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ⲿ׾ԺִʱдġΪһʷΪרҵĽʦҸԶʮ꿪ʼڴѧʷʮꡣڴ˽͵ĽѧУʲŦԼѧȹȥˡڸоԺרſΣؽꡣһſ˵ǰ޾ʷӼʫʸ踳ĺѧһǰйִʷʷѧϿʱ鳵ʷϡҵġŦԼѧǰ˽ʮꡣǰʮдУΣʮд󱾲ѧԺרΡʮѧϵϵΣƺͽڶֿĿŦԼѧʦѵУҲٽڶֿĿ֮ʮŦԼдƺͽڵĿĿʮ֮ࡣΪһĿơcourse proposalĸˣݲϿΣԽѧҲ䳹׵աŦԼдѧͼҳǶأ塢ڽ̺α㸴ӡΪһʷĿĽʦˣܷ⣬˵վڲ֪Уɸ֪Ҳûһ֪̫ĴӼҡʱҵĪΪ
ǱɼĽѧУȴһ֣ʮ޷ѵĿĿ֮УʼռйִʷһαڣʮδȱҲѧӣ̶Ȳβ˶Խѧʷ֮ɸѡҲòʱע⣬ÿһѧĽ̲Ķʱ³ʮ޶ѧδȴݡڸְ˾ͼԹʷϵͳ֮ۼ롣ΪޣȻΣɣԲıٵ䣬ÿһáʱѯ겻֮⣬һסдУͼ豸ೢǩŦԼидᣬͼдͼݺһͼݣһԷдѧΪ񡣸ид˾ѣдѧдҪҲΪ˱иԱдΣԻ֧̫٣ϲ̾ϢзһҪѧԺѧΪ֮ѧϵ޺ѧղΪΪɸΪұ߷꣬Уߣоϣпɻͨޡճйغѧʷ֮Уߺһ֮ղΪϵʦ֮йϣƬֽδҷҲٳɶ࣬ʮé®ɶջ
Ȼ˸߿Ƽʱţ䶰֮ʷղأһ캮ʤΡ䣬ǲ׺һڡҾþŦԼ֮һǣ裬ԿһҲǰŦԼд֮Ϊ֮ɣĻѺòߡӦʱҽ弰ƽʱͿѻУ˻صؿ⣬ԶɽżӦ֮ͬʹʦѣм֮ʦѺ֮࣬߱಻ʮ꣬ϵޣһãÿ˪ϦʮɸУԼпߣ׺ƪڡѧѡáͿѻʣԡջۣɾҲ֮˾Լ׫дʮй֮ȫʷӢĸǧҳ½֮Chinese Studies in History¶֮һŰ˰ڣøѧоᣨSocial Science Research CouncilAnnotated Bibliography of Republican Chinaעʷϻࡷʮ䣬֪ޣһ֮ɾȫȻ޹ɽѵ֪䲻ɶΪ֮δҲΨԸתҵ֮еְ֮оһתתǰʵԸҲʱƽʳ֮Σ˼֮ɱ֮ѽȻٽ̴棬֮ϧĦɼվѰ˼£ʼ¶ԱƪΪǰ꣬Ҳ
ʱʷѧ̽
ڱƪУ߱ر𽻴ǣġѧǡѧ͵־Ķдѧ¡νѧ岻ӿɬԱоݣʦ֮νһ֤˵һֻоŷ֤ݲ˵ʮֻҲɽʦѵθΥֻǾѧ£һĿɬԶоݣҲһҪעŲѧʷѧȻѧѧ֮Ӱ죬ѧ֮ڵÿʷ߹̲ҲʿʱԴʱм߷УȻ΢ᣬƳУֺͯθ췴˭֪췴ʵ췴Ҳڴ׾ߣ⾹Ϊڸݵҵʦ֮һܿ˹ɣDean Jacques BarzunҲθ񳤼ѧԺ꣬УƸڣUniversity Professorݡڱҵڼ䣬ϼʱڿʱʿҫעţfootnoteѧ֮ʽʷѧΪΪᣩʱΪڸУʹ֮λ˶ѧ಻ƷҲö˰ʦ֮ѧģÿǳ֮ߣȻע֤ɡʱΪ֮̾Ϣ̾ƾ֮ײй֮˹Ҳ򸴺?!֮չ̶֮ȣ̨оԺѽʮʷʮ·½ѽĿȫȫԻ̨߱ϸԺר֮Լʮʷʮ伮ťʷϼֱ޿м̶֮ȡɻ̷ʲʿרΪIBM֮˹³ģϰ𾪡ʵ²޿ɾ֮ʽ֮١Ϊڲϣ죬ԶϵڸĽ֮Уһǻ֮ۻ伫ޡĴӡܱգ
ĿǰԿѧչ֮ƶ֮һ͵֮ٽʮֱ֮ɰĿǰܳʮӢ֮ͼݣȫղؼһ֮ڣ´֮ж࣬ǳɺͳ?!ʹ׾ƪΪ׫дƻС˵ѣҲҲһ֮Ϊʵֻʮꡢʮ֮¶ԸɽڴɽУԾ֮ˡ
Թ̸Ըʷѧ֮Ӱ죬ʵ˲ԡÿȰ֮ӦٸġˮעԭǺʦ֮˼Ҳҭʳڿѵڬ֮СգȻп֮񱡹ĺʦȥҲ֪յĵʱѵڬѳΪСգ֮ʮ֮ԵԼ֮֮¶˷˺ʶʮĹǵǻ˷ѵ𣿡ʵϣڽԳ֮ǰʷѧԴעУĳֵķʷѧ֮ϣһעɳҳ֮İ˹ʷѧʵΪڵ֮£Ǿ͸ӡȥŦԼʱԴһѧΪ꾡֮William H. Honan. "Footnotes Offering Fewer Insights: Scholars Desert an Old Tradition in a Search for Wider Appeal." The New York Times. EDUCATION. August 14, 1996. p.B9.
иˣԹʱ׫ƪʱΪһ߶¾֮ͣͬʱΪ̽ʱʷѧӦ֮ȡ˲̿ʽ֮׫дһʷʵ֮ɶߣҹͳʷѧ֮±ĩ塹־֮ʽĩ֮ˣ߿һĿȻ߆Ҳʷʵ֮顢ɾ֮֮̾мѧζһܶվҲ֮㴫ǧߣ֮вߣ֮һö֮һ֮ޣıһ֮ԣԴ֪֮ಹ֤һעţйؼע֮⣬һɵʡȴ֮רҼ£ǲ˶֪֮Ҳ׾ƪΪ·֮ʵݲ£Ȼ֮Ҷʱ֮Ҳ
׶Σת
нߣ߶ʷʷʷʮ꣬Ը裬ÿǧһãţǧʷ֮ڹͣһԹ֮˹ʮδ֮׾ۣν׶Σת͡ҲԺм¼֮ʷǧ꣨ԪǰԪ꣩ǧУ簴̬֮չ֮typological approach to societal development֮ǧ̬֮֮չǿۺ֮Ϊ׶Σ༴⽨Ҳӷ⽨תƣػʺ֮䣬ʱԼꡣӵתұѻƬս֮٭֮йִʷ֮׶Ҳ߱ɼΪһתǶѼҲ֮ڽй֮ѣһ֮ڣԼɶ˲ѧνתҲ
״½ʷѧ֮˼ʷѧɣ˼ֹ֮ʷΪΣ༴ԭʼ硢ūᡢ⽨ᡢʱᣨν׶Ρ֮ᣩҲ½֮м֮壬ѳɹŷӡȻ֮ԭҲݹ۽֮ʷѧ֮ᷢչ׶֮ѧԣԭδɺҲֻնѧ̫ϣÿƫȫҹԺ֮ˣѧתʳ󲻻½ʹ֮չͨԣȻ֮ᷢչԣ߽Ӱγɸʷ̬֮ͬ벻ͬ׶ҲŷǴ½ϣһᷢչ֮[壨Semitic Peoples]ʷѧܽߣʵΪ֮󣬳֮Խ֮չʹͶӡͷî۴СͬӲ֮ˡ˼֮ɱ
ûūҲûʱ
ҹŴūslavesūƣslaveryڲͬ׾֤֮ʺѧйۡ[°Ӣٿȫ顷The new Encyclopaedia Britannica in 30 volumesһ森ʮᣮҳ]ū׶Σҹʷ֮⽨ƣʵԭʼ磨Primitive Communeֱݱʵʷѧν֮ԭʼߣ֮tribal lifeҲǳԭţȺӶԳһࣩ֮Ϊ֮ȺӶӲȺԲΪλȻγ֮䳤ǿ֮磬䲿֮˴˼֮붷֮ϰ򽮽֮֡Ϊߡѧַ֮ɣchimpanzeeȺ֮ÿΪὮȺ֮ĲսãȻץҧצãΪȺ֮ÿ壬ʱͬѳ಻ҹ֮սҲԳˣ˺Թʳ֮ϰߣǿײ֮Ȼγɣʵ⽨֮Ҳ֮ڲ֮䣬ǿڱѡСǧݱ֮γʱ֮߼⽨ӡ޺ʷÿҹʷ֮Ҳʮǰά޽֮ӡذ۹ʷŷ⽨Ƴڲ֮顣Ǵ˰ʢʱӵԼΪ̨֮һ̹(Powhatan)дСʮҡÿҸС֮ͬÿӵʿԶʮ˲ҲǾ֮ȨԼ׳ɣпɹ̹ۡŮ¼Ӣˣж飬Ϊ󴫡֮ӢҲ(Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of VirginiaTheir Traditional Culture.University of Oklahoma Press,1989. pp.114125.)
ڷ⽨֮ǿ˵ΪҪһΪӻ԰ء⡹С壬˽СǾͳνײĹʵϮƣճȴȹϵ췴֮⣬ܽͳνײ㡣һʽķ⽨ƶȷչԪǰ͵֮ĩ˵ѵǷ켫ΨＫطƽǨ(Ԫǰһ)֮Ϳʼˡܰһӻ¡Ƶľ˵˵ĹŴʵĪڡ?־һμءҳ¼£

ܾȣȣʮӡʮΪӹǧ˰ٹ̫껡Ƶ֮ơݺ̴棬ͼ֪Ҽ˥ת䣬йľʱʮ岮ˣ˻ᡣս·ֶΪߣ⣬ʮꡣ첢ĺ΢Ϊɥʲ֮⣬Ϊأǰʥ֮ᣬӡ(лְ桶?־ᣬҳһĶ)

顷ڼأʷҪڼҹͷҲҲġķ⽨ĳǴ֮ġǿ֮ȴһһϦ֮Ǿתġ˵⽨֮ʼǣøַ沢أ١⡹ˣʱ⡹ǡءԴˡڹءһ֡ͬȥ()ƽ()Ҳض⣬ضǸʱİ취Զ()⡹ؾͱɸƶˡ
ѿػصġءͳɡ֣(һ填 һһ)˵ĽעҲ˵ǡ()Ҳ˵ǡ()ڿҲǾ˵ˡ(Ŀʮҳ)ѧʷϵͶʱڵʦʷָ֮ͣΪǡҲδδ⡹ǡڿҲ׫ɡҹԴ֮ҵòΪҵġ֮ǰƪĳҵʦ͹ȥˣж֮Ƿ⽨ĩڶԷء⡹ձӡŷֻ֮йչɶصĿĹ(civil service)֮Ҫѡ
֮뷢չʵΪҹ(sociopolitical)һδת֮ؼڡһתתʼͳһйϷ⽨ءɷ⽨ת뿤ƣȫʽ(lifeways)һתϾİǱȻ֮¡νϾİߣǿŹл˽Ը֣Ҳ׫׾ƪڿսڣ֪ʷݣз磬ִ֮ġϾİҲԹʱ߲ǳཫʮǰ֮ھ뱾࣬ԾͽڷҲ
ڣڸױǴѧ빤֮ʱڸУ֮йʷо롣˹ʱѧκ(KarlA. Wittfogel18961988)֮רۡ(Oriental DespotismA Comparative Study of Total Power)ɱ׶(һҮ³ѧ棬ɱйѧԺɺĳ)κУȫ岢ע׾̾书ˣáκ˼ĩ֮ѧ˵νʽʽ(Asiatic Mode of Production)һۣ֮Ϊʽ᡹ʵΪһ֡ˮ᡹(hydraulic society)Ϊũҵ˽ģ֮ˮ̣˵޹(رй)𽥽Ȩר֮һ磬ʵ䷴ҹһ֮ɣʵʼʵۡϷ⽨ءְҵơ(professional bureaucracy)֮Ҳҹƶ֮չʵǿƵĹһȣģ֮(綼ߡǼ˺ӵȵ)ںҲģˮ̵ġ̫ء(մ½ϽĴʡίǡ)ʡίǵȨĶ߹(ԼͬڽֵϿˮӹ)޷ʩġԹʱʮ֮ҹǿ᡹֮ͳ(ʼԿĹ֮)Ϊҹƶ֮ص֮׾κ֮˵ΪӽϹ䱾ĩȺ֮Ҳ
ٴط
һǴعʼҹʷϵĵһδת(sociopolitical transformation)(Ԫǰšǰ)ʢʼ(ͳһйڹԪǰһ)ں(Ԫǰһġǰλ)Һ󣬷һȿ棬һơ߹Һ(Ԫǰһ)⽨֮ʵʼʡϷ⽨ء֮תʼʽĻδ䡣صת䣬ũ̵ľƶȡְҵơʿũ̵Ľ׼֡ɥ׵ճȵȣһתת͡뼯ȨĹƣغԺ󣬽塢ơΡԪ壬ʱ֮ϼǿ֮֮ëϵԴһ뼯ȨĹ֮ͳ˵жӡĭʫУҳһȫ£

⽨ۡʹ
Ȱʼʣ         ٿҵҪ
ڣ         ѧʵ
 ٴط      ʮǺ¡
 ˡ⽨ۡ       ĪӺ

ʫں߲꣬һھһ±֮ëΪ˰ʱʫ֪Ҳ֮ë϶֮˽⣬ʼδ׶ΣԴͳ֮ʶ衣ë֮˵۶ˡ´ͳѧʱ᲻ҹͳнࡹȵʷҪԣǿ֪Ϊ֪ΪǵнƶȡϽ˵ܳһǧ˰ٹĴС(ʱȫʮ֮)ҹʷľǣȺٱ࣬ǹѩʽĴӶ٣γһֶĻĴ(racialregroupingunderculturalpluralism)ִľF¯(racialmeltingpot)ڽսͨ(social mobility)ߵʱһ֮ڵԶ۾һأһ˵ɣһܿᳬɺص˿ڡνй(Chinatown˽)ŦԼ֮ࡣǵεĳ·ʵֻ;͵ز֮һ;ѳһݳ˭˵һͲܳͳأһ˿ׯɣҪйǶйΡǶʮһһЦգ۹գҪǼChinatownڸ㡸һΪԸΪChinatownе಻Ҳ֮⣬ǧ֮ᡢ֮ᣬ֮ᣬǲ֮ͬҲܴʮݷչʮߣʵлǧġ֮޷Ҳѣ̨ͷɱкܶˣμĸʮһأкβã
ɽϾǸ۹μҡʱͳʱͷν干ۡŲȡʽ¯ѧһͶĻл(塷ԭ壬̨桶ȫҳһˡ  һһ)ʵڴ۹ʱ͢޺½ΪʡʱΪʡȡҲ¯ѧҵʱëƶ֮ӰһˡѵΪԭѽʡ½ɡȫΪֻ뼯Ȩ£ܵԵΣͼӹеķߺ͹ʼķӣ򰵵ظѻˡαӲС˵ƶȣҲݻ½Դڴˡ

ע桶ëѡУëȨǾֻܡΡˡëԼ˼뷴ʮʾԴûԭԵգèèйʷԭȲûеĴĿʵǺԩҲǺܿЦġ

Ƶ£ë󶫶ִ壬Ҳʶִս(challenge)֮£ٴСġطѲ˼ȴƫҪմմϲȥ䲻©Ҳɵúѣǵëϯйתʷ(ҹʷϵĵڶδת)УԭֻǸתڵ䡣˵ĸԡʶѵʱֻת͸߳еʼʣת͵ĺۡͽƱǿëΪʥܣʵͶʹԼµһҲֻǸСļ׵ŤתΨڵν͹ʵڡʱӢۣӢȴδܴʱơ򸴺ԣ
Ǽĵڶδתͣһδתв֮ͬһתʱڲᷢչĳһ׶ΣʹνṹתͲɣġڶת;ͲȻˣȫ˶֮󣬶ƵսǾսһսҿ˽йܹѺδת͵ĻǸɳܵѻƬս(һš һĶ)ġӢϾԼ(һĶ¶ʮǩ)ѻƬս֮ɳ˫зݵġʤߵĿɳܣװΪܣߵĿɳܣܣټĵ۹ǧӢˮһͿء
սǰǧ겻䣬սʮһ
ѻƬսҹʷϵҪԣ˵ƶӵƽ׶ν׶εת͡׶֮䣬Ǹˮ롣սǰҹƶ(ë˵ط)ǧδģսйǾʮһˣĿȫǡһת㸴ӣºͷȥȴֽ׶ηڸ׶Уĸҡ䷨ҡ۲һգ֪ȻҲԭǡڴɽС޷ʶҲҲ(ȫΪë󶫵)Ϊǣһλƣǿ˴Ӽˡ
糯ʷңҲʱͷȥʷתͣתξðĶʷеǰʱſиĽת͵ĳںڣһ˾Ű䷨ʱڣһһ˶ʱڣҶйǰ;ıʵ޷աǰ;·̫࣬·򣬰֪֮֮Ҳƣ·٣ں·׷٣йǰ;ԶҲԼɼˡ˵Ůʮ˱䡣СŮű䣬ܿıأǵȵѱʮ֮󣬽ΪһλˣҲͲԤˡֻǸʱ⣻Ǻ֮ʤǰҲ
ݱߴ󵨵Ĺ۲죬ҹʷϵڶδתͣʵǴӸ֮űȿʼġջˣһʮĿҲĵȥˡ쵽죬Ҳˡ˵ĵʵҲ˵д죬ȻҲ(ʼĩ)ۻع飬ѽҲҹʷϵڶδתɵĿʼ߲ǳعǰհԤʮ꣬Ӧɹʷϵڶδת֮ΰʷ񡣹жͣйʶҹҲ֮Ǳʷʱʷ֮ˡźһ£˭߱ʷѹܣ౸صҹܳ⣬Ϊ֮˷ܲѡⲿС飬Ұأ׷֮Ա˶ۻع֮أҷʹ߽֮
ƪܸ֮ʵơºϵָԼѺͶĹ֮УԿԶ湫˾³ִ֮Эм֮Ѿл



                          һžսڱ
 

 
ҼйĻת

һйִ˶ĸ׶

ƪԭΪ婖ĩдӢĽ壬󾭺֮֮ĸдԭ͸̨֮йÿѣںгһµ¿С̳ŦԼ༭۷Сƪ˸ɡ̳һĵһؿ֮֮׫ʮ꣬ɣ䣬Ȼض֮˼ǰһԣʮʷչ̫ؿڴԾڸȫƪһԸҪ֮⣬ϤɡɽĻڡ̳صԭУδעƪע֮Ա֮Ҳ߲־һžŰ괺ڣ

ҹġά¡䷨ĸ򡸸ʽʽ˶ָЩ˶֮˵෢־ʿȹԸΪ᳹ЩԸ˶Ѳ֪жΪ֮ͷ­ѪȻʱЩ˶Ȼδһйʷһۿȥһѽʡ
ǽͷϸȥʷ־֮ѭ԰ѡͬˡ䷨˶սйϯ½̳еġɡ˶ȵһһϵͳķǱ㷢ЩҪʷǵġ෴ģһһķηһγһ˶˶ֻһ˶ĸ׶ΡһԱ֮һ˶йġִ˶ҲǽйΡĻġת˶١
Եִ˶
֪һִ˶ҹеԵġ֮ʮͳŷҵ֮ĻҵⷢչĻڲһָĸԵķӦȽ(Arnold J. Toynbee)ʷѧϵʣǾĻ֮ġսͷӦ(challengeandresponse)
Ļ֡սڸĻġӦȴвͬڽһڶжӡȡ޵ĻԾмսԡҹѾĻսÿ⡣Ҫ֮ڸĻִ֮ͬ˶ķӦ֮Ȥ
ҹִ
ִ˶ӦҹԣЩʲôأ߲ǳԹ֮ΪĿ
һġҡ(nationstate)ĹʽֹʽȻҹеġ޶Թʽ(universal state)Ȼб𡣢
ҵữĹ񾭼áҹеũҵĹ񾭼ãͲƽĲƸƶȡ
ϺԣϺѧӦҵĵ±׼ƶȡҹɵº;ɵƶȣϵģ磺١ä顢ؽڡƶȵȣִ˶𽥱
ġרȻѧѧ֮о
塢乤֮ռ
Ρ༴һԱϻȨöͷεԭѡٷʽƶȡ
ٴ㣬ǲ˵ҹŴѧ˼ûⷽѧ˵෴ģҹĻŲҵݡЩֻѧߵ롣ûгΪǵûγɱȺڽܣεһʱΪٹ֮˶
Ǹ˵ν˵ǵУѳΪ⣬Ļһչġҹ֮ͬĻս֮£ҲಽһչġһչԭĻġսİˡ
׶Ժ͡һθ
Ϊǵġִ˶Ļս֮·ģǡӦսḺ́ʮּࡣΪҪִǲҪ¡ǻҪɡɲ¹ᣬ֪֮ߣʵɽ˵ҵĪƻĪڽ衣ҹִ˶ʷʵ͸ɫɫ˶һɲ¡֮Уƻ͡衹ġЩ˶֮ͬҲ־ҹִ˶ġ׶ԡ
Զҹ˼Һ͸ʦǵۡǱ֪Ƕֻһִ˶֮ĳ׶Σĳ⣬ֻעĳڸ㡸񡹻񡹵ˣֻˡʦ֮ġĴߡ
Ǻ֪Ⱦ׼˽ִĳҹΡáᡢĻ̵ִͨЩˣΪһθߣŰ⡸ִİơ书һۡ
ɽĻҶӡ
ɽһλ֮˼ұһƻġԡ˵Ҫġԡȥ֮йΪһִͨ˵Ĺҡ˭֪ⷽȲͬĲǱˣȺǵͽͬ˻ġͬ־ɽȻ̾Ի

Ԫ֮ʩиԣԴ֮Ŀģʵ壻ᵳ֮ʿΪɡģ޳ЧĪν̫֮ߣ֪֮Ǽ裬֮άҲغ̫֮գ˵ʱ֪֮ʶ̫ҮǺΪ֮Ļӣ

ͬ־Ϊɽ֮ʱԸʦȻأʷҸеԻˡ֮˵꣬񵳲ָɽļƻ£оļֵ
ʵҲʲôѽ¡һǶԱεȻǵԱ֪ʶ̫͡ȻһǶֺγǵûаסʱȺڣִ֪ʶи߶ʶΪġԱ֪ʶֺ̫ͣ׷澰أ
飬Ҳ
ɽ쵼ʵʷΰĸ֮һ쵼ΰĸĹ˼䵼ʦʱҪ˵δɹ䵳ɳɼĹ񶨡֮Ϊ֮ߣΪǶһθߡйʷҪԤ·ߣԤĿĵء֮ǶϣһǧĻʽϴ壬ڼбָµĻµĹʽ
йʷǣǵԸˡϵĻڱ䣬ִķಽڱ䡣ȴûκ˻ָʾȥҡһ䡹෴ģһ׶һ׶εı䡣κֹǰ䶯κҲܡǿԾǰ֮йִ˶иκθ˻壬飬Ҳȡ꣬ű˧㸴˶ĿΪ㡸项ˡ鵽ʵѧҪաɽ֮ǰ㡸ƽȨǱ˼ҡȡˡȵͬ˻ͬ־Ҳڡ
׶μ
֮ɱӡֱǰԾǰ෢Чأʷʵǣйִ˶Ƿֽ׶ɵġ׶и׶εɸ⡣Ǹý׶εġ֮⣨Ǵһ׶ε⣩ֽ׶ǡ֮񡹡븱ķġ
ˣȫ⣬ӽʱѡȴظģΪý׶˵񱾣˵֪Ⱥӡȴظ⣬ǡĩá֪Ⱥ󡹡
йʷϣڸ׶УǴ½֮ǰġɹġͬʱǲ֪Ⱥ󣬲ظ⣬㲻֮ģδвʧܵġָ㲻֮ڴ˽׶αȻк
йִ˶һ׶Σ븱⣬ͬʱ䶯ǰĸܱ⡣ǰһ׶εĽ粻֮䶯һȻ谭йִ
ַ䶯֮˵ݣйʷȻҡ˵
ͱ䷨
׷ҹִ˶ʷʵӡͬˡֽ׶εġ˶簴˶֣ԷΪĴ׶μС׶Ρ
ͬԪ꣨һһų֮ʮһ꣨һ˾壩Լ֮ǩҹִ˶֮һ׶Ρһ׶еǡ񡹡ΪҹѻƬսӢʧ֮ѵ˲ſʼʶĻڼᴬϵʵÿѧԹ£ʶ֮ʿ̸񡹡֮ͬʵʽϱ󺣾·Ľ衣ܵʱؾεķԣһʱڵġ񡹽൱ɾ͵ġ֮Ȱѧƪ˵йѧ΢ٳ̣Լ󷨣޲Ͼߣȡ֮Ҳӡһۣʵϱһʱڡ˶ġѧԴ֮ԣġѧΪ壬ѧΪá۵Ƿһʱѧ˵ҲǵʱؾԵ׵ġıġġۡ
սѧΪ塢ѧΪ֮˵𽥱˽һ̸䷨̸֪䷨˲ûзѧ֮Ϊáѷؽʵÿѧһ̸ʽġ䷨ơˡˣԵı䷨Ʊδһ׶ҹִ˶⣡
Ϊšܡɽšл֮ͬ䷨ƵĻ̬һµġ͢z˼ɵĳɹйִ˶еĵڶ׶Ρ
ϳԵı䷨֮⣬桪ᡢĻõ֮׸ĸСͬ顷С塷Щĸĸڵʱǡ⡹ǵ֮ȺڵķӦͬ˻Ĵǡ²ָлƽȨ֣֮Ϊʿ֮ͬ˻֧еľɴĸɾɾ繲ʷ˵Ϊǡʲ׼桹Ҫԭһǡ֮ҪԱʱġ⡹ڱΣνȺڡķӦ
˵ڴӸ˼֪ʶ˵ǰʱĵԱҲʵڹªÿ¡ǰʱÿζһǰķ룬ǰޣΪǰķ롹ڡǰһʱȺڷӦġ
Īƻġ˶
ʱǰġǰķ롹һʱȺڵķӦͲͬˡ˰˾꣬˶Ļս˽ֽһǸоֻԵı䷨ƣԲԽһ͵ĹҡҪΡáᡢĻȵȵܸĸҪйִ˶׶ζˡġǰνĻ˶
Ļ˶ǵʱٵһںűǣԿѧе̬ȣ¹һмֵȻڡѧе̬ȡ֮ǰǧҾġ׼ҵ꡹ࣨû˵ȫ»޼ֵķˡĲᡢ䡢ڵҮյȵġһмֵ⡣
еһȥл˼ͻȻõ˿ǰδеĴšԡġʱġĻ˶ʵɽ˵ġҵĪƻġƻ˶ʵϣѧлԻͳɾ֮⣬ջֻ˶ѡġĴʦǣˡѧе̬ȡһѾɵĶݿĻٵˡƻķϣǽЩʲôأ
ǵȷѧ͡ԵĿںšʲôǿѧʲôأʱҡźĺĪ֪ƣʱҲû˵һѧ˵ٵĶˡ˶̺֮˼ǰδеġ״̬
ߣġƻֻǾ˼롣˼ľɵϵȴδΪġƻδ֮Ϊлͼ塹ͷ׷׶ˡ
һ׼
ҿɽ˵ʮʮ¶գɽڴ߳¾ӢȾ֮ڹݻйʱһƪ˵ɽ˵

ѾʮˡʮûһûбҡҲѵԭʲôطأ򵥵˵¾ɳĳͻ˼ǷȺġҪȺɣƽϰԲܲƾ˼롣Ҫƾ˼뾿ʲô׼أԵĽһ׼

ʱɽ˵Ȼá塹׼ˡأȻ塹ˡڡġ̶֮֮ڸһġɡᵳ˹塹š塹ţڡʵ塹߶ŻӦ˶Ϊͬ־Ĺ񵳺壬ʱֻԾʵи顣
Щ˵ɣġй񵳡Ǽ̡˶ġġ񵳡͵ǾԲͬġĵǴӢʽġԺĵ˶Ļĸĵ
ҿйķˣΪӰķۼҴϹڹ񵳸Ŀ˵Ժ༴ġԺ󣩣ꡭ̸Ļ˶Ϊֵ˶ΪĹ˶ڵĸνӣй񵳵ĸ飬Ǻʵˡ
ĩõй
йأйڹݹڣԱʵʲʮˡڹмġʱѱصƻʱ׿һ׶ε⣭򵹾򵹵۹壭ȫȥǲ֮ġ⡹ظѱĺ󷽺еĶǰ;ԡѪսȴں󷽱ũЭ᡹ֽñν֡͵۹ͳиƽ˵ĵط׼һ֣һ˹һҲֿ˹񵳵ĵȨΪ˶·
أڹڱѪܵġ塹˳ȥǼ˶ǧձֻйʷϵˡ֮󣬻̵ġ¾񹫵СߺꡣȻߣǴѡ⡹ˡ⡹֪Ⱥƻ˱˿սһ׶εĶ۲۵ĸý׶εķ
ս
ǿսʤ֮󣬾ƱȫĹˡǰǻˡ֮ǰġ⡹ȴˡ⡹µġ⡹ǡظĸ͡ĸһ׶Ҳһ⡹Ǳǡʿġɡ˶⣬Ǹҵģḻ⡸⡹Ҳѧ˹ԡٰһɡףѡͳսɫȫ
ڹأǸȴҲҲĶǰڵ⣻ս޷աĸ߼ǼȱԶıѷӦ½׶Ρһиѫĸʱ˼ҸĶ󡣶ʷ࿮ӣ
½ڸЩɶӣ
йͳδ½Ѿʮ꣬ڴ½ϾЩɶӣɡϿںţȫˡ֮ũߡΪԭǡͳսʱƭƭ˵ġ
ڡظĸ͡ĸأ㣬ѪܵظֻǶԾƶȵĳƻǰġӢǰҹġ˼롹ݿƻˣڡʮһĺúǣȴҹġƶȡʯֵĴݻˡҹǰġĵ᡹(multicentered society)ڶ̶֮һΪйרƣһ½׼ϹMilovan Djilasʣͳεĵᡣ֮ҹеġ֡𶭡ʦͷȵеİͨͳݻˣ֮һµͳν׼ܾǹ
ҹеϵѲϡִҪøı䡣ܾǹƵᣬǷͺϺʮִͣأѲض׸
˵йʷԵƻġƻδ֮ƻˣҲᣡ
й¸ʮ꣬ʱգԼ֮⣬Ķںδأ
Կйšڼ䣬ɡķŭں̨ġɡ˶ķδʷ׵ظִ˶ѽһ׶Ρ
ֽ׶Σ
ֽ׶ڴ½ȡɡġɡйֻ˵ǡڲìܡ˵ǡΪ⡸ɡȷйڲģмӶǶԡйˡǿնɱġ񡹡
̨أΪһ뼫ΪʹìܡһҪšɡԷһҪѹһںȺ˶
˶˵йִ˶ǰһ׶εġ⡹ѱΪһ׶εġ⡹һ⡹Ƿġʮꡢꡢʮꡢʮ֮Ȼййʷǣǰ׶εⶼǧԺɵġ
ĻʷҲǣĻսǲ֮ġйĻʷ߹ǣйĻĻŵ㣬ҿԷʹ䳬ĸĻеĳ̶ȡйķ̱Ǹӡɡ˼ƶȼȻĻҹĻսһҪĿ⣬ǵĻڤ粻Ӧ෴ģû֮ǰǵĻɴһսǲֹͣġ
йĹҵ
ҹĻһӦֽ׶ħϱйԸйĻϽ˹ĻӡйִеĳйѾйݵ·ȥˡ֮޼ɵĵΪץסһִԵҪ⡪йĹҵйٱΨһܴشֻһ㡣Ȱйʹ֮࣬ʱй˿ҫҲһ㡣йյġ
йҵκȨӦĴ¡ˡϯҲҪʵйҵġֻǹҵķʽвͬˣ˭Ҳܱ⡣ڹҵУҵұСҵɱͶֹɫ塹һĳ硣ҵγǶӲʳڻȡأ
йյĹҵǲȡʽƻõķʽȫ֮н档˵ҪãҲйʵйȨרƣпᱩŰʽĹҵٶҲ졣෴˵йھý乤ҵٶߣʩ϶רƲпᱩŰ֮йҵﵽ߷ʱ༴бͳδﵽ֮ʱ֮ڹƶ֮£СΡ͡á⣬ͬʱǱ۵ġ侭ء侭ʵ֮ʱרƵƶٱ֮ʱ༴ǡ֮ʱͽǾþߣǸšϲ㽨ԳΪǵˡ佫ĽȻ͡ڴ¡
йȡıɱߡΪŸ߶ȵĹҵټйūӪҪūɣйɡʮӢ򡸶ʮӡйڻ֮Ƕģи߶˵Եġħڿսʱڵġձ۹塹
ƭֻάʮʮꡣͲҪɿҪָȫɡʱͳǷԶĻָأԻΪΥйȨչ߼ġټʱͳߵɫйڲСټ֡ҪҲͳԶٵˡ
Լʹ̸أֻȡԾ⾭ķʽйȨ찲ϵĺú໹ʮİӺù
ʮ̨
νʮ꣬ԲδҡʵжδᲢۡΪ֮ԵֻĻ֮εķչĻʵзս԰׶ڳ֮δΪסڹͬұˡںס˼ܱΪϷйĻȫάй಻ȫ໯һҲйϵë󶫾ʮֻ꣬м£Զȱеʮ굽ʮмӵɵĶʿҹбһ̨ûг໯ǡεʵĿ˹ˣƾ壬
д㣬ж֮졣ԵΪҪǹΡáᡢĻԳһ塣ҪԹȡ֮һǰ岻һնʲôڽ̡ǾʵĺϺйǰΡáᡢĻƶȡ
ʵһԣǿԷֵģǲġ̨ʮĹӦκνʽ壬ԡѧʵҵķƽȡɵԭ£ʵһµΡúƶȣһ׷ǫ̛ʮ֮ڣһµʱķѴ߷壬ˮɰѹһףݿ͵ȥ
йĻǰ;ϵ̨ʮķչһչĿˣ㿴̨Ƿץסйִ˶ֽ׶ε⣡
׶κĻս
ץסֽ׶εʵסĻҹսĹ֮УɡһԶĩҹ֡ĸ򡸸˶ҪĿں֮һȴʼûбκν׶εġ⡹Ϊǰκν׶ΣʵҹûɴεĺһںǺʮ꣬ʼΪֽ׶ε⡣Ҳ˵йִ˶ѵһ⡣һ֮ʼֵбɡ⡹Ļᡣʵϣ֮ɣԭʹȾ
ߣֽ׶е֮⣬ʵҲʲô⡹ֽ׶εġ˶ݼΪ༫ΪʡġʱӵȺӼˡͬΣȴͬƣ˹ͳսȦסûˡΪĿ굥ʣûΪһ׶ĸ䡣ֽ׶εġ˶ʵǡйִ˶׶ΡйĻͨһأǱйִ˶֮ɡʱĻΡáᡢĻһ̵ͨķս֮Ϥ֮֮ξø֮ìܣҾɵͶ֮ǣ˿֮ڣӸǿ֮ƽȡ֮֮ƶȳ磬ʱݲԸΪƽ֮֮䣬಻ɵӡ
ĿǰһʵĻ֮Ŧ˹ն嶼һ֮ǰȥܷƽأ㿴ʮУ̨ʵ֮ˣ֮

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עͣ
	ĩΪʹȫּΪȷ
	˴ָҡѷʮŷ޵nation?stateԲָܷĻȺԡʱͳʱͷԵʱеĺɡء干͵ĸΪͲǸҲʮӺӣɡʹȫ壻ء롸Ҳѽѷ֣ءǽ޹ءɽйӦȡ¯ģʽͳΪл塹Ա塷ӡһ̨꣬оԺӡеġȫҳһ˩һġɽһţϺʷġԿνŷ񡹣Asian Americans͡ŷEuropean UnionEuroPean Commonwealthȵȸķչ֪Ǹ𽥻ϵ磬ϸ硣й⣬Ϊڸĵڽ֮ڸϣԶɽŽ֮ҲйͿĸ粻跨𽥸ı䣬ܻҲ
	ɽԭԡڰ£ӡڡȫҳһ
	ƪ֮һ׶ΣǴͬ˿ʼȻǸǰѻƬսʱҲ
	μעۣҳһ

йת

ںʷʮꡣڴѧڵʷѧγ̱СͨʷĻʷʷйͨʷйִʷʮ֮ࡣڽѧУ˶ոʱøֽ̿飬䲻ϼ⡣ʱ֮ǽȨйʷ⡣ּȽ֮֮ѧʽڿƾٿУܾ͹ɡ⡹֮˵ΪѧԸƣʵԾ޿ɺҲѧԼ֪ѣÿ֮ߣǹˡִ˲ƣʮꡣڽѧУȫУ޿硸ͨʷĻʷУеȨǿţͳһѧÿԲעʽ㼺ÿŭղäҲڸΣԱࣺ̿项Ǹӹˡʮ꣬⽲弰֮οʷϣװֽоҲ
ǰԺѧλԶ֮󣬺⻪ѧ缰ý֮ѣÿÿμѧ飬Ϊʱ壬ԴУаؼ֮Ӣľɽ弰ʷУ֮Ӧ١żһΪ֮ΪʱȾã֮䣬Ĳͬѯȶࡣʹһ֮ޣ˼ãʮ壬Լӷ룬гϵͳԾͽѧ֮ͬУһߡ
߲ѧרʮ꣬ࢷ룬һѾȻѶںƽ٣һţδ飬˼ǧǣһãʮ֮ѧ龫֮˼಻ҹԷƱԹ֮˼ԾɸС֪¼Сʮʷǡ֮Ź棻׾䲻֮Ҳ
ɸУй塸תۡʮδ֮һҲڳʦʷԡй⽨֮ɱ䡹רƪ㼺֮ʮԡԲΪѧѧʿ֮⣬ƪΪѧʷо˶ʿ֮ҲʱдʷΪо
ҴһоƻΪս١йԴ?۷⽨֮ɱ䡵һƪ֮⣬̩ʧоδɡؿһڡѧԺϷʰǰ֮ѧ¿һڣһģһһ긴Ε̨֮йĻѧԺ֮ʷѧ㿯ؿ֮
ս߸ѧתŷʷй⽨ʷ֮̽ꡡȻ֮ϰȤδҲӡڰʷ֮жҹʷܣ֮ȡԺţӡڰ֮ʷ޷˽ҹ֮ŴʷҲӱȽʷѧ֮ɷҲ
ӡڰ֮ʷ˼˹ʷѧ֮γ֮Ӱ죬Ӱ֮Ϊʱȭףȭѡ˶˼ʷѧۣ֮ϸ޺ʷǽĿǰʮˡԼѭ֮֮ᷢչʷһ֪ν⽨᡹ʵֱԡ᡹תͶ롸ū᡹ֱ̫֮ӹϵҲ
ǡࡹԭΪȺӶ֮һ֣Ⱥ֮ΪȺӶǡ㡢Ʒ䡢Ͼ֮ͨȺӶ֮Ⱥherd,֮䡹tribeҲ֮ȺбгзȺȺȺҰɹš½֮ȺԸȺףáӡڰ֮䣬䡸chiefһҢ˴ʡҲ
ȺӶ֮Ϊ޽ǧ꣨ע⣺꣩ޱ仯Ϊ֮项Ϊݱ䣬н̬ת͡Ҳˣᷢչʷ֮ν⽨feudalismߣʵԡtribal lifeֱݱ롸ūơslaveryϵҲ
ȺӶӲ໥ūۣʷ֮ūƣ֮ȻģСʱݣ֮𡣸ūԴڲսԷ²Ϊūϵʱ󡣰ūƶȻγɹʼ֮ūslave tradeūΪĵġū᡹ϵ󣬲Ϊ֮ͨҲйŴʷͽӡڰ֮ᣬɷ֤֮ר飬׾ƪҡ١һ£ƪδϸ֮Ҳ
ҹʷ֮⽨ƣʵʼܣԪǰһһǰһʢܡʼʣһΡ?־Կԡ־˵

ܾȣȣʮӡʮΪӹǧ˰ٹ̫껡Ƶ֮ơݺ̴棬ͼ֪Ҽ˥ת䣬йľʱʮ岮ˣ˻ᡣս·Ϊߣ⣬ʮꡣ첢ĺΪ΢Ϊɥʲ֮⣬Ϊأǰʥ֮ᣬӡ

ǰ顷Ҫ̣߰ڹԪʮ꣩һλҮͬʱʷң֮ⷬȴܼ򵥶Ҫ˵ʱڴСΪȵ弶⽨Сһǧ˰ٶС㣬ǰߩǰʣʮս֮ĩʱǰ填ǰһֻʣ߸ʼͳһ£Ԫǰһ꣩ɴࡸ֮⡹ѡ⽨ơȫϳлΪơڽա
йʷģʼʡϷ⽨أϾİʷʵ
⽨ơ͡ơĻأ
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ڲŮ˲ڽǺΥˡڽգҲҪи项أ̨Ůǿͳ磬УԸŮҲҪΡŮ־ʵñ¾ġŮˣҪǿɷȻЮɷٻ£ҶȺֱţͲΪѵˡŮȨǵĽҰĵϣȥΣǹ޼ٷҲι·˽նԸɫɷ򲻼ʣҲΪԼǰ;ڵĴʹأҹŴμҺʹ⽻ҹᣨ٣Ҫ߶Ϲȫ»ᣬֹ¡ҲͲˡ
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ٵһѣӹŵ⽻Сƹʣ޷˵һҹŴ⽻ѧǺܲƽġٷչģ漰ʹϵĸʵҹżУ޲о߱ר˾⽻أеĵλҲΪߡþִ˵ǱǣⳤⳤࣨĹ䣬ģʱ⽻ˣҲǹʼĳؾһ˼ҵ⽻ӡģ⽻ʷϣȻҲһϼ¼Ҳ
شҲʮͲųֵġˡThe League of Nations͡ϹThe United Nations֯Ĺ룬ǵսʱѿʱνġеġϱǿһӵʵɼԵĴ֧Ĺ֯νЮӣҲδսǰġ֮УʮұӢǣűӣͽյʹϹָʹ˵ķ˼ǧ²йĽλɫСͳЦЮӣյǮⳤһ֮֮ϵĵ̬԰Ĳ˹ߣ΢ЦϹ˵
ǣҹʼͳһ˶Ǵ½Ϸ⽨֮󣬽ʷϣһǰġ۹Universal EmpireҲɹֻĶġһδת͡һתתй桢һǿưԵWorld Orderˣսʱչ⽻ƶȣҲ֮ѸתͣĿȫˡ

עڴص۹ͳһǴ½֮ǰʷֻиɽٵ۹֮ȣɽһնҲûдһ۹Ĺģƶȡ֮۹ȻҲǸ۹ϧڹԪ֮󣬱ĵ۹ߣҲûС޶գ޶ĹˡղĴӢ۹ӣȻҲ

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ҹʷͳغԺĵ۹ʱڣֻڽ⽻֮ˡĽ֮ڣƽȫû⽻ΪӦܱСҲֻ˸ͬƵġԺ˾£ǡԺֻ֮ڵһ˾ּ֯һ񶼵ڽǡ⽻Ҳ꣬붼ڷخݣԽĹϵġйʷ˵Ǵ󺺵۹ġ⽻ϵforeign relationsһ£뱾ߴΪǸڽϵǶѧϾʯĹϵѧߺͣҲΪصĹϵfo-reign relations˵йռأӦûָơ
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ѣ˵ƤȡֵɿЦǹ١ΰȷĹһģй֮أξĸͲƤ߸ִ⽻ȫ£Ůɣ乲ͬԣ⽻ҲֻķˣҲϰյķˣӢˣ٣⽻Ǹеרҵרܶһ˵ţʶ⽻⽻ܹ鲻ܿս׵ġҪëϯ˵ġ־ս͵иġרҵThink Tankңʮ͵⽻٣඼Ү³͹ļңǼɳ֮ϡҵģλϷаҪҼרš⽻˹ûͷ֮ʼ֪˹֮Ҳѣ˹ӣǺöҲʼԺǻǷǧꡣҽֻصսʱսڼ׺ڵȼλھԳơսɡҳһ־СսߡϹ޵ġھɾݵսʱݡ᡹ҪҮ³Think TankĳˡרëϯӢΰġ塹Anti-IntellectualismͶ·ˡ
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ٻͷ̸̸⡣߲ѧ⣬Ҹ˵ôﲢûиѣΪͱĹϵdomestic relationsڽϵҴȡģֻʷĹ۵㣬ʵĹ۵㣻ãҪһִĹ۵㡹Post-Modernist Approachͺˡ˻˵أԭڡִ׶ΡҲһ婖Ժɣֵ塹֮䣬ΪŻͨޣŽģѵġԭŽһֵ壬Բɢǻھˮ(fish in the troubled waterյĲʿǣ˺Ϳأǵ۹ɵģҲΥ糱ġ
Ŀǰŷ޵ŷˣڴ䡸ͬгCommon Market͡ŷEuropean UnionŷĴǣ˴֮Ҫָͨأǲڴͬģͬ죬ͬףͬƣֵͬͬҲ跨㹡͡Roman RepubliC𣿡۹RomanEmpireҪһ۹Լͬǵĺ󺺣ǽҪָǰ֮¡Ҳڲڰ󡸱ԼNATOֱʵأ
ٿĿǰ޵ŷˣνŷ񡹣European-AmericansͰ׵һƵġŷô񡹣European CanadiansͬʱҲ֪ôǽȫ磬ˮƽߵĹңǲȫϣΪһոµġġӢ塹English-Speaking PeopleעⲻPeoplesڱӡīҲڸùͬӦִ֪Ի˵ŷͱǵ֮ͬġǡġǡӢġأ
ʷϹʻԻ͵ν塸¯Melting PotҲֻǶԡŷ˵ģǶ˵أԼ𡣶ŷ˵ǰٷ֮һٵȷҲǰٷ֮һٵһ¯ˡǡŷͼô󣩹ŷͨʣȴٷ֮һأڡִ硹World oftbe Post-Modern Eraֵһ󣬽Ӣġ塹Pure white Nationalism塹Aryan Nationalism˵岻ǶδսǰǸӡŷ壨Indo-European NationalismǸС̡Anti-SemiticԡҲʧܵˡ
塹̫ġ黯᡹Assimilated JewsϺ֮УҪĳԱģµϣĿǰѸٳɳ֮СһҶԺ󣬻ɽġˣںִ磬ưԵģܻǣνɫ֡Coloured RacesѸٵļֱ׷ŽԾȣϵġͷ֮Ȯunder dogsʱ̧ͷ֮Ҳ

