡǰ˵Ѿ֮ҡΪɡĹңλ˼֮·ƵĿءͰ֣ҲĳڶԻ顣ֵľѾԳܾһ·ҪߡѱʾԡˡCommunity of DemocraciesļȤԸйۻĶ

  ɳڵذŸսʹ⼸ҲһЩԱƺ֮Ի޵ƾձĻʴ⽻ٵķˣӦͲľԻ̩ۡʷ߼ֻܲμӸΧĶԻˣΪǸûԵԻߡ

  ƵǺ赲ġȫԪĻͻ£ЩɲƣӶȫǵĲƲȨԼǼȨǵѡĳ̶ֳϣ編Ұڱձ̩ᲴӢŷȵһΪԼڵеһɫиʽķʽͽ֣Щڽ޷ġЩжרΪ˹ԼĦĹ񱣼ǵɳ˹±ӮȡƽɵľѡִϺⲢǸ÷ʽΪľǹ쵼˼ܵѡҲܰѡƵľϣҲܹԶռλȻ̱СЩܾذ켺ڵĻؽͽ壬òųȨ֮⣬ֱıԼΪֹһ棬ľɹ֪ؽͽԳΪõʿһϵĻؽͽңΡڻؽͽ嵳ɺº͵֮ͶƱؽͽͶºɡֻгɹжȡĻؽºɽͽпܳɹɵơΧڵŬҪɹЩͱиհԶԸͬʱʵʵĽչʵԸС

  ʹûоңҲзõĵطһΪĶԻҵͿ˹ԼƵľ˵ͷˣڶǿܲòжʩӰ죬ԴԻŬҪ幤򡪡ܷٵǶһЩ缶רҺ֯ȻˣרԱԴǺܶģаסҵĻؽͽ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

˹̹ 								 								 									 										 											ӾͲ˹кǿɡİ˹̹͡ɡۡҵֵرӡεɫûͬ˹̹Эԭڰ˹̹֯䰢أYasser Arafatǻʢ٣George WashingtonΪصΪһߺͿֲӣѾκ˶ʵʩˣûһ߱޷Ҳ޷ֳŵڴ˷棬ҵһλʦ˹Natan Sharanskyһλ÷ǱȡӢۡΪʮꡣָɫеİȫڰȱͰ˹̹ԣܳɹڰ˹̹ȱʶԸԭڰԼ̰ܻߣϧһҪסԼȨû˹̹ɵʹְȨҲûýĴڡˡCommunity of DemocraciesҪһǼֲ˹̹ȫ

  ҲȨԼѡٹ쵼˵Ȩ˶ǣսͱռ֮ǰߡڣ³أע׶Ƕôķȥ۵˶ܵǸĺܴǱҲ쵽ǶռԼ̫۵ܾޡһ·ɻͻڱ³ػЩܾ죬ȫǵɼǷԵ£޷˵ƶȡõĽʩӸѹǳۣɫѾĴϲһҪٵս۹ԸɼǳԺκ;öַ١ȻģۻΪɫиദڹ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

 								 								 									 										 											شĵİʷϾһֱǰꡣȻһЩȨѹҪһ㣬ǰһŰһΪͳǰ°˵ͳ£㲻ɡʹΪҵһԱ԰Ӱ죬겨ԽһʱŷͶŷľ޴Ӱһİ˿ڣӰҲͬʱӵг֪ʶײв׼

  ǸһԹĶ߲Ի˵ġ˭ĽУ˵ȡֻǻؽͽ塣Ѿ˵˺ܶ߼ʵϣڶԻؽװӵ֧ѾֹĴ½

  °˵쵼£ִġNational Democratic PartyѳűܿƵƣͳѡֻ°һѡˣѡף¶롣°ȫܾ졣ڶһ¼ºɵ쵼Saad Ibrahim䡰ױطչоġעIbn Khaldun CenterױΪʮͰʷѧңĹԱ°˿ƵһرȫͥڶٴάֶͽоڹѹߺԻ͡ѹҪԭһƪз°˰ѶΪӰˡһ߸Ϯĵ͡