עڹԪĵ֮䣬ҹһʱҲйƵһİҲǸһδںϣʹһϵĺѪҺ˷ϻͯrenovated˳ƴ۹ĶʢʱĿǰӿʼӢ壬һĲСҲ

ѧˣһʷϣɱ·չšŷߡEurocentristsȥʲôйвۡߣȥʲô壬ԼȥҸ㣬ʲôйҲ˵һСƵǡͷBarking up the wrong treeҲ
ѣӦ÷ԵģǸͰ͵л壬ʮڻܾ֮һ֮ģɽġƻYellow PerilϵĸεĻ֪ʶӣ̳ڣڡִѣǵл壬»ʸ񵱡ƻأǸģȴɽġ򡹣New Arynized World Orderδѵƺ⹤͵ĵ֮أ߲ѧҲһ᲻ķչأ
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ǸȽʷѧģؿŰ֮䣬Ϊǽֵʵ棬ɷֶϣʮԣͳһӢӢѳΪӵġҲΪ壨Ӣ壩ǶǴ½ǧϾһֱͳһɹֻˣΪνһҪأλΪ˵ӢҲ۹κУȻҲһ糱ΪذΣ;õ棬ҲΪԼǰ;ֻҪصĶҪ̨ǻԡʷҰHistorical VisionΪǻԡҲͶԴĲģӲҪǿ㡸ضӲҪйѳǻ͵Ļˡ
ԭҪƫƫҪΪԨ㣬ӲҪѺڿضñӣǱ͵ĺͿˡ
ƽĶۣҰĵκУصĶԭδɺҲڡǰѾʮΡһΣкβأǺү֪ʱͬǸʺ;ĻԿؽջȥδԶūƵĺ֢ڣƶϻɳĮ֮ϵķ޲ࡣǶֻʽʵۣܸʽġأ䲻˵ӢĺУĶȥӹ֮ӣٻο»иִģǧġְҵϵProfessional Modern BureaucyײݰǲݰҲСУЩɶأȻٺжᡸܹҲ
ҲҪʣһ쵽ڲ߶иǣҪСлȥأסأ߸湲ꡣֻôһԻĺУԲ˶뷹ˡ

ערͳƣһžˮƽǣôһģձߣӢʮ壬۵ڶʮйһˡThe World BookһžŰҳһһٶʮ֮Ҳɶأ

ߣкӢ壬ѰӢǵġ͡ڽִġ·World Wide WebWWWӢܿܳΪĹԣҲʵáfunctional֮ףĸӦΪͶʵϣϹУԴԣһΪͨʵùԣڽWWW֮УرӢＷҲԣڳӢѾӢӡġŦĹγеġӢ塹ͬεģǵĻΪβܳΪأ

עë󶫵ȰԭеġĳɡǸΪǵĴߡ̨Ҫ桸Ҳǲִ֪糱˼롣˼̨ͬǧϵϵĵġͼһҫҲҪԡͳһ޷ԡΪأҫһ˼롢ʷ۹μңҵͳӡ

ǳҰ˫˶Ӧһ۶ϣͽյŷߣ۱ֻǴһ֮أ׾ֻۣǴӴѧʷǿһȨθʹ׾иָ̣漰Ǿשˡ
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˵ͷҹĴͳ⽻ѧ⽻ʼԺתһµķģԹ֮ƽȾΪ󣬶һʽҵСáǶʷĿԿ϶˵ӹŴйšŵޣͳһġй֮⣬СǶ಻ʤġǸ˵ķԣ֮£˴֮Ĳսtribal warsҲǴġһǿСٲȨarbitrational powerĺơΡԪĳ͢ȴά֮ƽ

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ǣҹҲи⽻Foreign officeȴû⽻ߡForeign PolicyģȫǱӦ⽻򰤴⽻ڹʼ⽻ΪʼվδȡһƵγɣйأν⽻ҲҹҰԴе֪֮ҲǸҪذĩǶѪ߰ߵİ⽻̸ˣڶδսĩڣѼ롸ǿ֮УǱ۱ףѪǼ֪Ľ롸⽻û̫Ĺϵˡ
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ķУһ齫񼪶ҲǷԭ⣬ŷ޻ڶսSecond Frontصȵ¡ղԵ֮ʱȻׯ̻ӢӶŷĺںذ̲½ˣԼţɾսɴ֮УͬʱҲɰѡܡϻرԳ󻼡źε
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ǰפϹʹɭBill RichardsonΪҪ˶䣬ԡ项רñֻҪ项һͷ֮ҡҡ׹ӡսԻ项ô项ҲǮⳤԡ˻项֮Ŀģֻ֧֣ͬͻȻ䣬򲻰ݺ󻼣Ȱ˻项˼֮кƽܴ֮ͬĿҲһžŰʮաŦԼʱErik Eckholmıרá
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׾ƪӦ֮ΪĴԼ⽻дġȻڰݶӴ֮󣬲ٸгӿΪרŷѷչ津ּǣҲҶֳ޴ڰ֮Ҳؿ֮˭йWho lose Chinaɻ͵Ŀͷ³漴׳Ƥ项White Paperͣ˭ййԶ֮ҲεȿʱҲвʿȰְ˵ĽͳԣҲƤ԰סֻϰڽ⽻⽻ĽͳҲ˼Ҿ̨˹·ޱţ֮̾ӡ[ʵʱҪһBlack Paper಻һй⽻޴˴ͳڶйѧִʱδƣbureaucracy֮academicsǸҵĴ֣㴵ģҴҵģ档ڴ֮ǰһй֮ˡѹʷǰң鼸ؼ½ڣǳRobert CNorthsChinese Communismิ֮Ȼй⽻ѧо⽻޷ϣܿɱʵˡ]
ǰ֮߱ˣΪźڣҲںѧ̹öǺй⽻ʷһĿγ̣ÿĲο飬Ϊ׺˩֮ΪŦԼдָɣסй½ڣʷʹϵʷγ̣ûι۴½ѧй⽻ѧƵĽͼղء˹ʱδڶ⽻йصĳղأ˵һƬɳĮм㣬Ϳ¿๦ʦҰϼкܶѧʦɸΪ֮֮ڼ䣬ϹĽ̻Ժ֮ذִգ뱱йػأͼ齻ҸѡϹ֮ͼ飬Ժ棬ʮĩ֮ȫס⽻ࡷForeign Relations˼СΪΪѣ־⽻й꣬Ϊѧʦ⽻٣ⲿ飬ǲɻȱABC̿飬ߵԷѾѪѵһйߣְҵ֪ʶְ֮ҵ񱣬ʵ֮ȻδΪ֮ƣ˳֮룬δƼ˼֮Ҳ˩ԼУ֪֮ѧߣȻд˼Ҳٹϸѯ֮ʼ֪˲飬ĸڼ䣬߷Ǯһ֮мۣΪֽֽ֮ˣ񾭷ѣԲöơΪ֮ĶǡڵСͼ飬׾ļ£׾<֪֪ʶ̫ƽ󺣿ս>һġһŰɱ档ڴ½Ϊ顣̨档
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Ҹ߽ڣôܣ⽻רҵ㵳ٲͬв쵼СϹëɽ磬νͥʦCourt Lawyer롸оʦResearch Lawyerϰlitigationûгסоܡͥʦ¥ϰ壬ɣǳͥʦǴͥʦ䱳ǿоΪܡëϯ˵úãûоûзȨ⽻սҲ֪֪´ƻƣ⽻żãҲ
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ڶǡ˼ʷѧɡ⡣˼ʷѧڹ˼֮ǰȱҪ϶һԡǷǡŴʷۣū᡹͡⽨᡹ǸԵġǡ˵ǸԵġǡǷǼȻԻʮ͵ѧͱصϣʱӡѰ롸֤ĿȥˡȻֻ֤Ѱң˹µġ֤Ϊ֤Ψһķˡ͵ġϵۡȿɱ֤֤ڣϵµͲض˵ˡ˼ʷѧ硸׼͡ϵۡһȻԻֻݡ̽ѧͱѧѧٻͷ̽ʷѧҾͲܽˡʷоѧĶʮͺڣ˼ʷѧѧʷѧ͸ˡɸ໥Įӡ໥ӡ˴˸ǣˡ
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ǹִʷѧ϶ֻɲ걸ġ֤׼غͿųʵ֤Щ֤걸Ϊ֤ǡѳѳ֤ūơĴڡдġʼ꡹ʱĻᷢѳ˵źʼʲǸūΪʼѳˡ硶֮ʫġҲȫū
ڹٵϵ֤ݣѵΪūӻԼūۡȵȣ֧顣֮ǵҧĽ֣֧ūƵĴصĽۡѧߣ书ڹ֮ϣǵоܶҲڡ֤ԭϴתԹϾ˵ûѰͻơ
ߣϳ֤֮⣬ԡȽʷѧϵ֤ݣ͡ѧϵ֤ݣֻδᡣ
ūơһᾭƶȡᾭƶںֿ͹֮²ܴڡܷһǾҪӡȽʷѧˡŰϣͽޣЩūƾԴں;ԲڵֵǱȽо޵ūͨɷ޷ūʵҲ͵ȡʹūӡڰˣͷˡūй͵νСûɹʰأ졸ūɣ˷ģū۶󣬾Ͳˡҹʷޡūӵļ¼ũ񱩶ʷ飬һڱȽʷѧν?
ūһֲɵͶߺߡǷм֮ۺ¸֮أǣְۡū֮ں£ūкӯ׬أūֻӯΪѧֻӯ˭ָأݽ޵ľ飬ֻСһ֧ūƣūΪõȻҹŴԭ֮ũɷޡ޻Cotton is King֮ҮЩڱȽʷѧڵ⣬϶ûмԽ
бūĴģũһ֡ģmass productionִҵģҪСѧġ൱ѧġʷϣʱ֮ǰδѧģļ¼أ֮Щѧϵ⣬ĭûнһⲻūйĴʼֻǸ衣ūڹŴйȷ֮вࡣǵūūΪġū᡹ˡ
⽨Ķʲô
˼ʷѧһйؼԵĸǡ⽨ˡ
ʲôǡ⽨أԺġй˼ʷѧɡءй֣δҵȷĶ塣˼˵һʱΪȻӦйŷġ⽨ơйŷʽķ⽨ƣѧߵĴͳֻͣһֹķʽһᾭƶȡƶ֮£ӵĹϵֻǻʵ븽ӹĹϵֱ֮ӹϵũֻأǸӹֱڣʵ۵˽
ִͬСĹϽƶԭйŷޡȷ֮ƣȷ֮ʮ֮߰ŷʷ˰ȡͳֽСfeudalismй֪ʶӶŷʷйŴƵƶȡƶȲиϵֽ⽨⽨ߣҲȻһ֮ڹԪǰѱʼʵۡϡˣǡ⽨롸feudalismͬǧʷĹͱʽãΪֻжĽfeudalismʽˡҶ֮䣬ɺϡ
ڶй˼ʷѧɡѸٷչ֮ʱ⽨һǱ𽥱ˡй϶һлķϰߵܴʡʱգڡй˼ʷѧɡĴǻУν⽨Ȼȷйŷ޵ġfeudalismҲйŴġ⽨ˡй˼΢Ӱشһʡ
Ϊ϶зȷʣi˼뿼ݣ֤ڣūʱķֽ߻ڴս֮䡣⽨ʱӳĩ⽨᡹ӳһľꡣ
뼯ȨĹơγ
йսֱǰϦǧ꣬ǷӦ鲢ڡ⽨᡹֮أ
йͳʷѧɡΪȻΪǸݴͳġĶ壬Ϊйġ⽨ơڹԪѱʼʡϷ⽨ءʱϵˡǧȡ⽨֮һ֡ơһĹƶȡ
ִйʷѧɡڴͬСйʱڵŷ޷⽨ȽоҲΪй⽨ֻʢܣ˥ڴսѿʼΪʼʵȫϡйŴ⽨ƶһ֡뼯ȨĹƣcentralized bureaucracy
Ĺơƣ롸⽨ơ֮ڣĹĹԱǡϮ桹һ˽زƲߡЩڲͬķʽܷ֮ǶϼҪߣáۡȵȡǶڲĹ
֮󣬺һƣ档ŷ⽨ֻس߹Һ󣬺֮ͽӵˡȶغģʽ뼯ȨĹƣǧδ䡣ֱչ֯ϣϮһơ
ëһʫ˵ǧطʫĺȷġֻԺı͹ԹϵġƶȡԼȴԶ۹ͳġƶȡưˡ
ӵƶйͳ뼯ȨĹƾǧ겻ϵĸĽʱ˵ʮơԺĵƶθ࣬ʵʷƽľϸӷƺֹƾٿԡȵȺܶ෽棬ԶҪԭǧĽƶȣͿȫ̷񶨵ġҪ츣Ϊ̫ƽҲһֽٻͿ漣ġ
ӱȽʷѧϿ뼯ȨĹйСӢǰӡɹMogul EmpireأĪԶеҲһƶȡֻʷ̫ǳʼûзչйƶи߶ȼɵĻˡ
Ҫ˵ģǡ뼯ȨĹơ롸⽨ơʷ׶ΣҲǷţ༰ģ뼯ȨĹơʷȡ⽨ơȷ⽨Ƹһʽ
⽨ơһִӡ塹tribalismݻְ𲻷֡֯ɢԷΪĵһԭʼԵĲƶȡ뼯ȨĹơǾְ֯Ч׿ԽȻĸ߼еƶȡ顢ԭʼķ⽨ǲͬնġĭƶȻΪһ̸ǴġΪԱȽʷѧѧûȤͿ֮ķֱˡ
塹͡塹
йĴͳУڡ⽨ơ֮δܡ˼ġʱ塹ȴһƶȡһǧ꣬˥أ
ԭʷչķֿ͹ۺ۵ۺ֧Ľ˼ģֻеһ档
ˡӸʳɫʼǾ˼˵Ĺͬ棨uniformityġйŷ޵İһ֡⽨ơŶǵĻˣҲһƵġ⽨ơŷڷ⽨ƱԺȴ̳һв׼urban middle classӶһ֡塹mercantilismֵʱ塹
ǹŴйڷ⽨Ʊ֮ȴûвв׼û壬Ȼ͸ʱˡ෴ģйȴһ塹̳еĳв׼ûгв׼ʱҲ޴Ӳˡ
һȽʷѧϵǿҶգ˼ֻһ˶һ档ĭԶ֮δǣ˵ʷ飬ĲͶذװйʷȥˡ
ǿ᡹͡塹
塹ǻ㲻ǱߺҵġǧǰѴڵʷʵԪǰ䷨Ŀںűǡǿĩũҵĩǹҵĩǡ塹˹ȥ
̾⳵Ѻ꣬ʼˡǿʵݶͳһйͳһ֮֮и䱾¸ǨԹơ
ʼ󣬺ƣδԸġ䵱ִ̼롸֮ĩҲʽҪũ̡󣬹й̽ڴ󽫾֮ҪƽҪıͳӹ̵ߣרĴۣݼۡƽĻǱѹһѹѹǧ겻
Ƕʷķ˲ھһʣЩĲɡȴµػʺǣΪʲôƫҪЩСĹȥأڱȽʷѧҲѰһΪũ̵μңֹػʺɣأǧĿԪѫ֮һΪʥ˵ĽܸѷͳҲǼͬŵġԷۡӢ뱾ܸ֮ѷʱ֮ĺܶٶԹ߱۵ԭȣ㷢ֶ֮õ־伸ͬġɣҲǽܸѷͳȻɣȽϿعһ棬ͳƫµһ档
Դŵйũ̡ĸߣδɺǵġǳΪʲôŴй߿һǧִܸ꣬ѷ֮ȴܡʷЦܸѷڶԺܶٱСӮ̣ȴս
˵Ŵйܹ֮᳹ũߣߣɣıһ֮뼯ȨרǿִκΡߡ!ǡũ̡Ըټҡһƻһһƣ졢硭ȵȣܡмԦľȨ֮򶫣֮޲һֽļɰѹʵס
ȨеġƶȡȨһƷԱءƷСٵ֪£ƷĸɲС޲иְȨڵľȨ
ɣⲿһʵǸȨ֮ȵСơ¼ϼȫ롣һ֮֡ܿ£ССֻλѣʲ׼ƺ!
شҲΪŹ᳹ߡ֮ԶҪѧ˼¹ۡȨ˼ϣ˫£ʿũ̵Ľ׼Ƕʹʽǧ겻䡪һ㡸Ĳɡػʺ䣬Ҳˡ
һͳйеʷչʷѧͼ֮֮Իǿ᡹Աŷͳ֮ǿڹҡᷢչһڹҡǸָʹ̫ţǸ˳СϱһҲ˵̬ǹҵġϲ㽨ɣˣǾͿ˽ɣרеʤ֮ˡ
ҲӦ֪ɣⲿɽƵĹҴԭƹҵչġǷҲɷУ˹ҵ㾭ɣһˡ
־͹ʵڡ
ͷٿܸѷͳũ̵ߺвͨأǾǽܸѷͳȱɣǲ뼯ȨҴֻһȨרͿжɾûǮв׶κҪ̧ͷʱҪ֣ΰͳũ˼ˡ
ǡӢͳ֮Ӣŷһ֮չʵΪء˼ǿŷ飬Ϊʱ֮ǸȻƣΨѧǸ͹ʵڡʱħȲܷ֮ǰֻвں˼ּڰɣ
ⲻ֪ᷢչȻиȾġȾǡҡܲᡣȨǿϽػʺʱйȻҲͲΪȻˡ
˼ǰ㼣δŷоΧδйδ뵽Ψᷢչֵġ͹ʵڡԱŴйＸΨߵġ־桢롢ɣȼλ֮߳ԣʵ۵һֽگ飬ͿɰɽйʱΡ
ߣ˼󣬱ŷᷢչҲʼû뵽ʱҲʿһǶһɡ֮ѧڶʮзչ̫ˡʮһЩֱ˼ҵ˼ֵġ˼壬ѽ׼˵չ߷壬ģʽ޲׼רëʦСػʺ䣬뼯ȨĹҴչԽػʺ䣬Զ˹ֵ߾硣һ֣ëҲͿΪˡ
һв׼Ŀ
ⲿһĳЩȷܵġľܻأҲǡǱʹй󡹵Ļ
֪ⲿ޵дԭΪ㡸ũ̡ƷġĲάޡϸĽҲͬĿǰġȻụ̃ʱ֣֮ⲿѹͲҪĿ꣬ǡв׼ʷǣһԤв׼֮ǰв׼ѿ֮ڣݻ١в׶Ρɳ֮
һһһݣǧꡣⲿ֮£лũҵ۹Զв׼ˡ
ԱȽʷѧȱȤǻҪʣйͳġǡв׼գԻҲͳߣְҵŻ򲹹֮ԺҲְ֮ҵɰ֮ѵҲѧΪְҵţprofessional bureaucratsءְҵ֣֮ı֮֮򲹡ְҵΪרƵ֮ӥȮҲ
йͳһݣһΪְҵŸϻġȫsafety valveΪ򲹹Ŵ֮ڶйʷ޵췴ʷȺŵĸ̣򲻷йӼ̳ơprimogenitureֻ֮ڼߣмߡƷ֣ټӸƣؼеĻֻǸ뵱Ȼˡ֤ݽʷңԴδҳֵ֤йͳСͨҲֻǼԵġСƶؼеĴһɫġŵ޹ԸũС޷Ҳǡһ١שβɽ׼㲻ΣǲȽʷѧ˵ġв׼ǵġв׼ǧ˵ǲҴдִһѿֱ෴ˡ
ҵִٲˡв׼
ҹʷȱٸв׼ϧգԻϧҲ෴ģֵýĵطǧũҵ۹ԲõǾ˫ģҲǾ۵ģʱ񳯣Ҫ㾭ɡҵִ͸е׽⡢ѷˡΪִ羭ʷϣ㹤ҵִܸ㵽ɡ̶ȵģֻһǶһв׼ͷġŷȣձں󡣽ʱġС¼¡ۡϳʡ̨壩Ҳ⡣
½شﲩ˲żüãɡ֮Ҫԭڴˡ½ϸִҵ¾㱸ֻǷв׼󡸶硹ǹ쵼ܴƱȽʷѧûеĳһûв׼Ĺҵִ󶫷ƺ޿ɱġ
ʹȸھиӹǿġԷĳв׼֮ԶСҵ˵ġ󻹲Ǹǻ˴Ϸ
йܷһûв׼ĹҵִйԴʷ޴¾ԺѸʮ꣬ҵ֮⣬޿ֹ֮ȥҲˣͷϵĿšйǰЧʮ꣬ҲǶǣͷˡ廧ʲôǸ廧أ廧ǡв׼ϸϸغʱһš˷ˣʰΤ廧ȻػʵĹ͢ȥԼʼʵۡ
ΪԱɽҵָ廧֮£Ͱѹȥˡ
Ǻѹ廧Ƶġ廧ȸγɸ׼ʹ㡸ȸ㸻ˡ̡Ǭ¡үҪ鳭ġԸ㡸ȸĸ廧ãһǧ꣬ʼǸǻ㲻ִҵ㲻СʽġɡձĪ͸֮ˡ
ЩȽĹҺ͵ķ٣һȸġ廧廧ˣγΪв׼в׼ΪϵġũҲ͵ũв׼ȵһ½׼ֱɡˡΣͷСмǾͱɡв׼רľˡ
ʮԪļͥȫ˿ڵʮ֮һһǧԪµҲٷ֮ʮ֮ܶͥԪϣʮԪ߶ȫ˿ڰٷ֮ʮ档ȫ˿ڡ˾һǧԪͳɸ۲۵ġԪв׼רľˡȫʳ㣬ˡ᲻ƽԷ֮ʹġҡwelfare stateȫÿھȼѹ¶ƶʧҵġ𡹣ʵȫҵܺͶ࣡èʳʳࣩ೬ӡʳܺͣ
ǡҡǶ߶ƶշȴǰ߳ߡԹҸǿ֣ȫëĶΪһҪ񡣡˾ߣ䡹ǴһҲǲ̫ҪĴһ˵ѶũҵȫڼϵĽй½ȥʮе⣬ǿ׷ڶʮͲʵõĻġӷԷΣΪʹ޳ܡʵ˼ֻصġ̷
ᳫ̣ΪһΪҪ֮Ҳ񡹡ʵصġ񷨡֮һũҵʱһԲķġڡ㹻ˡһӵĹҵξͲɱˡ
һв׼Ĺңչʳ㣨ãˣĻŲзκ
ǡв׼ϵģҲǷ޲׼Կġ෴ģھ÷չ޲׼ȥġռͥ볬һ֪ʶӵҵˣindustrial workersѲ޲׼ǲ۲۵в׼ͶߣҲ
ʮв׼ޡСеҲǱһѧۼġʲôϡ
ۣû֤ļ
½󡹵ҪȱһԷв׼ҲȻ½̨ܷۡϺ¼º󳾣ֲһв׼?
Ըйֲһв׼ƶȡû;ѭأǱ׾УԸ۵Ĵ󵨼ˡ
ǰһ㣬쵼ײ㱾Ϊ֮Ϊס֪½һеԼȨġƶȡëϯѵǷ켫һƶԭΪв׼̷չƵġҡһ䣬ڵϦ֮ͳΪ˹ҵֲв׼ıĸأ֮ì֮ܡƹ
в׼ĳڹҵıҪǼٹơšνõµҲйͰһġƶȡ˼ڴ֮˽ʱܿŵв׼ĳ̶ȣ˲֪Ҳ˹ƣde-control or de-centralizeԾߺ֮ΪԵǸɽգ
ǽĿǰΪֹй˿ͼǸΪʦġƶȡϴͳϿܷҵִ̥ǣΪл崴ʷǻۣܰף֮

*һŰ¶ʮѸŦԼ
һŰغʷѧֻ᡹֮
ԭ̨ѧʮڶ


塢йԴϣ
۷⽨֮ɱ

˹ɹʦպͽʷ־Ҵңȼ棬þɸ壬޶ָʧ֮øĩƶ

ҹطεĿʵơشʵյĵطƶԲ䷶롣ڿ֮ҲνʼʷϷ⽨ÿأԴսǰνѼߣǽʷпǰ֮ӡȻڿ֮γۼߡ˸ҶԿƶ֮ҲϷһ֪Ⱦۼ˵ǰȻʼпߡ֮֮ԴƱݱ֮Ծݱ֮һ֮
ũҵڵ
Է⽨֮γƶ֮ȷط˽й֮ǿɶԣũҵʼӡȻʼҲƺҰǧ˿ϡ٣ԼӿֳڽΪκβԿ֮֮ڻɾ޲ɣ֮߼ʼֵmarginal value֮ͣ಻˽й仮ض˴˼ͻǿֶءǿߣѹǨȥ֮֮ռ䲻⣻ֻҪи
ҿŹ޺𢹫֮ҵ˽Դ֮޹ֵҹ֮֮ѸõŭսŹԻֵ֮Ϊս֮ڱ˺죿ҹսɱ˸Ӷ֮費Ϊ˽ȥ٣ڣɽֹ¡ʷ?ܱ͡ŹȻǲöµĳߣȻԸǿߣҪԭ¿ǨŴڵһԸʳˡ
ؼȲ⣬ʱ侺Ҫڡءڡ񡹡˭ӵдڣ˭ܳ۵˭ܸ¡Źߣˡ֮ڱ˺졹һҰļҵҪŬץôΪԼȻʱ޹ƣαصĲڽǣ֮ǿǨ㣬ȥģ䲿ȥԹŹ¶˾ٹЯףŹ¡ͬϣ޹Ī֮ΡߣԹŹŹʣ֮ͬϣǽԿ·ʷǨ˵֮ʱҿڣ෴ΪȡڣҪȡ֮νɡ˭СõøУ˭ܿڱصԶ飬˭Ϳɸǿŷսʱδȫˡ˵֮ڹҲɶӣףںӶںڡӶȻڹ֮֮ߣڹ֮񲻼٣֮񲻼Ӷ࣬Ҳ?ϡáΪȡڵֶأ
ٿӹ̩ɽ࣬и˿Ĺ߶ʽ֮ʹ·֮Ի֮ҲߡԻȻڻɣɡԻΪȥҲԻ޿?̴ɼڴʱڣȥǨ㡪⻹򵥣ҪĻΪתơ
ԹϹŲΨһıչ֮ȡڣȡڵֶΡľҲֻо˭егЧӵ࣬˭ͿΪӡҿˣ˵һΡʷﲻФΣʧȥøУ֮䲿ȥʽ΢һλе÷ȡ֮ϽʱԻɷӡԻŮδ֪δҲֱɱӱȸɣӣ̫ʦʦǿܡʷ?ܱ͡벿ӵòˣһٶ̹Ϊӡ
ũҵεɫʱᣬоɵɵ־ճϢΪĿҲ޺ˡճϣɳͷɽ裬һɿֵ磬ȷֵǻԭʼᡣҸͿ̿δ˼֮飬һڱҢ˴ʥعάǰˣʹǳ뻯븴֮ʢɼδ˽ྭչĳδܰסʱһҲֻǡ֪䲻ɶΪ֮ԾɶȡѵıϣͱԿսʱĴʦγҵĻӭȻվвͨʵ˵սʱɹȥǡĪ֮˶ڹȴлɵıҪ
˽⽨
Ǻֳշּ֮ɴǳȻֽ磻˸ţشıãĵ١֮صʹýظоɡԾӣɽཥã˭ܽȵǾһֱ֮ӡһס֮˾Ϊ֮һǨˡؽظо䣬Եεƣ֮ʵУ¡
ǵر㲻û˸֣֮ҰĵĲǹǹС˴˼תȥΪһΪӡҲǲΪŹϧҰģŰ޵ĸϧūԹһ֡ȡڣԸпŰ಻ǨˡԺ첻ӡ
֮˽رΪ˽СС֮˽У֮˽С˽еĹȳķ⽨ƶ˼֮𡣰Ұļ˼ֶʵһ˽ң򻮵Է⹦ݣΪũūܳʱʱڣ˼⽨֮ɡ?Чƪ˵ܼ£ʮһնʮˡ̫ʷƼʮˣʷ?ڵأܸ̩ڲѣйʥ֮ũ֮ڽƵ֮ףҢ֮ڼ˴֮ڳ£֮轣֮Ρȡʷ˵ǡ׷οʥʵ򲻹һõĹηǵֶζѡͬƽк͵Ĺ಻ò⡣ȻڱΧָĳһδأһͷ֧Ʊ֮ԼȥӪ˵ŲŮʵ֮ʫ?硷Լȥչٹ]֮ˡں˵ˡΪȮƽǨʱ幫˵޵ֶ᪷֮أܹ֣ءķ֮ʷ?ر͡Ĺ֣֮磬Զ֮ܡǽǶչεɴġ
һǱʵ൱ǿ˱޳Īκãֻþؼӷ֮ԽҲӴͳԻϷԽ֮ңйʷ?ҡǧεġ
֮ǰвԸԶ̹ǿΪԸ̳̹̹̹սӭڽνҲ֮Īʫ?С?ɽƽԺ¡ȰȻ·ԼＰݣ˵ǻϽͬٴİ˰߹֮롣ƽſʼģķ⽨Ƿ⽨ݱѴʱڣӦ˶İӢۡĵ׶ʵдģط⽨ʼ֮ͳһ´ģʵпͬһʱٶʼʿ˵ǰλҰļңͬ˽衣ϾɻݲǳĶȸ̲ѡ֮ʥġάеı׼ʥˣԹΪɱΣҢ˴ͬСʵҵĵ¹ʼͬˡȻ巢չʷǾŲĥĹ
⽨ҡ
ƽΪУȻ׸һϳ˵Ϊ⣻µԷˣΪβ󲻵ؼȲֲܹԸաΪϱͬСֲִķ⡣ɷ֮ضʸܷ٣֮طȷʵ˿ɷ⡣Щ֮ʱδҿʱĺӶءƣĩ֮һҪƽܡڵʱʵѡԷƣ֮ΪλʼݡȻСδܷǰƲΪ״̬ƱʱءּȾ֮أ˭δԻ֮ǵ֮Դܳһʱܷʵѡʱ֮ձطˣһʱȨ֮ƶݱΪƣΪϵĳˡ
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ҹطεĳʣνԴء硸硹ɡڡԴΪ֡νԻأ׹ǲǼСأƪ?ʮԻ̡ʫ?šԻȷڳ磬ۺǽԻأ˷أ󴫡ԻԳԻأַȾ֮ԻԻءǽ޶ơ߼ָֹɵҲ˵ġأҲʵطҲʷطεĳʽԴء
ΨءȻ˵ġأϵҲϵءؼš֡Ϊ֡á˵ġעԻרΪأƴ֮ңȥƽ޶Ҳ뿤֮棬֮Ϊٽ֣ϳߡ沷̸䣬δߡʿɶ϶ءʼܣΪ֮ǶҲ͡ء屾Ϊߡע˵ġԻأأҲأڿҲΪ˵ڿʼԺ£֮ڴϲڿʼԻҲΪߣԹ߹֮Ϊף֮ԻɻԻأڱ֮Ҳ˵ǣǿ֮ʵϢ?ʮ꡷س¡?ʮһ꡷֮ߞֳ֮ض֣ʷ?ر͡ȣֽ֣֮ͬδǣǿӡ
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ʱǿ沢չ㡣Сܷ⽨֮ʧԸַ֮⸽ӹȻͳƻв㡣֮ʦƣС֮ʹʱأԻعش򡹡֮ղسٵʣվΪӡʴʱ֮Ψ֮Ϊ˹Ҷ֮ߣ³ׯʮ꡸Ȩʹ֮ʮһ꡸ׯ£س¡ѹ꡸˧ʦ£ʹΪ¹ѹʮһ꡸̣ʹΪ̹ʮ꡸ˬҲΪʵϢ󴫡ǽԳ֮Լ˻²Ϊس֮ʵิǡ乫ʮ귥ߞֳ֮ʮһض֣ʷ?ر֮֮͡ղӡԭĽж֮ΪߣκΪ֮Ϊأ֮Ϊء?ѹʮ꡷Ȼ֮Կˣ幫é֮㳼?ҹʮ꡷ʿԹ֮ء?ʮ꡷ٱƽࡸ֮Աʹ?幫ʮ꡷бйŴŷ硣Ȼշֽϵ
أΨС֮ضʮơɿ硸ӡӣԻԻġŮֹŮ፶١뾰νԻȾȣʮߣΪءӴ򻸹ʱء˵١ҲᲮ٣ʳûԹԡ?ʡ硸ٽDDԻոֳ֮ض־ʮ־ءνصָضҲ֮ӡ
ⱱԭʱơ꣬⡣췽֮Ϊأ롣ʷ?ҡ۴֮ԷҲ
۹۴ʱ֮أΨء롢ȴ֮С֮ߡСм沢ڰȻδ֮ߡҪ֮Ӵ̶࣬ȲԸַ֮⸽ӹȻأֱͳ֮в㣬֮òط֮عش֮ãʹΪĵطελֱ롣ʴ֮ĿΪйжĵطεĿʼСر٣沢ţͳ޲㣬޷ЧҲ
ҹ֮ƴ֮Ȼ֮ͬƣ֪һЧߣ֮ӡʿԴ֮Ϊ⽨֮ҡݱ䣬ӡ
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ʼͳһйǰȻ¡ԳΪһελϵϵء֮ݱǰ֮ꡣڿȻ˵ġؾ֡רߣǻΪʱҪ֮ߡ
ʼǰ֮ƾйء¤ϿԾܺʷ?ūдκкϿֽߡͬϣֺ¥Դɽ£ΪŴͬϣƽϹұƽɶͬϣ۴ءκԡȹ֮ƾרڷߡ
޺Ƿ֮俤רΪǿϮߡڳԻرأ¼Ϊ֡ȡҽʮΪءʷ?ҡ֮רΪض衣
³ǡſ롣ʷ?д֪ʼǰ֮йءǿ֮öڱΪڹϮ뾭б߷֮Ϊϱƣ֮뼯ߵؾƴȨһʱˡر߽ػһ߾١ʹжⲻκǣơԽ֮˵ǡر־رǿԴ֮ؼߵĽ죬ȻûֱӷȴɼȨһٲȻǱһʵۡûжĵطƶȵʱȷֵӵһƶȡĻִһ֣֮˵ԻشӾ
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ؼȽȻ£ȴͬελȻڱȱԶ־пܻأڹ֮֮Ϊ֮ϲ˵صȷǱȿãٵ˭ı˯ʳġء?!Ƿ޳ġȻǴһ,ʦԻ˵ߣϴأ´ܿ?꡷ǷԵСҲ
߿Ϊ߶ã佫οأսʱظбȨùʳ»̸򿤳ȻΪӺʵȨ߿صйȻδϢ֮ظڱΪ±ʱܿٽƣһӳسΡб߹˵ؼǱ˺ͻ·֮ĹٵʵȽԲܸ߳أȻǵȶ֮
ʱս֮սƵ佫λȻ֮ߣؿ֮λ˼ض֮ӡʼͳһ£ڿΪطεĶƣȻݱ֮Ҳ

Լ֮֮ʢҲܺܹһŭ밧֮ʢӡƽǨǧܰڵУ䶫֣֮ӲдڳܡȻʱ֣ʡׯʶʽ΢⽨֮ӡתάЮӡ֮ʧ٣֮ǿ⣬沢֮ӡСƲӶϢڰ֮ʢߣϰΪӡ
Ȼ֮󣬳ҷ⽨֮ʧأַ֮⸽ӹֳչ㣬ʦƴӶ֮ضΪӡԳս֮֮ӣԻɷ⽨ɱս֮ҲѾ²̼أ˱ϣ񣬶أСȾǿֱӳͻ֮µһʱݱ֮֮λض֮ʼʼͳһ£׷ϳ⽨֮ط֮ƣǧԻɶɡ

ҡйԴһƪԭΪʮ꣨һһͶѧʷѧϵ꼶ѡ޹ڡʷʱ֮ҵҲʦʱһָпȡ֮꣬мӣԭĻΪʷ־ҲơȻʱ߷æ׫дһйҹŴʷ֮ƪԴΪףδڸȫĩѧѽҵ˽˴Ҵװʡסԭٷ㶼ѧĸУ֮ʷоⷵδоԭɽٳɵк󡣷ѧдͬѧӾ˽ĴԼʮ֮ɸ־סͣڪʼͨʱĸ̩ʧƪҴ档ִͰѧԺԺԺ༭壬ԴɱÿһڡƪǰССָʧ֮֮ʮ꣨һģҲ
½ɫ󣬱ױǴѧ֮ʷоƻ빤ԺܽһƪΪο֤ߡܶͨйҲʴĸںϷʹھмһƪԱ빤Ͷ飬δ׾йĽٻУƪģͣ콵Ҳ
ƪԭӡսʱкλӡˢУԾӣ֮ͨԡԲ½֮ȫڿĿ¼18331949ԺίԱ֮¿루ҳžţȻÿһݾȱʼֱ֪棬˶Ħ涾ɼ׷ʮҹʣٸгӿΪ壬ĳӡԭг޳Ƿ֮ͨӢֲ֣ӡD֮ļԸ֮⣬ɣæϾʮѧ޴֮ɱҲ
                                         
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ΡʷʷѧߣʵȾӦǶԡͳ۹ʷһΣиϵ˽⡣ΪǴϵģǴӡ۹תġ۹Ǹӡ֪丸֪أ
ߣ۹Ĺϵѧϼ͵ͻϵһֻƵļȻһεĵߵĹϵȴǲ֮Ĺϵڱϣƶһֳ˿ɱϵӵݡź˿ǲһϵġ
Ծũ½̨״˵ɣʱգ½ϵƶȣ˵ӼڼСȥδԶë˵ǧط½ϵ⣬ƶȡ޷ѵ⡣Ҳһʽġ󡹣post-revolutionʧعרƵ⡣
̨״أֻ׶ƼˡǷɶ궼˻ıԡ浱һʧأ˻Է٣ҲǰˡԱյʷǰĽ־ʱڡ¹ڳ޼ӱһ֡˶anti-Semitism˰Ѹ˹Ѻ͹Ĳƽ󣬶Ǩŭһͷϣһɽġǰpre-revolutionСֲ塹terrorism)Ⱥ粻ʱƣԷδȻǰҲδֹ۵ġ
˵ǺϿϵŬڵģʽѰ·˫ࡸĿ꣬䲻ͬľأһƣʵġأ˽һ¡ıʡ
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ѧ̸ҿԼִ˼˵
ɽġ˵ʮ꣬Ŀǡй֮ƽȡƪԭλĲɵִʵġΪǨǡ롢롢롹ǻ׫ͲԴǺˡɽ֮Ŀģֻ׷йڹʼƽȣҪȫйϰճϣ˴֮Ҳƽء
ȻӾ˵ҪĲǿ׷ӡѡޡġƽȡһֱǿйľ״ֻǡƶСƶڴСƶ֮ƽȣû̫ġҪǡƽȡĿǰĴǻڹͣǾͽɣҪȸӶ֮ҹͳũҵãũҵϵ֮ڵֹҵС򣩾Ͳʤˡ֮Ҫһʵġҵľ÷չǸҪˡ
ߣ㹤ҵľɣȫҪԶֵģȨ°죬Զɡ˵ġǣ浽ϵˡҷ¡ִΪӦеġȨ̸ʹֻӾýһеʵר۲죬ϵƽȡҲǾ÷չȾѿҡĽʷδηնÿԡɡߣδоѾɣԼߡһѵܣศɣȱһҲһġӦ߱ĵڶҪһġrepresentative governmentȫΣֿνСΡҲκɻ죬Ͳġˡ
˸СΡ֮ľòƸˮƽȨĴǻ֮ġɽǸδɹĿǽһ
һʹսǰձ͵¹ܰάȥ߻ħҲǸ⡣ơҵסسѣ˼Կձά¡ͿĹĴƣǶôⲻ֪ǰԡ֮ȴܡء֮ȵ֪ġ׳ˡ尮֮ԱһȫӡӣҪԭӵˡٿ¹һδս踺ءؽͣôɸ裡䣬˽ãȺڱΪ־ˡ
յ壬ڽ϶Чʡбֵ塣ΪʲôĴأǶʷ̾Ϣ˼֮࣬ԭǵķ֮Դǳ֮ڣ֯ѹԶμңǽУƫۼҲ˻ֺ˼ҡɽ֮ʯԹʹɽ֮˺֮˵˼ġ
֮ͷԼȨΪβ߽ݾҪԷ˹һġЧԵľġĴɡŷ¶룬˲ңҲأֻǵġҸˣ˸ҡǾǲܲˣʲôأԺһľڣһ仰һʽδսǰĵ¡塢ڹҵá涼Ѿ߱ʵεıҪҵ¾㱸ֻǷʽһ󶫷硣粻ǾԷˡֻ֪˲ԼʽѹͲӶɡáơmajorty ruleǾ󾡲ˡ
˵ˣǡıҲ¶ˡΪΣԻҵáҲʵҵԸԻҲѡȫΡԻʽҲʽࡸơmoneyࡸmightһССĹѣƺգ
ʵϣԡѻƬսһšһĶʼȫͬ־ʿ龫׷ıĿꡣһ͹ȥˣڴ½Ͽ˵һĿҲδ׷׷Զ̨أΪɽ𡢹һһ֮Ƿƽؼȥһéݱѹһֻաдʷˣִ֣ÿ򿪵ӣֻԵصưɣ
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ǻҪʣ֮Զ֮ѧ׷˰꣬ǰ;δأĴ𰸵ȻǧͷġͬʱһйСӡȣСɱӡᡪյҡƵţҲ䲻ͬԭ򣿵йԭȻǸĻͻcultural conflict⡣
֪ǵĴ塸۹ǧһУйĻĲƷǸͷβŷԹйĴͳһҪִƶȣֻ˵ǡĲͶǻС⡣ʵȴǡֻۡǡˮݡأҪʽ۹֮Ӽɱһʽ֮꣬ʹ಻ġǴˡ⽨ʱpost-feudal period緢չӰ֮£ֱϴĸ棬Ǳ䲻ɣǽʷϵѽ֮ˡ
֮𣬾ںδأ⣬˵򻯵Ĵԡ
ӱȽʷѧۣ˵ǧ֮չ¿öǡŷ֮ݱԸࡣǸԷչ໥ŵġȽϣɾ͸ڲ֮䡣ʮߡ֮ŷȻˡͣڵרơũҵʱŷרƣھҲũΪ𽥵طչ塹͡ҵˡ
ŷڽͻȻֶأؼΪ⽨᡹֮ƪ׾һٲᷢչ֮䡸ͨԡ˫⽨֮ɳ֮ͨһȻ֮չ̣䡸ԡ⽨֮γɣʵ۹֮󣻶й⽨֮ɳغ۹֮ǰʷ͹֮ͬᷢչ֮Ⱥ󣻳ֵͬڽִ䱾֮졣
ֺ֮߱ںԻִŷᷢչ֮ڡڹҡҲҡstateߣ֮ϲ㽨super structureҲ֮ṹ֮䶯䶯
ҹǣҹᷢչ֮򡸹ǿ᡹ҲΪ֮ϲ㽨ṹ̬֮ٿ֮Ϥڹָ֮ʹҲ
ֺۣ֮κΪȻأԻ˫չ֮͹Ե֮
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ŷʮ塢ͷ⽨֮֮ƣԶ޷ͳһƴ֣ҲһʼʡγһССǰľ档Сߴ֮ۡ¼С಻Ϻ̨Դ಻һĴĿ룺ŷһ֮أʮʮ¼¡ۡġ̨ҵ֮ǵĶҲʮ̨֮ϺһǮһ塹ȻͲԳˡ
ᷱٴ˽Ƽ֮չǿˡոˡ롸ڽ̸ĸǵʷ˹֮ۡҲͱִѧ֮һˣ̨巻֮ƱָϡҲһԶ벻Ϊȡġв׼Ӧ˶Կյ̨ϺȭŽӵڡһԺơunicamera֮ڣѹϹ壬ƽԱǿԺϽƣڲϸĽУ˱Ϊάһ˽׼֮Ƚʵģʽˡ
νȫ񡸴ߣʵΪɾ÷չĹ˳ˮۣɶĴȻƷҲ
ôһǳӹ׵ƶȣҪֲǴ½Ծ߲֮ʺ֮ѲأΪǵĻͳʵˮݵˡ
йġڷͳ͡ҳơ
Ǹǿ᡹ĴͳǴϵġڷ᡹ݱġڷǸʷҲƵƶȵġ
ǡڷ᡹Ǹʲôأ֮еȳݴͳչԸϵҳpaternityΪĵƶȣclan
ǰ֮ǵġ⽨᡹֮һǧ߰ꡣڷ⽨֮ȴûŪСһҪǮĳ̶ȡ෴ģеۺͿ͹ʹȴ߶뼯Ȩĳ۹
Ϊ뼯ȨַչһʷױȵġĹƶȡcivil service systemƶȣپĽ꣬˵֮ѧʷǹĵһ걸ͳϵͳһЩ˼ҡμҰǶѧ塢ҵľע䣬վûףγһνұġĻ塹cultural entityĻͨԣʱڸѶ࣬ӦٵݡҴһʾĻͻá
ӦĵһǴͳڷ᡹ġҳơڴͳйļͥ𱰷ŮбġͥԱϤһλȳļҳּҳڼͥҵĹϣȨͬʱڵϣҲо밮ġһͥ˥ƶŮĹܽҪȫεġǸԼĶߡԼͥƲ԰ɣȫҳԱѻŮ֮⣩ǸܣȡġЭ顸ּҡ򡸼ҳҲֻȡӦ֮һ֡һܽϣ֮ûʲôƽȡԵġŮڼҳ֮ܽ£ģֽνȨġżɡܲġ
ҹͳ붼ǡҡģҪܡҡȻ̸ιҾǸСǸҡԹʵ۱Ǹش̫ͥϼҳϰնǡ񡹡شҲʵ۵µĸҲǴССļҳس֪½ĸ١ʷؽ֮ƣʵ۱ĻڡԡִʣڹŴ֮һ壬Ӧܵ𾴺ͷӵġϷʱҲ˵޸޾ҲͳйĽṹǴӡסСȨʼγһССġȨȻص̨Сףֱʵۡʵݵġһstate machineǸȨүǼȫ֮ܽȨһġ̡йɽ÷ֵġйʵǡ֮֮ʦܽһץζȨ϶µġеһΣҲʹһȨ˹֮νǿ᡹ҡǿڹҡǡǸ档԰ͬģʽСҡ͸塸񡹣citizen֮Ĺϵͼ£














ȨǡȨ
ڴͳйνṹȻ߶뼯Ȩͼףʱ˵¼ϼȫ롹ǡȨcentralizationǡȨtotal powertotalitarianismơͳϵͳ綼ܰƣҲաΡ֮Чʹ߲һλ޵ġdespot͸һ͵ףūȫⲻסΪ֣֮һƻԼķͳͳʧͳλʧ飬ǽͨѶ൱ԭʼ˶۹֮ڣ䡸塹oriental despotismܡ
ʵϣǧйʷϣʼʡë󶫶֮⣬ҲҲλնġȨײգճϢ߻ʵԶԵ䡸ؤbeggar democracy֮֡ǡؤǵġȨƽȡȥأЩִĸѣԭִʲ׼ɻǲޡʲ׼ڵĵйЩȨɵƶȺͷϰȨȨȨäơƵȵȣԭǡе¡ϿɵΪǸʱйˣ˭־áв֮ĸأʫ˺˵úãɣҲˡͽ񡸲̫ɣֻɺáһͭԪʵϣ޽ɡ֮ΪʵԶڡĲɡؽ®ɽеοͣʶȫòأ
˴ӱȽʷѧϿڷŹġҳơ͵ϣǸеƶȡǸϺõƶȡأ
Իʹ֮ʹ֪֮˹ʱĵ¹еġ塹paternalismҲһҴ˵ΪıɲһҪ֪ǿ׷ӵѧǲıǵļҳһֱ죬θı䡣ʵ̨ڵ⣬ܾΪȱһλҳأǻͳյ磬ƺؽƶȡ
Ϊǿ֮ģʽ٣ȽϺ尲ڴʽѶǧ꣬һҪıģĩã֡ʹ಻¡ΪʲôһҪĴأǾͱϾͣǸʱġϺƶȡѴ󲿷ֲãҪ辶ͲòҸˡ
ĸ塹
ִĻǽһġĸ塹֮ϵģһǺ֮ΪĶصؼȥģ⣩幫֮䣬˴֮Ĺϵ˫ԼĹϵͼңǼҳġservice agencyԱǡ͡public servantһǵĴͳļҳƣȫˡ
һƶδؾͱǵҳƸáеյӢңΪĻȨãȫ񣬶ɶרĸ¬˵֮ǰƽȡBefore a despot everyone is equal.ָĴһʱȲߡʵҲԶǾӡϽսǰĵռϸ˹ֵĶսë󶫺ĺɵƶ߻ħĽų̃Ӽҳɱ䵽һڹҡƶȷϣΪҪҲɣʧźá
˵ڷᴫͳµġҳơֻǵ۹ʱûȫɱ䡹֮һһǹشڵġǺҹеũҵƶ໥ġԭһԡֵܡSiamese twins˴ͬǷָġʵйڴ½ϵʧֶ֮ܣԾìܰٳˡ
ũ̵ĺ֢
˵ͷԭеũľƶȣҲôƶȡ෴ģԭʷϾƣһǧʵЧġϺƶȡbetter systemأ֪й⽨ʱԭŷһڹеġڷ⽨Ʊ֮ŷ޵ľñѸٵˡ塹mercantilismȴϡũ塹
塹ԭǿڹҵĿ͹֮£־ƶȻɳġȷһ֣˼ģ͹ʵڡobjective realityĲƷ
ǡũ塹ȴǴͷβһ֡ơsubjective planningƶȡ˵ڹǿ֮£¡ġĽ־ġʼͳһй֮󣬡ϾİйʷϵһδġΪ˽ũ廧˰ѹƸϵˡũҵΪ˽ӪǽСƽëĵҪݡ
ԺرƷһũɾƶȣйһǧ꣬û̫ʱ䡣һֱԪһľ꣬йȨ֮󣬲űë󶫵תˡ

עëģ˽ΪҲ־ĲƷƶ˵ʵǻָصķ⽨ƣвͨçҲǸ⽨ƣνԴġ

־ƶȣŴ巨ԭһµġ֮ҵȨѷԭеġũ̡ߣƵ߷塣˽׼ܵصӡҹеġ塹ģǧδԸġ˼ȱһǿѹˣǸΪִ÷չġв׼urban middle classйʷҲͲܳˡȱٸв׼йҲͳˡ塹͡ҵIndustrial Revolutionûвҵ֮ġģmass productionǾֻðƶֵάָ뼢뱥ũҵ۹뷢¸ˡȫڴƶСƶıԵټ˿ʧǾһˡҹ˿ڹʣֻ峯Ǭ¡Ժ
ҹʱӹϴͳгмʵһʵҲǴͳƶ޷ġǴۻܳɼԭû̫Ĳá෴ģǶġ
ҿЩʮߡ̣ĿҹӺǬʢҮջʿҿλʮˡ֮µʥ˽ܸѷҿλڶʮҶΪ˹ũҵҵĻʿȵȣǱȽҹͳСũƵ޲Ƴ籸ĿѧʷȨԼɪͿƼĳɾͣҲߡԼʥܣϷƨɣԵۣǾ͸˵ˡݳգǻͳΪع۵ꡣ
ǼȻĴͳΪʲôʱʱġǱڻһ𣿡ȴֵأ¡꡹ǣһº򣬼ѡȫ̷ˡʮ꣬Ϊʲôֵ˱֪Ҫ鷳Ů˼ң纣նأ
Դˣǵۺϴ𸲣ҪˡһǰĻͻ⡣йšǵģִȴ˼ҵġ뷭ǽյСѧ̿飻ճʳסУаٷ֮ǡأ֣
һ仰ܣǴͳξƶȣۺûǲӦִҪӦˣͻµİִİʯˡúר˵£ǾʮˡҿǵĺȫһҪеĶƣһҪֻһŵĻ̣ԾͱТȫʦˣ
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ߣʹһ壬ж´ͳİ䣬ҪиЧʵƶ¡ҵĩǲҴҲѵòӦñϵĳ̶ˡɲ콵Ρ
ѧҸǣκȺӶϣʢ˥֮䶼ԡⷴӦڴͳʷϣʷҡֺϡѧ֮Իѭdynastic cyclesǲܳνΣǲ뼯ȨĹơӡũҵáĹҴ䲻־תƵԡԺʷʵ;ǣⲿЧڲܳꡣ׼һڣҲ㹻ˡʱޣǱϻµʱˡ
ͳڹԪһйһĶ꡴ϾԼǩ֮ʱһڡʱǲºؽͳδҲѵñ֮ʱԶˡ
ԱĿ˼硸ѻƬսȹܹѣڿӺǬʢ֮ʱֽأҲǹʹȻɣЩѹܣȴڡŷ塹European expansionismļʢʱڣǵڣҲֵҴ۹˥߿ʼ֮ʱʢ˥֮䣬͢컯ΣҲ޴ˡ
ҹʷÿϲڸΪӹޣ¶ʷʮ꣬ΪȻҲ
弾Ƽ׳֣֮죩ģ£ţ֮һ壩Dȣࡢˡ֮߸ɣ֮䣬ִ֮գֻǴ۹գͳλ֮ѽ죬ɸΪ֮֮ܺڻʻԱά޼Ү
ִ롸׶ԡ
ۺϱƪϸ֮һԱ֮Ǵſ˵һйʷһͳйִתġתʷhistory of transformationһתḶ́ڵʷң֮ԻĿǰѧĺΪִʵĽʵڲ׻֣ϾǸСʷйۡsense of historyĶʷҲǽ͸֮ѹߡ
ִеˢΪɣˢϰߣǴġʮ͵йſԽ󻯡ˡˢڽйȴɲɻȱ֮һ֣Ǿֻܰ롸ִķˡ˵ë󶫾ûˢϰߡʱũ屳ɵġë󶫷ԡ⡹Ծ;ܾ⡸ϰˣëҲһδԵס붼УͲִɡ̫ˡ
ë󶫵˽СҲǣѣ΢֪ѧϵġ΢۷ȴǽأ
ǲۡҲãִҲãǽʷת䣬ʮһ䣬ηġŨġ׶ԡᾭʷĹ۵㣬һؿѻƬսǰͳйʷǾͼǧδˡ
һǧδġʷȻһʮһġʷй֮ҲͿ֪ˡµġǴӡ롸ִͰ࣬ηġ
ǰ֮ǵĹԭԸ㡢ġԡڡִ׶κȻضʵǡѻƬսʼġսǳ˵ĿͷԲŸʱ񡹣ǶԸϰ취һǡġѻƬսʱǱ˵ļᴬܡսʹ˼ʹǵһרҡκԴĻţ뵽Ҫʦ֮ġˣκͼ־򣩡;ͿʼǡƼִĵһҲǽյСƽҪġĻ֮һ
ʵ˵ǰһ͵ѡĻȷɫũڣµġ󺣾ߴ󺣾֮һԶձ֮ϡҼһսȫ¶ʶ֮ʿԴҲ㡸ĻˣΪ֪۹ĸⲻĻڵ廯ִΪˡܡʦͽΪʵҲҪһ¡ǵĹ㶫ͬɽΪҪִ͵ó׵ĸ㡣šɴѻʵ۸ѡ¡
ʧˡɹˣҵѡлǧʷϵһ¡ﲮ²ûн⣬Ǿսĵҽ֡Զ۹֮Ҳǳһʶ֮ʿ֮пˡ
֮ΪƼᴬڣҲξҲҪĻϵ˾֢ǳ̥ǲΪǡȫۡۻˡҪȫĻƶȫҲͰѡ˶չ߷ˡǴκԴһת䡹ǽڽߡη׶ԡʮŨġ
˶ԺйȻһʱˣ仯֮켣׶ηǰġ
֮ⲿѶԵйʷȫƶ֮£ʱʱڱ䡢ڱ䡣ȻػۡߵߵҪҵһȫĳһƺΣһξðʵƪǰ֮Ҳƣ䡢ֻͨҪǲͣдɡͨսϿľͨӣƺ̫Զˣǵưɣ

                                * һžũ¶ʮѸ̨
                              ԭ̨ѧʮ

ߡ۵۹⻼

ƪ̸۹֮ɱ䡹׾ǳ˵ᾭʷĽǶѻƬսǰйʷǧδ䣻ѻƬս򼸺ʮһ䡣ᾭ÷棬ǵĴͳʷǡ紦Ůִ֡áأˡҪԲǧδ֣֮ʵġ۹塹ƶĽ
۹塹ImperialismǸʲôأһһʮϰͳĻŮҪһѪܵġ۹ֻʷһʵҪ֣Ҳգǻŭšҧгݵġ
ܣκܷϵġģʲô÷񶨵أҹһʷҺ͹Ĺٷ϶۹塹ǽй֮Դɵʷѧңһ˵۹֮ԴأΪǡʱ߽׶Ρ֮Դ棬һԴġʱ塹
Щ˵ȴΪܶѧȨܡ֮༫лʷңȨ̩ɽ紴ѧɵĿɽʦڵȣȴΪ۹塹йǲڵġֻڸˣϵǶϵһֻþȻҲձ˶йȴһڲ۲۵ġ۹塹
ձأս֮Щ̬ǽǾ𽥵ذй½ļ°ɱ˵ɡйˡֻձߡݵĹ޷ġþߡᲢ۰ˡ
ѣʱǿɲġԸдʷҲǿסġʮͺͣǽʮ꣩ųŮǶԡϾɱԡľ˹ϸȵȵзӦͲǸִ׵ѪˡսڼվڲͬصһЩͬǶձսҲΪͬٹЩ꣬ǻѧҲҪʷٿȫ飬ܴ֪۹塹Ķˡ
дʷĿΪĳһʷࡣ֮轫ʷӦʵǡƽ͡ӦΪĳһʱϲŭ޶ʶ˳顣񡸵۹塹δ֮ǣdebatable subjectӦôǼȥĸ۶ϡ
塹롸۹塹
̸۹塹ĸԴǾͲܲݵʷϵġ塹ExpansionismǸʡĻеִͬ¿˵ǡǿڱѡǡԡhuman natureоԴڵһ棻Ҳһ档Ҳǡ塹Social Darwinism¶ġΪsocial behaviorΪanimal social behaviorоѧ֤ʵġ͹ʵڡ
ʷϡ塹֮Ƕ෽ġáΡڽ̡Ļ١ɫճʳסСκһ桢ȫ棬ȺŵΪʷм¼ߣǡˡԭҲһеڡڶԡı졹ġࡹ֮šΪҲ˹ߵġǵʥʷҵ࣬ҲЩٵĶԣͥɨѨ˵ԶȵٵʷʷǣСڣֺγ˵Щ֮أ
ǶԸūΪɣ
ūǺģʷϿɻܺߡ屾Ի١HunHungary֮ҲūֿܾǺ߰ȥġձ˵ڱԻWaǸ鹡ūġūҲǺ˸ǼȥġڵŷʷҺͺѧңHunsǷHsiung-nuĴǣΪǲ֪nu֣ܾйߡracistĻ
屻ǵԴࡢȥܵˣšȥˡ®ĹӵǺͶŷǶְѵš䡣ġ֮ŷŪ췭ظŪʷǰġǨơThe Great MigrationûǨƣйźִŷأʷ˵ִֻŷ˶ֲžСʷǰӰ죬Ǿڹʷˡ
ġʱŷޣΪʲôֵ췭ظأԻй塹֮Ҳй塹ΪҲ˹H. G. WellsνChinese ImperialismҲԡ塹͡۹塹¿˵ǡͬ֡ʮ͵ɹ֣Ҳ˵ǡChinese Imperialism˹ʱĶѧ޹ƽ֮equality of nationsɹҴͳ֮ңuniversal state߽ԭԪ֮峯¹֮һѡ
ִġ۹塹Դڽŷ޵ġ塹һ㣬κιҡκɱʷѧߣ¶ȫͬġ
ǱΪйġܺߡvictimsŷ壬ڽȻšأŷǸʲôأΪһĶߵķûǰʷԱſ׮ʷʵ򵥵شͷһ飬ټ
⽨ĩڵĽ˶
ǰ֮⽨ơFeudalism)֮ʱȥһǧ߰꣬ʽΪơйڷ⽨ĩġսʱٽŦۣ°ټӷһѧ˼롢ξá⽻ȵȳͷβġ˶ҲҶԲõһʷʵϧԲõ˶ʹġ塹ķʽˡԴԺǻۣͱʥͣǣűӣһǣǧꡣȴʦ˵йԴ˱һ겻ˡ
ҿأϣԭҲǻԻͲõġġ֮䣬ΪǨơ֣ҹʷϵġһŪķѡЩ壬һٻһȴҹֵڼ䣬ԭΪʱġ̻᡹˳롣̴ʢҹϱ֮Ҳ֮ңŷڱγһӴġ硹Christendomڶ̱ûˡ
Щ壨ŷް˵ȣ𽥶ӡ˵Ҳ𽥵ʵǲͳζΪҹսʱƵģ⽨ˡǸ԰ռءũū֯ׯ԰ϵԷʡƽзչġ̻᡹ռ֮⣬˰á淶Ļϵγǡstate̡churchͷġmedieval civilizationˡ
ˣıʶԣ޷⽨⽨ƣ޷ԭʼũҵ޷޽̻ϵۣݡ䡸ݡСݰݰݴݰݣ಻Ϊڽ̡ΪĻԷ⽨̻˾Ļʷѫ˫ʶȣʹҵҸ账Ȼ֮ŷɡѹʦйʷȨ֮˹Austin P. EvansڣйΪ֮뾳磬齱·º·϶Խ̻ḯܣ޲֮Է⽨£׿Ҳ
ʷϾʱƶġνһʱҲһʱҲ⽨ơׯ԰ơƣʷȻɣʱ죻ʱƱƶȲ䣬ǾͳΪİʯʷķˡϼιۡ˷ͥInquisition CourtHoly Office֮󣬱Ĳְ֮Ҳ
ͷ⽨ֲڱ״̬һ˶йŴ֮ټӷ𡹣Ӧ˶ˡ⽨֮ȴͬԴ;ҹġӷ𡹣ͬӶŷΪһʼʣʿ项ľ棬ִŷΪ̡ġ˶һӣĴըˡַʽ硸ڽ̸ĸҵѧΥĿƼ̽֡渴ԭΪͽõġ֮оʩеȵȡ֮һġո˶Ұ֮ԭһʰŷ޵̫Сˣǻ䣬ܿؾձޡǽŷ޵ġڰʱԡйš롸ִһġִͨʷͱһŷ޵塹ʷˡ
塹ġԡ
ִŷ޵ƶԡ䡸ơһ棬ŷʼġִ棨various aspects⴫ζϸɸ֮ΪصĹζߣǡѧˡ
塹ġ񡹵һ棬ŷȽƼɹ°ɱӶᡢԺ衣
ˣһִŷ壬䡸ơһĴԭġȻ䡸޿ȡйճСӡˢޡ綫ǡ󻯡һˢѹգһǾҪ֮ˡ
һࡸԭġġˢ塹Ĵյֲǡ񡹵ڴա˽빷ȵΪ⡸񡹵һ棬ǲ۲۵ġ۹塹ֳ͡塹Colonialismˡ
ҪЩϴͬСʲô塹ֳ塹͡۹塹Ǿ͵ôӲͬĽǶȥֻΪʹѡ۹塹ɽйġ֮ԴҲйʷʵΪǹˡѻƬ֮ҲЩöǽúҵʲôȨŮšȵȣ롸۹塹ͬٵ𣿷ǻڸǸ鹵ġ...

̨ԭȱ171ҳ֪ιʡΪź

ɱĳġһʱ񣬱һʱΪ䱾֮Ҫƹ˶һŶۣƫȫҲ
ִ۹֮ͨΪأ򵥵˵ǣñ׷ֶΣ塣ͨ˵һľ̻Papal EdictзֵʼһδսձͶΪֹͨİʮ֮еĵ۹̫ƫ
ʮ塢֮䣬ʼʱñ׷ġʱܺ߱޵ӡڰ˺ͷغĺˡΪӶˣѰҽС⡹Ŀ¼¼ڷغˣΪūΪֹ塹գʴ٤Vasco da GammaһľƹǣֱӡʮɷŷҰ
ŷʼٸߡǵϾ̫ʵ̫С෴չ󣨴ӡ̫ƽ󣩣һһ֮ƵжʦڶʱѸ̫ء󵱵ǻȣܻһڷɱ֮ɽSan Pablo del MonteһɱǧˣһһڼͣCalambaɱһ桪Ȼй½ʼĩҹ졣һ꣨ξʮ꣩ǱŽСջ̨⺣հ䡸ĦɯFormosaҲȻڹ޷ǿռ
ʺһ꣨ʮ꣩֯ӡȹ˾Dutch East India Company򡸶ӡȺ֮ӡᣩչʱһȳ˻ռ̨֮һǣȻһ꣨˳ʮ꣩Ϊ֣ɹ
һȨСʮʮ֮䣬ǣΪй֮ɷŪ췭ظХɽȴʼδй½Ҵ½֣ߺһĩ填һշ֮󣬱ݣ˯֮Դ֮󺣵֪δʡݣԻảԱΪռ޵̫ƽֱﺽ˶ʮ֮ʴMalila Galleon15651815ҹ龹Ƭֽ¼˯֮ɾӣ
ҹҰһİ꣨һһţѻƬɻˣһѾȫӣ
ʷġɡ
ŷ֮ȺӢʵڳӢȴʷȫ桢;ãʱˡӦ䣬һ񡢻ϵĵ۹塣ʵϣһй⽻ʷһӢ⽻ʷոӹѣӢ֮βҲ
Ӣмƻָ֮ʼһӢӡȹ˾East India Company, England֮ù˾Ϊһ˽Ӫ֮ҵ֯Ȼ³?ѷеĺԺﲻ徫񣬾ʹù˾ӵȨӢ֮ϣȫšһĿΪӡ֮ɹMogul EmpireأĪԶҲɹ˹ʱ¶ڧѣӢ֮ӡȹ˾Կɳ֮ʱӡȳʽ΢֮֮⣬ԭӢǿȻշǵ߽֡估ʮǰڴ½ϳʱʦʷΣ̸ӢС䣨Robert Cliveܷ˧ףDupleix֮ʷ£ɫһ걻ӡȡӡΪӢ̣һ̶꣬δսʼָ
Ӣ˶֮ڶҪĿΪйȻʱֵҹǬ¡ʢȨŨغʡиɻӢڹʼ֮óסΨӢʱдڹҵǰڣӱ޵Ʒ֮⣬̫ƷʹӦҹ֮˿衢Ӣó׳ڣӢȫƾӲңΪע
ҹ֮˳óףѸתһ꣨Ǭ¡ʮ꣩ӡȹ˾ȡѻƬרȨmonopoly֮ҹ˳˲Ϊһкעʰ
ѻƬԭӡȡ˹ȵضӡΪΪƷѻƬԭΪЧ֮ҩҲϷغʼ̡֮ªϰഫԺ⣬ѻƬΪƷӡ
˳֮䣨һġһ߶δãڴ֮˿ڴ︷¼ϼȫӱ͢һ͵ס̶֣Ͻ֮಻Ϊ󻼡ڼε֮ʣһ߾һ婖峯֮ʢ㣬˥֮ڽ죬٣ط̰֮۸ȲɶѻƬ˽ɾġ
ȲɿߣΪӢ۹Юӡ֮һ壬Ҿӡ֮߼ѻƬغװ˽ڼ˽ѻƬ֮ʱڹݳǽ֮ңñ׷ĪΪǰλң߸ң˵һιڼ䡸ҾѧУַ֮ҲҲȾУһ꣬Ӣ˽ѻƬջַ֮ҲȻ
ʷѧң֡ѻƬսΪѻƬս֮ѧ˵ΪѻƬֻһƷӢ˵й⺣֮͡СйڵȫйЧ֮˽˽֮Ӣ֮Ҳһѧ˵ʷѧ̸ۡ
߶ŦԼʮ꣬Աзƹʿ˵ָơ֪嶾֮ɣСֶۡ桹֮ˡͯ˵˶ӡҼ֮Чѧ֮ӱżٷ棬ֱƻС˵Ȼղܽÿȫ֮УΪĿǰڹ޲֮£ֻѰͼֱǡ֮ϳδЧ֮ѣƤΣ֮ڷԸ۵Ľ֪һ
ʷ֮࣬ÿ룺г۹壬ԼڡԭӵΪܣǿǧֽ֮й׷ۡChina WhiteŦԼ֮˿СEllis IslandԹӦ֮Сΰ֮ŦԼнɺ磿ֳɺιң׹Դ˳֮Ӧֺգ˲ǵүµй𣿣
ˣ˵֪ʮ֮Ӣʷϣ֮ǰҲˣѻƬƷߣҲͺԲ˵ˡ
ѻƬս롸Ҷս
еѧ߿ܻҪ˵ѻƬ֮ΪһҲѻƬ֮ΪӢս֮ߣһҲѷ֮ignoranceչأseclusioṇanti-commercialism⣨anti-foreignismѻƬκһƬƬƬƬƬΪƬսƬս֮ߣѻƬҲӢ֮սڱطѻƬ֮Ҳ
ʵʷʵ֮һ˵
йءѻƬսһšһĶ֮ʷ֡ʷҶս֮ǾѶ꣬硣׾ƪ޷ʷʵע֮Ȼôս֮ʣд֮Ҳ
֪ѻƬΪӢսУӢ޿ɴ֮ƷҲ֮ᣨԿ֪֮˫ڵӢ֮루national revenue಻ɻȱӢ֮١á֮ʿŮˮ׼֮ߣҲ񡪡Կ׶ء۵ȵʮΡȻأ֮¥ãмѻƬ޹أ֪ཨŦԼ벨˹٣֮Ӣ¢ӡȸߵѻƬ˹֮εȻӪ֮Ҳ
֮ѻƬóסopium tradeΪӢ׳Ұأɻȱ֮óסŮᣬϧΪ֮һսӢᵵʾӢԱ֮սߣڶУֻľɭ֣Сʷ֮ҲӢһϾǸɵ¼֮֮ڻ˷Զս
ǸҶԣѻƬսӢ˫ΪѻƬսҲͲСѻƬսˡһ꿪ʼġսйҶġսΪҶսͲСҶսˡ
ȻʮҶӢ֮սǷһЩʷۡѻƬƬսɡأ
ԻΨΨ񡣺ҲԻҹ뼴١ߣѻƬս㲻ᱬ͢ˣѰꡣȻѻƬ֮㣻ѻƬó󡣡ѻƬսԭΪѻƬսѻƬ֮ʼֻһֽģӢֺαطʲôѻƬսأѻƬ֮Ҷʰ̶֮ȡκȨĹңΪһ棬ǽɡ
˽һضһ꣨ʮ꣩ƾ<©ش>һ۵ԭģ֪˾Ӫ񣬡֮ѻƬ֮ʮ֮һ֮⣬ڱ˶ڴˡ˵أߡ̲ɻʳѻƬߣȡ䲻ָ뷷ߣһ٣ꡣȻϵ֮࣬ڼ㡣ʸʷ̣϶Ͼۣ֮Ҽڶ֮ӡ֪ԸڼңزԸ̶С˾衷֮УԽŦԼ֮ӡ֤Ƿϵġǽ˵粻Ψ޿ɳ֮ã޿֮й˥ܵǲأѻƬսûСǴ򲻿ɡ֮ҪˡһȴӢɣѻƬսǰεйϵǵʵ۾ȻɳһΪءΪ졣ĳȻҪmeans businessⳡսľ͡Ǵ򲻿ɡˡһս꣬йܿ䣬ø̡ͨۡĽڱƪϣͲϸˡ
ѻƬս֮ս벻ս֮Ȩ֮ڴӢ۹ᡣղӦѡҪؽ̣ܹղ졢죬ҪˡҮҮ
ӡӡȵڶõһ
Ӣĩйһ̡һǡȫ̡ѻƬսһšһĶǺǿϻġ̡ڶѻƬսӢһˡһ͡˹һũһũһʷҲ֮Ϊȭҡȭ֮Ҳ
ǰ֮ӢǵӦ䡢ʮȫܵĵ۹壬սʺͷʽҲвͬ
Ӣࣨһˣһġһ˰˩ĵ˹Earl Benjamin Disraeli18041881ԻӢ۹ˣѣȴ档ֻ֮ս䷽ʽͬʸ죬ΪӢ۹ġ桹սһҲ
˵ӢѻƬ֮սӢĿͷʽӡȵʷΪģʽġԶǬ¡ʮ꣨һ߾ŶӢǲᲮEarl George Macartney17371806ʹʱ˼֪֮ھϷӢ֮֡ѻƬսǰӢ˷ǵϤ֮У֮ӣΪӢѻƬһ֣֮ɲս֮йɡӡȵڶϱѧ׾ΪǡʵӢ֮ӡ̼ͨƻգֻǳ֣ôߣɼȳʵˡֻҲȻѻƬս˾֮ΪѪŨˮԼֻʶ
<Լ>һģ޽֮󣬵һפʹ廪ҵCommisioner Alexander H. Everettһʮµֹ£ĿӢڻֶ֮ΣйȨԽΪӢмƻҪйɡڶӡȡ硣ϲרʱ估ͳ뻪ŷǿǷֹ廪ҵԺ֮ԭִҵ֡һʮգڰšʹȻΨһΪʹݣPeter Parker
ԭΪʿѻƬսǰѻƬսΪڵɴ̣֧Ӣֻ֮ߡʲʹݴΪιʹʱ뻪ռ̨塹ʼΪͳJames Buchananְ
ӢϾǸĵ۹塣ѻƬս󲻾Ӣ֪й֮סйΪһ߶뼯Ȩ֮ͳһ۹ѷֶ֮Ӣ֮ӡҲߣѻƬսǿйȺʳ֮һΪһǿΪʱӡڡ̫ƽ壨һ婖֮ӢԻм֮ı䡣
ڴУӢѲӡģʽ֮ͼĲϷвڲƽԼ֮£غ½֮ȫ濪š˹ʱǿβӢ˲㶫Ǵ½Ȼ侭Ӣ΢΢Ӣܲ߶ǿ͢ȫ濪ţʵߣֻǴӢ۹һѡӢ֮룬䶯Ը룬Ȼ찣˼ΪӢһ깥ݱ֮ȫ̾γ
ݡԲ԰գ̷ڳе£¹͢䣬Ѹ˶۹ȫʧȥֿǿȡ󣬼ֱǰ˳򡢱ǿǩԼ˵ǾӢҪ֮Ϊһߵĳ֮ˡǿȡ߸˹һЩʷνٳй롸šСԼơ֮ʵʾҲ
ڴˡԼơ£͢ǩһԼذйҪغۿڣȫţںӺС·󡢴̰ѧؾһԼӢ˼ලҺءʵһʵ<ӢԼ>һݶ֮һΪѻƬΪϷóס
<ӢϾԼ>һĶУѻƬ˽˻أδһ֡Ȼ<Լ>һģѻƬΪΥƷcontrabandóΪ˽̲ò롣һԼʹWilliam B. ReedԭȻΪӢʹLord Elgin棬˽ɾʹӢδһǾѻƬó׺Ϸӡһ¶ʮշԺ֮ʮű档ԭҵ֡
ȾϷѻƬƷй࣬弾ռȫйóܶٷ֮ʮϣʱйó֮䣬ӢаӢ۹֮ԻչνǷ켫ӡ
ϯĺԲ­ֺӢ۹֮񣬵ʱǰȫƶࡢƼݡ֪ѻƬԼ?֧John ChinamenӺŵϺ̲԰ҲͲ빷ͬˡ
ѣĩӢΪĵġ۹塹ֻ֮Լغ֮ʵȻǰѧ˵ǣʷϾڡȵҶͬʷʷʵʱǷձشסֿͳ˵úãƭһʱƭԶ㲻Զƭȫ񡣡ǹʷҵ
˵<ӢԼ>ǩ֮Ӣ˶Ի֮Ը˵ȫɡӢ۹飬ûйΪڶӡȣȴȡðйɴӢֳصһоȨйϾδΪֳءǿӵӢ۹αڻļȵ棬ά֡״status quoӶƽ֮ͱһ׶ӢԻߵˡ
Ӣߵɱ뷨۵ġģʽ
˵һġԼһũһ꣬˹ġԼ֮ǩʮ䣬Ӣ۹Իߵչ𽥴һĿѪ˱ĸҹ棬һйȨǿıĸˡȻڴڼǿ飨һ˰壩⡹ռһ˾Űˣǽ̰֮֮ᱩǡеˡʮ˭֪ԭȶڼѻƬ˽СۣȻɰȨʥأԭĿĵ۹֮ӥȮȴɸۼԯѭأǶӢͳҪñ¾Ҳǵ۹þǿ۸ݰɣ
ӢԻ֮ݱ䵱ȻԡӢ۹桹Ϊ㡣ǲ۽ˣܷнڣ𼪶˵ɱҲҪɱÿͿ۹壬ǶձĶ硣
˵˵۹ĩйݵĽɫԭǸٷ֮ٵġֳ塹ģʽǹϷֺķģʽ֮ʮ͵ķޣŷ޸۹ңֱֳء־֮󣬱˴˱ɭϣáͬйһŷޱìܣì֮˼ǿռϣһ˰壩壨һ˾Űˣ֮ƹ֮ͼҲ֮ռ콺壬ൺһ˾ŰˣɽΪΧsphere of influenceࡣ
ڶй֮ʽʣΪһ̬
۹Ķ˹
ǰ֮ŷ塹ԭʷڡִ׶ΡThe Moden Eraʱŷ֮򶫷չԭк½;ԭȷ棬Ӣѹġϵ۹塹ȡ½·ֵĵ۹壬ֻж˹һˡ
ԻKievΪĵйʱڵĶԭһ˹ΪģıŷСһĩ꣨μ꣩ΪɹԶơΪɹŵ۹֮ӹʮꡣһİ˩꣨ɻʮ꣩ʼɹͳΣָȻڴ˶ʮɹͳУһԭΪ֮СȴѧһЩȶͳμҪΪɹ֮ȨҲ˶ָĵһλɳʡֲIvan The TerribleΪʱײ̫ӵֲͳߡ˹ʱɹֲ֮ͳΣһָҲ׷ֲͳߣֲ֮ǿŷǿ۾ֻзƽˡ˹ԭΪŷ֮һСҲ֪һҰԱʮ꾹ŷ֮ɽUral MountainsΪǣSiberia֮һɷˡSiberia߼ʱ֮תҹ֮ҲЩ塹ԭһЩˮݶӣ漾Ǩƣÿϱתǧ๫塣伫޴Ϊ֮ͳһ˴˼ɼԿɳ֮ơ
˶ʱ䲻ǧˣȻӵִԹʡơ֮ʵǿ֮ʱп̶ȿŷ֮ϡɱ塢°ӣտţʱ¼аɻʢ䲩ʿͨԶ֮ɳУйʷϣ֮溧ţɳְ꣬ʱ汻ɱһƬѪʮߡʱй𣬶ӺǬһһ߾壩Ϊһǿ֮½ϵ۹ҲԹʮ֮ĩ˰֮´ʱΪǿ衣һս֮£½ܣж᲼Լ念ʮ꣬Ԫһ˾ţ֮ǩԼ֮Ϊǿ˰Ϊ磬Ρ֮½·˸һ䣻˫ల߷һʮꡣֱһ̷꣨ʮ꣩ӢƱ˺᲼ԼռҶǿҺˣ򶫸ۡVladivostok򶫶֮ҲӴΪδѡ
ȻɳնΪ֮ң峯йóףƤë֮⣬̫ڻԻóȤ󣬶ҲԶĩҶΪһص۹壨territorial imperialism֮Ӣ֮ʮȫܣѷɫӡӢۣ֮˾ܳû٣һռҶ˰Զ֮ǣҳƴԽϿռ˹ӣAlaskaԼô֮Ӣ۹̱ӡ֪أ˻ͨԺ߰ٶʮԪۣ֮ԼǮһ꣩ս֮ȻԷǷǿռ֮ȫȴ
֮ͬʼĩ彮򱱾֮͢漱飬Ӣ򱱾Ũ֮ʱƪʢΪ۳û֮Ҳ
Ի֮沢Ա˵ôۣPeter The Greatͳζ˹ʮ꣬һ˶һ߶壩˹֣ͳնʮ꣬һŶġһԱ䡣𺣲ˡ磬೤ǧǻ϶־ڼ沢½֤ݰ߰ߡҹʷÿ³ʮ͡СΪС˱ڼҡ֮־йԱ֮½Ҳ
ֵ۶й֮Զܻ߹Ϊ۹Ȼܱ͢סǣܣԱ߽ԷҲ͹˲ˡۿߡܣ˹˶ձ֮ܡ
ձġŷް᡹
ձڽ֮ʷһ漣ܸŷǿйΪһҲΨһһɫ۹壬ײɫ۹й֮ⲻ׽⡣
ߣձԭΪ½ϺĻչ֮Ե˱ԵĻڽоܷĸ壬ĸֱֵ˹֮ɾȣʹʷãȻҲ
ΪȻأ˵л̬˵ΪţΪ֮ǹձԭԺɮѧȺóձƶȲſʼȻ뼯ȨĹơƶȡƶȡƶȡδʺϵСվñԭƸǡй֮ĹơƣԭΪϮƶߣձ֮뼯ȨδͣϮְҵܿ룬νĻҲ˵ձάǰ֮ṹʵŷ⽨ĩ֮ṹΪƣһ֮ͬṹΪŷޡҵIndustrial Revolutioan֮´Ҳձд´ƴһŷӴϣһҵӦ˶ӡһŷްṹ˵ܵΪ֮ҹͳ֮ṹΪġʽ᡹Asiatic societyŷʽ÷չĲͶƪ֮ҶʹĶݽɡ
ձ̬֮żϣ֮ʱ֮Ϊֻ֮۹ӡ磨һ˾ġһ˾壩֮ս󣬸̨壬ū۳ʣй֮⻼θӣӢڶǴ½֮ά״ߣҲ͸ѡά֡ˡ
νΧ
ĩӢԻݣ֪ӢһչߣͬʵĽ׶Σֻǰ󲻱䣬һ͵Ҳ
һ׶αͳӡ֮˰йӡȵڶһ׶֮չһĶ꡴ϾԼ֮ǩΪ۷塣ڴ˽׶УӢǿǿΪСŷ޾֮Ҳ
ڶ׶һ꡸޴¼The Arrow Incident𡸵ڶѻƬսʼֱһ˾Ű꡸ȭ֮աڴʮУӢڻǿ֮ϵΪЭȣռѻƬ纽ˣԹڴ˽׶Сά״ʵΪӢԻ֮˼롣Ȼһ˼һ˾ŰճӰǴʱ۹Ѿٹ̱ŷǿ֮ȴ졣ԭۻڴлȡ˷ɱһϦ֮侹ҲԶ̰һԡɵǱλϲ㡸ġĹͬ£ɳԿձڴ˳˶۵ô˶ɣҰĲذѳԱйΪġΧȾָˡ˾ַйȨⲻ󣬿ҲַӢľ棬ŪӢйԱ·ޡܲɡѻƬҲʧߣǾͫRˡ
ɵһ¶ԡȫɽ磬Ҳʱһ¹áøڣ¹һ±뽺壬ռൺɽʡΪ¹Χ·ھӣϺˣҲһ°ռ˹壬йҲͱɷġΧ̨壬ձҲ͵ʲˡ
һԭйΪΧӢֽšϽռ˾ԹϳһԶԿɳڡ¹Χ֮ڣΪ·ֲð¹ɽġΧԼҲΪӢΧǳѻӾӣзΧұйȫҲΧ̫Сʧ̫вʡһ˾ŰӢ̻ɥ֮Ȯ֪ǺáȻһҳ취Ǹɴ಻ϡΧһĴڡԼΧ֮ڵ棬ֲַìǺأҺӢͶġѵParlimentarian trainingԴǣڱֳۡŲףJoseph Chamberlain治࣬һѪľ֮ԻΧδϣ淶ΧδϡSphere of influence, We have never admitted; sphere of interest, we had never dinied.
ӢΪάԼġ淶ΧǿġΧһԭȶڴ˰ȡֽŻšߣOpen door PolicyԾʮǰӢйġŻš͵СƽĿǰġŻšʹȤˡϵ˵Żë󶫡쳵ƾŲͣӭԮʮǰġŻš򼸺й޹ءйܣҲᡣǵŻǲֻĸ۹йΧʽĹϷ˶йڴ˾£ҲСݡٿֳء
ӢʱҪŻšе졣ߣԼڻֳۡԼڻΧأŲأߣӢͳŻջᡵOpen Door Notes˷ʣҮ
ԡŻšʷĹ¡䷢ʵΪӢӢͲԸҲ޴˺Ƥִ֮ˡ⽻Կһֱ־߿䡢жݡӲı㡣ԴʱڻҲûСΧɲΡԸۡһ׶ز߶ͳPresident William Mckinley亣ԼJohn HayȻͬ⣬һ翸ԴӢԻ߾ͱĶԻˡΪӢӢҪװģߡµ֮أ߱ˣȻиСй⽻ңǵСƽ´½Щϰ·ҪӢʷϖ齫
Ӣ⼸ƯַԻߵĵ׶ˡ
Լ㡸Żš־
ԼԳеˡŻš콵ΣĲһƪŻջᡵһ˾ž괺ʽмɵȺ͸ǿջǿҪ㣺һйterritorial integrityȨstate sovereigntyǿմequal opportunityջᷢȥ֮йǿҲ׼ˣ׼ˣʹһʷ¼Ȼûκ⡣ԭǽȴҲΥˣӢִ߾ҲǷߣӢˣǿĿķǾ͸ӡ
ΪʲôҪִأǺԼеֻ֪֮йΧӲҲϳδ뵽ռɱ֮ԼҲɰ˽ĵ۹֮һˡŻԭΪڣǺ֮㣬ĲձʺԣձСҪˡ˲乺¡Ϊűɱ׹˰һձǩԼŻ˶ˡλŻšʷȻʼֻһ־ѣδټһZ֪Ҷ̫̫ڴ˽Ҫͷ˶ʵ֮⣬ָһĻƵ־ʲôǹ롹󡹵̬͸ˡ֮ն۹徹رʮҶ䡸նսһʲôȨմɶҲûˣŻҲˡ
ԡŻȻʧˣǿ֮ȴӦһǿơbalance of powerľ档κǿȨǿ໥ǣ֮£ΪҪ˼СȨƣֶʮꡣйıǿϷˣɽ쵼ĸ˶Ҳ͸㲻ˣ