  ң°ǿӰ⼸ȫɳأAnwaral SadatĶɫеºתʵϣҪ밣Ϊɫеĳ־Ѻڰֻеɫһ뵽ӪʱпܡҪǶ԰ߡͬģҪ°˽нĶԻͬʱҪȡһȫķǱԣƶѡ١ý弰ҪĻơ

  ÿĶʮԪԮóһһ𡱣Egyptian Democracy FundһҿͼӰжеԮȫɰ֣䲻ͬġ𡱹ֱԮʿ硶ʢʱרҽܿѷ϶Jackson DiehlָģʷչUSAIDͶ뵽ļʮԪԮУױطչоġûõһǮĺôһһֱ°˾ѹµġȨ֯Egyptian Organization for Human RightsҲͬûеõκԮʽ𡣡ȨоġThe Center for Legal Studies on Human RightsΪʽȱòرաʷչǮȴڱ°ʿؽĿЦķԺϵͳˡע37

  ϣ߱أڶʮԪĸԮͷһжνġѡʩԾԮٽǽĵһֵûӭģⲻӾԮʿЧʵϣͣԮǴġ淢չʱӦͶ롢ṩľԮ°˾ܾܰԮԴػϣľʱҲɫԮʱ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

 								 								 									 										 											һǸ˳ķﱻĹңԭһרƵİǵһŰ˾ʵʩĸڸܡסȱʧҵصľúķʹáؽ̾ߡIslamic Salvation FrontѾҪûؽ̷̽ʵȨͳΡȡһžŶĵڶѡ٣ȡѡȵġؽ̾ߡⴥ˶ҳͻʮעؽ̾һڻؽ̻ɵļؽ֯ѡѳ˼롣ڴҶԣؽ̻һͷʹ޴Ӧ֯Ŀֲ֯ж֮ԵصĻؽ̰նԣҲͬηּ˽ͳεַ

  Ӱ߲ظAbdel aziz BouteflikaͰǾ˾ңܾͬϰϷԸѡ٣ľٶע38û֪һؽ쵼̨ôңܻὨ壬ҲܻʵĻؽѧߣmullahsͳε·пǸ塣Ҳпȷ˵ȡǸѡ٣ֲһߣҷһԵĴ

  ǵܺϵʿЯֺһͻƵĻᡣڡˡصĿ˵ǸѵĻᡣ  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

 								 								 									 										 											ѧں͡ȨίԱᡱKenya Human Rights CommissionϯMakau MutwaдڹȥﱻʷеȨַشŰʷڳšǷطһҲûֹͣ׷õرΪ˸ܶڹȥʮһרƺͲ˼ʢǾ˵ġע39

  Ҳͬھšӿ˳СɹĳɹһȫĶܣıÿһдĹҺ͵ֱȫɹͻŸԽԽ٣άȨϷԾͻԽԽѡڹ֮·Ҳǵѹߡ

  ҪֲӴܣҪ޵ҷԼǿ˵ŽתΪǿŽᡣйءһˣһѡ٣һʱЦڷ޾ʵġѡ쵼˳ֻһγʵѡ٣̨ԺͿԲݺѡ٣޸ܷ߾ڹ׵ֶΣڴ̨ϲ

  ݣûڹʾԡμǺϷǵĹ۲ԱûΪͳѡгֱִŷɶܾ¼ӱȵĲѡٽע40ֻԲίԱ˲Duke LefhokoΪ׵ġϷǷչ̳ͬSouthern African Development Community Parliamentary ForumĹ۲ţһݶѡٻĵ鱨ԴνֵܽҪŽ£֡аҲ̬ȡͬǶʩѹҪѱĵøº͡ʹȨ֧ԮȡεľѡˣвɳԱڷеĳͶƱΪ˴һڹΥȨԭΪ˵ܵվΪ˵ֵߵǷǵ»Ҫأע41