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Ƕ֮һ֡
Ϊֿ࣬ɷΪȺӶͷȺӶࡣ
Ʒ䡢ϡ㡢졢ӡţȮȵȽΪȺӡǱһ𡣸ǲԸȺӵģǱȱնʧȥ־
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ǳĴͬСΪܹ鶼ȺӶ֮һ֡˵ġΪͨԵģڵʽ֮
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ǿ᡹Ķģʽ֮γ
ԿҹŴʽ뷢չģʽΪδС
ҹʱγɵķ⽨ƣǸɹУǿ˿ڽ϶ļղǿĽܹǿЩС˷ҹ涨ķ⽨ȼҷۡۡײƻȥԭķΪ쵼֮԰壬ΪʱĻṹġṹʱ꣬ǧ򳡲ս˴˼沢ĽսʱԪǰĩǰ޷ˡʼƽȺۣѶǴ½ͳһΪһǿĵ۹ԲΪķ⽨ƶȣͳױˡ
ΪӦʱҪ˸ԭеıȽЧнġƶȡһȫԵĸĸ￪źͱ䷨ơСѧʷ̿˵ġϷ⽨أϾİˡǰθƣǾÿţΪ˽ݹɣũҵ
йǣǶξƶȵĴҲǶ壬һĴת͡һߵȺӶġ塹tribalismתһũҵΪľƶȣ뼯ȨԸ߶ȿѧĹƶΪǸɵģ޶ա޶۹universal empireƶȡ
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ӡǧ겻䡹ʮһ䡹
ٰѷΧС˵ԼΪġ峣˿δС硸ĸ֮ĻƶȡͬӵĶϰסТ꡹ɥ񡢡ȡʿĿƾٿԡ֮ҲߵĻɬԡԵľʫ衢ظıˮīΪĴͳǧƪһɵڽ̵ܡʹĹŲ㣬һǧ겻أ
ʽ䣬˵ûнʵǧͿƼչ˵һǧǡѹ硹ġйġĴ˵ˣҽƴɡ˿촬ȣֱִǰڣйġǿƼ֮ʽ֮仯ǻΪġӳƲ⣬ݰʷ飬ƼȻᵼĵĲǣƱҪʽı䶯Ӷʱ塹ǹǿĴͳйȻȴ˷˱ѾƶȻȸٹ̵ԡһҲ˿Ƽڴٽķչ෴ģȴķãǨһɲĴͳʽ
֮˹ԣΪȻչޣȻչ˼ޣͲܴٽ᱾ϵı仯һᷢչĳҲ;͵شתǧ겻䡣ʱҲԶˡ
ǻ˵ͷ䡹ʲôأǵѧҡ˼ҡڽ̼ҡμңûоòʲôá෴ģҶ״ȴΪǽţ仵˵ĽаǧǰҢ˴ʱҾӦϵظһĶĻϵĻϵ롸жӡǽȻбġǷֱչԣκεģͻչʽԸ˵ġ
͵شתǧ겻ᷢչģʽʮҶͻȾ紦ӡĹᣬȻ͡áıֱʮһ䡣һĿȫǡŮʮ˱䣬һʮǸǧ겻֮ϰһ¾ͱʮ䡣ĩĹŴȥ̸ˣͿëʮ꣬Ͽϵʱ仯ͺֹ䣿
˵䡹һ䡪̨ġɡʹ½ϵġһơڴͳйһǧҲ䲻Ļ߿ܲΪ⣬Ϊ㡸ڴɽСǸʷһʷ飬ʹʧɫˡ
컹ڱ䰡½Ҫйɫ塹̨Ҫûйɫʱ塹䡢ͨ䡸ͨˣάʮһ꣬ǧ겻ٱˡν͡δֻͨüˡʷԭûе׵ʱ䷴ǡΪ᡹ϣͨ͡͡յ
ͻơ롸ת͡Ĺ
һ䣺йʷԭǧ겻Ϊʲôһʮһ䣬ûأ򵥵˵ǸƿˡĻķչᷢƿƿһĻķչҪϽֻܾ͵شתԶ岻ƿֻ϶꣬ȥ
ƿĳѧϽͻơʷѧѧת͡ĳģʽתһģʽͼǰչǲۡͻơҲãת͡Ҳã߶С䡹Ĺɡ֮ҲһĻһᣬٱɽˮ֮ʱ˼䣬ͱ䡣෴һٵᣬһӸ¡ķҲӹţȥ䡣һʷһ£Ҳ˵˥ĻҪ䣻Ļ򲻱䡣
ҲС䡹ʱ䡹֮ǡʱǡơĸġ֮ĸΪ䷨ΪС书һۡġһθۡҲлСΪġθۡҲɽ˵ġδɹͬ־Ŭȥ
ԿԶΪִҡյѱɷ˿ߡկ๫ãͬԼԺڹҵᣬѱöƵٱıԵʵһ׵ġ䷨ơƿͻ֮һաæںǵġʽThe American Way of Life֮ϾǵƤͳΪšйȨ⡹ǰ˹ںжǵȵصġ⡹æòɿ뵽ЩʳҹҹġҲ䷨ơأЩԹĽүżڿ֮ڽЦĴ䷨ƣ˵úڰѧơһƬǵ˾ǣΪΣĶѧҪԱأһ۷״뵽ĵƺ֮ҲѾɱأ֮䲻˷ĲƵƿҹǧ겻ĵһޡ
塹ϱѭ
ǧǵĳӵݡũ񱩶ԭ嵴ĵҽ֣ϰղҲأĻȴʼûɥʧԸԴ㡢Ӹ¡ĵĳߵλһĻѧϵ߽ͣͽ塹Sinocentrismѩʽġ塹ġûʱѪɺӡʬҰǻʵ۶ͳ߽аְֽи硣˼һ׽ȥˣҲϧ͵ŮƷӡоơ
֣塹ȴʼûжҡʮͱ߽ɹԭʱǲǸһɹŶɫĿѡˡȹ񣿸ǰһΪΡĺϾţŰڡŮ֮£ؤ֮ϣν潾ʮؤʱԪʵ۲ҲҪȡʿܹĳϾţǡ֮ס
֮ǴͳйݡġĹԶʱѿغһͳ֮䱾ԴԺ󺺼ƶڶ˵ĹоͳΪµͨơʲôӡƶŮʿũ̵ȵȵṹʽΪȻ˵ࡢȥ䶯ǱѹȽ׼˽ηƳСԪ谡ƶũԳɡҲҪȥıԹ޵ϱֻȥţţȥŰϱǴͳķչϱ֮ѭǧȦӣ
ʣϱ֮Ϊʲôܸ㡸ƽȡΡȨأ
ԻЩȺӶΪͨǲϵġܸѷ˵ƽȡʵӤ׹أ֡ǿʲôƽأ
ƽȡƽĽ
ƽһ׼ᷢչУ£ƽ桢ƽദĽƽȲɡȨΡǶдᾭʼ֮ġרƪ֮˴ٶ׸
ҹͨЦһ״ʫЦϲǽдʫʫˡʫԻǽƨΪǽ߶ƨԳסˣ
νƽȡȨȵЩִľ裬ʲôʥ֪ĸ룬ʥĶᷢ͡չУżȻֵġƨסˡĽǧǡ塹չǿ᡹ģʽʼǸһߵģʽֻǡһǽƨһƽ֮ǽԶ֣ܳԶܡת͡ҲԶܡͻơˡϵģʽϱ֮һաСҲʵۣţҲδʼɵ״ԪҲ޹ƽ֮ԻɣҲˡİãҲˡ
˼Ϊķչϵ䶯ĽҲϵʦڸΪȺڵļ־ҲԾȺڵļΪʦͽ˵ǻ۽ΪãʷҶǡ塹ǧ겻ʶ䲻У಻Զӡ
ʮһ䡹ǡת͡Ľ
ϸ˵Ƕ塹ۣǧ޷ͻơbreakthroughǿ᡹ξýṹǧûСת͡pattern change
Ҫ˵ҹǧ겻䡹ƶȣʮڣҲǡѻƬսһšһĶԺ󣬺Ȼʮһ䡹
ѻƬս󣬲ʮ꣨һ婖˸͵ͨԵĺȫʮ֮ðǧδе⽻ţµ١ΪľܡŵķһũɽĽһһһͺʵȫһһţ඼ʮһ䡣ÿһ䶼ǴͳйǧҲ䲻»
ٿǡġһһţԺϱǼʱ𣬲ÿʮһͬйҿţ񵳵ͳһսţսľţйţԾţĸ߾ţȫᣩ˾ţģžţҲʮһ䣬ÿһ䶼Ŀȫǣÿһ仹йǧҲ䲻»
ƣΪ̫ƽȮˡһǲҵ˲繷ʱ߰˸bü֪ںףҴ溣ڣļûһľ͵ˡ̨ˡҲôù
ʹ˼ʹΪʱйˣһأһԱ֮ǲҵлʷϵڶתڡУʮһ䡹ת͵Ľݰתʹģǳڵġڶת͡Էġġ۹۱֮£ͻľҵ˶˶ⳡƽ٣Ҵ档׾ĴҲӦ졸ˡ
͡͵۹Ĺϵ
ڶת͡Ҫתʲôġ͡أ
Ǿ͵Щѹת͵۹ϸ߲ѧЧдһĻѧֻʮڶĴѧ˵ĻΪȻߣԺ֮Ծͽںʹ
ԭҲԲΪĹŴᣬͣǶͬʱ۹ķԱ֮£Ҳͳһơ۹ʼûаѲĴͳ۹ڷ裻֡ŷΪ壨Ӣ֮ڣ̾ᣬΪ͢ͳһھϽڡͬס֯ȴķѡֱԺЩԭʼʼ𽥽ͬҹʱķ⽨ơɷ⽨ʱҲܿĽһ໥沢սʱڹʼļҾ֮С֮Ѹٳ֣սĩҲˡӷ𡢰ټʷϱոˡһһˡ
֣йŵŷ޺صйᷢչĳϣάάФֻ֮ŷ϶Ҫһǧˡ
ڡ⽨󡹣post-feudalismķչУ˫ȫԯˡڶγһǿ᡹Ĵ۹ģʽػǧ꣬δͻƣڷ⽨ŷҡԺκƽȾľ棬ǵ֮䣬ȴʼճһʼƽȺۡͳһŷޡ
ҾҵʱǵĺҲѸٵͻƣʹ٤һľŰƹ˺ֱӡȣ򿪶Զǵͨ·ײһľŶҲޡ֮䣬ԭЩŷ޺СһֳӶĴֳ۹Ѫ˱ĳĵ۹塣
Ƿ޲Ʊ޵Ѹٵŷޣ̼˹ҵ׳˳УҲѸٳɳĳв׼Ҫܿҡų̻ᡢȡȨ˼롢ȡɡвԼҪΡƽơ²㹤ũʩֹ췴ѸٵһǿڹҡģʽŷˡʱҲ֮ԴΪġŷ塹EurocentrismۣҲ硣һ۵ִһǡҰbarbarianǡˡheresypaganismߣȥ֮ⳡ籩֮£ǡŷ塹European expansionismˡ
Ҳⳡ籩֮£йĴűӢѻƬ忪Դġ塹ͺڶ˵ġŷ塹̱ˡ
ŷ塹λ
֪ģĻһӴǾǧ޾еġ塹ͱݿˡһĶԺйʷһ塹ŷ塹ĲλʷҲɴͳйģʽִŷ޵ģʽλġתʷ
ִʷңΪȫϣʵֻӣ˰ʷԻйִ˶ʷʵġǰйִ˶˶һͭԪ档ǡִ
ʱʮġУλԡڡʼĿƼκԴһ߾ġһ˵ġʦ֮֮νҲƼִĹУ𾢣гɼʧҲҵģҪ£һ˶һũһġ󺣾ˡ
ڱ󺣾ȫûһ˾ģ֮ǰͨѧʶ۹й֪ʶӣѿƼִûִͽ޹ġȺ֮ٮٮߣҪ֮һߡһũţͿΪһˡһŶߣˡ֮ϾǸ½ηηβϹšѿգƼҪΪҪȴԸͦıθĸǱСʮһĿΪԶһ˰˰ͲһУֱʵдţ䷨ˡ
ɽһһŶ壩ȻҲǸɣreformist䷨ǰ꣨һ˾ģѾƿװ¾ơҪθĸ͵á²Ʒרƣͷβ
ĩλרһһҵģһһ׵ġҲ˵ǡ塹ŷ塹òࡣɽ£ֱͱƶȫתˡ
λȴһͬβ͡ǶԸϵġ塹һϣƫҪź˿
֮ǡѧΪ塹̸ˡΪĴķǸӢģʽġܡȴƫҪͳġľѧģԱʾġ䷨ơǡΪʥ̾ѧıġ
ɽ쵼ǸȫĻʢ٣ҲƫҪǡмܹĵͳʲôܹĵͳأ峣ӣŮбʿụ̃ӷֵ檣мȥĻʲôأ
˲Ǳʾһ˼ҵġ˼롹ס²ûʲô׵˼ҡûһ˼㲻˼˼ҡ˼ңǶԼʱķˡλϱʱǵᣬǡ塹ۣģʽòûõ׶Ρ˥ĻĻòԭǲΪӪģܲþͲáƵɽˮȫиɻ֮ʱ桹ֻбݿķݶЧķġ
ͳһ͡׶ԡ
һڸͶ˹֤ϵһͳһthesis)һ棬antithesisѹֻеиɻ֮ʱܷЧķ롸Բһµͳһϣsynthesis)
پٸӡĩᳫѧΪ˼ҿΪ˱ˡڡ塹Ϳϵͳ֮У˳ġһĻġŷ塹ս֮£λǸͬ޵˺ˡɽս֮òסҲֻòףǽղ̺еᣬԵºͻƶϣЧķѹ硣Ǻ󻰡
Թȥһʮҹת˶ҲãִҲáʾġ׶ԡӿƼĸ￪ʼƵĸƣٴӾܵĹ룬ͨʵʵϰÿһ׶ζлС򰵵ĽҲ˵Ƕԡŷ塹òȻҲбϻСʹ˸о塹
ЩʮһС׶ζǹԵġȻǹԵģûϳʱڴڵԣÿһ׶εķչͱȻʧܽҲ˵˽һʮҹʧӢۡĻԭ򡣵ִԽ׶ԺͽԵʧܣҲǳΪƶһ׶ηչĻϢһ׶һ׶εǰơ䡢ͨ䡸׶Ρٴ㺣չһ꣬ǧ겻ġֻ͡Ǹ֪Ҳġ͡γԺйָܻʧȥġơЧеƶȫʷ䡸ʱThe Post Western Era
ǷǡѧʦʽԺţΪй֮գҲֻǶΡת͡תһʮꡣһʮľۻ㹻ݣdata͸ݼеݣѡȥһѧҲ̫ġѧmathematic matrical analysisѵҲɾ㡸δòңŰ˾ţӺһһһһߣȥѰҳȻˡ
ȫ
Ҫ֮ҹһʮġִһһ귢ġ˶ӦǸˮ롣֮ǰǵִ˶صǡ塹ŷ塹λ⡣ʡġǰĻ˶ˣλĻһõסν򵹿׼ҵ꡹ҲνȫҲ֮ѾӦ⣬ѡˡĻ˶ԭǸ˶֮ıǡɺ󡹵ˡ
ȫ֮ǾסȫȻģҲ񣬵ҡ߽տвġǸҶԾԿҳ򡢻Ƥ֮⣬ñװ¼ࡢƤЬϻһûСԭǸʽ糿𴲣ˢڣϰѧϿӡ˯ϴÿӳԷ֮⣬ǵĴͳʽʣ¼ǸֵһĻ̬ͽں˼ǴӾ̵ѧѧһ죬мԴͳʣмйĵĽѧˡ
ѣʡǵ˼룬мûغգǶѡȫˡֻ߽Ƕ֪ˡȫḶֻ́ԺһķڷİվˮϣֳȡƶȫġɴʦǾͲܲƺΪˡ
ʵͻơ
ʣһ˾һһһ׶еĹףǿɹ֮Ϊͻơ:
һͻ˿Ϻڡ塹ƿʹָʱȺƽȵĵλҲǰѶԺ󣬶ǧŤתʷŤתһոšոԭĻ˶֪ŷޡոˡRenaissanceԭճ忪ͽ̻ļϣ֮ŰƲִŷ֮𣬡ոˡʵǵһڡ쵼ġйոˡThe Chinese Renaissance߳ʡִйãҲˡ
ڶʸͻˡ塹Ļƿ֮ԡŷ塹ۡҪйĻ쵼λɴøˣıġһ׮ſСңǣ󵨵ġ˶The EnlightenmentҲԭȷʮͰŷ˶֮ŷ޵˶ոĩڣѧ֪ʶԾĽ˵Ŀѧѧѧѧѧҫ֮£ԭȵġCreatorϵ۵Ȩҡˡ
ϵǽνܸǰ尲һջȱľԴȪϵһˣᶼҪ̻ɥ֮εأʮνʱThe Age of ReasonҪϵۡȻ½űųġǡreasonʵİšƽ棬ల£һʷǰʻԻ͵Ľʷϳˡ
쵼й˶ҲˡܿѧչӰ죬սĽռƵս֮£ϵĿϷӵȨҲҡˡ
׶Ǹ׼ϵ꣬¢óףѸǧ꣬ѹˣԺҪ򵹿׼ҵ꡹ѣʹǹѧʦ˵׼ҵ겻ô򵹣ѧʦ˵ġۡĿѧ֤֮ǰ㻹Ҫ֡ϵġ
ƲɵĲȥµĲѿ׼ҵϡãµ˼޷µѧ
ʦλĻľһǴĲɴɵѧҪһ¡
ĸ壬ܶõǵıλĻ
ģʮ͵ŷ޶ϵۡʮ͵йܶӣѿ׼ϵҪһг׵ƻɽҲ˵ƻڽ衹𣿴򵹿׼ҵֻ꣬Ǹ˹˶Ҫӡ
ȻĻ˼룬Ķȥ
Ļ˼룬µĻߣģɽ
ȥ˧϶֣˧ǡǧŹǡ顷˵ġͻн޶󣻽ͷöΪϿ͡ı׼ˡͷöѧܱȵͻͽнĺ֮أ
۹й֮𣬡ǧŹӦë󶫵ʦ֮
ˮ޴
ǺʶԼĻչĳɼʷչΣȴһҲδŪһһִһ绯˵ʮ꣬˵ò֪ơ
ǵʮǰೢѴ½֮һƪƪЯϹԢʦ֮ڡЩ֮붼ǡ¡಻֪ƼĽʱᣬпߣҼʦǣ֮ìԹʦǣ֮ܣѡ֮Ϊ˵̷ȵǰҲһλʦͽÿвͬѧϰ̬ʮ桪˵ԸͬʱʦҲмջϲһѧΪһ֪ƼҲǺʦܿɰĵط
һλɺɽŵ˼ҡѧҺڽ̼ӡӡīӡȡոסҮաºĬ¡˼ȵȣǳɷ棬֮ٷ֮ٵżȻǰҲ֪ԼһڸЩʲô仰֮׿ڸҵġԵʵ˵ҲλڡԵУֵİٷ֮ٵ
ҮС̫Уǰ֪ôΰڽǧɶԣ⣿ºĬ¸Ǹä췴˻ʵ֪ۡЩä֮ԣΪ˹Ļܸأ
˵ڽ̡ٿڽ̸˼һ˰֮ǰ͵Ǹ˼ߡΰ˼ߣˣ˵Ҫȥ˼Ҫ˼ҪĹأ
֮ɷ˼ҡڽ̼ңʥ֮ʱҲվڸʱļ˵ߺߡʱҪԽƶתᷢչ˼ĳɳĳǸӵģ˼ЧӰʷǰеĳʵ֤ˮ޴㣬ʷκڽ̺Ļľˣ˼ϵѱġһݣͽ³Թ͸ǣǡΪˣīΪʮڣɣҮа֣ǧˡ
λй˼ʷϣӰ˼ңҲһͨ˵ʷ³Ľգ˼ϵѧסӰСڣҲˡ
߹аټ֮к̺ߣʦУҲѰ֮ˡ
һơ͡
κ˼Ҷ۵ģǿҵԡ֪ˣ֪ҲԼ˼ʷп͹۵ʶԼڽӰ죬ҲԲϡҲˣ
ٸʵ˵ɣԱسƶһӣΪʲôйأϣҲ͵ĵطȴǽҪġɺ󡹣Post-Enlightenmentˡ
֪ҹʷϵڶתͣ͵Ķũҵ̬תִҵ̬ʵʼһĶ꡴ϾԼ֮ǩ֪ϾԼǩ꣬һİ꣬ŷֳ˸ԡThe Comunist Manifesto
ԡζʲôأԡķǡŷ塹ѵĿʼԶո˵ĳ꣨һԺ󣩺ڽ̸ĸĸ߳һŷ޵Ļ˼룬ʮʮŷ忪ʼʱҲǰߵġ
ҵǵŷ֮ʱҲй˶𽥼֮աأǾȫ֮ʱһһŵ˶Ҳǳ׷֮գһһߵʮ¸
Ǹ㡸ȫɴʦǣʺͳ¶㶼ǣڡһΪҲֻܸ㡸ˣһأ
ѡ˶
¶ѡ
λѷֵ𣬡꡷ҲͱˣɺйҲһΪһơˡһǴһƿʼġ
ԡһơǵСƽأǺ¶ݡһơȸġֻǺµģʽǸһģʽ褡ģʽ˹ģʽǸƽ棬Сģʽˡ
ѣϹ˵ɣʮйϲ磬ġͶġйĽһľѶˡʤĴۣй֮ѵʷŵ͹ͷǧŰʮ귢ڴ½ϸ˶ǽǰһơֻǵһ߰йȫ᡹֮󣬵˹Ű׮Ťת˵ʷŤת
֮ͳ¶һƣһΪʮꡣڵָ֮µֿ꣬Ժ϶Ϊһٰɺġ꡷ˡ
Ҳǡйɫʱ塹
ʮϿת͵ٶǾ˵İںܶݣʮǰ㿪ʼ½ϵ˽ӪҵУ廧һǧİλ廧֮ࡣóķչۻ˾ߣʷǰġ
ʱҽʱʷǰʮ꣬񷭷¾ɵĽ̿飬ԱһͷոµݣһûзȽʱйմ½Ͼ÷չĹģٶأӦøҵѧǣǡйɫ塹أǡйɫʱ塹أѧĶ壬ӦǺߡξѧչԶ߶޲ɡ
˷չȥйͲա硹𣿷ҲʮĩġƽʱThe Gilded Ageһκ̵ܶĽȨ֮һ뱾ͣʱͿʼˣδսҪƶȣΪĸҡ֮ͷƶ֮ƿԶڵľƶȣ޸֮Ҳ
԰гõĹɷչ½粻֦ⲻ󣬶˳չܺ϶Ϊһһƣƽغ뱦Ĳ࣬κ
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ǡоѧ͵ķչиʲôأ
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λȫͨ˼רҡרҵĻΪרҵרܼԸרֻӱרҵĽǶԹܿһߡֻ֪һ֪ΪͨЦΪֵһˡ
ĻǺִ£ѧ´ƻƣʹɳҲѸĲʿർʦ̣ɡѧѧʵ̫ϧ
ЩĻʷϵĲң󲻻ٷˡ˵ĺѧֽδӣ
һԢҼǵúãҴ̸Ρʾԡ᡹֮ʧΪϧΪЩԱ˲˲šֶԹûȥһΪʾźйʱ
ƤЦķ˵ʦѽᳫĳѧһԣľ彨飬һ
Ϊ𣬴ҡ˵˵ͣͺ󻹺λѧĵҹ
ҵʱ˵ðʦһϷԣʮۻ֮ѧ֮ԣδʼûǡѧÿǻۣڲ֮彨项޳ڡʵ项֪Чԭǡʵ塹֮
̸⣬̸塹֮ʵĳѧǡèèգ΢èèнһǧİ֮廧
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Ǹȫˡ˴ӸֲͬĽǶȥ۲ǡῴɷ塹ġֻҵĿԾͽڷңϣһܶ׾Ǿשˡ


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ԭΪŷ֮ۡ˼ִ͡
Ϻ磬һž֮


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κ˼ҶϵģĳʱͿռıġʵȻ⡣ҪоʣȾǼڡйռ䣩ġʷʱ䣩λãȻʷá
µľ̾ȵãȻ
ǰ˵Ƕĩʱйǧδ֮ҲΪʲôִй֮֡ΪǧδСأΪע¿˵ҹغ󣬶ǧʷ֮УǵƶȺᾭķʽĻںͼֵ׼፶һУʵû̫ı䶯һɲĹ̬֯ĩȻ󡸱䡹ء䡹һ֡׵ĹҾ£ʶһ֡ΪйǧδСһ֮֡Ǹʲôأһ㲻ǵòλѧ繧άΪʷѧ̩ȴʦҲΪ֮ãȻ
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׷һ䣬ĩ֡Ǹʲôأ˵ˣ䡹ԭһᡸת͡ı䶯ת֮͡䣬йǧʷϣֻΡһηڹŴĹԪǰͣһα㷢ºִˡ
ҹŴתڣʵʼڶ֮ĩػʺ֮һתֲ꣬һ͡һǧֱ꣬ĩֿʼڶεġת͡ò˵Ϊ֮̾á
Ҫ֪ڶεġתǵȿһ䶯ġ
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עƪһžһ꣬Ԥϴ½Ҳᡸɡ֪֮Ҳ
߲עһžŰһ¶ʮģ

Ļչϻ˼Ϊ˼ҲĻķչԭᾭƶͬתġᾭ÷չĳ̶ֳȣĻλı䶯˷ʷδĻȶߣδоĻԽߡ˾ɣ˼Ȼţ˼뿪ţ򾭼֮ɡ֮뵰֮뼦޷ȺҲǵǰĻת֮ںԶ
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׾ƪҪھһʣдһƪ롸ʡιأ
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ʻʮꡣʮǰǰСǸô꣨йʷģɴʦûǹˡûȨδѵһӰ˿ģȫ桢ϵҵ䣻ҵºȲɣҵȫһƳƿ졣
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ǷִġڶתڡǡġġԭԼƶȡ̬ʽʮ⡣ԭҪת͡ת͡ʵǿȵĽ
ǿأ˵򵥡ѻƬսһšһĶԺ۹岻ϵǣǲͣĴ̡ҪԸģҪ֮֮Ǿͳ˵һרκԴšʦ֮ġ֮ҪѧϰƼĿǰ˵ǡĸִ
κԴ֮󣬰κԴ˼һչı֮һġѧΪ塢ѧΪáþĿǰԣǾǡĸִãӡһֿ֮֡壩
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Ǹ˰͵ġĻƼִȲ˹ٸʮġִǾȲ˹㣬أȫ½ײ⣬޼֮࣬㼤ʺͺʵʱˡʮȥˣͬʧܣڴ½ּɡ
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κԴʱͨ񡹣ʱ񡹡֮СϰѧʽСδսִڴ½ϽȽѧϰˮƽ롹ȵȣʵһĻɫֻʱȺѧϰжѶѡ
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ӢĹĸǿ֣ͲõĻ˺ʣҲɽʱġȫΪȷ˵ӦǡȫӢ򡸳ӢѧԼ?ġʵ塹ԭǡӢͳĸԺ֮˶ѧһ塣
θһһǰɽԭҲǷȫӢġǸжĸҡҪԬȨͳΪ׷ͼӰЧ塹ͷȨ֮ˡһȽϸ߼;öȱЧӢͳת䵽Чܳ־õĵƫͳȥɽ˹
ڹȥİġսӢͳȴսʤߡδս󣬵սܹӡӢˡھũŷġҲӢգ

˼صԶ䡣֮ʦԱسҲһδĹڡ
ʮǰһλӰ꡸ɴʦɵʵЧǽѧ˼롢ƶȺʽ
ѧǡΧŷִתʡ͡ġҲֻѧоԺд˶ʿĺͲʿĵġ
ʮԺĺлġ񡹡վŦԼۿڵġŮ񡹣ȻԱͬɫ죬ߵ͹ȴȫͬ
ǽйȴҡڲʮһġǶѹ磬ѹ硣겻ĳʣйҲʱʱʵһʡʡҲ֮
ʱĺǷҷ˱ǣĺ򡸳áĹеǧҾʦȷʱֳضȫˡѧ硢˼Ϊ۶᣻νΪ͢ꡢѧʱ˹¼ҹˣڡĩʱʱ婖ҲǱС׵ʱһҵסұ˼СءǡѧߡԶЦİ֮ȴϴѡ
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󣬡ʵ项ʦǰǣʱʱ֣ǰһġһ˼ңʡĽײ㣬ҲνˡΪš쵳⣬ȻѺʦĵһŴͽˡ˭֪ʱֱĿǰȴ쵳ƵͶ·ϷЯϸҲҪ쵳ޱأֺ֪αصأ
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ңйͳ˼ŷӡӱȿӸϡǿӵʦӵ˼ӰġҵѳӢڣ߼й˼ʷҲ˵ġ˵˼ڣڿ˶ѧʱĳ糿У԰ڵϣɫѴϿȣɽұˮˢϪļ󣬶ԡա
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Զʮ꣬һԺǧӶҪһԸ˼֮ԡ𷽿ֵȵȣδǵΪʲô󵨼裬С֤ġѧҲֻʰǬۣ֮Ϊѧǰڵĸѣ̸ʲôġѧЩ޹غּС覲褡߶ЩСѶ࣬ظ£ϣעȥӰɣижʹ߽֮

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researchʦ

ںѧʷѧƣֱͽһӡ׫ģӢд壬Ҳǧϡ֪֮ڲͿѻʱֻ˵ԼǸְҵʷѧߡprofessional historianҲ֡Ͼһ
׻˵лƽһְҵʷѧߣࢷάҲСһĻȥһӦӢresearchˡ
researchӢĵ֣ռΪִѧ˵ĿͷСѧĴһѧꣻ׷ӯͷĹѧʦæͣڡresearchresearchʲôͨ壬ɺɲס
Ҹһǻ㷢ַϵѣǻǴѧһ꼶¡ʱĶͨʷϵӢ̿飬ѧǡǷеӢǵ䣬ɡо̽һ˼ʵо̽ȵȣܺresearchӢĵ֡
researchǸܾѧķ򣻶оȷӢӦΪstudyǿշĳʡճﳣ˵ģĳҪоо˼̽̽ۡۡͲresearchˡ
researchǽѧԺооơַͳҹͳѧһЩйصʣ硸ݡѵڬԼɲԼɣȵȣûһеơ
ԡresearch򣬾Ҫʵġ󵨼衢С֤Ҫ˹ġ»ȪֶҶʱʮһ֮ͣ˵Ӳ㡣ڵǰġΪѧиconceptualizationĳȻҳ淢չСľɫȵеġɡlaw or rulesϸ˵һ׵ķĳ򣬲Žresearchĺʰһ׼򻯳ɡѧʵҵķҲһӵִġѧȻƫȫҲ̫ס
֮˵ѧסѧڿζѧʱġӢٿȫ顷зġԺһӡ
˵ѧסѧǿʵġˮ䰴֤ġ
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ԬͬغͣǶδսȾ໪ѧУԱԶӰǰ֮һʮһ꣨һ˾壩δФҸĸ֮䡪ȸһ˾ĸһ˾ģԬ֮䣬һֱɸִйĴͳϰףҲʹҶ˼ҡִ
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ǡͻȽڽйͼ͵ѧУ༼͸ѧʵͱĿģҲǴԬֵġƽͼݡʼġڼ䣬ʱ˾ҪƿƳĳΪնѻɽĻҪĵ磬Ҳһסࡹ͡ϵͳΪ˾ͣйڸʵԿұʦСãȥࡹáindexĺ룩һĵСߣʵǸУѧȫѹĹϵʱһλִѵģ㡸ͼ鵵רҵԱֺԼȥأ
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ƽͼݡĿƼ΢microfilmȵȶǺԭʼġԶġ΢ƬmicroficheͽյġӼ׳ơԡȣǲԵƵġִܵиͷˡԬͬƶһеִ䡣
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Ԭ뿪½֮˵꣬һרҵѵص¡ʵϰͼݡһıĿԱСְλĵ˵һһڣڶΪ˽ϽԱꡣ˭֪Ԭʮ꣬ʮ֮δԼ͹ȥˡȻϽ޶࣬ʮԽġǻȡһֵġ
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ойѧĿChina in Western Literature: A Continuation of Cordier's Bibliotheca Sinica, New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1958.
һũһйѧʿ¼ʿA Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in America, 19051960. Washington, 1961.
һһһһйӢʿĿ¼ʿDoctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 19161961. N.P. 1963.
һũһŷ޴½йѧʿ¼ʿA Guide to Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students in Continental Europe, 19071962. Washington, 1964.

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߸ѧľϰ߱Ƿ漰ĳר⣬ҵһҪҵĲο飬йصѧĲʿġΪЩģһЩʿרţŻѪնͬ죬һϹ֮ġרҿŵùҲߩ֮׷½̽ĸũҵĸ֮ʧܣһ̨̽ũ֮أûʽʿһ̸֪ΪմĶ֮ũѧʿҲн䡸ũ᡹Ʒ֮żũ⣬ֱ߲οϣҲ
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书ţԱ֮лʷûǰġǬ¡ʱǡȺһӡǶˣЩС硸»SuluȵȣͺȺŲˣ򱱾ϱڸǬ¡үگԡԶأձĵ۹磬ܱȣ
ΣӺǬһʮ꣨һһһ߾壩Ĺ̩񰲣ƶϹЧʣǡ˹ʢҲҹʷϣڣΨһûȫԡơCorveeforced laborһͨİ峯ʵٵİ
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ע˹زҲŦԼ硢ġ󷹵꡹Hotel Astor Walldorfӵߡһ˾ŦԼʱ齸÷ꡣ˹رҲǿԻƤóףfur tradeҵġ

˵˵ѧĻɣйʱǶȫǬ¡ʵʱڱޡĿȫ顷һһ١١١Ĵ飬ʣµľڵʱȫִ鼮֮ܺͣһĳɾͣͲö˵ˡ
ҹʱһ壬ʵǲСӵġǽȴΪʷѧ̣òɸӣʵǺܲƽġҪԭʱ壬ĳѽ졣֮һеƶȶ̱ףѷȣ֮⻼һʱ紵ǰʷϵһҲ𽥳ʷĺ󣬶˱ʬˡ
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أܶʼıȻˣȻԣҲԶμҡʷңҡңԤġϵġ

עѧѧйӡרеġš̫ϣ˹ﶼռмҪĵλڵϵͽȻ̨۵ʱҺʹ½ϵĸߵ͹ɡҹʷеľͣ˵˲šë󶫶Ҳϵͽǰͳķ֮ϣġһϣȻҲԡͨ项֮Ҳ֮
ѧnumerologyѧйʼԡ׾Ϊϣ˱ϴ˹(Pythagoras580507 B.C.)һ֡ǿѧĿѧʵѧ(science)˹µģҲֻз֪ʶ֮һѱһ֡չ(over-develOped)ѧʣڡִ(Modern  Civilization)мֱǰټҡӵһԡڽġ(post-Western)ִ͡׶Ρ(The post-Modern Era)Щͷչ֪ʶ(underdeveloped  learnings)͡ǿѧĿѧ(unscientific  sciences)ǷҲСͻơ(breakthrough)֮һգ˲֪ҲѧʲӦ̫޾ˡ

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ë󶫡СƽͲ˽һ㡣ë㡸Ծũǧʳũûгʤ㣬ҸͶ𡹡ëϾú֪֡Ȼֻ˵ǡйũ̫ˡëʼʾͲ֪ʼʡ±ΪʮˡЩˡүǲõɱ˵ġũûСǸʱǡΪǹ췴İ
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ƪδĦʮ루Լ.ǡķʮġй֮ڽ̵ԭʼԣеķḻڽ̸УҲġ
ҹͳʷңȥǮ½ڣ֮ԱǣǮʷ١ҳĸʷңΪǼڽԹĶȺڣֻ֪һ֪ƫϵƪʵйڽʷУӷһ̱һڽ̸ĸĸԣҲһֵ¹淶̾ζģҲһ
Ρ˹ѧMuslim theologyĿѧǣΪ֪ºĬ֮·ϵѰɷתΨһľĦ֮л̫Ү֮лŷްҲƣȫǻ˵ºĬˡҵǺȫġȴԶϵˣҪǿĶ̫࣬ƽûСͼ۹ôˡ
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ڹ̫֮ϰϣ׶ڻǰֳټ֮Ƥʵһ¡صڽ̴䡣ڡ̡̫Judaismи޸Ϊֲ֮ͬࣻδĦʮɡ涨֮Ȧ䡹Cir-cumcision֮ԣѳΪϵ֮ѡҲ
ѧʫ̫ƽڵסʫгŨҵ¹ۡӽ޵һƪ˵޵ӣΥ˾ҵࡣǿĻҵĵºʹ塣ڻ̵ĽУȴ൱ˡ̶޸֮񣬲ӡȫТȫ֮ǰѧڽкܶĹŹֽˡ
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Ա߲ǳΪ̫ƽ쵼ǺȫǸڽ̿ĿȽ͡ķ.˹ͬһ˹׷ҲһһȨŵģͽȥڵĹڽ˹á
ȫɽ׷ȻҲֻǸ˹áȫáһϾɽдˡ¡츸ϵۣѡչɡ(̫ƽա)ǲû޻ʵµĴ־
һϵۻᣬ뽨һСáܻ˼ƣãպᵽ˼佨һСУŮ廨СãǿܾͿʼĽպˡСáǡ۹ֻһ˹áʽģ̫ƽġˡ
ԡ̫ƽţԭʵֻеСãһڽʶѡһʿǼ֮ǰͳˡ
Ӫʲô£
ҿҹʷϺպġ塹ɾǰױʡ״:̫ƽ֮ȫ֮⣬ֻ塢󡢷ɽΤԡʯ￪ղ֪ɽ֮¡ɲһھ˿֪Ҳ
Ȼǧڷ֮뼯Ӫֲ֪ӪĿĺڣӪڻĿУʵֻһڽ̻ˡʵɵĻǺ˵ġڽӪĵʱʹλԪѫҲδؾд˳췴µĴ־Ӫԭһڽ̻ӪԺķչ˳ˮһɽġ
ӪԺһأ
ԭʡϸͣʮĩƶũţػᣬϻᣩеϰ£ŪȫʡɧȻʡԭʮһݡں֮ǰ巽鱨ִҽᡢɱռǳصıѱ鼰帮һ߸һݣնƽ˷ԡطѲ֣衵Ӧֻ飬跨и֪㡪ʱװȺڣҲĿ޹ٸ
͢ñø죬ԸʡߵĸʡҲȥһǧļٷ˾ѹ첻ҵ֮͢Ա棬ʼ䣬аղͷθʹͳ⣬֣ΪѲЭͬᶽ٣涽ˡĿԭǡϻᡢػ᡹һصĽ̷ˣѾռسǵػ󣩡̼ҡɡǡأʱ˶ʮɣΪͳ壬Ωȫȶ桹ƣҲȷʵǵʱʵʱĹٷԭûаѺȫλŵľ£̫ءǵȵһһɢķɢ֦ܣ˷׷Ͷϡƽһػ޴֮Ͷ飬һ飬ȫ󣬹پԺ˿ʼѹ֪ڽһȽսپһٴ֮󣬲֪۲ʶ̩ɽȫһ֮׺ݣʵԶǳǹپ֮ήãͻᵳ֮Ӣ£Ҳعȫĵ淢ѹپڣͼˡ

עԭǹ󣬹дɽԭģ͢д룬ʾ⡣

ν塹ߣʵֻǿ͹ƣɡһǴȺƶڸһֿȵڽ̻˶ƴˣЩƶԴ󻧡پļΪһһרƵΪȺа̣£Ŀ޹ٸѹ˫ͻѾáֻһ꣨ʮ꣩ʮ³һشķѹжд̹˱йپˡһ¸ȺĴ˼ʮʮʮ³ʮ.Ԫһһһʮһգף塹(ʫ\)ףһν塹ʵҲº׷ġ
ΪĺȫҲͳдˡɡʲôŮĪĺУͬĺΪԹپٶȽս׼˶ѡ
ȫλңҲλϲдگ͡Ľνʱڣȴûκ񡶱ʦǡϭϭһ֡νʵǺڴ°ڽɽ֮Żͷ׷ġй֮һڡһŶһպҶͦϲ񵳵Ĺ˭뵽ʮ֮󣬾ΪžĽأ
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֮ӪŮУƲ鹫ġʥ⡹ƣڽ޷ķ?˹͵ڽ̿伫ֻ֮ǿ͹ۻͬʹǸ߸·ˡ
ҲڽԵ
һһ괺ڽ֮󣬺ҹپڹƽ һ˼¡һʱڹپı̫ңʱ˼ң̫ƽĹвԽսԽ¡ڽڣԽ죬Խ¡ֱ˷񾳽硣¶ʮ(¶ʮһ),ȫضҮͬʱǼԷΪԳΪޡȺ¶ơ
ͬ¶ʮգڴռݳ(ɽ)һռ¡֮ʧʹ͢𶯡͢ʹͽʧְ֮࣬Χˡ
ռҲ֪ﻢ¡һݣ𽥻ڽΪΣӣرڣӦһ֣֮֮١
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ذʦ壩ΪζʦΪǰʦɽΪϷָʦΤԣΪαְʯ￪Ϊ쳯ܶơگΪ

ʵ̫ƽʱŮײǧˣпݣʷ˽ԷҲǧں֮УλʮүʱܻʮķͬϷұڴͳйũ֮У߷̵ʲô̳ʲôȵȣ֪ûɶ֮ԡҿЩװĵʿͺУչ죬ʲôʮʮޡȵȣ֪Щȵİϵ۽ͽҲһס
ҵϸ͵ʮȫǹڹǾþ͡еĥġͼҡũһ֯Ŀȵڽ̻£Ūٳ棬ˡ
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̫ƽ̾˸֮󣬹پԼһǧڱ֮£˰ѾΧס֮У֮ڱ㲻òͻΧԱˡݲμӴ˴ͻΧϳëº䣬ǶǧˣøȫжΣͼҸŮ㣩׳ǰӵһٳΧȳΧǰӣβ׷ƾͱҹʷżʵġܡˡ
ͳܵսʽΪвũ϶ܣƮ缲籩ꣻ治ɵtߣ޲ǡ˹پ׷һײķΪֻ֣׷¡ȡаٺһ׷Գû٣رͣаһסپܲˣҲֻسǳغҪò½ءһʽ֮£һ𣬱ѩ֮β׷پҲأХӣɡй̫󣬴ҶƵơԻƳҵʱСپ֮ԣپֵñƣҲᶽٵĲǨǸӡ
ʮڡëˡԽͻΧʱ׷˫õģһͳʽ׷ӵĺֻһ̡֮ںָ֮ӹپ½˵ĵطϺμ㶫¼ġסơĴ桢ֻز£˹ȥԴϲ
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ʷʽġͻΧ֮˸Ҷ¡;вɱǱв֮һֱʡ֡Χһ²ˣ˴ȫݣ档˱䣬³ƶũ󹤴ᵳƣһʱ
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Сáв԰
ͻΧ춼쾩Ϊʱвһꣻж֮졢չ֮٣ʮ񵳱֮¡Ȼ֮Сݵء㣬ȻʦмƻšռһǶһǵΪԹһŶ춼Ͼʱռаںɽ춼ϾʱֻϾ򽭡ݹ³ѡ
ӢӦǶ֮㳲ϡʱƣҪһ±ǾġΪʱѷণسһա̷ʵ׼ǨȺӣ̫ƽʦʢδ¶ȫ·Ӣ۾Խ⵹ɴϭ˭֪ȫֻǸ˹͵Ľֻܡ项ϡ¡̫ƽʵָ壬һֻܡ̫ˡǰֻһƶ̿߳ƣʳˡǧ꡹һͷȥͲ԰ˡ
Ⱥƶũ˵Ǹ½ϡ۵Сãǡô㡹Ҳ뿪ˡǡ඼ǡɳĮ֮ءֱǡ֮ʡⶼگϵĻ۵ľͷҲȫʧˡ
̫ƽܼȻ㳲β׷ղٵĹپҲϾТԽ佭ϴӪһղƣҲݽ⽨佭Ӫţ˴Ƥʤѷˡ

                             *һžšʮһ¶ʮѸŦԼ
                          ԭ̨ѧʮ߾


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۴Ĵ½˵ιԪ׽йϵԤ顶ƱͼȤһſǺ졣ʹʵ£ҲֵôС֡ػʡ䡢ڡǵĽͳëϯҹͳǸ׏γ֮ѧƽ֮ͽɽҲ˵Ե﹫˵仰ıҲһơʾVisionĹأ۵ĺʣҲ˵齫ͷй˺齫ͷйôʮ˺Ĵ齫ͷûйǵͳߣĽϯⳡ齫ҵԹʲôϡأѣȻλ壬󲻿ԣҵĹʦ֮ΪˡʵºңҲ̫ࡣºõʱ̸̸Ʊͼġձ衷㲻ʲôᳫšҲƺ̸ã̸ã̸̸ֱֻ󣬾ҪСϢˡ
ʵšֶԭһٲġơinstitution¶İɷ꼪˵¶飬ǸһŮ˽Ǻһơ飬Ǵ⣻йӰ죬ɲŮˣŮӰ֮°ĩ̫ƽ̫󣬺ĺܻʵۣܺߡܺˣϰղŸŵù
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ǡԤ项κĻжڵġÿÿ顣ųʼһԤ˵:ɽС壬ĳʱҪΪù׶Ǹأ˭֪һ꺫սͳ£ݸɽΪءһϦ֮ͱɹˡ
ҹԤ顶ձ衷͸Źˡձ衷ĩһ㶼顣ʱ꣬ȴɵĳ֮ΪºαȻΣǼʱȴҲЩʲôִֵʮţɱݡ
ʡʮšλ˭أڿսӡġձ衷ע߽Ϊһλհ׵ġǾʮűһһҲǱԿġһƽ⵱ʱλعʵĹϵ󽫣С׳ϵǰ;ǻǸ˵
һľԺйʷ֤׳ʶ޴˸֣ǡʱ˽֮ΪʯΪҲоűʡҲǡžšҲǡ项ˡǺʷ֤ȻֻǡһȷPartly correct˱˼ҸΪȷأԭʮҲСʮ˻ʮ߾żʮӾţ9+10+9=28ڶʮ֮νҲ
ʮ˻ԭë󶫵ѧʱڳɳ졶潭ۡıҲ꡷ͶʱıΪëּжʮ˻
һʮɽëλӢƽ֮ҲǺܹƽġ˽£ЯκëҪռˣҲ޷ܾΪëʮšΪޡ
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ߣëһľʮһڱǻһϺԦϱ˼йҲ˶ʮĻʵۣҲǸɺϰɣ
˼ǡƱͼⷽҲë軭ü¶ڡƱͼʮһġ̡УԤдľ䣺

ñѪͷŪǬݣʮɴֻݡ

ľУһȻɽ֮⣨Ҳɽ֮ΪñҴѪծͷɣ䲻ǰë϶й½ʮͳΣ˵ľ֣԰ȥԻָľдɣ

ñҴѪծͷŪǬݣʮɴֻӣݡ

ⲻֽʷҶëȷӰʱëʫбС̼ݡ֮䡣ëӰʱ¸ݵȷúܺãʡ˭֪ëֻǸ֮šһ˻ʵۣͲвʤƽأ
Ʊͼ߾ǧ֮ǰΪᱲԤ֮ʹšα졢ɺϡ˽ߣڼ֮֮ҲǷʡɣ
ɣġƱͼ
ƱͼⱾͼ׏˵̫ۣߡľţԬ׫¾ɡ顷дʷ?־Ҳ¼Ҳ⳯Ϊͳϲ̫Կط˻ʵ֮Ȼ꣬ã졣͢ѣȡɱԤԵߵʹ߸㲻޴𡣵Թͳ߽飨ʼʣֻ֮飬û±棨˹ٴѧĹ±桶ƿ÷ʵۻҪزؽԼȥϸϸġư桶ƱͼԪҴˣֱڣϵ֮󣬲Թ͢нӺǬϣ˶಻ҷӢһ𣩺Ͱ˹һšռ챱һٱϴ֮󣬹űƱͼͺ͹űƿ÷һŷѰռҡ
ڱ鱻֮󣬺ٶȱӡڴϸΣǰĿ¼ѧһʱѶԡ࿴Ƿĵ׏ԤԣһߣԼʱգȻǾԲŵġΪݿѧԭǳĳʶԤԱز׼ȷͳߵʵնԺ֮ġ񡸾ʮšֻǸ
ˮ粻
ҿƱͼʮԣ̫ƽԤԣȫ

׏Իͷз°ס̫ƽʱɱ
Ի: ̫ƽּѪɣɫ³¡ˮ粻㣬ԭȫǡ

עΪӡԭеġʥ̾ԻɾȥñԭУ޳־ú۹һԤ֡޳洦Ȼ־ͬҲ

ġͷзǳë͡ëġ١Ʒклơ˺ƶɫΪٷɫáնײһ㶼ںڵȡɫԱһɲͷԭʼëġϳëס֡°סĳëϰףһûӡ󣬺ר̫ƽʷרѧߣеҲδע⣬ԤȴС֮ҹŴкڡ˼ɰףйء
̫ƽʱɱĽ֮ڡɫ³¡ҲʵǺȫʱĶϱҲɫģ켴ΪɫλԤԵߣʹǡºα׫׫ҲǸлĵʷأ
Ԥʫǡºα׫ߵĵҲδ̫ˡȥѧʿŷǧڣдǶʫѺȫ֣Ƕأһ±ǣѧѧϡۡtheismۡ͡atheismȥˡ
ѧҰ˹̹Բš񡹵ĴڡԵһۿ˼һڣϵ۶̸ۡ
ϾˣܶμĿѧңͶŮˣġ츸ϵ̸ۡˣŮȶɲຣĹҲǡڡܡġڽ̵ǣߣ˵项ϵۻʱӦġ졹󡣵ţ˹̹ǸߡĿмȻλ˼ҲôصҵĶľţˮˮƽʱȲ㣬ʱɱҷŰ

ԣѣǸߣϵϵ۰ŵģôܵϵѵ˵һ׷ŷǧŽڻǶʫϵ۲᣿ǶʫҪѧӺãѵĺѧӻŷǧҪȥŽͶӡ?
˷κ˵̫ߵıٷ֮ʮţҲҪ߰ٷ֮һĻᣬǾԡһĿѧҡĿ¼ѧҺͰ汾ѧ֤й̫ƽԤʫȷһ̫꣨ƽ쾩±䡹֮ǰƷǶԤʫδأ
ݳѧĽգ»಻ɽġҵǰʽ˵ĲıҶ׹֮Ͱ׳Ҷѣȥһλлţڻ״̬УȻҶҶǰ˽¡
ߵ⿪ҲǣԼĻġΪҲйͬľ顣ֻλ˵ľ顣ʵƵǾٲʤٵġ
Թˡһξ̳һλõܹͬǰһ֦ӵɴᣬӾɳдЩּһ𣬾Ͼ䣬Ȼһʫ֪ʫģҲ֪ʫõġõ󿴵ö׵ŵľʫأʫ˭أʡԼУʮҲ޷ʡ׾ˣܻҲһλˡʵҲֻǺʦ֮һá齫ͷйˡƺգ
Сͯв
֮˼ࡣȴһĶб㣬֮ǧһãҪһ֮ޣǿ˴Ӽ˸㡸ר˵ʱ޿̲ڱר֮С
ŴйŵǡǺࣨԼĺɱԼġڡ֪ܡĸϵۺΰררˡǵʥˡʿ֪ǵȵȣ֪ʶƶһֻСҲ첻ȴķ绽ꡢܵΰϵۺԼͬרһרǧϣǲ˼顣
ⷽ棬ǵлĻͱȽɶˡͿĺ֮⣬ûΪϵѪǵĻͳһֱǱӡ񡹵ġ˵Ҳ֣ȴҲԹǣרǧ԰Ρ
̸רƶһֱרĩ̷䣬ų˸һߡmonotheistͦ͵ͼġۡpantheismpoly-theismսһʷѧרʣǾǺȫһˡѧӰ죬ѧͳĶѧͳսһʵҹʷϣڶתеĵһ¡תֻ͡¸磬çӢۣ֪ʶ̫͡ǲ֪Լڡйڶδת˶еʷã˸ݺ췴Сͯˡ
ĻսµתͣҲִ˶ԭǽģ׶ηġڵҲ˵컯ɡȾĳɷҲġͬʱҲǸַ֮棬δϴͳʱ򡣡Сͯв̣СͯҪˡʷϵıȻԵġ
Ҫǣű
ǺͯıȻʧܣַ֤ЩĲפ˼һҪ϶ıȻ򡣡ѣҲͽʷıȻǸϴͳѧս֮£ȥġʱδһӣʮ꣩׼ҵ겻ֱϡãʺˡǧĿ׼Ϸأ𡢿𡢿ׁͨͳڵϰף׸꣩Ĺ£֪Ҳ
Ϊˣרġ̿϶ģǻǱר׼ררָʮꡣǰϵºĬרǷδרҲ죿
Ҳֻ֮һ֮ʫԻǸèдǸ˵˵ı죬δرȿϡСҮǿأ֮⣬ǧϵרʷ¶ŷ˼ꣿ
ɽв˳ɧꡣڸԵʱɧ˭˭ǿأ˭һɲ
һʱʱֵ˼רʥͺ⣬ұӺλ춷ض˶δֵӢۺúǲж˵زʣΪۻ˵ˣʥͺܣҲֻһۻ̲ݣһѡʲô־˰Űˡ
ٻͷλĺʦɣ֪˺齫ͷйһ֪ʮΪʲôͲһ¡Ʋһ˵˺Ĵ齫ͷйأѧʶˣ䡸ѧѧҲ䡸ʶѧҲһλѧʶ汸ˣʶˣʵϲʶҲѧҲ˼ҷ߿ѧһӡ¶ר԰Σ̸ǿѧκҲһˡ
ʷǲ־ҲɴҲֻ־־ר֮󣬡ԸɣҲˡ˶ѡŽĴ˼ˣοЩʧڽСңƽұ
֪ȻҪ֪Ȼ
±ǧԣ˵Ļ޷ǡһ֮ԡΧŷڴת̫ƽʷйʷ̬ȿɵôһ㡣ܾκһضġҶϡʱšҲ֮֡Աǡѣ˵еɶ㣿Ҳδ͵̫
齫ڸ̨ձͺ⻪½ÿĩԡ֮쳹ͲơǮіͨǺͲˡ齫һӡһŽһ˶㡸ׯׯϡҹʱòɷҲ磬ಡĶѣеּΪ֮һغ
齫ͷйΥѧģȴʵڿѧʵʵķĺ׼ġձ
濴һ齫һϵ۰šҲδءΪɣ续Ʊͼ׫ձ衷ЩʹУҲֻǡ֪Ȼ֪Ȼ 
֪ȻҲÿѧңôȥأ
ʣӲԺ˲õѧǣűߣ֮ì֮ܶѧeԻҲߣרҲѧררͬͬһרר뱻רߣĿȫǡʥҲһΪѧר򲻸Թԭֵһ֮ˮעп齫ͷй
κƵġһר磬ɷͽ˵ġࡹ߻ħӣѧҲ֡˶ѡ
ת͵ͷ
ǰ֮ѧҵĵʱʮ̫ƽֻǽǧйڶδתеĵһ׶Ρ
˽ƵĳУؿת˶ѻƬսʱһٰʮ꣬ʼܾȫȻѽ׶Ρش⣬һᣬڶʮһͳӦӡѧҵĵƺҲǿԤԵأ
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֪ҡ塹ţԹԱϵġԽĹڣԽͬԽ֮ˣǳġǺȴ쵼˴ˣУйʷǰδеĵһɽ쵼ͽʯ쵼ıֻǾδ֮
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꣬ģһȺûиݵءûкڡûй̶Դйͳʷصܡνũ塣ũսǿߣġǾθٱ񷴣̱˼ҵĹһ㼢ǵҰĵǣΨ²ҵġһ˽ҸͶ֮𣬺ܿıԭëѡԴΪ⣩
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ѧ飬Լѧһ飬⾹ȻʣԭʱμͻΧҪ֮һġˡӢ˵ġӢǺȫԭĵܵܣҲǺܳĹֵܡԽ塢ͻΧ춼쾩ϾԵؽ˵۲롣⡸ĹةࡹλƷʵ̫ƽԪѫУڰҪ졣˽ļضǴֽǵġһع绹˻Ĵ˵ǺӢ⽻ľȴΪ֪Ǻ춼Ͼ֮󣬵һʹӴ쳯⽻١
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ȫڴϣ׵һͷԽʣװһβα졣λʮ۹ĸһСϵʮյ̫ƽȫʷҳһܱh

ںĶǡ쾩һأǳһεʱڳߵĿ

գ幪ٹټʥӭڽСºۣñΡñëʮ򣬴ӵӭɫֿգٽǰƽΣζһףＰŸʮɡ֮ñݾ糤֮ñۣЬѥһɫΣζ׳죬ʮ̧֮߷ԻӣñǰıٶԡɶԣδְˣƷ̫ӣӣˣһһСκ󣬸ʮ˴ӣԴŶ³㣬ȹִɡӵߣ಻ڣʮȻ֮𡣣ͬҳһתԡ׾ʼǡ

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ȫסʫЦҲ¶ʫǺһˣʱ˼ٸŮˣͬκ԰ġ顣ǶʫˡĳȻȡšʫȴʧΪй˽֮ƷҲëסԶһ˶Ҳ
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˵Ӱ쵽Ϊڻӹ壬ֻǸ˳µ߼չŪЩΪϵġϸСֱӹϵġ
ǡԺ󡹲ż֮У̿ɫСӡٿڷаųʲôɣҳһ޶峯顶롷үнηʮˡ

ÿʢ̣·һʮڣ۴ĸ档̱߻ĽֽƣעдĸֹΣʮԡۣࣩͭʮԣ˼Ʈ߻īдࡹ̱֡߻ʮԣͬɫʮԣͬɫʮԡաƸʮӣҲһáλʮԣ¯ʮԣɡʮλ죨עϷ̨佫ģԼʮԡִеʮˣƸһƽζˣʱǰ棬ʱں棬Ƿ¹ŴƶȣԷ⣬κǧˣִ󵶵ʮˣùĴ࣬Ǵ䡣κҲ۹ġִ˶ϻ̺¡ִִĶö١ÿһʹǧˣڳʮ硣ʷҳһһģ롷<αα>

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ԳϳܵʿʿԹʹ֮ڻ֮ءൺϳؼ֮۶ԵʿȻ֮ǿһʿɣ˿أкȡ֮գ֮ţʿ֮ԲҲ

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һûʦ徭ݡ񡷣һٷ־ְԾΪ󡣡жϱϮ棩
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עΪפϮΪְҵԹӪΪʡļʡ

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̫ƽԭձŽֱ֮ɽֱӱȻ̫޵ͻƣػ԰ճݡɳǡݶݹ¡Թ֮ҿڶɻƺӱϣʱֵʢģˮǣΪջ٣衣ִ£Χ֣ݣˮءڹӱߣ̫ƽ°úµ׻Ӿɡ֪ȫɣ׷̫ƽ˱ΪΡ
ѱɵ̫ƽ˼ǰأΧ츮أ۹ˣ֮ãʼỳ죬϶̫ɽ࣬Сɽԫء֡ƽݺ鶴Ϸ⡹ĵطԺ鶴·ת϶ֱֱв𶯱ˡ
ʱɲ̫֮ƽ۱ǣԶƹٶתưŴɽ´ǡβ̫֮ƽƣ޼ˡ
µ׶ɺӱ֮·̫ƽж˵ǡ̫ƽ˵Ϊˣܱ¼Ϊ֮ǡʵ֮䡣Ϲ̫֮ƽ峯زˡʵΪǧˣʷмΪߡǣ֪ȷҲ
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̫ƽ˴αսսϣмĴ
һܷʽ϶ܣóǲأҪ󷽣͵عвһͳ취ϾʮġΪǴӵáԸᣬ𡣾񣬹вҲࡣڹá
Ͼ򱱴Ͳһˡ˵ԸһǧԸһ졣ҹȻϸƶӶϾԥϴɽѣǾˡ
ԶΪ󷽣ЮϲƸΪӪóǱأмƻռڴαϣԵܷۡʽ򱱷϶ţǾȡˡ
񵳱ڼ䣬һŶʮԶԭʦ£ëëİְֵСƽʱҲľУǲ±ռء֣ݣε˳֮󣬷ڡԭսаܱҪġȥҾͲˡ鰡ʯȾϾϣҲӵȥʮͽˡ
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̫ƽڶǱʤͷԣ̫ˣ֪ˡ֪֪ʱ֪ڵ˵ĸصأ޸λδ
ʵ˵ʱ͢ľڵ£̫ƽ֮ϡ
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Իϲɹ
⣬лǵҵʦλߴѷʷϲıǡ֡Ϊйʷֵý׶ΡʵΡ书һȵǸɱ߽ͳεġ峯ֻʱͳλáתܣűִʷңһ޿ȡʵ۶ԹѶϣʷңʵӦͳƽƽŶԡ
Щͳߵĸ˲ܵ˵ɣġŴʮʵۡһأǣǡʱʷ롸ˡУ
ٿʱͳǡԬǻԡ񡪡һλֱʮʵ۸أ෴ĿܻԶأѣ²ʶ»Ȼ
̷үʱߪõԱ̫³ܵҲ൱ϸַΧ첻ˣɽʱʤȰΧ֮£ѳǿ֮ĩٶܾͱɱΧľˡ
ִһѮ鶴ֱʱתɳȻЩϹӢۣѹвʱ̷ȥֱܶɽѲʧְԱʤΪղ󳼡ר׷ˡ˫ת·̫ƽȽ뱣ؽΪرʺ˱Ϊ֮ϣ̷˼ƶ߿ɮߵɹӣءˡ
ɹ۷塣ūԺŷǣвʮͺ֮ŷ½˿ǰĴԪ۹̷᲻ðյأ̫ƽ䣬ľͲɹĶˡ
ʵֱֶʱʵѴǰѾȽʦϣǹĴŰϾȴڰĺ顢˵ֱѱɶߵķݣǽݱܵϺ˱£½·ѲͨҲҪңӷͣͬʢ¡ⶨַ⾸Ԫƽ￷˺ܿʵˣʱˡڱеӣòμӱԮսܱҲ˵
Ȩ̫ƽʷҺĶһΪ̫ƽȽܡȫ𶯣Ǻεȴ¡̫ƽ֮ʧܣʹʷ߶̾ϢΪǹһ񡣡ʵֹ¾ҷˡɳѵıԵ
ѣǸͳũҵ۹ٸĳĩءͳǧͿԺ¡ããءɽԭҰɴУδɴܣپǳǣޡ²ʤ£οղĽ˷˲ԣһֻ׷µأʿǧ϶ǰֱȱݣǧϹ㲽䣬ǿĵз׷Χ֮£± Ǿǹֵˡֹ¾ڴ֮˵ͷݲݡۣ̫֮ƽܵǿҵֿߡʱ˽ϳǾؾŮˣϤɱȻһս̫ƽʮµ׽ռء࣬ȽǽʱʵҲߵޣʱ糱ӿܿľ͹ˡ
ʱʱѽ붬ѩຮ¾ս޹߼;вߣ޿ΪɢֻЩϹͬġëϸɲڷѩ֮£ִǣ𽥾Χˡ
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Ͻһ̫ƽʱĴԾڶڽ򽼱Χʱȷֻ࣬ضݵ㡣ﶬֵ֮ĺӷģ˺磬򽼸򶼱ͳɹµ໥̹ˮûԷˮΪսɸ״̬֣нչ
ǻƽԭϾϼңóԣʤԵ硣磬ɮɹžΧĳë׳ʿֻع³ǡеȱɽˡ
һ³ֲвˣһϾԮһͼͻΧϹ顣Ҫȵܣȣ׷ҲͿ֪ˡ߼ޣȻೢĿݣ̾ΪֹԴҵ˼أǳض˸ңɹŸŮƥɱУӡӺӡŲ㣡
ѣһ£λ˾ԱҪȫӱ׷ƣӵˣȻһ¿ʼӣ±㱻Χڸǣ·ٴ򣬱޷ȫʦͻΧˡ˷ֳһǰһ󡪡ȫԭɮ⹥أͻΧɽݸկͣشԮٷֱһԮֱʳĳ̶ȣűһ£ֱͻƣȫû
ʷĿɱ³
ݹ˽Ҽֶ³ǲҾ徵ġֺصһգһƵģ߽ˡʿϤ֮󣬶ȱͳ˧ַ飬ɮ˱ѯ²֮ͯ

ע и췴壬жͯ֯ΪҡΪġΪҲΪпᡣйʱġСҫ֮һĸʱġһࡣɰμëëα򣬸Ҫ֮һƤԴ庺ǸͻӡëеġСëҲĺпġ人ϾʱŽǱһȺʮʮ塢ġСëµġ̫ƽеĽ죬ة༶ĽϲСëݡܱ¼Ĳسأ̫ƽСαةˣͯʮź罿Ůҳߣ֤й̫ƽ˽¼Ϊʵ־ЯͯΪ֮⣬ַܻΪڡ峯ٳԭͬ԰ıΪϽЮΡ˭֪һߣħһɡԻ¸߹˸г衹ĩ޳ʿ򣨰ѡĴͳ￣ʱСĳ֡顢֮ڽ̿Ůֹݣ޲ͬнǳë׼ɭϡһҡλͿԶˡλ䲻ٰݼƷġةࡹȴŮ־ӣ͡ơıԵǶԡ罿Ůġͯź;ĿˡѣҲѧϵһ֤ɣ

ɮֺ֮ͯ䱨棬÷֮Сݡռ¡ǣʮػۣаţϽç֮ɵáơԭѸˣһϢ巽˲ٴ֮
ڷͱɮذΧֻʣˣʮһգʮգڳĿдкı

ɮ[]Ƴ廨ñ°̰ЬԼʮꡣźͯԼʮ꣬廨¿㣬ЬŮӣһȣ濪ֱСӣһϥ¡ܱ³ֵŭĿӡͯĹۣ޾ɫƷܿԸ˵ﵳͷ쿪˵Ц糣ɮ֪ۡϲ⣬ǲȥ[Կͬʱĸ߼]Թ⣬ǲǺ챨ݡ٣Ѻս⵽̡<ڷ빬ͱʼĩ>ءƽʮ֡һ϶תԼǰҳġ

ڱٴĿб̶¼
ΪŻ׽һٳҽھܵĸ󻼣λԺյɹſɮߣ򹦼ӷ⡸Ϯ桹λү֪ʮ֮ԼҲȫûһ˶֮ڣһʮСƤҵˣСһأһ˵Ƥʰࡹڸ˶صɮͰɮˡǰ飬ҳˡߩ<Ƥ箴>
Ԯ彫ѳ
ֱȫûҲ̫ƽȻʧܵļҪؼ֮һּҵĸصصĻƽԭ찲ʯѵԶ޷ȾָˡȰԶڳսͱɵġΧˡ롸ΧˡˡΧ뷴Χ˵̫ƽԶڱλֻ̫֣ам֮ˡ
ֶǰʱ顢ϾҲԮȡνԮ
Ԯ̫ƽãҲˣλة༶ĽţĹةࣩ˱ĹٸةࣩٸةࣩĹةࣩܿһ˵ֱ;ڻ𡣱Ԯв޻ĳ˵ĩ뱱Ԯһ괺ӰϡҲ˳ܱɻƺӣйռʺɽ塣ٱϼֻʦĿܡ
ʱɮߺʤڸǡһ־ñʹɮ󣬶ʤµԮʱʤΪ̫ƽЮںϣʱڧȫȱʤ棬ڲսµոʱݱʬʮ򡹣鱨ս֮Ҳ̫ƽԮһܣѸɾ˧ţװؤǱӱ˵ܿǰ ˱սƬ޴档˧֮УΨֻӻϾ׷սΣڡΡ
쾩±䡹ʱͷšһ˵ҹκֱ붫жгڱɱղμ˽ס
ëϯ
ʵ̫ƽԮ֮ȫûǸء۽ţЩ죬˵йʷϲǵʧܣëս˼Сһ䡸䷢⡹ġë¼ûаѡ塹ĽǲаۣǰСкڵս˶սר϶ܡپսԣǾͲܳ־ˡ
ڱڡΧˡ֮졢ëġйũǧʵеҲҪ󷽡϶ǰپսԡһ̣ߣҪǽίԱ̫赶ɱˣ˧ǡ̫ʵΪ뿹գ¡Ҳվˡʹˣ󻹲ǡܱࡹаճũϢģ𡸰˽ñװաñŮëë˵

ܸıΪ·󡭡ָսԱڸıࡢװȷһЩҪЩսʿժİġʮĺǰ˽ñҪǴԭǽйɱĹ񵳾ӵľǵôܹƽëë飬ҳһ

ëë֪ʱëܲͰְ֣䲻ȥҪҲûйˡʯ￪ܡƽҲ롸ܸıࡹװ塢еιֺγԸͶɡأǵܡܵһأ
һǵһǣǧ˸ѵսڼëҲ㡸ˡͬձˣͬʯ㡸־սСڿսСһ潻桢һֿһҪĥһʮݵءǰС¡»Сֱ롢㡭СǻΪ㣬ռһɽͷһݵء֯ݸŽṤũͳսʡϡ½ʱˣ㣬һ壻ʮСһ©岻ˮ͸һΧˡվǰɨαǰ硹Ӧ˴˺ӦΪսڰͼУûû˵ĥսʧһתڶʧתصһͼܰ߰Ӫͨͳչ⡭ȻũΧСϻձ̨壬Ĳݡǡս޲ʤġëս˼롹
һǸӢ۵ΰսԣλ罨ɡСѧԱϹǶйأëϯһϦĿϺԾͷԿˡ
ë󶫺ͺȫһ罨ɣҴϷҲëϷ⣬顢Ϸ벻أǱҪ˵ġʷչĽ׶ԡˡġ⡹ܡʷ׶Ρ޵ġ׶Ρ㡸⡹벻ȫҲ׹Ͳǡëˣܹѵ ˡѣ̷йͳˡĩ̫˵
УѣΪëϯǶıƤ⣬ս޲ʤ𣿷Ҳֻ뵽ԼǸ׶ΡӦһ׶Σɵˡ˼Ҳdied a broken old man
ʯ￪֮
ȫȻëʽġĥսµġʯ￪ϵܣȻ͸ˡڡ쾩±䡹֮ʯ￪ѣҪԴ£Ҳֻ ʽĳйʷϣ졢ë֮ûһ³ġ⣿ʯ￪³Ȼַû֣ǾͰǳĹ·һԺͲٶѱīˡ
ǰ֮ʯ￪һһһ쾩±ʱʦΪɣĳߣȫҾΪɱƽַگ쾩һ֮ټ̫ƽֻĸүֳ֮ˣʷʴֱⰲ±ˡǸܳĻȴҰĴСŧɼȫȾ쾩±֮Ժ󣬶ԷݵĹĴɼɡһ㣬ĽëⰡ
һɲһʯĶ֮£ʯ￪Ծ֮أһ¶ǱϾ½·졣ǲɵö׷֮˭֪׷һͬȥ
ʯ￪ڰʮգ֪ʡ뵽ڽ㽭һɾϾۣµʾͻ뽭ϸݡٵͷȥӥ̶һѮݡһ·̫ƽֵܴơ̫ƽһʱȥ
һ£ܳԵֵͷ븣һ괺ֱ·ӳݡݡ˱죻Χֲ£ִܻԼϼҹأȻ֪ϼҹ̫ˣʮҪưԣֻбĴɶȻɽԭ
ʯ￪ʫǼٵģʫðģ塷ġĸʡ̻˼£һʮ򽡶ʦϣݡƽϪǬݡ磬봨ֱȸݡ
ˣмֱͯ꣬ϡΪսڣԼѭ·봨ġͱ¡̲򽻵ӣٿ˵úأ
׾еϱܷЩĹ£үҲ벻ˡ߱ǴŲЬƽϪǬݡ硢ɽˮڸݳ˾Сִġ
үû˾Сִˡԭһʱ趼֪ҪĴȥʵ۵ġ˭ûأĴ츮֮˭ȥһƣԱٸʱ˵жʮ򣬿νʢһʱûд¸ݣḢȥؽϣ뽭¹塣ͨʱһĴˡ
ϳɽܣɲɹŲԭ򻪱ƽԭѭɽơˮƺ͹תĨǣأɽ֣ƻХҰͷɵ԰ʯ￪ͼ̽ǰиͼҳһһ填һһţ빤ũ·ͼȣ֪ߵģͬһ·Ҳɽ츸ϵ۰ŵġҪߣ͵ѭ·ǰ
Ȼʯ￪̫ƽһѮҲٴɺӱߡͷɳ䣬ź˾ӦԪŷӣ峯Դ̫ƽںӱߵϴأϴأˡ
ʯ￪Ϊȫͳ˧̼ȫֻ뽵Ծȫһʮ˱еͳɶٴëֵܶǧˣʯҡʮˣʯңһյ׵ܣһʱѳҲԡ
ѹĴݹ
֮峯ɣַ顢ȫԼ͢Ϊܵġ׶񡹣пķٴġ
ʲôǡٴأΪҹƴǰĹٶ̣նסѡΡԪνʮ֮׵Ĵͽпķʹܾʹ࣬ȥп̷ǡ١ˡ
Իݡ̡йĻʱ¸ҵ췴ɣоͷһУҰѻʵһСǡ̡̱ǰѷȫɶһСķ飬ȻСһءС̡֡ҲСݡڹеĹУеĴ֣ͱеķˣͬʱУɲ֮
ǧҪܹꡣڹδʱף޸vʬȻʬʾڣʹս
ʯ￪ַ͡ȫԼ֮µ߼عġ˼ģǶԸʯҺǸϴسСܵܡ峯ɣǶá١ġ̫Свǧ飻ʼһҪ󵽳ˣȻɱأ
ʯ￪ȷʲôʼأ峯̷˵Ƿ̵ġʮ֮ס
ʲôǡʮأʮߣһԻıԻ桹Ҳ
 ıִʾͽз
ѣִйһ粻ҵˡзҪܡ̡סvʬ𣿷ʽͬˡ
һİ


                            *ԭ̨ѧʮ


ʼգɥȨûû 
СϺӢԾҺʼĩ

СƽСŮëëһ顶ҵĸ׵СƽĿһʹؼۣʮ߿ëһһ顣Ȿ鲻ѧϻʷѧϣɳƵϵһȻվڸ߸Ůдģһ㼫Ȩ档
ⱾһصǣëëҵͬУпʷϵĳɷֺءϧëëİǸĬԵˣλ鲻Ըི༫ʷʵֻʱֻм֡
ٸӰɣŮԡ飬ͷֻ˵֣ߡƵСû취ֻȥҡ衹̡ϹŶп衹̡֮㣬λСѻëѡһΡëë

ë˵ʷ¼ϵĵһΣ飬ӣǲֻʤʧܶաëëҳ塣תë<۷ձ۹Ĳ>һʮ¶ʮգëѡһ

࣬ëëĲʿĵʦΪŴﵽˮƽҾȰһġΪһΡƤҩϻ˹ɡ
ëëѽѧ۵㡢ʷѧ۵˵ϰֵߡУҲмֵġһʷϡӦôһٷ֣
ǰĳ
㿴ëԴһΣϻƪʷʵҲδʦ֮ͽ̵һ֤˵һֻоŷ֤ݣ˵ʮֻë˵ġʷ¼ϵĵһΡʲô֤ݣʵϻƳĳɽݣɹݻλʵ۵ĳ¼ʱϡڿռϣ졢ëҪöࡣ
ٿԳɡʵң䳤ɼڡ֮¡졢ëĳ¼Զڡë֮һ̫ƽʷĳЩǶҲ˵һëʷĳҲһǰʮ֮á
ƪ̫֮ƽʷһͷһʷ顢һ괺֮һϾԱȣǾڶ̶̵һ֮ڣëʹӰĪ˹ƣ춼쾩֮ϯϾůַָڶεıһ֮ڣֿƵϺɽ򡣡쾩±䡹֮ʯ￪ִ˴γع㣬ֱֱɺӡʱأδͣ
̫ƽ֮󣬹³ӵĹ⣨ˣһ˵㶫ˡԪѫϸɲպˣ³λɳˣֳָ֯
ԭ˽ηһܰ֯쵼Уİ壩һڰչ磬췴ܱ̫ƽһѡھĹ⡢ǿָģڻƻƽԭϳ
ǻƻµӢ۹£˵ġǲҹսĺʱ䣬ɽ֮ڡߡأ
һ꣬ɽݸ¥կһٰ͢⺷ɮУɮȫû޴սֶ桢ϵҪû
һ꣬ڶ¡һۣ׼ûأ޸סĶߡ֮ѦĺƵڶ̵ⲫУ˱Ӳλ֮Ǳߵ֮һڶսеĲҹ£ڻϱϱӰĴ֮£ڵӰкС˵ﶼδҲǿʷҲ
ĹͻǱǰݺʡ֮һһݾ塣
Զ¸ʣڱѩ׷֮Уɡѩš³һƽȫûֻ͵ͽʱ
Ԭѩʱأʦ±뱣ڱҤıݣһ¶ʮգʮ?ʮʮһգƣȫѳѡҲͽ˲ҵġҲͽйʷ̫ƽС͢ġ˷
ҲʷϵһɺϰɣҲǲ̫ƽյʡأҲʮޡֻǺˡ˧ëû˵ˡʱռ¼ҲǺܱȰ
𸲣йʷеĴĿС󡣱һר⣬̫ƽʷУΣͲˣпҶ֮
ϰյѪʷ
ֶôغٿ˰ÿᵽ㣬뵽Щɽ󴨣ЩӢµĸսʿǲܼգеϰʳӭǣǶԹԹôΰ󆪣 
ǵȻҲ֪ǶٹĹٱʱͶٽʳĹӸǵĸԴȪȨ񰡣
ЩרңҵʶȲСͬ²˹ҲҪѭ㼣ǰ˹Ŵ󽱣ʹѴѵ
ѣΪʫ˵ģˮǧɽֻС𣿻Զΰȷ𣿷ҲɺѪͰ׹̳ɵģݺݴ½ĿׯС;ǿӯҰأѸ¶ǧأ
˵Ƴҵĳǳǧ޹⡣ѣũ壬ʷҵıº͸ҵУǺεɡ֪ǧǾԵʵ
ʹڽԺ˵壨νɱĺ顢֪ջٴ䣬в׳Ծĺ潭ͥˮ°񴬣ң֪Щ񴬶ƶബ˽°һһҰ°ȥ˱򣩣ҵ޶ҪдʷˣӢ۳ߣƤ֮ϣƣڴ󻰡֪ǿݡһӢۣһĸ߸ŮҪѪԹȣ
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ųԣڽһĹսǸϣ··ҪְڶͣһҰ⣬ֱⷽˮǧɽֻеͷ羰һСģҰĺϣβ׷Ϊо飬ǿֵˣΪҪǹˡͿɴһ͡ϲԹ⣬ҲϲⰡ
ĶǣΪǡΣʷϣǧȷʵǸӢǵʫƪȴСյһѪʷ
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ǰƪ֮͢پԭ֣Ӫĩѽ赽һ޿áĩսսȫӪˣҲһЩɹű͹ض
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С֮ռϺΪʱ̣ĩĶϵʷϣСĿ¼ȴǼҪһҳʵڲѣ̫ƽֲԮ֡е㣬ڵйѣոϺ£ص˺üһĪչǵ۹ãԱˮĽϺسǱ硣һһΧǣ żǱΪġϺ¶ӡ ShanghaiVolunteer	Corpsˣνԭ֮սBattle	of	Muddy	Flatһٷ֮ٵйȨװԣӢפʹȴ׶رԴٲȥǱðˡϺǵıţճѾõеҲͲѷˡ֮ӼѾԼΪȡҪãҲҪֳܹɳβ󲻵СֻظϺǡȵʧȥڵļֵʱͱǿ巨ˡ
֮СϺ췴йʷеսһֻûٵĻѡ
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ˣйӢˣζûأҪжˣ
һҪС֮ҰϺġءɡֳءԼġءȨйġرɡֳءۣȨ˵ˡ
ڶӢֳҪС֮ңȡйصĹȨӢܿйأͿԲйڵص·ʵĿ͹ˡй·ʵ磬ô۹ڶӡȣҲӡȵڶˡΪˣͱɴӢ۹Զֳеһӡ
ǣӢ۹̣ȴһΪʹܡΪ˽֮ìܣǻðѵʱʷ˵
һĶӢ<ϾԼ>Ĺ涨ŷ˺ʹʿϺȡڡ֮ڣؽݣԱ̺ͨʹ̡ˣһӢϺйط鶨ϺǱƤһС飬Ϊءν<һ³>
νءߣֻǹ涨Ȩڴ˻ضѡйأҪйǺϺ硹͡硹ԭʼʽ֪ɲࡶϺʷһŰ˾Ϻ棩˾Ϊ꾡żСȻ覲Ҳ
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йũʷϴͳУطһũ׽ܹͷصġС壬λϺ֪Ԭ£֪һ˵Դٷô֮ϵȻѳְˡϼ̨׽֮󣬲һװ˳󻹴˴ţͽѲһ˷ˡɱˡ׮ʷԲѭ巢չоʹˡ
̨һйءĹ㶫С֮УףֵܺͲǶǡƳͽڴˡݵУͷһˡ
ڶҲǸҪһ̨кϵ̨һʿĵĺĿʢͿסεǰǽйһʲ׼̴˵ǹݡʮС֮һˬٵֵУٳκ򲹵ҵģӵ˾ƱšҲ СRussell	&	Co.ĴɶҲʹЪHumphrey	MarshallһɳܶܿصйţҲйˡ
Ҳйʷһλ͵ġתƶ˵¼´򹤣Ӣ£Ǻʫ\һ֪˵ͺö񡣶Ҳг󡢿ԱȸӵϺǵĵһҪ񣬱ǵȥ԰ݷøʹԱӢʹĺ Sir	George	BonhamӢ°Rutherford	AlcockԼʹЪԣR. C. Murphyͷ°ģBEdanкܳϿҵ̸
һԼǺ顢£̫ƽȨһ֧սУҪǿ־Ե̫ƽҲ
ڶҲǿ֤ľ԰ȫ磻һά״ڵĺأԿճɧš
ͨġ顢ͿԸԴǿʹҪͱ֤˵ǺͷϹʹġ
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ӦĵȻӢӢʱϺԭһǿġ¢йغ ѻƬóסӢʹĺӢ찢ԲϧԳֶΣextralegalȨӢˣۺġСϰ?飨William	Jardineļ壬˵зݣ˷ơ

ע͡кţѻƬսǰʮвУۺĺƹ׵⣬׿ս̣ͨóıƣ˥Ʋһ쵱˱ӢϮãʢƲ˥

ھĽóףӢռٷ֮ʮϣѻƬóףٷ֮ʮʱӢ֮Ҳ統һǮʮУһƬ¡󣬲Щ۴ڸķˣȻֻ̻Ϻһ㣬йԭеҮջʿų档ʼգû磬ΪľӢڣܾӢ¹ӢݿʱӢ˾졹úƮ
ǣӢ¹ʱϺȴдһԺաа칫ܲڵʱʢٵԺ֮¡ǧΪ壬ΪҲӺաʱǸСԶ˵ǡԶأ
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¾㱸ֻǷ硪ûɻΨһļֻ˵Сң״̬ˡеڽ״̬£֯ʱ֯Ӧһ״̬ڣʱ֯ҲӦʱԪ˧ʱĴڣҲ䷨ԵıҪˡ෴ģȵһʱʩɼȳʵй޷ıʱԪ˧ҲûдڵļֵˡʷʵǣѲڣӦ״̬ʱʩȴһ˰ʮ֮ãһһ꡸±䡹ʽ
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ӢȡйصĹȨ䷢չ͸Ϊˡ
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СռϺسǵĵڶ죨һ°գλڵϺرȺڵ١統ɱռ캣ء¾ӢЭ´ơӢй˰ ࡶϺҳһ߶

ҵڼдι£ӢĴˡʷǸӢ飨Ӣ⽻Ӣ̡ݱıԼӢʷĦ˹HoseaBallou	Morseͷ壨John	K.	Fairbankʦͽ˵ййʷңײ㣬ֻøӢʷϣ˵˺̾
ʵʱڣûʲôȺڡ<һ³>֮ǲӾӵġ嵱죬ͶӢ˱֤ĻСڶ졹ġȺڵ١أ
ڡ統֡ɱռ캣һ£Ǿ͸Ϊˡ統֡ԭй̨⽡áڳС֮󣬡統֡Ӣ½սӣʱɵġϺ¶ӡ
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ߺϸмؼΪȷ⽻ǡĦѧɡäڡھ̾ԭˣ
ʹļ֤
ԭСռϺһ죨գʹЪҲϺУҵְҵˣμӹīսӺܴСͻȻϲΣգȴƫҪȥѲУһ̤̲̽ߡйشáʱۼһӢһ˹ˣãǿаڼĴƷӢҲ٣˵ǺǷ䴬δ˴ΪѺֱйرӢʿEnglish	gentlemenϴһ֮󣬺عŴ󿪣ͷǱԡ
һӢϴٹ̣֮ڹ컯֮£йԱһߣ裻ڻ˾ĿáЦλʹȻҲĿ֮һ
һԿ߲򻪸˾ʵ֮Ъ˵
 
һ֮ڵйʩǷΪ½ͷڣԣߣʼй֮ҲĩرءЪʮšһʮһ¶ʮգ԰šн꾡׾Ӣġ⽻ʷҳһˡ

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Ħ˹ġ۹ʹϵʷЩӢ̰ѻջʱбصĴʩδȱӢԻٹһΣ֧ˡΪĦ˹Ҳ֪ʵࣻǸܵЩӢ̶ǵʱ׶ͷ ĦֱӼӵĹϵǧ˿ƵġĦ仮ʱľУΪ߻Ҳˡ

עĦ˹֮ԭ The International Relation of the Chinese EmpireӦΪл۹ʹϵʷʱġл۹ʵΪ۹Ϊ۹ʹϵʷΪˡ

ѣдҲΪаѵ۹ѪܵĶһģֻӢ⽻ʷǣûĦϵĹͼɰˡ׾˵ҰѸĪЪҲҪ绤һͨûָ֤һǴġʱ뷴ѹ𣿷ѹţеΪ齫ҪкôӣҪкѡۦ£Ҳ
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شҲ̨չҪؿذ칫ǴʱйΪӢ⡣ӢˮվڣϲŶ룬ͬأΪӢ裬޷ʵСⲻƤңڻֽߣǰؽϣΪӢƹֽڣӢ༮ڡΥԼڵءⱻͶ·ڽӢ찢飬ɸ´˰
չ˰ʱӢӢ֮£ֻ򡸰 Promissory	notesֿ֡˹ʱֽ֪һŶѡȻδ׶⽻ѵԭ˻£ԴˣϺ죬Ϊʵ˰֮ɸӡ
Ȼʱһ۹۲죬֪ʹЪӢֻˮ㡢ûٵ磬ȴΪȻΪάִһԼơ treaty	systemйսУѵ¿ Edward	Cunningham̱˰һֽ
Ъڻ̼̾ѵȻ󲨡һʱ麯ѩƬŦԼرҲ˷ıҲֱ֮Ϊ ת̡ͬλ޵ģ֮淭룬ǮµĲݣPeter ParkerʦʱСɡλռ̨壬ӢЯֻΨһ⽻٣һﷴʹǲ̵֪ĹͳΪЪڻʧְˡ
Υ֮£Ъһѵ̹ͣ˰αӣɴ಻أС֮ΪȡҲУ֪Ҫѧ˾ܲ˼ݶҲܶһϺɸ֮ۡγɣӢʿȻȰʵƻйȨ֮ڹߣΪУҲʹɴñҲͱסˡ
ѣҪƾǷǴӺ˵أ⽻ʹǿ⽻Ҳֻءǵ°šƾߣ֮Ҳ
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СϺһ֣Ӣ˷Ƹ꣬Сֽţйɥʧ˺Ȩʮ֮ãܲ˺̾

עӢ˵εй˰˾ԺйΡ¡ڸӰ̫ˡѪϵйӢŹȨʱйСܲãĽԣĹάֱϵʱĹԱ߶˵л֮ĩġءɺذġ֪֮ȴǴܵЧʡƶȡԱнö̰۾ٵִءѣҳʹ֮ԼܲôðȵǸˣԼܣһͿˡˣҲⰡ򸴺ԡ

ˡȡֵǮ
ڡءʧȥȨȨԼĺʧȥȨľǶߣĻǣȥɵĽԼϣ˾ȨҲ֮ԼĹڷ˷ҪƨɣǾǲ˼ˡʵҲս͸ġ
ԭһݵһ<Լ>Ĺ涨֮ǲӾӵġرˣ񲻵ڽؾһСϺ壻̫ƽռϾ򽭡ݡõظ񣬱ϺУСռϺǣظ˱ˡһӱ򣬰ѸСС磬ɽ˺
ʱй˸ϳ磬˰ˣʱʮˣʱˣϽίԱᣨcommittee of cooperationִίԱᣬؾͱɺġ֡γһйڵͻͥҲͱɹ֮ˡ
С𣬻Я׽֮Щ˰ˡһ<Լ>ûӾӡҲС빷̲԰Ĺ涨ԼڵĸߵסլҲɫӾ
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ǻ˾࣬ȴھίԱͶƱˣĻ˾񣬾ͱһȺԼϵˣǣЩ֮ڣ̷ֳ¼ǺأЩ˾Ҫ֯ͥЩļˡ
ʱλ㶫̨̼ͥͨΪȨ̫ࡣܲˣٿԹܹڵĻĸ£ҪίԱṩһݡ񡹵Աѯ統ֲΪϴҪַ˻˾ȨҲַ˾ȨӦ
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硹йʷһ̥òŶ˵˰ɣγɵȻҲĽ˵²ˣйʵĽһָͷ죬Ҳǽ۹ԵĽһֱ׼ġԷ˷֮ĵ
۹ʣʹͳĺ۹Ļֳ֮߶ĿǴõġĿֻһǮ quick	moneyһִ׬ǮģǾĪ̡ġҲˣ֮ڷĳֵıˡ
Ҫ׬йǮûйˡҪ׬Ǯй֪ʶ֣γǵ켯ź˹ľš
͵Ҫ׬ͭ䡹ǾҪõµİˡдС㡪ͽͽȻϾɱˣϺ̶󣬾ͱ¢ˡͨ˳ţǮƣ˻ļϲµʿԻƽŮм߻ħ
˲ϵġѧֻ֤֮һ֡ڡʱײʵġΪ֮飬˵ʱֺֹײգϺ֮ߣҲʵĲɹ֮ˡ
ǣ˱ϾˣҲˡˣΪĲֻǿйŮͻư򡣸߹ˣż⡣ʱϺ̲ܴûȵĸߵĪķˡ
һ£ѩİֽɣأͽͽ֮ТҲǮһĸС²Ǣĳ¹һǹֻ豨⡸ɱ᰸
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ȫǻأʹҲ档Ԩ޴֮⣬ҹִĲԴأҹ־ʿ˸ıҲҹĻѧıɽдߣҹʷϣҲ㹻ˡպдʷ˼ҵĻءΪëʷ̸Ǿʱסɣ
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ڻҪһλֱʹЪУ
ЪλӢڻȨļ֤ˣʱǼߣҲΪűҵǿҷӢġ˶·ְ̰
ʵʹӢʼϡǰ廪ҵ Alexander H. Everett͵ˣJohn F. DavisǷӢġֻλǰ֮ӢȽϳ󡣲ͬӢġЪӢ򷴵úܾ壻ңŲƺӢġϧӢ֮ìܣĴ峯͢Ķһ֪ܼãǺĸʷңѵ۹޵ģһʹ ǲԵġ
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ǰƪ׾ᵽڽйʵģΨһĵߣ쵼ҹμӹWorld Arm Race
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֮ȣսǰ;Σʱеԣһťδꣿ˵սҪս֮ⲻ֪ưߣδ棬ҲһͿˡδǹ죿
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ȿνˡһʱӺ죬ȫԱŮףν죩ʮˡøйʣǵľʵһ֡ơйĽŰ죬ڽǰҲ˵ġ
ʱȻеġˡǱе˶پĲĺΪ߻ݲҲΪˣ׹ʱ㿪ʼݽϽһٶ꣬ڰһı߽壬ͨֺСԕֵġЩأǾͿԭǰĺ˾ġ񸮡ˡ
ʱܵǮһ㶼ȡҲܵҪʵöࡣǻʵۺͺ˷˽ܻʳסк֡Щ壨ˣҵ˵ǵʳĸҿǽйΰѧң¥Ρ߲ѩۣǸ񸮹ҵˣ땺񸮵Ĺϵѧһ¿أ
ǻԸ˰ġ롹񸮵Ǯأԭʷﻹδȫ⡣Ǽ֮һ֮ǰԭǰľԺƣڲϣ񸮼뻧ƽ¡ͷ˰Ǯͳ黧ʱҲһݣ˰ءأβ˿ɵ˰еľֱӻˡغֱӳмĻׯأ޵ȦأȦأΪʵ۵˽˴ʵҲǴ۹֮ڵĵһŴٴĵĵҲһʵۣԻʵһ룬ǡٷơˡʵһġ١Ҳͷġơ 

峯٣ʹ٣ҲСª桹ʹ㷢ơ߹پͲҲǿȱȱʡǮࡣ
ʵҲª档ٺõĻʵۣ̫ڡª棨ط֮Ҳʹ㸻¡ߡʵҲͲҲۡȱȱʡҲ˵һ֪ʮѩһΡ֪ǿܾ׬ʮˡʵۻ̫Ҫ򡸷ȱġ١־֪ˣ۸ɣ
ĩǴСֵģҲǸгԭ򣬹óףɾϸˮʦѧøɲȥˣһŭȥ衹˸ţμԣˡ衹ҲߣȹҲ߾ѡҲϸ¡衹ӻ򼸰¨ҶС衹ɣǱֹǴӺͿʼģǸʵūҲġȹ׻ף١衹ԬͷɻȥǻʵūȻҲΪһСѧƾģһҲɾңҲɾ˽ҡ
̡⻹а̡
ӣ̨塹˴󹦡ֲַٰ˰߼϶໨ӣȥĹһñӡΪⶥñ̫󲻿ϳͱɡ׳๫ϻǮͻɡׯ๫׳ࡹׯࡹ֮粻֪ȥʹʦ̨壩źʦ½ˡ
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֮չġѾĹһȫóһѷлڲݰѳֵģǰ¾޻ңǻ׹ˡ
֪֮ʱΪ㺺ˣвĹ涨ȫ߹ٺ»롣Ǻ˿ڵıʣǧʮ򰡣й֮󣬸߹ٺ»ְλֻ֮࣬ʮ˿ڵ˾ռ룬֪֮ʶߣҲ˲ˡȨ壬һ塹ɸһרִÿһˡ͸Ǻˡ¼νˡޣȨġԱֻǡԱ뵳١ʸ츳ġ㡸֡ҪߺŰˡ
µ񣬴۹ִר˶ٶ꣬ǳ׵ĸˡڹҼִ䡸ִĽҪͷǾͱķˡҪĸݵأ⡸ķȱΪ̾ݵġšˡ
˵ͷͬˡǿ˶ЩƼͳĩҹµţ֮ģ飩£衣һˣʧΪšʵ˵ǼĹ֮ڵĸ߸ɵ٣мܺȺֽʿ֮еġġֱȡֱַָǶġֵĸ߸ɣ֡ġҡġġ塢šġ塢ġҵȵȡ
ֱ֪ǻķ֮ڣĹƶȣһ͡ѵμӵľǵĲҺʧϵ۰ŵģʱǨĽǸ͡Ǹдϡ̬ԡΪ١ٽŦı죬ߵĹ˽УƱǿһŬҲͽȻ
ǹĸ߸أëϽԼǶ붼ǡʷϿĳһ׶йԵĹţǲκһ͡Ҳû֮͡еĻڿϵġǵĿҲȱٸ͡Ȳֱ̬ҲڶάʽġPost-Westernһ࣬δġ̬transitional pattern֮ҲģܰȫʿʵֻӢͳAnglo-American traditionԼ̬δأ⣬ڸߺĸ߹١ǵʦүë󶫼ʮ꣬󻹲Ǹͽͽšˡֵٷˮ³أЩȻֻЩйϸ֮ԣʷп͹۶ۣ޴ࡣ
ڡ졸ѧá
ڻ̸̸̫ġú԰
˵ͬγ֮ʱʮѸڽ֮̫ƣٺԲ԰ƾһ飬֮ᣬ޸Ϊ衣ս⻼ĩѣǮؽ԰أ
ͬα㣨һģȰţһ˰һһ˰ģʮ̫Ȩκ󳼴XԴε󳼣һƬУٶϣ԰Ϊ֮ˡ
ԭؽԲ԰Բ԰Ϊճɻ̮һƬͷ𣬸ſɻָԭòȻһͷֺαؾԲ԰ַأ󾭳飬תעڣΪջ٣Ȼŵġ԰ˡǴͷ԰ҽԲ԰Ϊѡ˾԰ú԰ͼӹĽˡĽĳԤǰһ
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Ǹǿɵʮ͵֮ۻ˽Ǯ˵˹˹ѸѸȻָֻסԡҶϵʱȫйĵһסʮ꣨һһһ˰ģ򰵵ûĸǮ˵ڹѻ˽Ǯǵʱڻĸ߲˵Ĺơ֪ʱˣյ¡Ħ̫綡ȵȡйͨϢȾй˸ΪͨΪ˵ĽȦֱ﹧顢ͬһײ㡣һйʿʲôҲ԰׻δ¯й޴ýڻ֮μ Archie	Bell Ill	take	those 50	million dollars  in Ladies Home Journal	Feb.1919.P15,82 and Carroll	Brown Malone History	of	the	Peking Summer Palace under the Ching	Dynasty. University	of Illinois	Press, 1934. Thelast  chapter.
߻Ҫʣʮ̰꣬ôǮֻҪи߸Ьǧ˫ķɱѸ죬¾Ͳᾪˡŵ˽Ǯʮڴɣɱ۹أŲδ
󱾿Խ԰ǮĹѸϻԼǮοµ÷ȱͼЧأӴۡ˵ñЧĻᣬҲһͿʼŲúΪ̫԰ˡʱΪ̫͡Ҳһһ˰ļ̫٣ٹʮһ˾ļ̫Ļףʮˡʱ˼ңǻ䡣ףףүǬ¡үʷ̫Ҫѭհ졣ƨ󳼣͸Ҫˡ
Ϊš١Ϊš԰XŲ˶ٺѣ⣻˭Ҳ֪ꡣһǧ򣬶ǧҲ⡣áš͡壬ȥhǮǾûˡ
һ˵ٹΪЧ̫󣬡ٺķ֮һǵʱĳú壬ף١ǵġ׻ף١һڡ캣ѧá˶ǮǾҲ֪ˡ
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ҼҵضܴĿȥȹġǿҲ̡֪Ϊƭ֣ҲҲ𴩡ڴΪеĺǿļ񻯣h˶ǮǾֻϵ֪ˡɿԿݳģºпɲıУԽաľʮʮֱĴʮ㣨ʱܶΪ֮£һ̾ʮȣڶϡֱ׸ţܵȫԾж٣һǧǧܹ鶼̫װɣ
ӴһڣһӴ
԰ף٣䡸ѧá֮ʱչϵģֻΪһĿձ۹壬ڷսڼǰϦձӵʽͧʮһҡоһ˰˾Ժʼ깤ˮӢͿѲ󽢣װʮʮǰѲ󽢣ʱٶʮɣҰűһоԵʱңձ֮Ѹٷչŷ𾪣ĩλѸٴʮһλƺʱսԽҾ֮ӡ
һʾչ֮£ҵʱķӦأһеĵȻĺˡšһλ־ս͡ʿǾʽˮʦձӺһ֮ϣʮ겻ϵĥʹԹƺµĺսԣҲָƣȥŷ޺ձȵطʿ죩οµĸܴʹ󸱵ˣǾϸѵͨĵһ缶ĺ졣ġԱ潢
ۿеձͱˣһسԼľʯ׵壬ܲ٣Ƕְҵˣ֪ڴ֮սʱʮɵԿʱٶʮɵĿͧԼֻаķݶˣ޷ӱܡʹʤˣҲ޷׷˵ʤ֪֪ˣϣҲһת֮
Ǹ֪ںսУӴһںһӴڵ𡣵ԿͧڣƮһ˲֮䡣е缲籩꣬ٿն¡һת˲нӵӰ١ʮɵʱ٣һڵǼм֮޻֮ڹ㣬ο˵ʤ
ҵеİμġĻרҵǸ֪̰۸ĹȫˡǼøγȴ޶ԡ
Ľǣר֮Ȩֻº飬תࡹλ̫ġܶëϯܶ¶ԹʾƵʶѵ綡󸣿Ҳ֪Ǹ֪רŮܶǸ֪רУҲֻ󱩾ּ֪ǿɡ޼£ʱҲ롣ǡϡࡹ;ˣʱ任ռ䣬ʱתĻᡣǾͺϡˣ
ܶ࣬Ǿ;̫ȭʦһǰһúϡգƱǿҲο֮⣬Եĳ͢Ҳи˰̫˰ר֮ϵֻ¶ԼµҪʱתҲתһ¡ˣ۹ĺڴ֮ʱȻһӣѡĻƼƵ۷壬ǿ֮Уڡ廯ΣϣƼչҲȻӡʮ꣨һ˰˰ˣԺձȫǰƽ֮ʱйȻδһ
شҲ˫Ѽϣȴȡúŵͬ⣬һ˾Ŷʽ̫ͣͧ꣡ǼǰϦ
콢򲻳ˣٿҲö𣿳ʾƳԽѭ֮룬ҪŲʮ򣬹ڶʮҪ֮ͧڣһëΡϲѣԺճø֮УʮĹεȿʮƽϹٱ֮ߡ
ָõΣϿ˵ĺǰ߽ŵĽʿв֪֪֮ˣηӦأ
ѣǶʷߺʷߣҲǵʱʿһԱθأأᶽʱ硣׼ѡ
󸡢̩ֺأλɱѳġݵʱ潢ġԱºĻ䣬սǰ֮ϵˮԪɣʿߣĦȭƣ׼ɱǽϵĸ߼ɫһʹЩԹ۵ԱΪй¼ʿˮսʿɰɾǵϼ죬ηܣСɱ½ڣ
ЩԱĿΨһļأļؼ٣ûУҹʷҺңڿһǰѶµѳ죬ĵһǴգʷʵ뱾Ķߣƽ˼֮
ϽˡӢۡ
󽢶¼ٺսʿˮǣʿ֮ǿġʱҹΨһһִ֧װԤһʽװսʿ޲еٺԺҹսǰԼսڵĿվһ־֮͡ԼڣԿվǳı׳顣ʱۼ飬ͨ죬վҶǵĽ֮飬Щ붼һȥõ׸
ҹվʿ֮ߣս֮£֮ʷģҲĿã޴׸۹꺣ˡ
¼սʿִ񣬺ɣ֪֪˵ġ
߼㲻Ȼˡ֪֪ۿ˵ľѳԽǣǳ֮͢е̰ƺҪҪú԰ڵ䡸ʯ䡸ۿͽƣսüޣҾȷм֮޻֮ε Ϧܲͬݣ
ѣ紦澳ηܷ֪ԹʷǼȲ̫಻ֻŸǲ˽ĺ춡󸣬ͼЦĶνƽļУׯĺ<սڼ亲ղƵķӦ>ҳһߡһģֵһҲܷ˼
ߣʱϰ¹ѻСʵۣԹǽ֮磬ԭ̫˽⣬ͬһӰ֮£ҲΪսɵĺ֪ʱ۹Ļ⣬ڹǽ֮ڡǽ֮ڵⲻǽ֮κά±䷨Ƿǳġαġү֮ͯ꣬ˡ䣬γһͬΪĵġ۵۵ҪУΪ׵ġ󵳡ۺ֮ùıǹҺˡʱһЩʿıȽϸŵġ˳ͽһ˵ʲôϷݣ˾ũġָۺ֪֮½ܣԶսⷢˣһ۹ĶӢ⡣󵳵ηͣ۵ͬǼǿսһ֮£̫ҲŴ庣ǿ֮һ򲻹ëٴù˼ҵûӡҪʹŮϰҪлܿҼڶۡ
ڵ۵棬ǸСѧδҵСʵۣսȴʦ̺֣֮¡ʦϹµηηβΪȻʦĻ淢ˡ
֮һ˶Թ
ԭ̫ƽ֮ʱԮպֻ롸Ӻ졹¡Ӻ졹ĳʤ㣬һ롸á˽ϺһݣǿġʱܻĵȻճһĵˡ
ԭڳëԱҵġëʡ͵ƣҲй˵԰ɣͳԻ롣Щ𣬶ԳëҲǸ蹦̵µġ֡ݳգͷߡȻǸصͷũɡһëȨЩͷСͨˡ͡˵֮ˡڡͨˡ򡸷˵Ӷܳ˼ңܵȥظ桹أ˳ë˻££ùȻϰգЩࡢֶ״Ԫķ֮ҺǵˡӳԻпߡӦ͢ȥͱ͵˽ˡʦΨ²ҵġ
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׳֪ꣿȻᱲͷˣ׵֪꣬ұʱѧ;ˣںųθ֮⣬м͵ٺʧˣٲ¡ʮε˧мտںţΪš򵷽Ͻȥأսս²İ˹ɾϽôҶ˵
ĩҪڹˡ̣һ˵Σ
־棿Ӹ֮⣬תڵĩᣬûī֮ԡ˵ȥǱϽҲǺöݺءץȨλٻܸ󣻷ֲ쳯ˡӢۡ
ⷽ棬λϡ࣬ͱ˵Եõ̫ˡ֮ӢۡӢƣһ֮ͬᡣŮʿΪʮ͵һˡӹ֣ҵһЩǣС檸֮СҲ̫ƫ˵㡣ܹʱʫ֮Իǰɹ·ߣΪǭ֮ܿ裬檸֮УΪǱǧλ޹ʿΪװ໴ȵ飬Ҳ˭Ѫ֮ǻɷ֮ҲԻ޿СڳҲʷ갷ʱֻͣСҵġǶǡǷǡᡸۡpublic	opinionҲӦڿ֮С