  ƵĺҲһЩǼȨ߲֣ʹڼѾëķҲˡڷ޹̵̣ı䣬Ӱ췶Χѡٲķǣ˵ҪĶʿɴҪģ޷ΪѡǵԼڹôѾ¸ҵ֤ûѡ

  Ƶ߷ϲڴٽиȡ⣬ֻܿһԵġԭġոµʵŤתֳĳȻᣬʹЩǿ˵áԿٴθֳ塱ΪͳεĽڡע42

  ǴֳʱԺս죬ǿ֧ԮһЩɡ̰ѹĶߣʹһӶ񻯡ڱΪչ͹ĶĪšɪܣMobutu Sese Sekoûǿ֧Ԯȡ͹Ȩ

  ʹԸԣǵȨҲͨȡġһž꣬ǰͳֶڷ֮ʱƷ޿ʼһոˡȻ˹ڡΪֶټÿԶѡٲģЩǳͷβĶߡЩֻѧڹϱһõġ쵼ߡע43̹˵ƶûһ򵥵Ĵ𰸡˵¬һѲĹҡڡĹУһͼС塣Զģ¬ͼͼĽǸõĲԡ¬Ķ߿ףPaul KagameƺⷽŬķ޹ңڸɴҲͬ⡣

  νõİ취ڽһƣĳˡһλмķ޹۲ԱBill Berkeley˵˵ǵԴڷ޴½ѧУУĳһˡգϵŻΪ޴Զϣңע44ȷ޴½Ǳκζߵ뷨ᳫͷΣŻ־á

  ڷɳĮϲsub-Saharan AfricaĹУжʮŸɡ򡰲ɡҺʮһɡĶͳιҡʮһɹǡϡǡά½ǡɡСģ˹ױǡʥȡڼӶϷǡЩҹᴩ޴½ҺǱڻ飬ҲڷƶӦùЩҰݸƶĽɫ

  һɳĮΧĹңҲʮ˸ңڡɡҡǵһЩȫһЩЩˡЩҵȻȫҷǳʱˡȻȫûɡڵ֮£ǶڷԼ̣ټලĽԼƶʮֱҪġǱϣ޹Ѿһ󲽡ȽϷ޹ȥĿֲȥļʮɹۡѾһͻơжѾӶͳƶȹˡ

  ǣʮһʣµĶͳȻڸŴģŵıСˣȫҾӦøŬƶ̡һž¬﷢ȺУ԰Ƶͼ˺ͺͼ˱ɱˣڸչĴɱЩжǶͳεĽҪԶ֮ķ磬ͱ͹ƽĻ£˫½Լƽ̸вܽӱ˵ģǵĴֻܼӾ֮䡢֮ķͳޡڷ޹˵ҪȱһȡûЩƣκ̶̸ϡ

  ¾գϷͳķThabo MbekiڡˡAfrican Unionʱ˵ͨǲиŬһġܹġεĹƶȡµġˡҪԱѡ٣зԵɲμѡ١ȨֹͲ鴦ȺԼ̤ȨС˷ЧŷˡEuropean UnionEUϣһԵᡢһԼһ֧ΪֹľӡȻԵأDavid Coltart˵޹֧ԮĶߣԷ˳һʼһõĿˡȻڷ޹쵼һǳؼΣǾƶ̡δķȡЩɹܷҡ˵Ļע45

  صʿصʿһҪսԡս滮жȫչʵ

  Ǳнһ޺С飬ΨˣʮŸɺͲɵĹڷǷ޹Э£ܰЩѹɡڵ˵ĳԱңֻüͲиŬʮһ̨ʮŸǱϡǡɷά½ǡзǡĦչ͹ɡǱǡС˹ӡģ˹ĪȿˡױǡաμǡʥȡڼӶϯʨɽϷǡ̹ǡڸɴбǡ

  ҪһµġķͥȺ¬·ͥInternational Criminal Tribunal for RwandaЩķͥԼʮһҵĶΥʷİЩ֮ԷѰ˾ʵʩǱؿеĶߣЩǵĹҴӡɡ˵ɡģͳ¼ӱȣʷͥ򵱵طͥв֮ԷִһžŰ³ġȨͥAfrican Court on Human and Peoples Rights޷ʤһġע46