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ΪƺѪսƽ

Ϊżսһֵ֮꣬£Ѷд˺üԣһǹδ죬ǻʲôսأʵڴˡ
ʲôսأԻսߣΡ֮Ҳ֪սǰġΡ̸ġսСҲ顷˵ͻ̴ѡձ񻹰̴ѽͻӣн󣬽ͷöΪϿ͡˼˵ҵ̴ֱ̫ҪʧӦѲľƿȵʧˣЩͷöľȻԱԴȡ
ҹսԼңҲǿӡǿ˳֮Уʤǧ֮⡹ڡڽ̸Ц䡹֮ѡֻҷ𡹡ܶȣղսԼң֮ϣҲ¡һԡ֣żȻգ
ˣλġʷɡ项͢Ҳժۻ᡹ӡ쿴
ˡ̫󲻵üְСӹҳʰ̯ӡãҲˡʱ̫ȥʡοɼߡᵽʦͬҡҡͷ˵ɽ֮˴ͬսսսһսܣǿ֮һֽϻ𴩣 ǿͿʼй֡Χ spheres	ofinfluencežҪϷйcutting the Chinese	melonˡ
ͬýԺʿ߿ɣᵽ֮սýҲȻ̾Ի֮ܣӰ̫ˡ۹Ϳһսƹǵһ׶Ρʷ䷨Ȩӡ硹һ˾Űˣؿ硱һ˾ģһսǰ̫ܵˡҲǴ۹Ĺؼڡ
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һսȻ̶Դ˾ֻӢδʼʱơǸɽĻת͵Ŀ͹۳УӢۣʹʷϿĵ
ʷϿľڴɽСϿж֡ҹ֪ҲǰʷңСɻɽʮ֮ϣȥɽƣһĿȻˡǰЩϿȡGrand	CanyonһСɻϿУд顣ҹϿûϿе豸ೢֶڴҡͷĹˣǰˡ󲻼ߡŮ죻֪ʷϿȫòǸʲôأ
߲ѧһǿҹִ˶ġ׶ԡҹִ˶ġһ׶Ρ׶ΣҲǿƼִĽ׶ΣҲǣǿؽĻ׶Ρһ׶Ҫһ˱£һ˶һũһ¸㡸Ļıֺͳɼı󽢶ӡ޵Уڶʮаѹйھ¿Ƽߵ硸ǿ֮һɼأ
ʮǰҵѧһǣڣʼ׫꣨գסһ棩ҾѧϰϸţȤȻԴ˴ҵġ϶Ʒϡϡϣʮһ鷭һֽ򣬶δꡡ
ĸʡרŻо£׫桸ȫΪʡβѧϰݶǰδ֮ؼйפϹפʹԥٳµʱ磬ɺѡλͷۻᡢͷƷղ󳼣ڽչ̳ʢŷ磡ԣ¶Ǹйʷˣ̫ңԶӰ죬һɵáǣ±ϾǸһũһʮһգ¶ʮգͶ֮ʱ˵һҵȫȻߣΪһ׶Ρġʦ׶Լصʷչϣһ׶ǲܡɹġ
˵ùҽβͷ˵ҽββǸصġͷʣ㵱ҽܡֳɴ͡ùˡλսȬ⡸βڼ䣬һҩ£´ܲǻ٢ˡҽҽ±ǵùǰߣСƽǡˡĺߡϣСƽҽʦд˺Ҳ
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ʵƤëأ֪йһ˰һڻƺ֮ϡ١ʱ̨ϣֱλX֮䣬ҪļĹپ̫Ӣǵʱ۹µĻװлִ꣬ҪļĹ٣һλ޺룬ֳٵ˻£ҲͲ̫ɻˡ
ܰѸ֪õ̫ں̨Ĺ٣ôӣҲ΢ˡ
֮˵ִμǿľǵĿƼ⡣ĵãҶֻ֡Ƽִǵṹ֯ϰߡֵȵȣϻͣڡ͡״̬ҪƼȹǾȲġɽԻƻڽ裡ǲƲǲŴ˦ִǴȥġʵ˵ձ֮ʤߣģ£͵Ķϰ׳׶ȫƼҲһļˡ
ɹӡǸЦ𣿾ʱգǵ˽֡йǡһڸöҵģɲģghetto area أȻˣοꡣֻ˰ЦԼЦˡ
ʵֻһζµСζϵŴ˵ˡҹ㱻ʡ᡹塹ħβס԰Ρǰ֮꺣УһɫĸСλ֮ϡ˾жʱͺУһĪչλ˥ĵ˴˵Ǹ֮еϹ㡣Ӣѳı磨½ڣ˵ҲֱӹϵйרĻͳ𣬽дôأѣҲҹս֮ǰĹκı
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һ˾Ѯ·ս¶ʮռԶܴǫ˷ʼԶѲ󽢣ض֡ڶʮʱʮɣԶһ˶֡ľǡʮʱʮɣңǧ֡ľǡʱʮěɣ˱ظȥɽԮ
ֲ󣬷ܴʱֽţԶҹȹ飨˳ԼʼԶϲ±ϣ¶ʮʼַճڣձѲȡƶսֱǣ

Ұһ婖֡װסĵ߅ڰ׷ʱٶʮɣ
٣婖֡ͬھڰ׷ʱһ˵ɣ
ޣһ婖֡ͬھʮ׹ʱʮśɣ

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شҲ ƺսλᶽεĵ¼ʺɸConstantin VonHanneckenְˡһӢϴʻ»John McClureȱ»ԭҲǸһľƹᶽεܹʣΪйĸ˾ˡֶ̩ԴȱҲΡ˶ĳҲɲŪλӢˣ͡
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ҷͧھʮյִ󶫹ߣʮҡСڽĩ֣ͧңۡƽԶڿêʮΪêڿʮ֮档ʮмУ

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Զ١ԶԶԶѲңضǧֲȣֿھʮʱٴʮʮ˛֮䣻
¡ͧǧٶ֣ʮʱʮɡ

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˵ʮ磬󶫹ҺʿͣϺ淢ֵдҽêӭȥ
˵ԭΪƽоףརų˫УβںȻȫֲã˧ĴԭΪһֺšΧȥ
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ֶ̩Ĺ£Ժ󾹱롢͢ڣ֤Ϊսʷڮ衣 Rawlinson ڹѧ׫дʿģʦΪڣִ˵ Ŷ  Rawlinson֮Chinas Struggle forNavalDevelopment,18391895pp.175179180
ʹֶ̩ºʮдι𣿡ҸʼŶҲ
һ̩ڶԶδμӹ»顣ʸҲйϵġڽȻμӵľ»ԭǷǡ󡹣line	aheadΪǷһܸΪ󡹣line abreastԭ飬˲֪Ҳֶ̩ʱʸʴ£ˣڵʱ಻֪Ҳʮ֮Ҫˣ죬©ٳұʷߣɴɣ

ע ʵһΪ֮ԭļʵԶֱӿ̩Ϻ֪ʵſں˵

ڶ任Σ¹ʮǧǺεȴ¡ֱ任ɸڶս֮ϣ̩ܱʦڴȻδֻһְصӪӡæˣ棬λ˧æϼһԣ
ʵָսĺɸԭ̨ʦԺҲСָս˾ԭһ߼ġԱtechnocratרҵԣйȫӢձȻֶ̩ԾҪԭ򣩡ջƺ֮սʱ˫ʵָӹٽΪ˧ҷΪ˧հշΪ˧ƽɡλεͬѧѲŰѸӢ˾УͬܰӪӡСˮ֣Գơξֶ̩أֶ̩ģԺ飬һΪְ־䆥֮̶ֱ֮˼ƪδܶ롣֪ԶҾ콢һׯϾӪ֮ڣʿ;˧ҪĿӭ˲ĿͰ˲ġֶ̩ڰԼдһλСλ˧ָӣcurse˾١ͣһڴˣǲҪ֮
ģ󡢺֮ӣڵʱٵϣԭǸ˵ġ֮任һһңתҲ̿ԱΪɵб˫УɷԲ˫ʻǰ󣬺֮ϣָս仯ж֮֮һġ˹˧֮ƫĩС䣬˽أֶ̩Ӫӡ飬Դһ֪ҲСѧδҵʶҲſڱƪȻƭҹ֪ʷѧʮ֮ãɾӡ
ҽһſд׶ͻ
Ȼ˧ҵҪܵӦ֣ʹָһҪʿѵأе豸ӱƵлȡʱҾеʱɹ㣬һʱձȴˡ
ʮʮʱʮֽʱʮųһֺ󣬶СԶ֮иԴΪԶԶסԶĽԶ֮ԶԶ¡Ҳʮʱ٣ǰȻ˴СٶȽ¡һֽɻΡ
ӭͷ֮սʮңΪǰӣԼҰŵĽΪλӣɵ콢Ϊף˽иΪӣʮʱ٣
Ҿӽǧʱҷ׷ڣŶϣᶽˤأˣ»ˮ۲СԱ̧հܲڼװϹ֮࣬սס˿Ŀúϴʿ潫ʿʱ˧ڡ
ʱսҼȽԾڻɼҰǰͻӣӿٶʮěɣ漴ֱʮҿһʱ㷢ꡣ򡢶ֱеʮ塣װ֮Φ̨˧졢죬ԼϤзܼ֮ڻ𣬺ٴװ׼񣬵ʮ޵ֻܴ兼ʼգƽнڻΨ֮Сǳ¡ʤɡеʮҽʿ˾ȣѿơԭˣʻڡ˹أӣȫ١ʱ޾ȡȫʱܴеɱϴʮˣΪһӦԮ֮ͧʻս
зǰͻӣԼʻ䣬֮Ҽۣƹ򡢶֮β֮Ӱ˽γɰΧȦΧҶΪ֮ս
ȻҰתԺ󷽳ʱƽԶԴ󶫹֮ͧҸսҰ״ĵƽԶƽԶܴ֪ƽԶǼҰ֮У˵ͷͧɢ֮ҰֱҽҶ֮нӣΧҸ
ĩ飬˲繷
ʱսң󶫹죬Ʊɫ
нͻӣΧʱܣ෢סΨʱҳڽˣϨббԿַ֮ͧ䱻ܴƽѫˮʱ׳ϵȦ֮ͣ泬Գѳ 
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һĻ֮ϣġȮǡ˸̾гһգһƺѪսѳʿwѩƽͷȮҲӦʯ
ˣĩġʮΪ˽ΣΪĩ֮΢СС֮ϧͶʯ֮һȮ˲繷˼֮Ȼ
ǰ֮ߣʡ಻޹ϵˣʱʿΪˡΣȣ˶ơϹ¶ Rawlinsonǰ飻ȱࡶйʷ۴ԡһᣬйսǰʷϡ
Զ͹׵ɰ
ԶȳҽۡнƻʣַΧҾԶԶ֧ĵʮΪսܴϴ߷ʮˡֻʮˡͬϣ
ԶԶ̳û֮֮Զ׶粻ʱӳսرɡԭΪҸ֮ľǧСһսֻǹ׳ʱܴ⾴жϴȫ崬ԱԪ飩֮ʼѲ߮ս١
ڼԶɰܽ⡣Զڻƺ֮սʱսδգȫԶϵӡܴǫ֮ͷʵӦáȻýϵ߳ˡǾͨѶɵ֮£ȫ飬Ӧνأ
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ԶԶѪսСʱа롣ڵʮ෢顣ͳƣԶһڵǧѪսʼգշҶΪġݣƱȫīº֮Ҳ
مգСʱڣеǧϡڹٱΣҲֶ̩ıƣΣ˲֪Ҳ
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ը֮⣬ҽǡ׵нؼס׵ͣͷá׵ֱӻен衹ȻԴĿףȫ
ҸСڹİٰʮʮ˵ֱӻеднȅűΧжʮһೢֱдȽнʱǱ봬֮£ȫ󾪣Ȼоˣҹ˲壬ս񵷹Ҳ
ۼȫս֣ڶٷ֮ʮ塣ҽٶȻʣٷ֮ʮ
н㣬ҪҪ߱ߣҪ򣻲಻׷Ȼ󺣹꣬㴷Ҳ³κβá
˫ɱѽѷ֡ʱ룬ʮ޵ֻʣöڣͧףնӶӡհ׷֮ɣٶȲ׷ԶնӶ顣ⳡƺѪս
ʹڵʵ£֪󸡢ǷͰ岻ҾܣʵȻս֮Ҳұ갷ͣɲգԸ߹֮

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ġһؿ䷨

һٶйʷУǿѵй񣬳еδСδ󡸱䷨ɿġ䷨ɵСƽ쵼ġСƽ䷨ǳ˵׶䷨ҲǸߣ֮Ҳ֮ҷֶε䷨ߣԼ֮ҲԼ֮ѷֶ֣ǧҲë󶫲Ժìܡеìڲì֮Ҳìܿһǹ£ڲì鵶ˮմӡ䷨ࡸڲìܡ֮һҲ
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ʹΪǷҺ񡣲ϷǣһԽգҲĿǰʵڲ֪ϵڸЩɶӡϱ˹಻֪Ҳ
ն²Ҳ˵ʶ®ɽĿֻԵڴɽСʵ⻰δ˵͸̸ʱ߹ԣԹδҲţ̯ȥмλʣ˵ԻϹ˵
첻֪ز֪ı䷨ҲʱزһꡣٻͷԻ͸ˮ
ҷСƽ̸̸̸һǰĿ
ȿת͡˵
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Ȼʷѧëأʷңݸʷ飬ģ˵Ǻţ䶰߲ѧೢ׷Ⱥ֮ĩһʷչ֮׫ķ֮ƪظ
תڡᷢչġƿ
ʷѧҪѧ˵һȵġսӦۡġʵ塹˵Ͷδս֧ϹҪߵġ÷չ۵ȵȡǡȫԡ ҲǡȫɵҪ۶ϣйʷ϶ҵ֤ʷҶκһȫ϶½ڶѧ˵֮Ͽɣ̷ͨ񶨣Ǵġ
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ҹŴġת͡ȷʷѧ˵ģҹᷢչݱĽתǡԶġҹתͳʷѧ˵ģսchallengeġӦresponseת͵ĳǡġǵȵ⡸תڡӽβʱҰ˫ۺèèһǮҶ֪áɡһ͡޷̨֡塸Ȩģʽһȥ½ϵ˴ȴڼǡǮĹϵȵ½ҲͻơСdevelopingļѿdeveloped׶ΡϿһһơǵġתڡͻʽһµġ͡ͻ֡һεķչʷѧصˡʵЧ顢ø㲻ȥñ죬ɶҲûú˵ġȥĶרƺҲ㵽˹ǲҪʬġ
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ҿʵۡɱ
˽ռһʮתУǵϾɵ̬ʷһԳ֮Ϊ⽨̬컹ûбȫתԡʵۡƶ˵ɣԺȻûлʵˣȴǡʵۡѣ˵Ԭëǡʵۡ𣿻ʵүλĶȨ
ʷʵ֤һθۡǴġǵġʷϣӺܡʵۡתʮ꣬šתǻԡͳᷢչСת͡ĳʮָӵģػۣˣϽˡʱǸɴתǻࡪǴԶǰչĴǲģͬʱҲǽ׶ηġ
Ľ׶ʱ̸ˣͿʮΡСƽ䷨ɣ߾꿪ʼһ±ǰͳ˰ꡣҫʼɷ˾꡸ġתѪעҪšƽݱ䣻ҪԺƽݱ䡣Ҳԡƽݱ䡹ë󶫵ġԾȣëӣڹˡʷҲ֤ڹÿ졣йչġ򡹻תǰġμ׾ʵĴС򡵣
ת͡ʱ
˻ǡת͡Ҳ˵ǡִɣ̫һ㡣ձתֻͣʮ깤ʵձתǸ⣨ݺϸ֮תͣ꣬ʼҲ
ҹŴ䷨ԹԪǰ婖ǰһʼͳһһʮ꣬ʼطëػʡ̫ټǰתʵһ꣬Ժظ֮ѯĻ뼯ȨĹƺũ̵Ĵ۹ġ͡һƶȵġ͡һǧꡣûԭԵĸı䡪ë󶫸߹ĭ˵ǧطʼǰۺ֮䣬תڡӳ꣡
ŷġת͡ʵʼʮͳ꣨һġոˡһתҲֱ꣬ʮͣһ֮ĩ𽥡͡ɸΪԴģƸԴġʱ塹capitalisticġҡnation	stateԡв׼Ϊġrepresentative government parliamentary governmentһִġ͡άİꡣһžһ۹֮ԭͬŷͬʱҲڴ䡸ͬ͡common	 currencyһµġתڡӡִйתǰ;ѿʼתִͣƼٷչıȻɣ
ڽתʷУձת졣һ꡸ά¡󣬲һձȽǿȨ֮Сάǰձķ⽨ƶйŷ޷⽨ƵĻ̬ΪӽձһʵСŷŷʽִᷢչϷԾһˣһǵСĹϵִǡɡǴӡСsmall stateʼʵеġ͵ľðeconomic commonwealth֮ҲʮСİ޵ġСĸС
йǸʷ͡ʽ᡹Asiatic SocietyĴһʽġִơĲͶûձһļôˡǸ㡸Ǹ̥ǵġȫǾҪػ۵أһ׶Ρһ׶εǰˡ䷨еһСΣ㡸ȫĺһСε䡣
Ļġִ
ȫںŶˣԭȫġʮĿӡʮָ֮£λԼصɴʦ˸Ŀ˵ʲô͡绯ʵ绯ںŴﲡǷͨȫںˣǽѺϿճ͹ȨϽµСѧ̿鷭гǼÿӳԷһЩС֮⣬ʣ¶١ĻأڽϣճϣѣǼڲ֪֮䣬ġȫˡϡϣȻɹĻĲ࣬ļȨƣũеäƵȵȣЩֻдҰ
ǵĹĻһ޿ȡգ˵أйĹĻٿԺ͡ĻͥռĻ֮һ롣˵һ޿ȡֻǡĻӡС֣ǰһ̬й̬ĻˡҪһʹʽִδսǰֻСϴˢתԺĴһִ̬̬ҽ˵ɣҹͳҽѧ֮񵫡գǡҽǸơСƣ粻ִνҽϣһɱĹҲĻƺգձά֮Ͻҽ֮áɱҽ˵Ͽʱ˵ġɣ粻һִĴһҲǹġȭˡҲ˵йĻ񲻶գ
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ҪȫйҪִĴǾͷһһϦ֮ˡڲֶ֪֮ǰġΪ쵼ġ䷨⡸ֶǰġִ˶еһСΡڡִһСΡ
ӡƼִִ
ǿ쵼һСΡġִ˶еһΣ
Իǧйͨʷǵڶתڡеġڶ׶ΡҲǡθĸ׶Ρô½ϡĸ󡹵ʣɽִθĸĩԭСɡΪסǸǡ²ΪʦԿΪΪסš䷨ά¡ܡƽݱ䣬ųӢΪġ֮ͬʱ;ͬ飬ասһ˾ġһ˾壩ܣ͢ɥȨӰ졣ڴ֮ǰԭڡͬˡһһһ填һ˾ģڼ䣬ƶԿƼΪԴڡ·ΪںҲν˶
ڵġʵϱҹִ˶еġһ׶ΡҲǡƼִĽ׶ΡøµʣǾͽĸִɣ
ʵĸִڻµȡأȻǵСƽͳơλȴ죨һ߰填һ婖һ߾填һλܶˣǰߡĻκԴһ߾ġһߣѻƬսʱھͿʼƣҪʦ֮ġʮ?һĶ桶ͼ־򡷣κ֮ν֮ߣþĿǰ˵ǾǡȽҵĿѧҲǡƼִҲǡĸִһʮ֮Ǹ㡸񡹵ʷ֡ݡһΰˡ
Ƽִ׳֮ͬˣѧһʱӿ˲ű¡塢±֮һʢȵȣĸִʵڸɫȻʷһֱݵĴ̫󣬰ѽ·֮ǧȥú԰ʹˣǵĺʱڹģϣǳձģ·Դ͸̸ˡѻƬսܣһĶ֮ǿĸ㡸Ļʮ֮ãԡͬˡҲʮ꣬˭֪սһ˾ġһ˾壩ۣ֮Щ̳̳޹ޣھʹˡ
Ǽսܣһ˾壩е֮ҲԴ֮Ҳ˲֮Ҳ֮ܣǰ顢̰ܵƶȡ ǵġơҲǰһ̬ƶȡ㡸ᴬڡʮ꣬˳Ұʼγѡԭûиʱƶȣгȵļᴬڣƿװ¾ƣҲ޼¡ԹŷҲҵСκ֮ΪĸƼִ֮ѣԸΣҲҪָ㡸ִִĵ κҪıģҲйġơ
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һʹձȰ项
ա֮սĺڣҹʱִġ󽢶ӡշüȫû֮ʱʣµļҲнһ˾ɺᶽ˾սذΧͶ·ᶽĸ߼ܱɱѳ֮ʱյһоȰ顣Ȱֵһܣ־ҽ¼ɶԭں

ձ˾нӺ࣬ˮʦᶽ£
ʱ֮䣬´ڽֺβ֮ҮȻ֮£Ҳ˽Ҳ֮£֮ͽΪȰᶽգ£ԣ󡣡½ս֮򣬹ƽԲ֮°֮ɡԸ֮Ӣ֪֮ӡн֮ߣ̷Ǿһ֮īس֮ͨҲȡʿɿԣԱգǺִ֮󳼣֮ܣߪΪ֮ݶ÷ʵЧ֮ʱǲȻʹܶڽպ Ͼг֣֮Ƿͨ˳£˺ԭӢġǰʮأձ֮£֮ᣬڴΣߣȸ֮ϤҲ֮ʱҹʵԼȥΣʱˣΪɴ֮һҪ򡣽಻ԲȥıΪ֮ؽӸš֮లȻڰ֮ձսڰܣ֣֮겷Ѷ֮ӡ   ԭȫļܿࡶʮйձʮ꣬󹫱棬ڶᣬһߡһŰҳ

˺һ˾һ¶ʮաʮ֮󣨶ʮգɱˡ
⡸Ȱ项㲻ҹĩ䷨ƵҪףȻ԰Һ½ȫûĵо֣֮ѾõйҰֱһǡơshock therapyʹսܹ򵽡θĸʵԶȡƼĸΪҪΪڴ֮ǰ䷨ƵڡΪһƣڼս֮ǰ֮ǰзҡȵˡ׻׻ꡣͬ߹̲ˣľǡһΪձСսܣͲͬˡټȰȰ飬һԹϵĴ۹һ𺳡ԴԺ󡸱䷨ơĺ籩꣬ɿܡʦͽƼʻᣬҲһˡʦͽԻĻˣƪҰϿһԼ

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עһ˰ġз֮սԹֺģӰ첻̨塢ӲڰϣϾСʤ̣ʹʱҰ롣

߱ˣҪ̾ϢͬʱڣһƼ׳ġۼҡңùƨֵһٻͷƨֵĺ֡ʿˣһ졢ԪȲˣţ̣֮ͬ£𣩡壩һȵȣںĹȨҵλ֮йŴ󳼷硹ˮ֮ܶҡ֮⻹˭ѣСǵġĻ͡ƾƶȡҵǶڡתڡУǰһڵġ̬Ӧһ̬ķչˡԺūࡢͣǲͬǱȵİҲǿΪڵĻλĘʤٱͬСڱΪѧδ֮ʱг֮־ԷΪʥˡˡ
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ϺңΪԭϵ֮ңٻ¡ĸ濵Ǽˣιʹ׳ǫ̛ӶƷ٣һʡ濵θʹ׳ǫ̛ҲǶƷ٣Ϊһʡ˾٣游ǵ⳯ˣѵڹŵѧ٣ùݸڣѧڵĺ򲹽٣׿ѧͣҲڽ֪أΪαȫ游еˡǿΪֱϵ֧йѲ֪ġΪ˵ңΪʿʮʵԽҡΪճɽʿϾݡϺԱס
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ʮͯ
Ȼţһ͵òμӡԡˡˡ㶫˿Կμӡһڱݣɼţ͹ȥμӡ˳츮ԡνǡеġ󡹡ǡࡹֵдϷʡʸӼࡹѧļԿȡˣҲͬġˡǿڱľ˿ܾҪڹݿȡľ˸Щ
ΪʮʱһڹݵһβμԣȻ֮ѧδãԲ֮ۡһ߾ţ常֮£ظƳֲۡٹ꣨һ˰˶Ϊطȥμӡ˳츮ԡɽ
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ˣ಻һ£婖ĳϦʦ̸֮ѵڬѧŪϦµĳ̶ȡСʫףоԻΪ̹̽ɱᡣ֮ʦƪ롶ƪʱʮꡣ෢˸̾ʱʮꡣܻԾþѧΪ֮Ϳӡ֪ʮĿʥˣೢ˸пҲ 
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ʷ߽֪ľáǺ䷨۵´Ҳ䷨ĸɲǿΪʦáЩʲôѧʺأıҪ
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ΪʱڡľáУѧѧʣܵ˵ࣺѧ͡ѧɽԺԺơɽδôͷֽ֣ЩʲôѧأԭԹݳֱϣȥμӡ˳츮ԡʱ;ۡϺȵء硹˹֮·֮ࡢѲ֮ܣ֪ιзȣԹž֮ĵ֮֮࣬˴󹺺ѧ֮飬ǱĶ֮ҲͱɵʱеġѧмˣϺԱסꡢʮڣΪ־ᣬʵںɽ˺ֵĹ۸ȫͬҲΪĩᳫѧֲѰĻ飬ڵصʿĪˡ
Ϊʱ루룩飬ޣΪƷЩƷܵʷѧѧȿƵݣ¿ɱ˶Ժġ߼ѧ̿项ĳ̶ȣë󶫾̶ȣ̸Ȼѧ̶ԶڡС֮ˡΪϾλСʿ̶ȵҴѧߣǳѧѧ¼ңرĳġļҡһ֪ʮһ壬Լ֪䲻֪Ͷд䡶ӡƪˡ
ʵⲻǡӡһ˵ëĻת˼ҵֱ֮ͨ̿յİˡũΪʱΪѧʦʥڼѧˣҲÿÿԾ΢ҪꡢҾҪߣǺв֪ë̫޲Ҳҹѡ䡶ͬ顷δھ̾ʦҮȻ˼۴ǣθϱιιΪʦ㶥಻ɽӡΨһɡ⡹֮ǾʱĹϵˡҲǱ߳˵Ц۶ԡѧ˽⣬ҲȲ̨ͷһСѧˡ
ÿ̾й֮ˣûвһĴ˼ҡĽ޲νȻҲŤתǬ쵼壨ˡҽһסļҡĵͨ¡ƽ롸̫ƽһ͵ġִתڡһʥͣɳ֮ϣֲ;˼֮ν塹Ҳ˼롹ҲҪġߡwisemenͳˣordinary	peoplešåƦūۺϡ项˼롹ʵ项ȹ̣ۺͿ͹۵ġˡchances &	opportunitiesڷֶΣ۶֮Ҳרһλ˼ҡأ
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ġʵ塹ʵǸʵ鱨桹lab	reportʵУʵĽܽconceptualized֮
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ڱдټһƪƺ޹صۣĿ޷ָҪҹĻ̬йŵĶʽתִʽǶôӵ˶ʷ̫أΪеһѧ̶ȵѧʶ䷨ά£ݺʧ֮ǰѾˡؿ䷨ڲҲǿʥѧϵĻͲôˡרƪϸ֮
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ΪڡľáڵġѧڽйʷϿٵصΣЩԭʼԵĶֵöīʣƪ󣬱һʴ
ľáѧƵص㣬̡ѧͿýѧ۵չ̿顶ӸƿѧαԽѧʵǿϱ䷨ġν᡹ĸڡ
ΪڽйѧսθƵĵһλĸҡԴͳйѧ˼ƶȵ˽⣬εʦģȻĵֻй˼ƫ档ȻԴ˸߶ȷչѧƫ棬ɵѧ֪ϣһԼĿΪ˼룬ԼġԾȨȨĽٵͼЮķʽСŪͷһͿءǿ֮Ҳ־йִ˶һҪ׶Ρ粻ѿΪŪҲͺ˽̿ɽ¶㡢ʡëյĵСƽ͡ʿˡΪġν᡹ĸȻǴͳеġѧǽѧǸʲôأЩʲôأΪԺۣҲΪһοòѧ¹
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̸𡸽ѧǲòʼڹԪǰһ꣨ʼʶʮ꣩ͳһй֮Ļ˼˵𡣵һǡָĸνͬġҲͳһ֮ǰй½߹ͬģ루ɽաϣͬģ֮ģȴͳһǰ֮ǰõǴ׭С׭ǵļ顣ͳһϤϴС׭רõĹšġùٶ项ȱͳһˣҲ֮ģһɸ顪ʷϿǰġִĸҲȫĻʷĸɹһΡ
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ֵעǣС졹ߣͽ鷨֮֮ͬÿҲ񾡷ϸԭ֮ġרõġġ飩д֮ͳһ֮񡹡šİ汾֮̾ͱ¶ˡ֮߷֮ʼʵġָĸ֮󣬽֮ͺ֮ˡһŷޣͶġʥѧУҲֵúЦĪڽյĹ֮֮Ҳ𡸷֮֡֡ˡڴ½СЦղӳ壬ʮ󣬡ļҡƽΪ֮ҲļҡҪΪĴˡ
ĻҲ͡鷳ģ鷳ҵģˮˮ䷳Ҳ鷳֮Ҫǣ浽Ȩ⡢⡢ͷ⣬ôʹˡ
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Ҷ֪Ǹ㡸ټҡҴ͡˵˺徭ʿ͹롸̫ѧ̫ѧҲνʿӡ볯ΪٵϽݾ
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짺ĸ򣨹Ԫǰߡǰԭͼı͹Ա˶д˲پйءĿ¼ѧҲĻʷֵĿ¼ѧȻְָѧʡƤЩȴƫƫһ׵ġġ?ϴ	
ѧΡﾭԭֻС򡷡ŷʥѧн commentariesԭҲרġļҡӺȻƾͻ˹ľ?ϴ⡶ϴʷѧݡѧʺѧġȡҪöࡣԭʵۣۣѡ󴫡ԼƵĹľ񡷡ëʫ顷Ȱ̫ѧʽϵרơʿաʿӡĿϵƽƽ۵ʱԡͽ֮гƽۣ֮ǻʵҲ𲻹ѳֵУҳĽɹšǼ԰ѹľѧ˵ľǡ󴫡αġ֮ѧʼΪļҡѳ֣ļҡֻɽ֮䣬˽ѧ뵳١ ˭֪λļҵıҲˡڹԪʱͱç۶ˡçۺ֮󣬽ԼĴµ۹çʱڵĺѣǸùųԵġ³»ʵۣҪıɳһƶȣ̫ѧѧơΪʦѧеġľʦϵ֮ԡľʦ˵?ϴëʫ񡷡顷ȵȣ³ĹѧϵȻǹŽжԹΪˡЩľǡ󴫡ҲǿΪ˵ġܹۿӡġѧαˡѧαȫ˵󴫡ƴյġα
ϧþçġ³ֻʮˡԪʮ꣬㽨𶫺Ȩ֮󣬺ǣȫָçһнȫս˶йٰĻǡľԵľ档
ǡѧ֮ܶİ̳ĵʵǡι˧֮ȱ͵ʳĸ»ߣ򡸽ѧڵġëѡ͡Ž̡ȵһҲѧԶˡǱѧʡΪصġѧѧڡ֣˽ѧ顢ȫӡһ֦ѧĺʿˡƣ¢ˡѧơ֮˸ŵо֮νѧѧߣǰʵרָڡ֣򯡢ӡ֮ѧҲٷֵġѧɡѧ粻֪ضӲҪ㵳ļߣ飬˼֮ʷδʼΪҲ
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ҹĽ֮ļҲİ꣬ͷļռϷ硣һԱ֮ǡѧ͡ΡĹϵˡεĹһʱģѧĳɾġëǰѧη˼ҡ㡸ν᡹ĶֻһЩѧ֮ʿ
ľѧȱϳȦ»Եݱ䣬ʹһѧоͷѧǣһһȥ˿ҹŵѧע֤ѵڬݵѧ֮֮һ֤˵һֻоŷ֤ݲ˵ʮֻ֡ѧʵҵ̬ȡܰĿһеĹѧʦ̫ף֮͡ѧ⡹ĺ֮޵ļҡĶȥġѧҡǬεġѧҡȻǹļҵĵմˡԼʵǣһ˿֮ҲԼˣӶ϶ǵĿɽʦλɾʫ顢ֵʥ˿ҲˣǡļҡѧӾͱΪѧߵġʦˡ
ļҾͲˡǸ㡸쵼һáټҡҵġҪι˧ѧҪΪηġȻΪأԻά֡쵼ԵιΪ񡹣Ŀй֮ƽȡ֪ﵽĿģ뻽ڡȥӵμӸɸɸ֮׶ΣԻѵҲʵŸ㼯ȨεԣǴͬСġļҸιƽ£ʱġ¡йҲ׶ΣԻƽ̫ƽҲǿѧʡдʷӦǡΪѧʶѧʡӦǡΪΪ֮ʲôѵڬ¡ע衹ʲô󵨼衢С֤Щ֮ѧΪëϯҲ˵𣬡Ǹԭ⡹ǸΪ˭⣡Ӱ̸ὲξ顢ʷˡ дʷӦá۴ʷ۴ʷʷʵд١˰ĽֺգӲҲ˵ԲţΩڡ
ļǱдĿеʦүӣҲľѧõμңǸ㡸ѧġʦˡڽļҵ֪УӲֻǡɾʫ顢徭Ĵ༭˼ߡס顷ʫ񡷡֡ǿӱ˵ġѡ͡ԡ١ Ҫͼȥ䷨ƣȥǡٽŦ˵Ķ˥Ӳ˵үүҢ˴䡹ӹԼҲ˵񡭡񡹣?ΪƶȶǰϮ𣿡ƽݱ䡹ʲô䷨أĴʦ˵ӲҲƣ̸סͬʱ˲һƶȣαСšʥġ䡸ơȰǡʥ֮ʱҲԡαССڣΰμأ
ԽļΪӲǸ㡸֮ѧطӺ͡ʦʲôġһλľȹظжμҡϧλĴ˵ģһλ֮żߣ
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ֻעѧġʷѧαġѧԺʧˣΪʧȥϵĿɽ֮ʣʫΪʱУѧ˥ѧԵûˡǽѧѧԣ͹۵ļֵ֮ʷʵľںֱϮˡֻεġѧӡ˼Ӱγɵġɷ塹ġѧǣرƳ<ѧ><ӹ>ǡеƪעڸġԡ͡ļԡԡļҡġһףļȷ֮಻ǡǶԿӵĿǱȽϽӽļҡʥʦأѧ½Ԩ죨䣩Ȼйѧ˵졢½ڡѧ󷶳ġ
ʱչϣ壬Ҳʲô֮𡢾ֵ֮ϵĴ˹ʢ֮ȴԶĿǰġĵҽϡǶͳҲల䡶Ĵ¼ϻһѧʣðͷ֮Ҳɲء˼ͨˣѧһͷֽѣ䡸ѧǽѧ˷Ǭ¡һһ߾壩죨һ߾һ˶֮ʢ˲űѧ綦ʢԴһһһһ߶һߣͬɧ֮ʱʢһʱġǬ֮ѧֱͱɡǰաʿͷġѧˡľӰ죬λ߷ִͳļҺʣһ˾һһʱҪԴġʡˡ
ʦҲ˼Եá桹͡áˡĴӣҲǵִ徭ѧţǧҾԽڶҪǺļҵֽ¨ˡ˼롹ҲִĽļҰɣӽԵʡ
ġ婖ǸĳʱΪ֮껪ɱѪɺӡ֪࣬򱯻ϲ󲿷֪֪δӡǰѹе¡ĻѶøɾйعġ˼롹ҲҲ𰸡ڴͬʱȴġɴʦ˼һ棬ȴڴ䡶ˮע˼ҶԡκȨɡȵȵ⣬˵ǡѧ֪˵ǡڽ̵ˮעգ֮ѧҲҲֵ˴ظ㣿Ҳ⵽һϦ֮䣬ͱ˿ΪͽҲ⵽Ϊʲôѧеġľѧڽǧ֮ĩȻָԺʵġʡʼո㲻ë˼뷴ܵߵ꣬ҹ
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ĩľѧ֮ʵʼ»һһ˶ˣ䣨һ߾ŶһһκԴһ߾ġһߣҡκѻƬս֮ʹ֣֣ǿԹż񡢷޲ġκԴΪ֪ڡСšʦ֮ġǵѧǿΪ˼ıԭΡѧġѧתΡ򡷣һλĴƽһһֱӰ죻ƽĻ̶ˣһһһѧУѧ䡣ġ֪ʥƪǿΪ֮˵ѧ˶֮ģԻϺΪȻΪ˹ѧ֮ߣ䴴ҲΪá񡷣Ѩ֮ѧͨ顷ƽ飬˾˵ѧۡ
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ϽľĵһҪΪԴΪʥ̾ѧΪͳ̵̣ͳǽѧѧԶԺ󣬶ǧΪα۶ᡣ첻йֳ˸ʥָʥ壬ġ϶ּ̾ѧģѷչħĳ̶ȡľʱΪԺšءءߣڡءҲʥܱȵϡʥˡأ
ΪԷΪյλŵҲԽšʮܡš

šءԽջҲ
š͡Ϊ׿ӹҲ
ϻšϡͷҲ
̩šԽׁ˼ĳҲ
ľٺš˲ΡӵҲ

֮ɡʷǿʥԼȡģԴҲˡ˵֮Ҳִ壬ۺ˲ܶҡ֮ѧȻȻǨÿFȡ塣עšȺɽʹ֮šͬϣ
쵼Ƕ
է֮£ǻÿΪԴʵҲҹͳ֪ʶӵͨͳѧģСΪΡԴ һ˭ĸӢ塣й֪ʶӼȫǸӢ۵ġɻ͡廧Ҫλͷ˸ͳϯԪ˧쵼ȵȣδвǡ򡹵ġò˽R־ģҲľͬࡣǻҪԡʦڼҶС˭ı˭Ҳ뵽ΪΡ˵ƥ𡹣˵Ϊë˵Ϊ񡹡ЩʵҲһ֡˭ԡȥСй֮һλ׼ġΪΡĴͳ⡸˭ļȴһΨҶ𡹵ԴϾͱˡٷȥʮ꣬غνʥ͡ʦʹʦĵǣһֲǳؼϣԡأֻûԵڽˡʵЩʦǵĵǣҲȷ䡸ιƽ¡֮ţֻʱͬˡЩͳϯ꣬ʧΪࡣΪǸʱڣ̶࣬Ŀѭǧµ񣬺࣬ǻ뾭ۻġǣֻҪؿ򣬰ƣٶ벿ҲͿιƽˡȴұĻԡɽ͡ĻȾСƽʱ Ҫ幫ġ֪ȰѧƪɾͲôˡ֪ߣ

һ֪ܡܲձ
֪塪ΪӡȡΪ
֪䡪ϰܱ䷨
ġ֪ҪշҪΪҪСƽӦԣ
塢֪ںⲻײףɲʥ

֮ѧΪ塢ѧΪáĸۣþĿǰ˵Ļڻ㡹acculturationҲǲͬĻ֮Ľس̡˵úãүҪôô̡ѽҪ֪Ļ֮ġ̡ү񣬿Ϊ֮Ҳ֪߱СƽҲҪɵ֮ۡ ѧ⡹ĺʣݴ֪䳤 ಻֪ȥڻ㡹Ϊacculturationǡǻۡwisdom⣻ǣ浽ʵ项experimentationʱtimingˡchancesȶĻϡ᳤ڵν˫ޡһ͵ġ˵󻰣㡸èèͷҲδʼǽ֮
˵ΪĲacculturationһculturaldivisionĻѣЩԭѧ νġĽdogmatism˳ܣʹΪ䷨άµİʯǱĩˡ
ʷݣΪ½첻йѸרҷŽײȥˡСǣڸʲôԼҲһϲͨġʡĿͷ壬Ϊ֮ھ̾ϢҲ
Ϊһ˾䡸项͡ǿѧ᡹֮ʱȫӣ¡֮ԬȶʸβǺεƣ䲻ߣǿ̸壬Զȡܡ粻ƪٽ֮

                                *ԭ̨ѧʮ

ߡͱ

ʥˡҪʦ

սйθĸȳƪԭмɵġΪĻɣơļɻҪꡪ ɽһ˾ڹҽʱԭҲǸɡΪĽϣѺת½ύ֮⡣˭֪ԸԴȻ˵ĳȾߡʦ˿ɡܲɽԭҲǸ˭ˣܰݿΪʦأ˾ԵһˣɡʷʱһλԸԴϹţĨһӻҡɽһŭ֮£Ỻͼת䡸л᡹ύ췴˭֪ǸΨҶˣл̩¼һݲ˶¿ɽ󾹱ɼɵĵɻ
ΪԭҲǸθĸĵɻڴͳĿƾƶſŴľɥ֮£뵽ƾƶȣдͳƺϰ֮ûеټۡϺһţ淢Ҫĸ￪ŵġһ˰˰꣨ʮ꣩ʱʮһ꣬ڱμԣٶڵſΪ֮䲴˼֮󥣬ʵ̲סˣ϶ʱڳеȨƶĸʱλ߹ͬͩΪĿ꣬Ͷ۹ǡű䷨ά¡䷨ʵжĿʼ
һ顸¡еȨĹ䣬дţ۹£ʱѧŲɧԭҹŴ֪ʶӵϴͳǸޱ־Ͷ壬ûǽֱרʱⱾ֪ʶӷ˲гԼΨһİ취в֣ȻǧǧжֲСλ˴֮˥ȡǧԿĺĹַ˲гࡣͬλʫƪŽһʫףҲһгб۳۹ԼƪǰԣǵҲϹ飿
ЩbuyersλȨΪššΪšܸжֻΪš㡸Ұ͡⣬Ҳʿһ໥ʹ΢һҲ£ҫ档ͳ֮£ΪλȨ֮󣬾֮ͬΪء
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ͬʱǸ۲۵ġ֮ʦͬΡСʵ۵ʦ빬ʮꡣڰά֮ǰÿ춼Ҫع칬ȥġСʵս󣬴̫Ԥ֮ʱͬǵġࡹ̫ٱεġЭѧʿ롸ʱȨ㳯Ұ£ֱƽֳʱ˵Ϸݣ˾ũġȨһߡͬǡ״Ԫڡϵνࡢֶ״Ԫţ˫ʿ̩
һáϵʹ󡸺šԮڱĻ͹ٳе֪Ҳսą֮̇̄мȲ𽵹ĸ߹ʱԷеʿԽΪ١һһݣҪʵֱдˡ
ϰգʱʿΪŹҴʵֱдţҲҹϴͳʱĲġ뿪ʼ֪мǧ編ơǸ㡸ϻʵ项شðԵġϵúãȻмӣϵòãմŭҲ͢ξ²ҡŪɱͷҵ³
ΪһΡϻʵ项һ˰˰꣨ʮ꣩Ҳͬһꡣʱպڻʵظˡɽǧɡѡڴͳϣдʣʾ˿⣬ʵۡ䷨ά¡ѳ͢˲šǻʵûͨѶģͬݡ֪鵨ӣʹ˻Ʊ
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项ʼĩ
Ϊڲн飬벻ʱתһ˾꣨ʮ꣩ʮͯȻڹˡˡˡˡʸ񣬿ʥҲͿСʮѧȥμӡԡȡʿѧλˡ
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֮ӽ֮̽
һưҲûеġνߣһǰ˲֪һ֪ˡԭǧǰĺܶ඼ǵطټġЩ֮˵ִﾩʦɳ͢ɡ͡ˡǶôʵ¡ԴԺ󡸹͡ˡͷֲˡǾˣ˾ǹ
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Ķۣԭ޲֮ѧʦͽΪű䷨ƣȻӵʷϾǹġġձѪԿʯˣֲߵ顣Ȼ쵼ǸСѧĿʷֵø̵ôӲ˵κšεǸùظɱġҷӡ˵Ϲ
̣һʱ@գǰ׾Թ϶ơ֮ӽ֮̽ǵϣꡣϡٹһ꣬ͷСƽ䷨Ḷ́ʷҶ±ʵġ
Ŀʼ̫͡ӵ
项һС־δʲôͼӰЧػոҲ㡣Ǿ췴һ֣ȴֳķĹ£ȴһʱķС֮Ǿ־֮ͬʿ֯ţЧҡʿĿԶڣҪ֯ǵġǿѧ᡹᡹ܣʦʦҸ嵨飬Ҫ֯ǵġ硹š󡹣⻪֪ܻ꣬ᵳҲҪ֯ǵġ硹л᡹˻᡹⸴᡹²ָлһʱ֯ٻ𡣾ͳƣԼ磨һ˾ģһһһ³̿ɿĸֹţһʮ֮ࡣּĸ췴֮⣬ǶΪǿҲ󡹿ܾǺйޣ׼ʣ׼ڰɣ
УơݡҲ֯壬Ӧɿ쵼ġǿѧ᡹ˣԭΪ쵼֮һʱ£ʱĳҰʿ۽֮ң̫󣩶Ϊάй֮·Ϊ·ϵ֪ǸμҺ˼ңǴпΪġһġԹʱΪ۶ŷ˼Ҷ߶ǣ֮ȻҲΪеġ䷨ơ߲ݵͶ˰ٷ֮ٵľһܵ
ڡԼǩļ֮䣬йҰʹ˼ʹ֮࣬ϴĸ棬ڱϺȴа챨ѧ֯Ŵ¸¡ʱйȻҲи̫ӵýյ˵иĸ˼ġ߸ӵܡ֮ĶȨֶ̱ͬ±Ķӳʷѧҳ֮Ķ졢ĵĶТͬʮˡ ҪĿܾǺѲ̷䭵Ķ̷ͬˡ
дʷ˲Сӡ̫ӵΪǵ񣬼ͥӰԶã֪ȨĻУ˼Ҳ졣ڳԺζġ̰ΪΪǴͳйʵĽӰ༯Żĸʿӷĵ¸ͷͷơȨУұ䱾ֻҪһ̨ĳİʹ½Ҷѡƽ㹻˵һˡ
ĩ̫ӵ֮⣬һоžԬʿɡҶˣ£ڸĸ￪š֮±̫ͬӵ֮͸ˡһմ½ϵηչ֮ͬΪǸӢʽܻθĸ䡣ıʼӦƼ쵼ĽŶԡ˭֪һͷУҹأ
ǿѧ᡹ĳ
ԭǿѧ᡹һ˾ķڱ֮ʱĵ˱ֿ֮ͬʵ֯ߣ̫ӵˡһ۽׷ÿΪ˽ۡطʱ˾̸Сʱ̶ԿøҿΪ

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ΪʱǸõѧλʿС֪ʶӡڹ̶֥С٣Ʒ£̸ʦ۽ˡʺĸ߸ɣõѣ˵ĻʵӦڴ˵ȴ֮¼ҫҪᳫ̡еҲغ񡹵һ档ʱʵ䷴ߣǣѧ֮䣬һѾˡ⵱Ȼ֮ԡ
ǿѧ᡹ڱ֮ͬӻСԤ㣬һӡʼġؾΪַɴѧʿءܶһ֮ܶǧԪ۾维еʿɺ죬ǧԪС׸ڶСľûαѧĻӦһ˳ġҵһʼ㷢Եִвָѧ𽥰ɸԸ㡢ᳫ˼롢ƶĸ￪ŵĳĻҵά֡һȴΪĳܡΪǡʼաá
һŵĳԱ߷ִԭӦе󣬿緢һй֪ʶӵҪ֢·Ѻͽ塣һ֮⣬ʾԲ㡣ʱսʧƶڡߡ£ԡǿѧ᡹Ҳʮ־ĽԸǧԪһԱˡϵ뾹ûΪȻҲҪˡ
ʱйμҡȻʱʧƣǱĹںеĵλһʱģΪƷС٣ȻӡҲɼʱˡʱͬռҲ˵ڱ
һ̫ߵҪܵкҹģοǺ춥糱ƺسϰ׶Ϸâ̫¶ѧʿͩʷҪˡǸѳ߾ǧӵʿʲôأͬȴȰʱ뿪Ϻȥ桪ϺҲǼƻеڡ
˼ڽ
Ϊһ˾ʮ¶ʮգʮգϺϺ졣˭֪治δ˿ˣ֮ˮǴߡ
ʱйȨƶ˼ġԱʵ֮ڴʱϾйҪġܶ󳼡ϽհսʡʱĻĵϺУһϺ֮ר˰ӵϾȥϾΪһסʮգ֮ϱŶƴӡڼϺʽġϺǿѧ᡹͸ûĻرǿѧ֮Уһ˾һʮգֵ֧֮ġϺǿѧƪҪԣɿΪִʣ֮巢ġ˭֪šκ£ΪĽ峹׵ƻˡٳһοΪķԵ