  һЩڷйʷĹҪıǵ˳ڽʮһ߸̨ϰݸɫ䶯ɡƽȡڷ޵ʷվڴһߣںֳʱάһһߡɱǣΨһվλõĹҡӢʱ¹һЩң޶һЩʷ͹ϵҲΡ

  ҲǣǷ޹Һͷ޹ԼӦÿʼţһȨɡҲӵڷǷһֿµĸ߸ΪǱѷ޵һӡһ˻һʩĶֹ۵ԵشϮӡʹԶٰ߰ܣĩõδڽȷĹȴծ񡢾ȼͷֹͻϡӦᳫ÷ǱͻķֹǰĶԼڱڹƳ籩Ķ߸̨

  䱫Ϊһ˹͵һڷǷ޹ҵķ˺Ĺڶһµһʽʷޡʼĵһվ޵ʮһɹ֮һ֤һٽ߹ϵע47ʵĵڶϷǣҲһɹҡشϷǵڹͳ¼ӱ̨׼ɹѡ٣ע48Ȼִﲻɹҿǣ˽»ʱͬѶͳĪDaniel arap Moiڹٴע49Īһ߰꿪ʼִһ쵼ֻҪʮľͿ쵼һҡԱλᷨӦӦԼǵ쵼ˡע50Ȼǹ䱫еĹ۵㡣ڶ꣬л״ĪĴˡڽߵľְϣĪǸߺС͵׷  										 									 									 									  									 									 										 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 											 											  			 			 										 									 									  									                                                                                                                                                                                      

 								 								 									 										 											¼ӱͳεй˵ͷȳ¼ӱͽ;ӡӶأȺѹ켺ּҲǱùκ;õıԵ״ױüá¼ӱȻΪ״£ֻ׷棬ɲȤ£Եĸ˶Movement for Democratic Change MDC֯쵼˴޷Morgan Tsvangirai˵ʱ䲻ˡٵһ꣬һʩľ񶼽ᱻ塣⽫ΪҪ⣬̸κͶʺͷչ⽫һްеһע51

  ĸ˶֯չδϣԴģǱ˶¼ӱȸ̨һЩѡŶȻͶѡӰȻǡĸ˶֯ڽзߣΪѡֻعǱáĸ˶֯ţͬվһ𣬲Ŭ֤ѡٵĹԡ¼ӱһνףôһᱻϺʷͥѡһѴ֯һĺܺõĻᡣĸ˶֯ⳡѡ٣ôʹСķʿΪ

  ϵ֧ԮڶԱڣȥͶƱʮҪġѵ֯ߡչмӡˢĿάǵġֿ֯Otporеľѡһзĺкڼ¼ӱȵӰ졣ҪʹطѡЧϸģȵԮǹؼڶµͳѡУʹ۲ԱٵÿҲ뾺ѡĹ۲Աڳ¼ӱȵľѡʤڷޣϷǷչͬ塱South African Development Communityƶһ⣬ƶӦ㷺ɡϴѡУź;졢ıɧŲϡˣѡУǲڶרҵרְѡټලԱԵҪ

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  һҪͳȼʼΪտʼкܶණҪ˵ҲϣͳˡܶԱڷϳкóƲãҪӮǶ֧ԮŰ񣬷ϳ˹ġƲ׷֧֡ͬЩļֽˡάⷨȨķ˹-ٷעHelms-Burton law÷رŰԲƶߣ͹ƽŰ͵Ŀ꣬򲻿ܲ߱ԿŶϿҵĽ̸ΪƹƲжһ֣ôĻ鲻ܣҺпܷһЭ̣ԴоԵ֧֣ͳ͹ǾӦúī缰ڽҺӰЧӦ

  ˾͸˽ŰгͬʱӦöһָͬԭΪԭʹЩ˾͸˹ŵѭʹϵ͹׼֯Ȩͬ°ʱʩ֮ҡǻȥܳһʱ䣬˹ɹطֻңܶҺǵӱԿ˹ıͳΡԹŰĳŵʻԺͳӦùڹŰдͶʵĹ˾ڵĹҲִͬΪ׼

  ҪǣʵĺԼӦоҽЭŰ͵ͻԵķչڽǡӦðʽڻİʽľԮҪľӦùһʱĿ֤ʻ̱жǱͶӦñһŰͱǵͶ򣬿˹ǷȨʵַٹŰ͵Ψһϰ

  ҪǣԼˡCommunity of Democraciesرǡ޹֯Organization of American StatesŵھͰŰʿ޵ҰһǳҪĽɫڹȥĶʮо˹ڸߣ˿ṩڲԺͼмֵľ顣ǱҪִиϸµߡ꣬ϹСһѡ˹ĹŰΪϹȨίԱᡱUN Human Rights CommissionԱЩ޹Һһֱԣ·ʽкӰ졣

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  дʹҪпŻԾĻţͰȫĻҡӦýݡCasa AmericaҴʹҲӦӦĲšҪʱ򣬴ʹӦò߻Žɱ׷ٵˡڷڰǽϵּʱӦ۵طڴʹݺ˾Ժڡ˹ĹһĴӣӦþܹ㷺رǣơѾֵѷ콫ԽԽ

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  ƻͳŰԸðǩǽʾǰ·һϰĹŰǩˡƻΪ־˿˹ڡƻƭ֡޿Vladimiro RocaΪ˹Ȩڶ±ų˵ǵЩΪǩ˿˹ļеʵƻǩ𽥵أǶ˵ĻĿ־ԽԽСע70Щڰˡĩڶµ˵ͬԸо־ǹƲĿʼʮʮգȨգ޿⣨Martha Beatriz Roque¸ҵǵļһʮʿμӵĻ顣ʮĸʡͬĻ顣쵼ƶᡱAssembly to Promote Civil SocietyһɳٸС֯ΪŰ׼Ĵ֯ע71һ־ˮѷ죬ߵӾʣ޶ˡ

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Ǽжճ 								 								 									 										 											 аʤΨһҪǺԹۡ

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ˡ顶аġĸǡ2025֮ǰĶߡ

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  ĲˡаġһıԭӢģǡBreaking the Real Axis of Evil  How to Oust the World's Last Dictators by 2025ˡ꣨Mark PalmerŦԼʱΪԾľɻ֡߾зḻְ飬פʹԺնĸ䡢λͳλĽ׫ˡڰ։ߴͷŷͶŷͶʣҽ˶ǫ̈̄ƶȫĻбַǷƾʷȨ֮֯ҡ Freedom Houseϯ

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  ںò˵ԣаʤΨһҪǺԹ߽ۡԼʱһξʮС갤Ұͱֽвٹ˿ȴǷֽĿ˻ñв߿ıͯھУĸסһλ١̣ͬȡж´տʱĸƷװξ־ܣϵ練ĿϾվС󣬺ܿأǷ˾ͶǷˡɴˣд֪ɺǿվڱȨͱѹȵһʲô仯˼ǣΪ׵ӦóΪùҵ񷴿ߵļǿܡ

  ȫжָ

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  ָȣǱȡùͻƣһеĶܱӶȷĿ꣺2025ǰߡΪĿ꣬뽨һµĹϵҪΪÿһͳչļƻӦһΪĵ⽻ߡǿñ뱻ΪǶ˵һַ߱ܵʷͥߣ߾ǶߣǲңǷǲʲôĳɫĳĻ

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  꽨飬ҵ⽻ԱԲɷչĹӶйһӡǶְȨĿѵõϿɣ⽻ԱӦýԷ۹ԱУ찲Ź㳡ڳϲμӷ۹ԱΪʹ¾ܳΪó״ٽߣҲӦΪĴٽߡҪ׼йġ⡣϶Сʲͳ廪ѧʱֵĲΪСʲԽøЩЩͳʹʹйĶֱӴ򽻵ҪͶԷֱӵ⡣ӦйĶףԸĸǾͻʷǾܾĸؽٴη찲ʽѪѹǾͻᵼںرͥܵеС