뽭Ӷʮգ˵οǿѧ᡹Ρһ̸ÿҹβſӸƣƵȰԴѧعʹǺԡԡӸƴҲΪһ֮ܶգʹԹѧȡɣϺԱסʮһ꣩

˶϶֣㲻Ϊʱ֮ˡ̬֮֮ӣ˵Ǵڼ㡣ƪ仹ʧ֮׷ǵġ֮ʱ̬ȣܸڴˡˣλȿ곤ʮһ֮һߡһũţݡĵֺ֧ͳϿҵȰ㡣ǿΪλϱϼ쵼ӲǲٴɫٰѿйصĻ俴ȥ˵

ڽʱ´˳Ի´˳мӡُ|Ǻ顸ǿѧ᡹³̣Ϻ֮ѧϱˡ죬ԡ´Уֹ档˿԰ԡԶӦһв⣬ʷ֮ɢӡͬϣ

μΪΪǿѧ֮ʧ֮ġˡǸķԵԼǧ֮⡣֮ıأ
ʦͽڼսƶǿѧ᡹˶ʵĩйСǻۡwisdomСchanceһȫĻ˼롢ƶλһȺ˶úãġ˻᡹⸴᡹ͬ˻᡹ܶ¯ûһ֮ľĻֵĺʡ¶㡢ȵȥʲô˶أ
֪֧ǿѧˣʵй֪ʶ磨Ҳ˵ǡʲ׼ɣľӢǵҲʮٱڵʱеͩ»ˡּ֮δܷӣʵǺ͡ǿѧ᡹ıѪģǿѧ֮ҲֱС󡸱᡹ݣ͹ʵ۸䷨άµơְʯͷԼŵİ취ǿϸ㡸塹ĺ֢
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ǿѧ᡹ʧܣйִչʷʵһٴ죬ٴڿΪڡľѧĽ塣ľѧǸʲôأΪʹһ߶иǳ˽⣬رǰƪΪרۼԲ󣬱֪ľѧҹġ̡һЩһʱ֮⣬ѧ粢δɹԺԺľѧң֪мǧˡ֮֮ȰΪ䷨Դѧʵһѧ˵Ȱ档ͬһ˾Ҳѧαռдءڱ㶫ʿѧαΪ짹һα֣½Ϊơ˵һҰҲﲻѣ̡ռǡ
ʵѿ˵ɡҰ̶ֺֹˡ̫ס֮ԼȥǮ£ԿĿһµġǵñ߱ѧڼ䣬һλͬͬѧƺǻý֣רιѧΪҵġż֮ԡۣδʼǡ֮ͨһ˵ҪáǾǡ塹ˡѧ婖ೢģ̫ѧ׾ƪУԼ⺺ĽļҲֻǡ塹ֱǰѳνġѧšҲʱҲижȻʱġѧšѧˮƽĩĽļȣԶأ׾ļ¼
ΪѧΣҲʹӡ塹ɱɡѧš֧䷨֮ͬȶ֮⡣ƷµС٣ֿǺ춥ƵɣǾ۵ˡȻһ˾쵼֮£ʷһֽ£š̵ʵһֻΪġǿѧ᡹ɢˡǿѧһɢСʱ֪ʶӣ˼룬ûйͬˡ
ǵú֮ǰ˵һ˵ı꣬ʵԶһ˶ĹסʱȥδԶǼ¡׫֮ʮ󡹡Ϊ˾ŴʷԭʹС쵼Ļᡣֻѵʮ̫ˡʷ޷ԭҲֻԡ󺺼项֮ųʷˡ
Ϊ그ǽľ󣬵ʹȥȴûӰ½磬Ϊ̫̫ٵķ⡣һȥǰ;˭֪һ˾ɽݽ̰ͻȫйֱܿһصΣڳҰ֮ʱܱĶ˼˧뵽ΪϾǸ˲ţı䷨άµţҲǡй֮衹ΪҲͶɽˡ
Ϸֵвͼǿ־
νݽ̰ԭǷһ˾ʮһһգλ¹ʿɽҰΪͽɱС¡ڵǰŦԼϣÿ춼ΪͽɱһλǰձѧУɱСȴʱϵĵ־۹Ϊڣǿռ˽壻Ҫɽʡ·ʵ˵ǱǮ󣬳⽺Ҳʲô¡ʱ°ܣ۹Ե¹һˣ۹ԮһҪ˳ӢҪ;Ҫ壬ձҪһ⡭ȺңΧۣʹˡ Ūã۹Ҫ󳾣ǿϷˡ
ΪӦؾ棬Ű⽻Ҳ̫¾Ǹ㡸ġ֡ʶڼ䣨һ˾ʮʮգʮ죩ԼӦ̰ձݽڼ䣬֮ͬΪҲӢܶ¡ǵ۹ľôȥأҪ ġȨƽ⡹balance of power ԼġΧ spheres of influenceҪѶǲ򡸹Ϸ֡partition of Chinaɵ㡸֧Chinamenȥأ͢⽻Ϊ֣Ϸ֮üޡʱõĹʵۺԶĴǣ͸еαĪαǾ뵽Ҫ䷨ͼǿҪ䷨ٲǸ䷨רҿΪˡԼҲʲáһ˾ףΪЯ飬
ʱڱȻֱɱ䷨ˡΪϾдһЩСӣʲô˵ô۱䷨ձαǡǡȵȡݣЩֻǽ̨֮߳ʷ̿Ȼʱһ㳯Ұʿδš˵ʵۺǡΪ֮ھᣬ̫֮ҲΪж
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һ˾Ű꣨磩һ¶ʮգ³ΪӦԼͬ¡»ٺ㣨̲飩񻸣ɣ󳼣һս䡣£ԴʵټҪƶȾ֡оθȫɷơšȫϡ֮ԡʮ֡ɡ֧ѧУũ̡·ʵ硢硢½ʡ衸֡СطΡ
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ΪһƶȵĹ룬ȻΪʵСλΪεʵ۾Ԥټѯ䷨ˡһ˾ŰĳҲĽȡ֮ʱһҪӦǿǶصҪ󣬼ȼüһҪ¾Ⱥ֮䣬۳񡣸Ҫо½ʵ̩ѧҪģҪӦǸ̩ɽѹĴ̫󡪡κξҪһΪ׼дʳһߵȨġ
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ǰѽǿѧ᡹һ˾ļǿȽɢ֮󡣽缯ѳһʱķ֮ԭˮ֮£ɶ衣ǿѧᱻȫʧȥһͳһ쵼ģɢӸʡĵط֯ϵġѧ᡹㶫ġѧ᡹ġѧ᡹ġʥѧ᡹㽭ġ᡹ϵġ᡹Ϻġѧ᡹ũѧ᡹ȵһʱ𡣵Щ֮֯У֪ߵȻǿʦͽɽͳһ֯ͳһ쵼ˡ
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ϹʱҹߵȽԭٰ졹ʡʺ֮ĩ⽨ƶȿʼ֮ʱ˽ѧˡӱǿ֮ȵĵһˡӷ𣬰ټսʱʵҹŴ˽ҽѧĻƽʱ˽ɽѧһָƷǴʿ飬ڦ֮󣬶֮֡硹ʵǼȨηչеıȻ
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ʱٸĹСߡݡġĳ̫ƽʢ֮ѧ֮ǱȻ¡սԺ󣬿֮ѧֳĿںĺͳߵθڣһ֮ơľ֮ʱҲʿΣʷģѼݺ֮ʵʼһʿҶľѾ߳ͣۼλײѧʥϵԪ꣨Ԫǰһ꣩á徭ʿҶ֮󶨡
ʱġʿؾƣλʣҷѭķ?ۼ͡ʿְ֮λԺա֮徭ʿֻǲ㾰δ֮ʵǶͬĲʿƶһģû֮ҲʿڴʱʽϳƶΪѧ˻ȡȨ޿ɱķӦʹԡʿԪ˷СΪףͽ?봫һкΪ֮嵳ʼ״ȡȨŶײѧиߵڣĺ̫ѧ˵Ľ֮£ʽˡ
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۽Ԫ˷Ӧة֮롹Ϊ徭ʿáʿӡʮˣٶ֡Ա̫ѧԱҵְַ³̡ͬʱʮλ̫ѧڣΪ̫ѧڵʽԲߣ֪̫ѧּԭΪҡʿȻ˽ҽѧ֮籾ʢʿѸеӡ汾ТʱΪʿʷ䡸᡽УӴԾôҵĪ桹ͬϣһʿĵӣʿֺΪʮ˵̫ѧ
ĿĲֻΪʿҪ»άҼȵõλѵҵĽ˲ţѧŶˣʮ̫ѧһѵְַ³̹涨ʿӣҵһͨһ߲ѧƹʡߵڿΪСȡͬʱҵڼ䣬ǻСۣۡȨ?ִڵʱĽ׼ǵĽڡ 徭ʿ֮Ը󡣼۸֮ѧиֿ߲ɵط̫ѧطѧУѧķԲ˵һʿ飬Ӣ۾УټȻˣ
ʱ̫ѧִ֮ʵǵʱִ嵳ġ뵳УĿѵͨۼ˲ţọ̈̄ʹ¹壡
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֮һѵۣ̫ѧˣٴֱۣ֮Ԫʱ衸Աǧˣɵʱ̫ѧһˡ?ִçʱģ̫ѧչ١ʢʱСѧٲʿ߸ˡ־?κ־?ʴκ衷˳Խ̫ѧˡ?ִ
۴̫ѧ֮ģСԹ̫ѧУַڳڡʦ࣬޷ɣ̫ѧǨ⡣ݡͼļأУַڡоȻȻһģ̫ѧĳЩѧеСһĩҶçΪ׽ʱģ֮
Ժ̫ѧ涼ǨУַڡǹʿ⣬ȥ?͡ע½ǡ˳ʱľУᣬʮǧ˰ʮҡ?Tڶ̫ѧĽͼ˲ö֪Ȼʷؿ֪ߣпңãνӺӺڶʱƷ̫ѧԱרãʿѧ߸ǾɼԽѧ˷ǹر⣬Ͼ֮ᡣʿ᡹֮⣬̫ѧҿɷĸ죬ͬУ԰֮ڡ?³һѧסլûѧֹޣѣӯҡ?
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ڲʿĲԼ̫ѧѡξ̫䡣Ԫ˷ġʿӡʮˣϵһ㲩ʿͽȦȻʱĹ涨ǡ̫ʮϣ״ߡ䡸ʿӡѡεķʽϵԿ֮ѧѧɵطٱ̫ѧ졣?ִѡεĳΪع٣кѧϡ̡˳벻㣣ţ೤ةǧʯǧʯߣɣ̫ҵӡ ΪʱѡСвʮˣǲ辩ʦҵʿѧʡٸöȣߵWǲʿ?ѭɸʦܸѵѧԱϵеطĹٷ
ѧǹٶ³̣ܱϾ֮֮Ҫˣ΢ʱѧʦҵʿ֮ۼ֮һЩȻȫɵطͣ˽ʸѧġçʱ涨Ԫʿ֮ӵҵӣΪԱ?ִԺ̫ѧɷּΪӡһΪ̫ѧǵʱѧΪ»֮;еĽݾԸʿӽ֮½죬ϮġӵܡڣҲеطѡ͵Ĺ˽ƽѧʳǮӣҲƶޱţСĺʿ?´ƣӼͬʿ?󴴫Ҳа빤ƣΪͬѧܻʳԺĿѧۣūѧ?ִ̫ѧҵѧĳɾͣԵ䡢塢˶壬¼С޲ӦоСѧ֮ϢΣбջģ̸Σ׵ģóȻ鵱֣ʱµģ֯ѧ壬ɿ糱ġ֮ҹѧѧһ󣬺̫ѧ޲ֻ߱ʱ̫ѧڹѧĹģҪʮ౶ѡ

עƪ婖ʱĴѧģСһҲ

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̫ѧĽʱġ徭ʿʿԡҷڡ徭ʿʮļҡԹպ̫֮ѧѧֳʮĿơԶʱǧʿѧټ֮ÿһƵĲʿңЩʿѡƸɹԼַʽ
һΪ䡸١˷꣬ɵگԻةʷжǧʯǧʯӾٿɳ䲩ʿλߣʹ׿Ȼɹۣ?ɵۼ͡䡸״涨ӦѡӦ¾ɥûͨס顷Тؼ΢£ֵŴ޽󼲣ئͨʹӦĿƣβʿĳĳױ١?측ǡڶַʽΪӡ١̫ѧʱĵһˣԭʿĵһιαԡΪʿ?봫ʱ֮ȶࡣǹ˺ڣҪʿˡŴˡƼַ͡ʽΪԡƹ涨̫䡸ѡԲʿܷ񡹡?ٹ־
¡طʽѡĲʿλ٣ȻӲԸ֮ᣬ١ԼҷڡŻ֮̫ѧҪָѧɻõִˡѧɵִ
۳̫ѧʱѧ顷ŷ򣬡סʩϡ?짴ʦϵͳѧ֮⣬ѧĲƽ¶꣨Ԫǰʮһ꣩ۡگ彲徭ͬ죬̫̫֮ƽ项?ۼ͡ԡپסСĺ顷ʿν෴̲֮?짴һɻʵϯıۻᣬƵƳ̫ѧѧɰѳֵľ档֪һδƽһ
째У֮󣬹ļͻһѧɵ˼⡸뵳Уϴ顷ëʫ񡷵ѧ١ʿȺ𷴶ԡ徭ʿ壬ǡʿ򲻿öԡԵĿ顣ͬϣʱΪѧٵɲʿ̫󣬻ʵҲκǲãֻðϢҿ̵ļأʱϡȱ۴壬̫峤ڮ壻ڻ֮ТʵģʳΪ̫أǹϡΪš?Ӵ
ҹšѧɶ֮ʼȻԺ󣬿ǰѧɵִǴѧԵġĩɵִʵشãΪ¹ѧٵķ༴Ϊִ뵳У⡣ԺТԺҹѧ磨ȻϢϢأѲǡټҡ⣬ڲ⾭ϵ֮ŷͽ͢ڽ͡ʥ֮ԼִȨڽ͡˼롹͡塹֮޶¡š̫ء£ûɽνѧһѪѣ
֮󣬡徭ʿԼҷڡʮļңסʩϡ𡢾ϣ顷ŷСĺʫ롢³дСϡաʿѡΪơָ̫ѧ̫֮?ִȻ۱Թšѧ֮޳ɼϡסϴʿ£ۼ򡢲ʿ̨¡ʿԻʿǰƽ˵Իϡӣʦͽഫˣҷȵ棬?ĴҳԪѶ࣬뷶鷲ʮϡӳԪѧʱ̫ѧڣԡϡ֮۽Թ£֮͢ϡ̫ϳ?Ԫ
ĩʱ¬ֲáëʫϡ񡷲ʿȻղ֮ʿѧʼΪʮļ֡?¬ֲɴ˿ɼ۵Ľ㻹ѧٷ⣬͢磬֪Ӱ֪֮ҹŴġѧ١ѷġԹ١ҹרʱãֱִֽ֮Ϊʿʷ߶ڷӳĲǿʶ֮ʿҪξзȨΪǲͨǿηǣ̨һּҪߣʵȨ˻Ϊοڹҡܡ̡ʵʵظ˶֮һΣ򶫺ѧ֮׸ӡ
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ǰ̫֮ѧ֮ԭϵҴελһټҡĹߡ֮ݱ䣬Ҷ֮ʽѳɣټ֮Ŀȫﵽѧȫϵʱټҡвľһɨࡣѧʷ߳νǰǡѧʱǧΪѧʱʵҲǶǵ˵ʱ֮ѧȻʽ΢֮ɱ䡣̱١ԡѧѧʳ֮ΪСҺһννΡνΪ塢԰ټΪõı֡ѧдӡٳԴӷо¯ţΪ¡
෴ģѧ˵ΪʵΡѽڣҲͶ֮ԣڣߵ̬֡ĩŵ걲Ի֮ͽԾӣׯ֮ѧΪ̣ʵֻо֮γ֮˵ҲʷĵңƵĺ档ĩɱˡǸ۲۵ġҡȴҪԳ
ԹԺڣԻͽΪɳܣ߸ϧáװģʱ˽ҽѧ֮ʢҲԼҷڡ̫ѧʿѧƽɫ?ִԻ˾Զ֮·®ݽӮǧ١忪ͽߣ뺲ˣרഫ棬Īӣзͥ˽ѨԺһ֮˵Щ˽ҽڵѧߣͽڣ¡¼Ǽǣÿϡ ԹģۣӵʮļҲʿǧڡѧ̫ѧڵʱҲ㲻̫ˡ
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£̫ѧѧѧҲ͸о̫ѧоĿ࣬ѧˮƽˡҿʱܳһλ̫ѧ֣ѧľ?֣Ի̫ѧҵʦ¾׵Ԫȣʼͨסͳ֣̫ѧĽִ֪ӶŹܡܹ١ǡϴʫ顷ǲ㣬ҡɽߣأÿ¬ֲ·ڡؽѧ겻üɼʱ˽ҽѧ֮ʢɣ֣֣֮ѧɶʽѧͽǧˡʮ겡ʱᣬǡԿ³ҵߣԯǧˡʱ˽ѧѧλʵ̫ѧɱȡ
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ڶʿ֮£ѧλĲʿʱòѧʣǲѧƫҪԽĻʵˢޣմ½ĭ֮ë˼Сѧʵͬġʱ־ٵѧԸ˽ͽԸӦΪʿ?ִͽյͬ
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̫ѧʧѧϵ쵼λͱʿ˿»š̫ѧʿȱİʯǨ٣Ⱥ;ӡ䡸١ʿֶࡸٲʵ?𴫡ΪݣΪѡ߼䡸ˡɡ̡Իĺ֮ڣѧУ֣ӯšѧŨĶ޹ֺҪ̫ѧ˱Ӻˡ
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ĩҶ̫ѧȥΪʿղ֮˲źʿ֮ڶ˵ı˴ءκ֮Сµһۻس֡ȫѧˣڳĲʿҰġһʿˡ˷κ֮ʣ߳ǰ֮ʧʿƶ첻ٽ̫ѧʿ֮໥ġƷƶȡƷƶףƽġձԵĿƶʼʽȷڽ
˻ع̫ѧ˥֮ʷȻ̫ѧǲʿҲͳεּʶ㣬ʹɴзչ֮ƶʧѧԣʧ䡸Ӣۡɾķʽʹ̫ѧУ˰ѳ֮棬Ϊ˴ȨʧܡʷΣ˼ʷܲȻ

עͣ
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ڡ?Тʵۼ͡Դ󽫾ʯǲӵҵ
۶ԿѡҵʿƶãΪӶ?̫ѧɳ£Ӷƾ?Ӵ	
֮ܶԼ֣Ⱦ̫ѧ̫ѧѧ?ѧ?	
ʷ佲ڡ徭ͽ¼ǧˡ?	
ޡ?ִأ塸Խµۼ͡µ׾徭ͬߴ˴͡ƶȡۣ̫ѧ˿Ҳĩ֮ʱ̫ѧı֣εȻԻͣΪ̫ѧϾӵжһѧ

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лĻҵίԱӡһٰ档


ˡǱ䲻˷ĲƵһ

ټΪı䷨

ٿĸӣֽġ
ʱһ˾Ű꣨ʮ꣩۹Ϸй֮Σü֮ʱλиԶǲٳĬˡ͸ξ󳼵Ȅ̫̫֮ٲȨĸԸѷλơ˵ŴΪŭ˵ԸλѲԸ֮þȰʼ˵ȥ죬ٹ첻ģ˵ʱԸԣֻʵ赭д˵̫󲻽ϰ¡ʵٲµĹʵ۵ô˴Ĵظˡ
ʵжĵһǡگġ䷨ơʱΪ¶ʮգʮһաɱġά¡ĵһ졣űټΪΪҺ͸۵ԴȪǹûпΪӸƿѧαصĸȻֻձģʽ˵ô۵ģʽ	
ټΪʱ¶ʮգʮգ糿ߵ㡣صǡú԰ٵΪʱųơ̫󣬳סú԰ȻдʵۻҪȥú԰̫ʾġ˴ι԰פϡ֮ټΪȻǵõ̫ġ
ú԰ǽʤءٵԺܶߺ߾衣ΪݼģǺһȤҽ˵ʱʵڳɡǿУ׿ż˵

ʮջټһΡټڹ԰ڵٹ峿ʱ𳤴Сʱ֮áʱǶռ˳岻ã˻ʵɫʵݣȻǽġıǰ۹ͣӹεĺܸɾɫΪ԰סеȵģֳݣǱ̬֮ºͣټҲûСͨǰǴ󷽿廨һԲε֮ҲһСiҲͨĹñʱɼ̫ȣȻһдɫıϣ˫㽻֮һ̺˶˳ȥ̸У۾ʱʱ񴰻棬͵һǰһų̨ӣ̨̨ӵһǣΪ̨ǰǸݵ߼ԱġʱһֱǹŵġǵĽ̸þйʷѧࡶ䷨ᣬҳ婖ԭһ˾Űʮۡйʱ

ǹͿΪһμ棬ҲǾ֮ΨһһΡΪϵȻ˵һЩϰ˹ɡ٣С䲻䡹䲻缱䡹ı䷨šʵЩǶġʱѾտ±䷨ơټֻһʽѡԿΪƶȾ֡
ΪʦͽʱԱ䷨ľţԸ֮Իʱβ䡣±ɹʧȨʧλʵ۽һи߹ٺ»λ󳼵ְȨȫȻͬһʱ䣬Сʵƶĸ̭Աְšϰ˹ɡԲۡѧá¾፷ƽȡıƵȵȡ
ͬʱҲƹ󳼶СһȻǿΪԹ£ţ¾ߡߣУҲȻǸƷС٣Ϊר£Ϊӽ ΪһٳĿʵȨ
󲻾ãߪ̷ͬĸС٣ԡƷھ¾ߡӣճ񡣡һ֮ǨѾţܿաˣԵټʵ۵ĿΪҲѵĸоΪ˵ʵѾλòûǣ֮࣬ơд˸УĴ׾ҲͿ֪ˡ־ĳ嶯档ĳְӦĳϡŪ䣨壩̻̲
ǰйˡߵġܿΡ
Сܿմ󳼵İ취˶Ϊǵ·ʵܿΡйʷǰйˣߵġ
ҹԺ٣Īν项ˡʵ项һְغԭǻʹġСС֮һʲôйޡʳ¡飨ܻвްɣȵȡǶǷ̻ʵۺͺĻڹ١ֻйŮ̫࣬ܵεġʿҪ飬ȵ˸빬ۡɵ֮Ȩǡԭ˻ų䵱С٣ΪӽҪˡʱ֮ĩʮ֮ʱЩǾͰѳеġ䡹ȫܿˡһܿΣͨκͱɾ䱸λ鵱ȨĹĵͳһ£ĸƣ˸ɴѾȫϣá项ȻԺġ项̫Ҳûˡ
Ǽܿħȴ̫֮֮࣬ڸѧʿħݣȵڸѧʿֱˡӺʵҪܿǣСȡ֮ھȨˣʦͽΪƷСλ¾λһƷľ󳼼ܿˡ
شҲʱĹһΪëм̡
֮ԺξίԱίԱʱǸȫġίԱ̴ҡҪԣҲڡԺ֮ʵϡ̴ҡص֣з⽨͢ζ̴Ρµĸ鳤С٣ںӦҪ˸أ
ëʱǸȨ㳯Ұġ˰ʵϻǳɳ͢ġʮ̡ëָʾëԶ¡ݵŮҲڡ¾ߡĲҪܿһСŮﲻҲҪ֧ȡǴҪнСͨԣʱڹԺЭѧʿĵСƽͬǱأּܿлǧĹʦͽԼ𡪡˷أ
СܿմȨȴиȾܿյʹˣһҪ̫ۡ桢ӺʵۡίԱëϯСȨĴߡһͷĶʵۣǧáҵʱֱ䷨ƵĹȴһλʵۡԶʵ۵ġСȥ̫ܿġȨɰ֮ꣿֵݱ䣬ұͨĺʷңۻ𣬶翵޾ߣΪСµֶ԰ˡ
ά¡䲻˷һ
죬¯ƽסıǣѵġȴλɾɰҲ̾ɱϣΪΪƣڱʱΪƶı䷨ƣ춼ҪʱĽǡĹʹú԰̫ʾĹүûпյġ
ʮһգ¶ʮգ¡گ֮ʱ𣬵¶ʮһգ³̫󻹹ѵֹ̨ǰһ죬ȥʮú԰ÿפաĸ֮佻̸ʵ˹ɵ֪λʵۿĹĿĸ̫ͬ⣬ÿѵ⣬˽֪صУگһ£ʱգܲرѲ±Ψһ⣩ΥΥ಻ҲǵĿԺͼڡ󳼺ʡжԱ󳼡ֱܶհʱıֱܶ»ɵͷͷ̫ȨԹֱΪʵ֪Ժ֣˰ѹеگ߷磬ϳбҪԱ㡢ʢ졢ȼ׵ú԰С棬̫سѵָԶȡ⵱Ȼ̫֮õģе⡣
ߣʩкͲ赱Ȼѡԡϰ˹ɸĲۡһ˵ɣ˹ǿջۻǿջȻд˹Ҫʥ飬иӢĽ formatѭд˹ɡʽĲ򲢴˶֮ļиʵ㽭ѧѧ˵Բۣľѣ˹֮ס಻˵ѧȲῴۣӹѧͰˡʵѿΪųȥѧһνѧ֪ʶԲۿģҲûȡı׼أ
˵ͨʱĴ֮Ҳ֪ϰ˹Ϊ䷨֮һ£Ȼ಻ȡ˹ɡΪִٺ֡ǧʿˡʮš֮ͯŭ԰żҲϾǡⱾǹϵ֪ʶ˺ǰ;Ĵ⡹ǿ̸䷨塹ɽأۡèè׽ӵĲǺè䡹Сƽͽ졸⡹ܽ⡹ķϰ˹ɸĲ۵ġɶóǣ
˵ѧðɣʱǼʮǧ̵ְԱҲǵֻ֮ƾһֽۡҳľͿ԰Ǹϳţ黹أʹܷѧ򾭷ѡʦʡγ̡ѧͯҲǳϦ֮ڿġеطΡ¥󡣾ǹطΣ˴ͣӵġΡҲδүҪһ֮ھͿԸľɻ£漣ǳ˵Σ
֮˵ʷ߽ĩѻѷǵĹһȫã޷޸ǵ֢ĩڣҽҩЧ༤ҵ־ʿǿ䳹׽֮Ǿϸɱˣǹ¡šһθۡĹšƲǹרҡɽ˵ƻڽ衹Ǵ⡣ϧ˼ƻδʹӢ󡣹ˣëʯ֣ƻɾͳˣŴʷƻˣԻɽʵͱ糤ԪһһɽҲδһɽְɽɽ˶й⣻ҲϲϡȽҡԵСƽջɽǰɽҴһ֪ͨںףЩǺ󻰣
Ϸү
ҿڴͬʱλú԰Ĵ̫ڸЩʲô˼ûš԰УڹڣܲСҹ˶Ƴʱʱܡ۵һһܼ֮¡
̫ԭǸպݶرòĵøˡҲǸǿıݺءʩŮУӣ᲻ɫŻɱָӵĸԣ̨˰ݲġûĻϵôɰ
Զ֮ǰ𽥳иԺƢ؜֮⡣Ǵӵĳġһ֮಻˯ģͨľ󡣵һ˸Ԥ½С壨ͬʱеĶҲҳܡδ
ĺ؜ҪȨ䷨ʱȻ̡һֻϺꡣݣѵҲҪóһʵľʱһҪϷүģڶҪӡ ֮ѭ֮루Ͻdraft򣩣ѶΪ֮Ҳ紺֮䣬˼Ҫİţ
Ͱͬչ٣ϳȦСԡ֮ȨĹҡλ״ԪϳҲǳпɵİףǿȼɵļҳ뻤һʧȥһϯıһмһµļҳһͬʮձȱؼʵҲͱȫˡ
Ҫ־ͻϵľ԰ȫΪˣͬͬգ̫ߪͷĿ»ֱܶ챱󳼡ͳϽ飨ʾ죨ʿɣԬ½½ˣʦͨҪд²䲻ܣȻ˵ڷ澩һ˵ǹˡ̫ӵú԰ǾɭϡŮ춼Ҫ֮£̫֮⣬ȫʩʵǸˣԼһС
ǵҵʽ걻ָɳΡͳҪͳڳ֮䣬˵ǽˣ㻹ʲôͳͳأԴ򣬾;ˡ
ͬģ˰ʱ򣬻桢˲ǡξίԱһӡȥˣ˲Ҳ̻
ү֮£̫޿ҪȨ䷨ıǾû뵽ǵҲǽˡǵİȫҲòһıǵġ䷨ơɺܹ֡˷Եġ򼸰ˣļʮ֮ʱ˽鶫ȥ򡸶Ԯȥú԰޹̫سѵ̫Ϻ꣬Цԡߣ̫Ц֮˵ΪʲôҪЩ£ѵҵļʶǣʱҲ˵߿ࡣ»˵ȥּֵ¹ߣӯͺ
̫ĶԲǲɫ壬ùµȥּ¡ʱˡȵ¹ߡ̫д֮ʱֻҪɫһ䣬ڵ²ɫүȻ֪λˡĻҪȵ統ʱʢģ＾ȥıŸأ
Ȼ̬չѮۻæҪڵԹֱ͢Ӽͽʱ̫ɫͻ䡣̸оͷλѱˡΪűλϲʱţھʮ¶ʮգһ˵ʮգگΪ¾飬跨ȡһͿΪٱѸ󡹡Цǵʱλʥ˾޾ΪҪϺȥ챨أ˴ģĴȥ¡ʱҪӢʹ鱨ͨӢרָ⣬գϿݳʮԴҲˡʥ֮ϷүĶȫ׼ҽһ˹СƽӳħʱĴ󣡡
һŰ֮·ൺ˹Ĺͬ־棬ĹпͷͷòּġԭӹˡϷүȴӲ̫ľɷرڵʬͷҲȥչͲ֪ȥˡСƽƽὨĹҲͷ­ൺ׳òһ֮̾ϢҲǿϵġɣ
Ԭ
Ѯʥ뾩֮ʱڳе̷ͬ¾ɾͽˡ֮й鲢ȡһΪΨһΣ֡ŤתǬİ취˵Ԭ˱ԬЧһϣ»пΪ
Ԭʱͳʵġ½½ǧˣΪ֮ڣȷǸʵɡ˼ҲǸʽֻǡֱʹ»һӶƷʡм׳ǫ̛Ԭ֮д˵λ»ġ֪Ȼ»úܽ»̫ĸԼҲǰ;ޡҪ»̫תͶʵ޵Ŀͷ۵Ԭ˻ǰ;ǸĶĲⳡۺͻ֮УֻҪ۵ͱȻɱͷΣȫûóȻ۵˱ǧӵܣҲδؾȵ˻ʵۣԼԴܰҡԬǸ֮֮֮ܳۡ䣬Ƕۻġ
ʹǷ֮˵ɣԬ֮߳ģλ嶯Сӡ˧ɲͺġ̢򡹡ԬȴǸϺϺϺ꣬ͲȺĴˡһڵʱԾͷԵĹ۲ңָƣδһʷأ
ʱĵ۵еԷӣٲ֮ҲѱƵЪ˹ĳ̶ȣֻҽ˲ˡʮգ¶ʮգԬ˷뾩ʮú԰ʥοмӡԬͣʹȱԡɺ򲹣ר񣬲ʱӦˡһԬһӶƷмط٣ΪһƷơɡ项ͨơù١ƽȰµġԬǸǿɵˣΪľګ֪ߪиԭڡлʱʵͣҪ»¡
ʱ»ѻ鱨һԱ⣻һӢսļϢרԬؽ򡣵Ԭڽ֮ʱ㷢̷ҹܷõ¼Ԭй¶ġռǡأʮգ³̷ͬҹãżɽĸ̫»ЏsͷıϣԬϱݣʱ»Χú԰Ԭδ̫أ̷˵ѹкúʮˣȥ࣬ҶѣùơԬռ˵ԡ⡹ͬʱѡƷ񡹣ϵӽҲܡòײŰ̷ߡ
ϽѽԬǾ̷֮ͬıġ֮ص˰̷ļƻ»ȫй©ʵ̷һܼƻ̫»֪ҲѲȡжˡʮգգ԰ʮһʽٳѵʦϣͣʻ漴Ľʵۡµָɷν䡹ˡ̫һµҲʹӴɢʵҲ̨
絳˱
ʱһسѲҪȻǿΪˡ˭֪ǰһգҡڵ߳ȥϵһҺƽʱҲСʱѱʹݣװȥµйأδߣԸ߶߷ʮˡҪӾνӡ̷ͬڡͿʡδѶǰ¶ʮգڱпڱɱɵĴͷͷ㡸ն㣨һߡһũǽǾĻʻʲôѰūЭѧʿ һ
֮УѳҪ̷ͬһ填һ˾Űˣˡߡǰ棻ʧѳѵͬȰߵ˵䷨ͱȻѪҪѪӦôʼʹݾˡͬһλ˽İߡһλӣлĺж
㣨һľšһ˾ŰˣҲһλĺʷȻҲάɣѳʵ̫ʽѵʵ۱ģٳս֮ʱɱտƫҪͦڵʹ֮ʣ±塣Բǧٸʷ͹רӬƨνԱУмأɽǿʷԹ٣żҪ㡸Ȩܷأ
֮wҪʮһĿʣһߡһ˾Űˣû٣Ҳûά˶еҪɲԱ䷨ʧ֮ıѣҲûѡΪʵûбɱ״ڳʬпڣֻΪһʸ񡪡ǡΪĵܵܡڱɱ֮ǰͷײǽʹţʵҲǺܹҵġ
ʿµм䡢ţһʱ㾡ЩԭͬͬӦĿͬ裨֮Ավ¡һҶˣ۹⽻ߴȨ̫Ϊ׵ģһȺȺӹ֪˽֮֡ÿȭ͡˹֮Ҳ˳µķչˡ
Ȼ֮żȻ
䷨ҹǧʷУԪǰũǰˣçԪǰԪʯһһһ֮󣬺͵Сƽһũһžߣ֮ǰ˵ı䷨˶֮һ
ԱС⡸ѡ岿ţѳɼ飩ҡçʳŲ壬ҲͷʯԾƿװ¾ƣõĹһѷĴ̬ᡣܱȫ׼Ҳǡ󡹡
Сƽı䷨ר֮У󡢵λߣçһСػ֣Ƿ޶ŮȫܶԱһλҲƽµİ֡ٸ㵳Ҫ£ĸơ䷨ά£ǷҲҪ£й©Ŀǰ˭಻֪Ҳ˸ۻ𣬵֪Ѹ¡ܷϲ£һĴ˺ͨĹ۲ǣ͸˵ˡʵ֮ҡͷԵרѧߡֵ̨֮ý壬Űɡ쳵ıԼں˵˵յ׽´ˣԭã¶ˣҲֻɺϡ˵سԣ֪ͨȥδǾˡҩʦ˵úã»ʺˡ֮󣬷ʦԻйƽϡ
ڿΪ䷨ͲȻˡȥδԶʷȫˮڣʵȻ؜»ȨԹѶϡʷңϤʷʵ޳ɼδʼ۶֮ԣʷȡ߲ǳ룬Ϊⴻڳ£ԣԿð¡̽ᣬ䷨ʷϣӦλأ
֮һʮйʷᷢչϣԭһתʷйŶ͵ᣬתִ͵ᡣһתѻƬսʼʱȻǻйűԵġ硹乤֮ޣ֪ʱĹүҪѱָ֮֮֮͡䣬Ȼʧܣʵ޴ѱīһ󡸸һ£ǿ˵䷨֮ʧܡǸʷϵġȻ
ʷϵġȻΪżȻҡΪʧܵʱ䡢ռ䡢ȫֲͷ򡢷ʽӰ졭ڶڡżȻءЩżȻʱҲ͡ȻĳΪһ׶ʷչġ򡹣gene  cause
磺ȫʧܡֲ͡ʧܡ߶ǡżȻǶ߲ͬĿռ䣬һ׶ʷĻ򣬾ʹͬ
磺ʧڡաʧڡʮ꡹ҲΪصġżȻⲻ̵ͬʱ䣬һ׶λķչҲ͡ȻоԵӰ졣
о䷨֮ҪƪƪʿΪһ˵ԵʣʷȻҪġżȻǿΪ˸񡹣personificationѿΪɿΪ䷨ʷʧܵḶ́һ׶Ļãܾȫͬˡ
ͨŽ֮䣬ʶ֮
ʷ֮УݵĽɫӦۼҡ˼ҺμҡҿΪ棬಻߱ΪΪִйۼҺ˼ңļʶѧʵӦŽ͡϶ѧһǳʶ粻蹵ǿ֪Ϊ֪Ϊë󶫸㡸Ծũǧ򣬾Ƶǿ֪Ϊ֪ʹһʷ
ڿΪĺѧĻɻ顢Ǯ֮ϡҵʲԷ⣬߻ħ˽Ĵʫ˵ʷĪ˾Ψһ򡣡ǧʷϲ˾ʵΨһ򣬴ӽļҹ۵Ҳûֹ˵ټԭʢ¡ǧ򲻸ãǲͨãӲĽųһС壬黳ȵ֮ͬΪ׵Ŀɺ䷨ά佨ԣϺɶľ档֮ΪйΪʼٸߡҲǸʷġżȻ
ۼҡ˼ҲͰˣΪٿ롢󻳻μϧҲûμҵıǸȺľګƧ̼֪ʶӡʮ飻ҹǧף֮Ϧһ·Ҳǳ¡Ƨɣȴ·Ūʧ֮ʱΪһҪ¡游ȥ֮գҲڹǰɻ®ԯ²ȥ겻ʳ⡣Լ˵ʱɥ֮ѧν񷨹ţٲ㡣һԶԼҲ˵Ц֮Կ䡸㣬ִشˡأŲںأ
ǵ˱ʼೢĳ̣šĳ⡹֮˵ҹ޶һΡҲҪռĳ⡹ؼ¼ΪľګƧ֮ˡ
꿵Ϊ̬֪ࡣСдѧ֮ͬУ֪ж١˸䲻 ͬĸʽӦ˴ǿ˾Ͳܵء 㡸PRǲĵˡ
Ϊڣһ١Բۡľɥ֮£ҲϰзǲʱŪЦ޳ĳ̶ȡҲǸķԵԱףЦ޳ǳھ񲡵󡣾ҽʦԣ˱֪Ϊҽ伲롣粡Դˡ񡹶԰ǾͿܱɡӡԿѧ̫ס·ӡͲμˡ
ҹףѧоٵʿҪΪʦԱٶŻѧʵʶǿϽԡҪɽΪʦԼܾԼΪʦŪÿ¡Ӧ֮ȰӦΡ项ΪʦǵʦϵȴŪͬˮάڼ䣬ԿʹļףҲϡ֮˵νᣬ˵Ǹ¡˵ʷڻʵǰϼ͵ıī˾̻˹Ϊ֮󣬵һ󳼡ۺ֮ˮ𣬾͸޷ʰˡ
˵Ϊʮչټ֮ʱڡȺټĵط»ڶ̸䷨˵ӦñģһϷڶڱ?ΪȻش˵ɱһƷԱͿԱˡ
һؿ飬֪ʱ»ɱ١ά¸Ļ֮ʱԾɵһŴͷͷ˺ޱҪķ߼֮ԣҲڴϵƫϵľګˡ
֮䷨ʵҹʷУ̡ƼִĸִĵһִҲ˵ĩġִɣ˶δ쵼ǵǰһʮꡣΪȻأ
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ڶʮ͵йˡһλŻĽͽԴ֮һߵ̬֮ˣǿɲ䣬ЩС֪֪ءλʿ̷̬ȣͲԿ֪ӡˣҲ˽⵱ν̳ͻǶôӡ
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֪йͽԭСĽͽConscience	Christians롸Խ̽ͽRice Christians֮Ľͽһ֮ţʱʱϵ֮ǰ˼ͼꡣ
Żѧ򸾣һԱ׼ĽͽǰŽʮٵ´ʱͷһ˵Ǹˣʱʹȫ󾪡ν˧Ҿ֮ͥǰûһ±ʮ꣬ίԱᡸ̡֮ܽзҲʵֻǻһϡֻǴsin±ʱıcrimeҲϧڹ񵳵Ĵͳ֮У֮⣬ȡ֮УͨߣСèֻֻѡԴҾʹѷ뾩Ϊ˧±񡹣ˣˡȫƣʷȤ֮һҲ
˧֮ sin  crime ⣬СҲúʷϴһʣҲʹ˧ɡǧŹйԸл̻ˡǶԻ硸⣬ǹϵʹˡݽ塸ȿɡ⡹кﲻɡأͶԡԽ̽ͽΪ󿪷֮ˡ
нߣЩϵĽͽڵʱйʱҲصìܡ֮ʱеĻ̻ᶼԡТ򡸳ТٵġΪֻϵ۾ТӦĸТ߱һλй˵һھƬӹĴʿѡڱһλ㡸ߵסʽ塸Тӡӡ̫ˡһӼĸԣТ˳ǡЦ
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߲ѧೢ֮飬Ǵ硸Т֮ţʱкȻò¼ֵΣТıȴһ֡ᾭƶȡasocio-economic institutionǸȱSocial	legislationᱣգûݽϽйͳȻˣϡֻ¡գᾭ֮Ҳ
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˼һλжˣͷˣIrish longshoremenŦԼڣֱָӤ֮ʥĸǣVirgin	MaryΪ֪帾֮ΪͯͷѪ´գ
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 ڴͬʱ¹ʹ򱱾Ҫ

1ְãδεĴܶҲͱˣ
2ýѸǧʧǧʱʿʱǴþ˵ġ
3Ұؽʿסݣǧ
4йǸ֤ٷ
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Ħ˹۹ʹϵʷҳһߡ

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սս롸սս
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֮͸Ǹ׶Σţ֮µĺʿǵĻʵүͬ־֮Ϊһߣǳһǵһǣ֪õġ֪¼̰֡Ѱ졹ʴ¡
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Ӣۺú۹ֻ˵ĺƺηߡǵ¾ռ콺ģ½Ϯ֮ʱپ߼ɣܱʦ糱񣬶ŮУȺܵʿ֮µĽǡԽ̵Ľ񡹣ȻѵıҪۣ͵֮ɫФ߸ɳû٣ΪŰΪ֮£ǿҼ档
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ũ塹һ
Ҫ֪ĩйϵĶңغԪĩǴͬСġʱĹһá͸١ͬʱ塣˻֣˻һʱʳ㣬֪塣˽,ҲױĻ̻̣Ī֪ʣааšɮҲͳ롣ʳҽᣬΪΪˡǿԼ͸ҪŽΪԴưԡǿСγɴСһһգ۴ƴӶ񣬵ԱƱؾ⡣ֵУҰǰջԴصĽϣٵػƻֱػƻУͻͳʣͷĿֵȡŻһǾͱνũ塹ˣġ
  һȻγɵΪŽǡƳԳɡ쵼ǾҪ¡ǧʷġܡΪԪ谡ȫë쵼ǾͿؽһĳˡ
Ƕũ壬һ˥͢˸Ҳδؾ췴סдʣҲܸǿܣڳࡣһںĩƳʱżʡ궫ġӡսڻġǹᣩֵоηİλӡΪ׼šֻͣšĸи䵱ǾͿвˡսڼġ·ԼЩͿͳ߾Ȼ󡹵ʧȥơ˶ѡûɶĴҲ
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ѣ칦ʵ°شѧǮѧɭŲɣҲòţΪԲμӹйʦµġǼأ֮ޣһλʮĻ̫̫ΪġԷܡչһ¡ɡɶԶˤ˰أڡѹշͷʯȵҲˣҲǱ׼ƵıȭڵĴʦֱУ˵ǡܱǹڡ
ʱҪ̳㡢䣬ȻСµһҲЧǮѧɭھΪһ¿ѧˡ
ȭһʵҲһ֡йŴԴսԽļʷġʷǡǡˡ̨֣ͩջһԡٽΪٶ¡˵ⶼǧȷ֮أ
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˵ڴ½ĳδһʮˡɼĳѧѧУ԰ͬʱѧѧߣ֮ꡣ
Ϲһαݻϣһʦ׮ʼˡԽ˵Сڡʮˣһǧİѧأ
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ݴ½ѧ˸ңʦԭϺڵҽˡΪ߱ϡ׳ܾͽදǧһЩǧͽҲƽ̺찲ǻ˵ãϷүĶڣԵ߶ʦҲԶˡкܶʦСʦһ⣬ֲ˼ӡ
ع˧µġš
ѣյʦǵȭյͳ߱Ųˣ˶Ա˶ҲҪԷ޹屻۹ˣ̡֯˸Ѳع͡ҪǵġȭΪšعִ죬ɹٷϿΪʽšȻְȫʡݬţ񡪡ʲô󵶻ᡢաԽ̣н϶ȺڵġǬԡԡɣǹȷʮ֣֮Ϊһһ壬ͳһָӣϡ󡹡ٷд˸Ͽɵߣвȣ˶֮̾ԭһʰˡ
عԭһˣ죩ųɽڹʮ꣨һ˰˾ţ֪عͱǸܸݶβ±ɱһǧˡɱǿëĲݸҲŦԼаɣη󶨡عҲ֮Ϊϼ¹˺ͨһ˾궬ݽ̰ʱѹٰɽʹΪȫʡִ׳̨ѲΪ˼¶˰ʱع֮ڱⰸˡư֮ʱ¹֪̰أɼع͵ĸˡ
عȻɱ顢ϾǸ֮١֪Щ̰ϸݡԵ¾֣ɽȫʡж͢һΪȣ˷ˡ԰֮ʱعͺĶͷ˾ļ÷ìܡ֪ڡ̳ͻ֮䣬̷ǳԽߣ֮ƣǽࣻ񷽡ǴҽˡԵ֮¾ǵǷʣȿּɱ䣬ʰ ΪʱݲһؼС󵶻᡹ʮˡһصġȭȭȺڼСʮšƽа˰ʮׯϰȭ߼а˰ദ˹ȺڣΪˣ¾ٱ񷴣ҲӥȮعͣԴһʵСΪ߼ϵ֮̾ˡϵǷΪԭϵ֮д
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ԡáһ˵ɣǿйĳԡ¹ɽڶΪѼйȫĹߡ
¹ɽԽ̰Ϊǿռ壬Ѽ»ΪʵܺAdmiral Prince HeinrichԶԶйں֮ѵǣʲôshould any one	essay to detract from our	just	rights or	to injure us, then up and at him with your mailed firstԭӢһ˾ʮ¶ʮա׽̹۲챨London Spectatorʱҷ߽ĴԱ֮һͬռΪй£ȭ֮»һȭ˵ʱЦŷġ˹̶Ե»֮֮Աǣһ֮Ҳ֮µʱҹ̼֮ʹ˹ʱڰԹ֮ʷҿHenri CordierΪֵ¹мڻ̼֮ݷȫԭҲ֮һϵʷҳ塣תĦ˹۹ʹϵʷҳһһһ
ڵ¾ʱɽ֮УǱѾذµֿȫ屻٣ӡĳ³أΪһС̳ͻڵе֮ʱλڳ𾹱¾ǿ°ȥൺִм֮Ҫƴ˰Ʊ֮ΪʹһԹ۲֮⽻٣Ϊ֮޷޲ƽ뻪⡣פʹ¹亣Լı顣عԺ⽻һ˾žʮա
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ѣǸ䣬˹ֵʱȫͬյĸоʵڿսǰϦһܶȵɽͶԸҲ̳졣عɱԵĵط٣Ҳ鵽ͬߣоáɱ󣬺硸áأعһ̬ʵ뵱ʱ£һԺͻȻȨ֪С̬ һޡǵ֪ãҪá塹֪硢֮ĸó͢Ǹİ󡹣ʦͽǹ롹ܡ𡹵ģ
֪ж֪ãûȫɱȫǾͷǱըˡ˶Ҳǽйι¯ըеһΡ
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ߣع;ǸǿƼ׳ϰɱ˵ç岻ڶΪ˼ġӦ˱ؽˡԭӦҲ©ٳ
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ع͵ġ˱ؽˡԭҲ˴ë֪ˡǼĻڱˡͶ·֮ʱ롸šܡܸ֮ûԣǾͼΪˣݬѷ֡ŷ˲档عѲԽгɼûаµľ飬֪֮£ʿʹǿˡ̳ͻУƨС£ҪͶλͬܶѲġ̡ߵġʹڶԻԳơ󳼡й͢͵طͼӴףУšŪйٷʤ䷳ѲŽΪ̰һ㰸ɽԭ¨æعһŭ˸ɴ¸عѽظ桢ʿ鵱ɡ߷硹ɷֽعɽšȶ಻ʤĵһʷϡ
عͲûкԼ׼еġšˡ֮вӶԽɱ˰ƱҲ֮Է¾ʵɽĴʦƣͱıУΪɱȡƻعͲɱġЩʷҶʵδ뱾֮ԬϣʵΪ롣Ȼعͼ䡸߷硹ֽһָʾ˶ٽ¼ʱݣҲʵҪصĿˡȻһ˾ž궬ʹEdwin	H. Conger򱱾飬ҪйعͳְŲҿ￵ʮ̫ع͡ȱԹԬɽѲ½½һһǧ³򸧡عȥԬ˶һ½׶Σɽתֱӱʡ;ˡ
عͺԬ
عԭǴĳ購ɽΪ̫ģвȥְΪ֮ƽعͷּؾʱ̫󾹰顸Ϊ漴ɽѲعͼܴ̫ʶһɽԳľͺ޹˼ɣˣϧԲٵȥԴʱɽعȱԬȴع͵ķ档
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ߵľȨڴһ֮֡ڳյɱ֮ȨԶĽë󶫡ǵʱеĹʵۣ䲻˧ȴΪڿӰ֮µĺ⻪ȡλȨصϷ彮֮¸פʹͬݵĶԺĹǴı֮â̡֮ʵ۷ϵʳζ˯ġˡָҪıҡ仰ֱ֮ĿͷֲҲʹϵġƫִ񡹣paranoiaʱϵĵһҪǡ⡹
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ѣ˵Ҷ̫̫˾𣿷ҲйµĶľ״̬ţȥһ½ë󶫡ճɣҫǻġΪ֪ѧ֤֮ҲԳǴͬСΪͲ˵ˡ
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ͳɱͬʱ֧ȭ뱣ʱ¬·¬ڣ༴վ·ıΣʩ⼮רҺʹʿ߼ʮˡһˣٷȺӦһʱƽɣҡרҺ͸ŷ䵨йطٲԸҲԭǲͱְ;ţͶ·ɢȺרԭʮһˡҴ߾ˣ˶ʮˣ䡣Ҵ׷䣬֮״вߡһũʮר
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֪˵ľʳڼ䣬Ժս߻֮ߣΨ̫һ˶ѡ˵һ֮䣬̱ɾܺսӵء
Ǹˡϣδû뵽ԪԡһҲܵУ˹ʵϻĶĵ籨ͱǰɣ˵öԪ֮Ըס¡ϾǸ֪ʶ޵Ůˡԣʼյвĸԡʼնŵġǹ롹л롣ݱȭʱɾ̡˳츮񱱾гӨ³ȥӲ죬һ̽ԵǸʿĸ֪г˶ʦֵĴܷ󡹴ɡǼĸԵǹݴΪ۷Ϊáʷ?㴫
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ſʼٽ뱱ڴһũʮգʮգںܲƽն˿ҲּΡš󳼡㡢ˡͩҲͬʱί<>ءŵʷࡷϲᣬҳ˵˰Ȩȫռ˴۹⽻⽻ϣתأƪ
ڶפºͺҲ֯һ֧ӵжǧʮ˵ġǺ˹ͷӣӢ½սӶӳĦ Admiral Sir Edward H. SeymourѦĽ죬Ҳ˻𳵿Լǿķʮһʹǳ壬·Ϊƻ˲ã˱ǰʿɾͬΧװӴĵһΡһͻۺηʤܣ·ߡܣ㳤ֱ뱱ͲҲܣԮ͸Ҳʵ˵Ľ֣Ħ˹ǰ飬ҳһһģƪڱ棬Ľţһӿ뱱ġ
źúǺεˣǲͷ֡Ӽ¡ٷһ߹£