  ʵЩȾʵй統פʹ޵¼˰ڴʹۡνӴɫʵ֪ʶӺңǰѧѧǽݣ뷽֮ϯϲʲͳ᣻޵µĺʹΪ֮ṩӻЩȻŭй֣ԺʹⷽΪСĶˡЩ飬һ˸ĸнȡԵĽ飬кܴ顣Σ߶ڴٽйȡܲӡ

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  аġһ˼ǣΪҪսƽߡ߶й˺ܶཨ飬ǽķǱרһᡤգ Gene SharpƤءPeter AckermanͼֿˡߣJack DuvallоɹǱĳɹ顣߶йķǱ״ҲȽϤֹһεᵽйʿͷֹȡķǱдǳֵķɢʾߺ״ǶȫԵġͬʱĿͺѶԸˡҪȫԵϵ磬ҪһۼȺڵɣҪһ߱ɼ˵ƽ̨Ҫøֻ׼߻ǣҪȡװȫԱ֧֣Ҳһ飬Լ˵ȵȡ

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  ӦûͲ֧й˶ϹġˡCommunity of Democracies һӶõƶġDictatorship-to- Democracy Centerڲܽģд֯ӦȲȡж߽飬־֯мƻйжԾȫףÿһȵġйաԺ쵼˷ֲ֧ҰʵʩƻӦΪйרһͼƻ߻ȫ˶ѵ˵ЩԸðΪܶʿҪʽǱڵ»ʱǵļͥҲҪ֧Ԯ˵дԡǹŵķʽ͵Ǻܹؼġ

  ΪⱾİרдһƪԣĿǡҪеĹйָйѳΪʵĿꡣȷʵӦǹйԼĵ֮߸ǣⱾгжƻҵע⣬ֲ֧ʵֵжչ200533գԺͷίԱ2005ٽоͰ˱᰸ʼͷһתģרƶתƶȹ̵ооɹ뾭ӦõЩո𲽵Ĺҡ

  Ѻͽȥ

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ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.wmv|459859103|44210958C55DF1944B45DCAAB1AE341D|h=XMCL3ZQY67OQRB5I43DT2F57KGMKPVWJ|/
[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.srt|15652|722812614351782BA413E53A4AE714F0|h=DJEAI37MZT2W4XRZJH7HQ7HUSVP7GVCX|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.mkv|314688804|081DCDE4E2BC4EB1CDCB2F1184765024|h=FESWBM4CHBNRFYNLJGJQGUO4P2DAACIP|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.srt|19224|E8C1C2F2C9F37ED56C701B57BEC89592|h=7BLMALX3HT7TLQ2UHQF36HVP2E4D7SOL|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|10.ŭС.mkv|317055380|2D83B3AACF14489006195BB6BA9D71BA|h=6RUOWC4U7CTBXZXXGYFUPMJKXL5AN4IV|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.srtĻأ
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[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.avi|337910588|1B576638D83A2B3F2D47FC0238547C64|h=R2A7RUMBWPWJ7CL25LSAICMGGF3UFNOF|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.srt|21954|978F5ACD4E41A7998818FCBC5101FA88|h=VDRXZJULSHQXZ6BN7WMSBOVUFFO3FW6I|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.avi|518841436|FB7FE120EB1D5B3480D5F89B2FE45990|h=IGZK36UZR34OC2DAUCPVOF5YKVTDVE6C|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.srt|27280|A182170917E01176473CC37DDB4561E8|h=L2H4SVYVR6LTYKOHXPNEBVHHNSBMUK7S|/

Ѳݽ_˭й_1_רƸ빲͸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-1-רƸ빲͸.rm|143563976|747038A4DE7FA26F0C814D7638C5B50B|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_2_⻼򹲺 أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-2-⻼򹲺.rm|163995885|75306C88879D61354A5D644069ACA262|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_3_սٿ أ
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Ѳݽ_˭й_4_ͲҰרƸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-4-ͲҰרƸ.rm|250039831|CD47CF0B2A0653756C980A8C915611FA|/
꡶˭йרãһأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõһ.rm|25610189|4D948FCC84BEC99543FFFD2D41C2A6C9|/
꡶˭йרãڶأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõڶ.rm|25463124|755C2E0E9221A60ADDEE5C7FD37321C4|/
꡶˭йרãأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõ.rm|25334804|2D4D98A800D867F7672B54388573707E|/
꡶ɽ빲ϣأ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]ϣ.rmvb|154486906|D7BA793A369BD20F90A9681F675E42BE|/
꡶ɽ빲£أ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]£.rmvb|130689414|C38093B3BE86975E47476F67DC7A7D7C|/
꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|l£.flv|156629559|2A65622DD96C12E8985A7CABB17CEBBE|h=FEN3MBHHY2B5RSKOKC5OCWWJNU2QIEMO|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣϣأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣУأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣ£أ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣ£.flv|160273353|28724D273EABDB191107884CD6C592B6|h=YLCUGP2RSN5FMMAS3VO2C4L4WIRIQSSE|/
꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭Уأ
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꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|˭£.mp4|136622368|28DD6E8D98DE00AE7F2F7B9F2820D56B|
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡1йΪʲô<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡2߸ͳ<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡3˭Ĺ͹أ
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սʤʮ꣨ϣ˭սأ
ed2k://|file|˭.rm|106916155|6316D347300852ECEDA6A2972CD6E9DE|h=7I3PNSHWOTLDN3UOZWWNUWS56777MYOB|/
սʤʮ꣨£йսʲôأ
ed2k://|file|սʱйʲô.rm|97644121|127F421003AA7C23C82D27C12EE01F51|h=3DCJ5H3E3DDZVLFHE24MA3VVIOMQBHCJ|/
꡶<>ĵ롷ڱݴѧֻϵݽأ
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꡶˼徿ʲôأ
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ϵʴӢƪ,лأ
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ݽлŮأ
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ݽʴǰйǰйأ
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꡶׶̸·ѧأ
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ݽ̫ϣĻأ
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ݽ̫£Ļأ
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ݽй̨ǰ;أ
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꡶̨ͳһأ
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ݽйͳһԭ򡢵·ʱأ
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꡶йĸ￪Ÿйʲôأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼϣأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼ£أ
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꡶̸[]--Ӹأ
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ҷѷأ
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꡶йˡأ
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꡶ε˼άһսأ
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꡶ƭĲйˡأ
ed2k://|file|ƭĲй.rm|51313376|1236C00F725FD3B0389237A008E165E7|h=6ZFIEX4T46YQTBO26DJ5FI4CIC4YWMKC|/

δδأ
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δδԲϣأ
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δδԲ£أ
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δδأ
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δδ㻨أ
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δδ4851أ
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δδأ
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δδͶأ
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δδͯϣأ
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δδͯ£أ
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δδׯ̽һ𳪱֮衷أ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭϣأ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭ£أ
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δδ÷һƧˡأ
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δδCNN̸m4vأ
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δδCNN̸.srtĻأ
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δδ졷16λý幤ߵĶԻݽѡأ
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δδϲ÷ںϰ̲ߵĲɷãأ
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δδ겻ԭʦ裩أ
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δδǡڰ̲أ
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δδкй2009¡˳īӰڵĽͣأ
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δδˡ20101016գ١Źɣأ
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δδʵδδҶԡհܺ߳ĸ׳¹ǫֽеĲɷãأ
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δδΣҰȫ2010122ŵ㣬δδ裩أ
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Ҧأ
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顷أ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|479633682|DC1573E195C632534C4D36F45F7130E2|h=MUNFENWC67U7FY6XYF7KICSU35XYS6FQ|/
Ϊʲô졷أ
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봨أ
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ǵޡϣ봨أ
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ǵޡ£봨أ
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ذ֮1̲άȨأ
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ذ֮2̲άȨأ
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̫ʯ1㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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̫ʯ2㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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̫ʯ3㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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г2008ѩִڼ㶫˻ؼҵĹ£أ
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ƵΧۡΧޮܰɷãأ
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ϡޮԮ񱻿"Ѱ"ޮͥʵ¼أ
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Ƭϡأ
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ϲؼҡ80̲άȨʿϲϷöαץ"ƻ"1ͽ̣أ
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ڿաעڿļ¼Ƭأ
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ܡѰѵ꡷أ
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ܡȥأ
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ܡԶɽأ
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ܡ𷿹أ
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Գܵظ-סƪأ
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硶·һ.ҵ˼أ
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硶·ڶ.ҵأ
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жΡҵΡأ
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ѷ򸾡ɳǵͽأ
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桶ʹ˼䡷ݵӰֻءԼĲأ
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塶ΪݵӰֻءԼĲأ
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