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ĸС顢˾͸췴쵼ͷͷ𣿡췴Ķǡ³򡹡ǸĹҲͽž䶷
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ʱׯдʦ̣ʱ칦ܡ˵Ӣȭʦȥú԰ݣ¾ջݻ̫ȭմΪ۷ϰơɢӢࡶѡУʫʵ
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СʮˣĦȭƣڱڣΪأԻΪǡֽ̡Ϊǡ󡹡
ʮʮСҲԭΪǡ췴ΪǡʡѸ·ֳʮȡء֮£齳СϾšߡ˰ǰɹͳν׼ҲǵἶΪؤ֮ϣŮ֮¡潾ʮؤҲǵھŵȡ
ŰѹĶ󣬾˵ΪʮëëӡëǱëˣɱ⡣ëǽ񡣽˽̣˽ɱ⡣ë񣬳󡭡ȶ֮
Ҫ򵹹ϯ³򡹣ָ棩ˡɡȵȡҲҪɱǵġһһ߹үҲ߸¡ȄҲѸĶҪԼ⽻ϵͳʹȄ忿վˡݴׯѫıƻʦ빬ȥһɵ
⻹ǱȽϲ㡣Щ̳֣ʮĦ࣬ͽٳ˼£һӦȺԴ󷢣ɱ°һʱǾˡ
ڱ֮Ҳʼ꡸󡹱աʮȭڴդաϵ¼ǡҩһʱʧȥƣǰһղ𣬰ǰŴһǧҾ̴̣һ˵ǧңٳɷ档¥౻ջ١ʦʮļ¯ȫٻ١Ǯׯ֮ЪҵͨȲͨгȫͣһϦ֮䣬ͲǱˡʮ<ȶ>ءʷࡷҳġ
ڱ֮ɱҲǴɱʼģǼɱׯǰĴԺĹ㳡֮ϣһɱǧˡͷʬѪʷϡϲᣬҳ婖
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ڷڼ䣬ͯơͷguillotineΪߡġɱΪϷıǣׯǰĹ㳡ɱˣ举Ůͯ⣬ʵǵʱ׳뱱׳ȣӡ
ڸ췢ڱļ°ʾҲ׶񰡣Ů鱻ɱ޷ͳơ̻ٵģһžŶʷɼ֮£ҲС׼װǵ;ˣϴٱ֮󣬲ڳ¡ġг﹫أҪ¼ҳһũʷϴԱࡷʷϡϣҳ
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ź͸·ڱˣɱˣٷͷ򶫽ʲˡѰһ뱱Ϊƽأһдڡ˹֮Ӱ࣬°ɱ֮ӡغգдʷˣԭӱʿżۿʷһĻĻݣִӺ˵أ

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һũӣѮǱʮСǵʹׯյ죬ɱѪ֮ʱ̫ŵĸ߻ɣûȷľҹںս̬֮ǿ֪Ǻá̫󲢲ǸͿˡ֪ħȲܷ壬ȻԼҲҹ䡹
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һ»ΪýȾǡʨӹɰСŦԼмÿֻԪණޣΪ谮ߣÿӢԲ԰ʱĩġʿ塹ŦԼ԰УͼԴԲ԰ġĲ񡹡
ʱܲսԱɷһѳǿ½ԱݵСѸôδؽڸʮ꣬Ҫϳ˵̫޿֪ĵηߣҲͲˡҵѶԼһֲ׹˰İΧȦУıˡҵЪ˹ҵ֮£Ȼյһ⡸ɡ͵ľ鱨˵Ҫʹ̫֮࣬ԾͲɴࡸաˡһǡ塷ϡ͵项ļϷݡʹ̫Ĺʹɱйеˡ֪꣬ô¾ú԰˵
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ʱαųǷĽڽͷҹѲߵŴ󵶶ӣڶׯ֮Сֹ̫ȭˡڱһɱ٣ѽġȻ ȭˡһǣʱڡ͡ûʵ壩ּ̫ܲ͡壩
ʾʵսͺպսľãź;Žġ̫һټ飬οмӡ̫֤ܡɱˡҲܰѹȥ˵ʾǴһˡ˭֪ʾǵĵһʹɱˣ˶ʹ̫ΪԭġʾҲһ֧˾ɱ˷ŻϷʦ죬Ǿ͸޼ɵˡ˵ʾʮһգʮգʱֵձפʹǹɼɽ˳Źɡ˫;Ӫ˺ʣˣɼɽԾ⽻˾ʵԱ˭֪ȴһ֧֪˾δ˵꣬Ӫٱ鵶ǰֱ丹Ͱɼɽһɱˡпʿһӵǰɼɽʬ֧⣬ʸȥอʵʸ֮ԡࡶ¡
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ϽѸ·½ʱꡣʱΥĸ֮ǽͷսʮǵصͨݻЦ˵¡ǻӰ
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Χʹݵ־һһٵֵʮգʹڱΧйŹлǹ֪ѹƱʱй޻ǹҲʱһƬУһӴӢĵӡ˱Sikhs,Ϻ׺Ϊͷߣһٳڡʮʹ֮Χǽˣй׶Ҳˡ

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йʷɺ޵ĲҾ磬Īһǵ׶Ϊйռ졣ռڼ䣬оļ°ɱ֮пᣬҲʷټġ
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һ׶ݣЩ޹壬ѵ෴ģǷģΪݵĽҲ˶ѡ
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ԭһũ괺ɽαʱǿʹѿʼӢ·յȴפʹùפҪɱ
ʱգĹʹʹݵİȫԭӦפڹġ۾ӱһʮһʹݣӦйɾȭһʹйʧȥġǽջؿʵڲܺǡȷʵ̫̫Ұ˶ǲʧȥĵġǰƪձɼɽǹٺ͵¹Ŀֵ¹ʹڽͷ
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йòˮ׼ǰˡԼ֮ЭǸǲˮһˡǸڽˮֶ಻ֻǲʮˣԼ߶ˮʮΪޡ˹£Ӣʮˣʮˣʮˣʮˣʮˣձʮˡ
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֧˹ƴյСӣԭҲǸ̥ġǶ־ھ򣬶ڶһĲڱУʾøУԻȡйӶᡣʮˣҩȴЯǹ֦޻ǹ졹ĴھҩľáƻĶǰڸ̬˿ģˣȴһ֪Ҳ
ձԭˮݵġ˴ձˮֻ˶ʮˡǹɼɽ̫٣ʮһǳȥ̽Ԯڰ;Ÿʾű޹ɱġ
ϴֶ顢Ϳ׹֪ëӡëӡ̡̡Ҳ෱أСëӡһ򶫽ëӾ񣬴ҲϱҲһͬˡ
֧Сʱȫӵֱ󲻼һڣձǹɼɽͱɱˡٹ¹ʹֵҲʬͷʮСʱگʮһսĸʾΧʹˡû֧СӣʮһʹǵĹԱԼʹѵǧëӡͰʮʿҪɱˡƪʱźǵͷͷ˰ɱˣĲȡֲǺԵġ
ƴ˴յǲ
ڱʹݸ漱֮ʱԭפĸ£ڴ߮ĸҲٿ˽飬֯Ԯ̲ɸ׼ǰ˹һ֧⿪Ԯӡ֧ԮӢһˣ¾ĩˣһˣһˣһһˣվʮˣʮˣپʮˡƶǧʮˡӢ˾ĦAdmiiral SirEdward H. Seymourͳһָӣһũʮһմǰʹݡ
֧ƺƵǧı̫ˡĽȭ˷١ֱܶԣ»ҲʿͳʵǰΧ¡ʿԭǻͽͳʵ֧Ҳ䱸ػǹľ񲿶ӡԭߺޡǰѹʱһǹɱȭ˵Ѫȼ¼ΪڱĶׯӡη޷ˡԭһλԺӣĹĦճʱͱźΧˡҪͻΧȦսҲһˡ
ԭԿǡǹ롹ġ˰ǵǰȥ档ڵоǹ֮£Ѫǽ塣ͷܣΪ衣ǹɨ֮У֮ңʵڱѾ
Ⱥں֮ڱɱ沿ӾͶ̱ˡʵĦ֧ҲǸƴ˴յĻװĦԼλ죬½սʿȴǸսǿ֮˫һս֮ĦΧֻм֮޻֮άȣֻþ͵ؿشԮ
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Ħ֮죬˰˹ʱڴǿҲֽšʮԺ뱱ʹݵĵѶʧ硣ʮԺĦ಻֪ʮԺ¹ϢҲȫϡ֮󣬾ˡ
ӴµĹ۵룬˾ȻĻ뵽Ӧ֯Ͻӣռ̨ӶԽĦ֮ΧĦ֮ΧȽ⣬ǸӦ֯ǿ򱱾ڵϦĸʹʵ˹Ķѭ߼չġֻǵ¸¼ɣˮ㣬ֲðҪͳһ֯ⲻס
ǹԭءǵϼҡʱиѵա֮ʵʵһ£ëǵġҲͺʵˡ˹ʱе̫ţ¼ֻ޿֣Ҫ䡹Ӣ˵һҪܹǧɱ˵ʮ顪 ϣӢάŮʡ¹ۡͨͳΧ̫׹˰һ³çѡִʶֻ֪ڹʶĳˣĺͿ
ĶĳӢۺú֮䣬һҹͬصĶĹ棬ļ顢Ļδսʱ˹ŶǳɳзһǹδȡôսԶʤʵɡô衢רռ˹ħļ顢ĻĽûСһ꡸ҡëϯȷΰ֤䣡ǺʳǰԣѴ͵ġߡһץ·͸ġСɡԹϯ㡸ıʳԡë˵ⲻıǡ߳ġıǰٷ֮ٵġӮҪˣˡëϯļ顢Ļߣ˼ҡׯıȻڶĳΪúݡûСͨȫϯȥԵҲƺգ
̾Ǹ䣬ЩΧΧһȺԶΪ׵׹СĹǰռţ̴ĳȴ֪ζķ޶޶Ʒ޶ıֻ֪¶עϹһ
ʱҹפ⹫ʹפ͢פ塢פӢ޷»פµ徵ȵȣǵһ⽻١Ƕռµţ⽻ȴһָʾڱȨһֻ֪ٶʹݷڿǹ⽻ǼֱһȺ׳աפʹѵĲ⽻ǵطϵλܶݵ¡֮Ͼһλܶ˵Ҳǡ¿ض˹Ӣա⽻ϼȲͳһָӣʹԱա֮ţҲȻ
ʿɡԣ»ѳ
ٿΧƶ̨ߵİ˴Ŀͣעġ
ǰڼ֮Ƿʹݡռ򡢽ҪȡߵġĻģǱ˴˵Զͻġ֮£޷ϵġǴ˴֮кߣׯΪԨ㣬֮ʹȻҲ
̨ʮձռ֮ҽ龡󿪣ǿԮԴԴ½֮׽Ħ֮Χ¶ʮգȡ磬ͽǽˡȭɢֱܶԣ»ᶽʿɣָǰܡ
ʿڴ֮ǰܳӣְΡ¾շоǿڻ̨ʱꡣʿȾǹˣ̶ˡӪռȰԱܶʿɡܲɶԸֵսֱеࡢŵȴˣֱ´౻ڵը硹׳ѳӪռͬѳѡŵʷϡϲᣬҳߡǲޱȡ
ǽʿӢ²ֲʮݡݱӣ顣ֱܶԣ»һЩбܽ֡ٶȷʱԣ»ھǰɱ
ԣ»ȻҲǵʱеһĹšȻ֪𣬱֮󣬷ߺɱԹżΨһԣ»ѳ֮ʮ֮Ǳӣʮڲ˵ǣɾӡǺ󻰡
ԡսв
ռ֮⣬һ˰֯йֽʱ򿤳طͳšơͳšӢֽTientsin Provisional Government T.P.G.ԭΪʱԭӢĹ磬һʱֻӢնίԱȱϯȻǻһߣȷǡսӦμռ¹֮⣬Ǳд㡣»ҪԵΪ˾ҲԸμӡ֮ʱͬΣµġϴ֮νҲǸд㡣ֻʱȻСһǸȺ˶ضǡְ˹ҵġǲʼձס֯šʱûһֱܾ֮Ҳš˺֮Ի boxersȭʦǵȺڻġһȺڻʹ̫ΪĿáҲŻ˵ġ
˹ͷͷνʱƵޱߵȺڴҲȷʵйĹǣһޱߵȺ֯Ҫ˺սũΧСнˡҽͣšƣҴ򡹣ɽկˮմΧԮ㡢ӲšСҲȷΪġʱֵʢȺϰӬó桢桢顢ͬӵŹȺڣֶ޵УЩִŵ󽫣һЩСͬ˾޲кͷĿѣɳˮ顭
ˣеĹ򱱾ĲıĽһΪʮ֮ڣ˭ҲûбʤİասʤǱڱǧٸʵͶȻˡĦ˹ǰҳġˣԭܴճټıأӣԭҲһȺֽϻ
۹ǡֽϻ
ǵʱࡢĵ۹ӢҲ֮ӢʱΪϷǽڸֳС䡸սBoer Warսһ˾ž궬ʱ꣬Ӣս֮һδս֮ǰһսһũ괺֮ҰӢ֮սĲ֡ʱ귽ʮ𼪶ϷǾУΪΪũ񡹣ⲻ⡣ʱĦΪġм򲨶ڵǡӢʱֻҲ۴ڸæҡǿڱ֮⣬ޱɵֻȫӡֳѵġͷ˱ѵйӶαˡ
ԭս֮ġ֮ʵǿʹģ޶ɵʱսսͳоȻһɽķɱҲæң֪δأйͶһ²һˡǿڵϦӲءֱ֮սԭǿġ
ǰ֮¡ԭʮ͵ĵ۹ĺ֮㡣ǵ¹ҰޡȻǸ֣֮䣬ϣⲻסǿ֮סҪǾ͸ɴ಻μӣԴǿԮԸޱɳɼʮС䣬һ죬׷ǿ֮󣬺ٻԱʾԼĴڡ¹Ȳѧ깥ƱʵֻǸ߹
ͳ˧ߵCount von Walderseeֻ߹Ʊʮգ֮죨ʮʮգǧ¾ҴҸֱ סǵҫġʱ߹ڱ°ɱĸ߳ѹֵʱڱŮġ״Ԫˡ𻨹أȻ֮ԡ
ƻ̰ķҲ֪±ǳֵܷƱ֮⣬޺ôǵˮǸġΧ֮ڡڶϣǭʡϣšЩˮ㣬й̶ˮá֧һѱ£ӢΪ׵ʮһǿ֯һԶϹ̶ˮ壬ֳͬءǾͰֹˡʵϣʱӢ⽻ˮ񣬾һСνԡȨմΪԭġŻšҲŻšߣҪйŻҲ۹ʱʸ񡸹šŻߣӢȵåһȭֶͷԼ򵥵ͯcowboyǿС֣йһΧ֮νҲƪ֮
֮ǰ˹򿪻ᣬֽļƻӢ·б㡣ƳΨնʱնԮԴԴһƣıӢͿȵնʮռ˱񲻱ŸգǾ;֮ضն͵¹ĴԮ뾳ð򱱾ˡ
֧ССġ߹ԭǸֽϻɺ޵ǼеʮǹţȴֻǸŻֽ߹㳤ֱ룬ˡ̾ЩλרңСֱ롢ë󶫡Ԫס־ʱڷţҪʮ꣬ߣ߹ıƬײ

עдйʷ˲ܰ־ԪסҫӢۡΪ塹йԹű㲻Ǹġҡnation-stateҲ̫񣨲ȥǵףǴ̫Ĺ¶߲ѧΪڹʷ

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߹ռ֮󣬺ܿı֯ˡԼһǧ˰ˡ˾£
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˾άLinievitchٱǧ˰ˣ
Ӣ˾ٸ˾Gaseleeٱǧˣ
˾ϼɣChaffeeٱǧһˣ
˾ٸ٣Freyٱ˰ˣ
¹ٱʮˣ
ٱʮˡ
иֹٱԭֻݸ˾֮Աʵ󡣶ӢǧֻӢٱϵӡ˱ΪֳƾΪڰϣԽ弼ĹӶannamese tirailleurs߹֮ʦǲһǧˡ߹ʷҸ˵׾ƪĦ˹ǰ飬ʮ£ҳ˰ʷϡ֮¾ĦɽʵҲ
װƴ˭Ҳ˭ûָӡҿ̡˺ռλã򱱶طֽϻ峿һ죬ΪսͿʼˡ
ʱйΨһսʿͳʡξиľʽ١սʱİܽηվ绢οΰǧվ֮󣬻ĺëëأ˫һӴŴңһʰȭ񲢳ûӡǾãǷ̫ȽϣǾ׷𱱣ˡ巽֮ززԾԣ»Ҿ֮ɱˡʱδգռͨݡ;°ɱ֮ң޴ӡ
Ϊƽ
ⳡΪʱܵĵֿ߹սУ͢¿˵֮ȺһɫУֵһģǵɽʼٸߣͼ֯ŵ⡣
⣨һһũżã죨ˣصСͬ硣峯طС١ʮ๢ֱ¡Ϊһ˰з֮սʱѲӲĺɽ֮ݡСʤ̣Ϊ̡һ˾ݽ̰֮ǰɽѲĴ̰ܶΪ¹Զȥˮʦġǰн
ع˵֮ʵ͡˧ġʷҾԹۣһλطΪطҸѵʱĴᵳŶӣԹٷԼ죬ʲôأԿʮڵĹǹ˵¡СǴӰģɽǺӢʿʯǺˡʷҲӦļ
ȭһȺڻšµᵳ˧Ҫ֯кβãҵʱδǸõĳ߱֯͢ȺڵѧѭȺ˾ͳˡѣʮ꣬Ǿǡй͡ԽأԽһȺӣʽܴ֯÷ۼͶĶߡıʱδʱƷˡ
֮ģݡţϸʡϭ֮ʦʱΪ̫žȡֲܡǴʱڡˮʦλֱĶУ̲סˡΪҪɣӦڣ
ԭڳμӡϻġڴͷɰӻϣԱҡʱΣֻˡ˱ٳ£ı̫׹ҳһ֮ʱ֮Ȼ֣ǺڰһյơʷҶ⿴ɸӲսɡʵϲׯͿ֪йѶԿ˹֮ʦȨ⵱ʱ˫ս¶ʮ̫ʱΪսʼܺ͡šԱաȺڣס뾩ʼԺ͡ӹǡ飩һǹֵˡܡԱ񡹣ǹˡǸʱ֣δ̫ˡǱ֮֮š̫Դϲ˰Ѿ֧ûõͳʣ¶˭֪ѻʯɾֱͨݡĿսҵ֮;һ֮
ڰʮһͨżɱ֮ǰ˵;ĿʵδһսСšţʵδԾϸ͢¸˹޿͵ӡʷϡ²ᣬҳ
ǵʱս˧ͨݣԭ˱أԿɻСӣս˹ûƤ͵ܽѡ˧ǰɱΪٻΪйжͷ
йʷϣеǰѲļӢ֮һ·ڱǣ˲㣡Ӧʷģ˺ΪսʷӦóӢۡ
ʮλŮ켯ɱ
ⰴơٽףǵʱǰ˧սʿꡣ˧һȫʧɽΰǧŶٶݵˡ
ǰ֮߹ǿ̵ġ򿪹һսԻ顣ڶλ鰴һεͨݾеġڰʮչͨݼ°ɱһ죬Ҳһᡣ˸ֽϻĲλ͹뱱󣬸ԾڱռŮ񲯵ǰΪʮҹֳĳ硣Ƕǡ˭֪ǵ͹˱ǽĸ߶ȣϣȴӢˮռˡ׹ͬϡ
ʮգ¶ʮգ߹ƱԱǸŮһѪȵĺƽ١ɺ޵ǵȽʱЩ׹ѫˣѾŽգʹھ޷ĽѺɢһѵľǱڵĸŮˡǡʧ´󡹵ڷʱŮΪۣһǣÿһھڶмŮʬߣ޻֮дѧʿֻ֮ͩһȻɼࡣ
ͩѧʿԭһλϽʿ˹뱱ʱ֪ɱˡ̲ϣɱ󳼵ļն١ݵʱӱܲΪվƽ巽ʷʱ˱ʼǡ
ϸ֮˵ǷδĽǵʱҾиŮʮ˼ɱ԰ʮĸ¼ŮͯȫŮ죬һ⡣Ů֪ͯᡸɱأǷǱɱġЩŮչˣͣ١ңʮǰѵֳ治顣
ҹߵʵ̫ˡ򸴺ԣ
ءҲ漣
ռΡɱͷΪأ
֮ԭǼǿġϷ֮˹ռ׶йѳΪ˹еһа˿飬һӦǲɱıȻأ
˭֪Ȼ̫ʮһսһ֮£ôܿ䣬֮زز˭֪һø׶֮󣬹Ϸ֮֮ʧ֮󣬾Ȼδʧֻ£ܲ˵⽻ϵһ漣
漣ɵģǾ˵ˡ
ҹȭʷߣ漰⽻ר⽻ʷߣ಻Ըȭҡⲻ֪ȭʼڹϷ֣νΧҲϷ֮ȭҡ񲻹գ׾ƪԭ⽻ʷһʴȻд۸ӵĹϵҲʷٵһר£ʷͲȫòˡ粻ƪٰⳡʡɳзһԾͽڸ

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塢ŻšȡйϷ֡

ŻšOpen Door Policyʶÿһй֪ʶӶǶġйʷΡζйλ˼Ҳäһ֮ʱ˼ҵ
һΡŻšʮšʮ֮꣨һ˾žšһũһ֮УҲźͰ˹֮ʱ亣ԼJohn	 Hay18381905λſפʹԳơפղᣨˣ壨William Woodville	Rockhill18541914ȫƶġ
ȫƶŻţǳ˵иľʵҪ壬ǾάйġȨŻšմҪУΪŰٷ֮ٵ棬ʲ׼桢ʱҵ棬ҲǴ۹ġǲûжԡ֧Chinamanӡ෴ģٶʷϣҲ塹߳Żšԭȸ㡸Żرաν塹һǡ塹һ֡˵ġ۹ʱʽʷĹ۲졣ǸԡʡĳϾţеĵ۹ҲˣͶˮ
ʵϣŻšʮǵȣҲҰνŻThe Chinese	Exclusion	Actsѹ֮£ü޶Ůʮ겻žۡǵפʹ͢ӡΪŻȣϧΪǸһ⽻٣ԺͶı͹ʹ겻ԼһΡһũйҲȫģķ͵Ⱥ˶һи߶Եİ˶㰡
ʱͳνײ㣬ΰͬеġ֧ǵݵġŻ϶йĶ壩Ǵ˴ƶġŻߡȴ˥Ĵ۹һʹάˡȨ˰Ŵȫϰֻһ˵ⲻûŻţϵġǲ򡹣ܾҪõġŷ޲򡹣The Sickmen of EuropeĶͼ۹Ottoman	Empireһ۹ж˿ĹϷˡ
һΰ꣬ǾӦѪ򪣬жͼգѣʼĵ֮۹ֻڸġմǰ֮£еͬҲմ˵ˡȻʱ⽻Ķ¡һ֮Ҳǹûġٻͷڰ˹ռеıλ⽻쵼سųΣֵġ
ϻʦҲռ
ǰ֮һũѮ߹ֻһǧˣ뱱ʱǰѱֳɼռռһһǵĵ¹˾ͺǧ¹ռ졣ãһռһֻδڱΧǽѱһΪˡ
룬ʱǵĴ۹Ǻεңһҵռ˱лЩڱɱ°ӣǺ޼ɵġʱǶǶĴͳδսռҶ಻⡣ϴΪë󶫷͸ĵġ
ʮʼϵĵ¾֮ҲԸӵġǺͶδսʱվһΪԱʾ磬ɱǿ°ӣǲġǸ깥뱱վΪͬʱձڰ׵㽶۹塣ζէͷҪұ֣սȣ°һʱΪֵѾͱػ࿴
ֵоΪǿġԭڶѵϵʹͽһػɣȻҲΪУǾͳ֮ˡʲһΧ֮ǧʮλʿ֮£һ߹ڴСäĿ°֮䣬ǶԱ죬ʶɣϵͳӶˡʱԭڱ̵ĳϻʦRev. E. G. Tewksbury˵ɣ֮ȻҲǿռһ˿ǸϮ桹и齨ʮŻˡλСʷϲѲʱ꣬ʲôϵ̸ʲôٽ󡹵սλسʸĶʦͰԺյĴڽһȵռˡɷɷͬ
ڶʦ֮ǰ˴ϴ١̫ϴ֮ʦҵǧʱֵÿֵ?ԪǧǸ˵֡Ϊ¬һΪϻṺ˽һѲһǧѡ
ʮڽ֮ڵļҾ߳裬ɺδᣵࡣϾ쿪أʽġгơѺãеҡͷ飬ʦȴЦ˵ǡϵ۶͡ Marilyn Harvard University Press1968. pp. 191193. ʱ֮һʷϡⱾδĹ˽ļ͹Ժصഥּǡ
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ʮյִġ䡢ϼ޻Ķٶ𵱵ٵϱ𡣵¾˾پϰеɣɶ½פʮʮһոɶͣǨȄ;֡
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ġΪ˷Ĺ
塢ݽڡ
估Ӷ֮ʧ
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ʮֹ塣
ʮһ̺ͨԼ
ʮĸż⽻ڡ
Ժԭ֮ԭ

ʮҪУȽѽֻǵйʧжǾҪۣʨӴ󿪿ˡԽ̻ʧ˵ɣʱʹݾ֪ͨáԱʵ˽Խ̻Ѳֹʮ˱ˣ̻ỹǷֵٶ⻹ƵĽ
λŻߡƶߣʹδΧʱɺԼƼΪʹսطõ¾ս棬ļҲȽºͺǿӲĿմΪפʹΪʾйӢΪйƲŰƽʷͥThe Hague Tribunalٲãʵ㣬δСⶩǧ¡֮˵ǳǿ⣬Ϊ˴սĿϵ۵ǧ֧ͬÿӦһʱÿֵ߽ķǮˡĿڸʵʡʧʮʮ֮ɣֻءǲ֮ˡ
֮˹ⳡףܷ׻ߣжˡҪΪӢġŻߡ֮ʱһڷĹսΪй˽ս֡ȷǽս֮ûʲôͻ᡹Լһʳ֡ǵġԼȲΪһ֡Լpeace treatyͱΪĳֹ¼ֵͬġ鶨项ProtocalǡԼڹʷϵʽӦý Austria-Hungary,	Belgium,	France,	Germany,	Great Britain,	for the settlement of the Disturbance of 1900йΪһũĶ¼ʮһ鶨飩ԭԷΪ׼Ȼǡ鶨项йͲսܹһҲͿ˳ʡȥˡ
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Ӱ߹ռ֮󣬶̬Ա¶ʮգ·ֵĶȴڼӽԱ¹ռ˺ʡǣʮգݼʡǣ¶ʮһգϱռӪڣգʮ¶գϱ·ʦʮգͰйȫռˡʵñ̫٣˵ǡ֮ӡ꣨գסתն쵵
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˹֮ȷʵʼڡعʹޡعȭʹʷҲʽˡ񣬶Ϊ׵Ҷ̫ţȴøɽ̸ŵʱרл𳵣ԱֱʻұʱԬٹٺйһֶ֧ӣŰ๧ӭ̫³ϧʱֶӣᴵġѸ͡ӡ˴䷨ġӭ̫ǣȷʵ׳ޱȡ
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ŦԼʱפԱ̩գPatrick E.	Tylerڶոñһƪй㽭Ϫ򣬽ʯʾӵġרá˵ڴ½ѲǸͽ෴ģϪڵĹʾѳΪο͵ĳɽʥأmeccaÿƽзÿͰ֮СЩÿͰٷ֮ʮǴ½ˣȻ̨ÿ಻ʮ
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ǰЩ̨С̶ͳ̶ϽһΡ߼ȶǽĸ񡣡λͳΪνһʽĸأ˸ʷѧҡ֪ľҲ
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ñÿ춼ڵһϽǵĴţƤʲô¿ɿصţ޲ءAll the news that's fit to printȥｭ̽ڻùݣɻֵʢдᣬ򡸿ɿءţŦԼʱӲֲֻ᡹Ͻɱøɸɾ
ŦԼʱƫʹĹ񵳺ͽĹ޵ġͲŴ󼪲źáǡŦԼʱǹʾ޲ϲɫת١Թԣһ֮⻪һ֮ᣬڸᡣ
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ŦԼʱƫأ˵ҲûɶĴ塣֪ңһʼǸв׼ĹҡڡֳʱColonial	Periodάǣ˵ĸУڵأһ㡸ƿڿڿɵ׿ڣһʮӢĶٻĶƣһũȡأһһĶ֮ңһǧĶйʷϣмŴһӵأ⻹ֳʱأҵԺǻҪ̸𣿴˷·һʮӢһٶʮһͰ߸ŦԼġߺ԰
ǵëϯƤǳйġũΪ嶾֮ףԡȥͷ йʱʹɱʮˣר˵ʵֵʮ֮һѡǵĵũ֮УĶذʲôɡأ
ˣëˢϴġũ䡹ȥ֮׵ġۡ򽻵֪ɶСۡأëϯţƤɴ󰡣˼ȴҪ쵼ƶũȥۣǵģǾͽСɴ꡹
ǰѻ˵ЩȥңƽʱʳȨġŦԼʱϱ࣬ǡߡۼҺǣ֪ƶũô ſڿй⣬䲻ϹҲͲɵӡ
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ˣڡŮȹסģСʲ׼ߣliberalsţƤͨ죬ȻڱտʲôǮϿɹ󣬰۸ߡΪɹʣ߽Կסȥëϯ¡ԾڼǧġƶũǾֻҪףɲҪˡ߱˾һλõܷ򸾶ˡ׶һĿڣëϯĴԾУ״֮ǲġҲֻǵʱǧw֮һѡëϯĶȣ롸񹫵нʯ²µйҲ̫أ۾ѩġ˽кëڽմ½Ҳƽƽˡ
ŦԼʱһв׼ߵıֽۡԼһжйǴв׼ߵļֵġǧߺζͶһٺͣΪȨӰıֽΪ߳軵ˣ߲֪ȻʢϴԣҲ壬ʮֿЦġ෴ģ޲׼ͬ־ʲ׼ǵĺ࣬ʵҲǡԼ޼ʶˡ
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ڱƪ׾߾ȥԬƽ˵ʵۣûɶԡֻǾǸ߼⡹¡ۼʷʷʲôȫȫǵأǧǱһҪȫȫǣΥŵ¡֮ҲΨͳһ֮˵ˣǾͼѷ֮ڣѷ֮ˡ
ߣֵ̨塸ѡͳܹ֮ʣ·ӢۣಲȻֻϹһ߹ȻձɽϢ٣ΣǳߣڹëѣѪ֮߰£һأ½԰գұʷѧҡɴҲ
ݡл㡸塹republicanismġͳlegitimacy˵㹲ķͳ˵κηѧҡʷҶܷԬǡл͹ơлĵһκϷʽͳļΡͳԪ鵽ǻԡΪʽΪϷ
ԪʱйлʱԼ͡лԼ֮ǻԵġлҪӸ̨塹֣㡸Ϸأ
ԬͲȻˡлȫһͳɹšŬڣ̨ʱڹʷϺһǱóֳˣкϷĸɣ񵳡һ¹ѡġϷġʽлġһΣʽͳӴע֣˵Ԭͳͳλlegitimate statusһδͳʷϵһ͹һδͳʢٵġͳλȫһġλ֪ĹʢٴͳǡȫֱѡأʽӢԼӢһ߰ʽ֮ͨ꣬ṫѡȫֱѡ꣨һ߰˾ţŦԼĵͳأ
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ԬǰĹԪ
Ԭ֮ѡҪĺͳ
ԪĿһһ˲ͳһΣһһһһߣ֮ڶΣһŶһŶ͸Цˡǡֱϵȹ֮֮Ľ
֮ɵͳһһˡһŶǡϵݵġ᡹ѡġǵʱɽ½͢Ϸͺ;쵼ġ˶УҪ򵹵Ķ䷨ɵλ֪ӡ
Щͳɵ޴λäͳӳĲ￡ǧԪһƱںϷĹ֮ڣһЩСԱȥͶƱѡڵ˸ѡͳһŶһŶģЩСǵڷ϶Ӧ·ȻǶǺϷѡġ
̲ܶĹԪνִһŶġһŶŴԪ˧أһŶߡһŶˣͳƶҵǾ͸޷֮ˡ
ڱˡǹԵιȨ

עǣë󶫣Ӳ˵ԵιǹרеġͳΡʽǵȨֱӽġȨǡԵιһ߲ҹͬΪȨͳʽҲǡԵι桢ܶλ֮ǰĶǡʷдġдʷУйȨҲǸԵιȨһһ񣬶ܽܵġ

ҪԲȻǡһרԵιԵġ䡹ҵġԪסôӡ˵ԪסͳϯԪ˧ֻһַɴƷlegal substituteΪ롸
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˵ѡٺܺãҿѡǸۣҾͲѡ١һһë<԰Ǿ´Ž>һйֻڲο֮ë˼꡷ҳ

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ߣëԳ塹ʮٱʼʡʵϣֱӡɱҲʷϣбɱ˵ܺͣôȨأյɱ֮ȨëҲһۡ˵

峯ĩ꣬һЩšѧΪ壬ѧΪá塹ñǵ·ߣǲܱġѧġ塹á͹ġ塹Ҳá츳ȨۡҲáֻļȻ츳ȨҲһִ˼롣ʲô츳ȨǡˡȨЩ˵Ȩ츳ǵȨϰոģǹ˽׼ƶũġһʮ¶ʮһգë <ںݻϵĽ>ǰҳġ壩

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ֳ֮Ҫǿ߰ߡʽвͬģСǳȤȻԭҲ
֪йڷƶȣʵԴܳķ⽨ơݿɿʷ˹˶׫±ʱԪǰߩǰ֮꣩жŸͬʮдСλиߵֹͣȣ֮䣬Ҫأศɡ֮䣬ȴûСĹϵ֮ƣͺġϹ
ϹһٰʮԱĻԱ֮»ɡӹdependent statesӢİĽۣĲ͹صҲжһʮ߸λ֮ࡣ֮Ŀֶʮֽӽɲ顣
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䡸ʷáhistorical functionһ塹culture	entityҡuniversal stateУϸtributaries롸main-streamġʷ򡹣historical process
ֶʽĻ¯melting	poolһ֡Ȼϡnatural courseоپأڷ֮սģʱʮּҡڷ֮ġƵʡfrequencyȴԶ֮war between vassal	statesڲġ֮tribal warsİٷ֮һʱΪά֡ƽregional peaceġսpeace-keeping warsϹ֮ڲ˹ǣȵߡҲʱúƽʽ緢֮ƿԳǩ취Ȩ̳֮war of successionˣԡٲámilitary tribunal֮
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ͣǸ⽻ͣص㣬ǡҪڲ̸塹Ψͼ
κϿΣɣڽˡΪɽķ屾ɴţΪάûʰ֮ͼڹּȴڵġάAmerican interest;	American	interestΪ棡棡ʹѡ񣬹͡ʦɣ
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ֻ˺ĳҰʹѳɱɡάɡɡɷֱ塢ա׶Ӣǣͣȴޣȡ
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Ӣʱ־ءڰɽغԺкڷϵ֮״ǡΪ֮սϳΪձֳ֮أӢΪҲפӢʹʿ٣W.G.AstonΪԬ̫ųʡפӢʹSir Harry S. ParkesԲ԰Ƶ۹壬ЭԶ跨ձĹᡣӢй˰˾յ£Sir Robert Hartǲһλϵ۹Ħ׵P.G.MollendorfȥЭԬ˰գǿؼලӢǿĦնڳʱֵñԬΪЧʡ͢˰մԬѵǧ׾ҲݴնʹΪ֮Ŀ
ˡǵĽͳ˵úãҲǵ۹塣۹壬ҪͳһΪ콵Ρmanifest	destinyҪ֮Ի塹Monroe DoctrineսĿ⽥Զռ˷ɱһϵΪУҲ˲ٵС۹ߡӢʱʹݣPeter ParkerͰ˹ʱʹEdwin	H. Congerռ̨Ƶ۹ߡ̨ձռˣòûڡʱۿͬԬפʹأLucius	H.Foote򲻳к֮ʲôڷϵһлҪʣԬϼʱص̬ǾյġҪѳ͸ձֳءҪڳԾӵġйˡйڳϼǾ˶кϵĻҪءһޣǡʷС˵ȤϱաӢ۹壬ڳʰ뵺ˣŪ۹εĵƣǵĹͬĿֻһҪСղԬϳʡ
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һִඨԶʧ
ǰ֮ԬʱŶʮꡣеı־Ū֧ź֣Ԭɡľ档֪֣ҲһΡԬɡʱڣƪǵڶΡһԬɡʱڣʮԬջԬҲȰҪɡһ˰ȥʱǿȥġºǿأΪټйҲڶ˿֧ź֡дͳѵµһһŶ״Ԫŷѧͨķңһ填һũǶⳤ֮µҪԱڳʹľ飬Ƕɲأ
Ǿģ֪ΡΪӦǸӵľ棬ʹԬɡⲻµ˽˰ɣΪԬڣš͢б¾󝯣˾פȥԈ顣ıġΪǲš 
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ʱںĹ֮͢ڣԺĸ֮䣬ԼԺϱ֮䣬ʱִǸȸСȫС͢еԱ಻ЭϵʿũΪӡԬָ䣬ڰԾӣ÷
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˽ѣֻλȨصԬȥС೬ǿ֮䣬һײһˡ˹ʱ۵פʹԡղǱڹĹʹԳղ۹ղ֮䣬ֻƷС೬ҲΪˡĶߣ֮Ȼս֮Ҳʼϣԣ

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ץǹˣǹȨ

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ΪҪԬڳҲѧ˴ǰ֮ԬڳΪһ֧ǧ˵ִ׾ʹҰΪ̾Ҫί˾ŮΪأ
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ԭڹԪһ꣬λʱȫһֻС졹ˡټϡ졹͡ɹŰ졹Ҳʮ졣߶಻ʮʱйʮʡ˿ڣʮ˿ڣǬ¡ڡʮͳڵġأġȨֻԭеġơʡԭְҵ˵ΪطװάָʡΰԺκһŹ棬ǽջʣԭҲϾиТͳδ½ʱµ硢򹫡õĶơ
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һӪƶȣɼɣ֮ҡһһһԺԼӪ֮Уרʡָӹ٣ᶽܱȽڿƼ׳ְԱܶѲ֮໥ƺ⡣𽥱䣬˽Ĵͳƶˡ󲻵Ӫˣ졹ͳƵר
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Щܹ֮УĲɡģǿܱԬˡǸʵɡٲǡˡ£һ̫̫Ҳð졹һҾߡɳҡΡëҹһ㡣ԴݺݺСͱ飬ʲôĴ¶磬Ұ˪Ҫ١˵ѽٯҪȥ֡ǲ̫ᷢӦġʶ˲飬Ϳϡͯԡˡ
ԬȴУ죬ȡƤµòٳȥϢߡʵʵ٣ʹ١
͢㡸䡹ԭ⣬ǳԶʮ꺮ĥۣ޸ֻ֮Χ壬ô󵶣ֳֻġˡηηβҲԸΪ֮ѧĴϴԣңѴ죩ȥ췴
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ڴ֮ǰġսҲսպգǶСŷŴİӲӡ̫ƽսʱͷ춥᡹ȥģ޸ձࡶסϲ?ͬ꣩ʱ̫ƽսƳ칦ʱףһϷϳ߳ƼףΧһǻսĺ󷽷ıվڱйĶߣȫ֮ǰУǧضʮĴѣ俼õģǿӲʮ ̧ǹǹӲʮ˰ȫЩŶǻñʱġģ̫Сġݡգ˵Ϊء̹ҵһƱǮϧĵĵطɼˡԻٲԴͰЩŶҵ̣ˡ˵Щڡ󵶱רߺɷۣҲû̻ض˷ѡ
Ķַ֮µһ֧⺷ǴҪΪǹΪɰìνҸͶҲǧսҹǷӵ֮ʱ缲籩꣬κˡ޲ǣνáҲ
η֮绢Ը粻ÿڡëɪǹֱ֮Ρڴе飬Ľ֮࣬ÿ˼Ϊӣδִʡ
ҹʷϣʽĴͳսǲ̫ԶǰĻƬWesternÿӡ
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֮ܶ滴ҲһЩǹӡǻϻһִͳװٸݡĵϵᡣԬĵġСվͲͬˡ
λ֮ġСվ־ҳʮΪƽ֮䡹ԭΪƽ֮󣬲ֻΡνĿפ֮Ҳڴѵ֮ӣͬϡʷ?־սǰս֪й½ԲμӹսȻڹڹѹ֪տսΪ⣨ע⣺յĽҲд֮ʱţս翹սǰ֮Ҳںϱս飬ƪ֮ظ½棬һ֮ӢǣCharles George Gordon򴴰졸䱸ѧá֮ѵƾ̭ɻڼսǰϦСվ֮ԾӪΪ֮һ֧¾ǰʹ֮
νȻǡϢʽٷϢ׶εѵվѵν䡹ûɶĴҲһսǰϾТ̵ܶӪУܡѧѵ¾ɡӪеӪĻ֪ʶһڣ಻Ҳ֮գ
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СվڵʱĹϵͳУԭǸطУ޶ơ޶޶ڵʱơʱġ񴦡ԬǰԬʸ񡸵Աεġǰκʸǡʹ˾ԬһԱжơٺ⣬ʡĵط١򲹵ʱǿɻǮġؽڸúãҲԡȱ֡衹ĹΣΪƼʿݵġĶӣ˽¾˸򲹵˰ְ巣߷ɱġסԬġ´ԭ㽭ʡĵط٣Ͻ¡ݡУʾСȱҪھõˣˡȱǰεԱȱְδãö󳷣ȱһˡνδʵߣﲡˡеġܱʦҲǵط٣жҲеطͷεġЩܱ֪ͷεġ򡹣ںδأ
ߣԬ֮СվʵĽԬʱ֪֮µĲְ֮СվǹDȄ»塢ͬͺġһ֮£ڿڽޣһƼġЩ֮ºͬȱ˴֮ìܼСҪһһƼԬλССǰפίԱֱܶһСû֣ɵأִʷˣΪԡԬгɼӲ˵Ҫְǳڸ˴ţԮȨǷƽأ
ĩۼۿӽܲ˵ܴ֮֮ܳۡЦΪöԣ־?ۼ֮͡עʢͬ˵ԬʱʱǱȲܲ٣ԬΪ裬ҴΪ⣬ΪȵöԡԽʷߣԬΪ֮ۡһûжġʵԬֺγǡ֮ܳأʱ֪֮ʿȰʵ۵ġӡͺ̨屻ĳǣԬ֮ɲţǳĳĽġ֪Ʒѧʶӡʦࡢȵȣǻأ¹Ǣ̨©Ҳǹ񵳸߸Уеġأˡֱ项Ӧ˷ԡ
Ԭ
еѻҪʣԬҲδȡδѧУֻʮС⽻٣ɶ֪ʶܶһȥѵйʷһִ֧½أ
ԻԬ顣֪ʶʵʾأ
Իִ½һֿƼרҵϱʤΣ
ԻԡڵйҲĿǰ̿Ҳְõ½ı׳ϯϯϽʢֻǣԽսͲ˹֮۾սպաҪʶ׹ĺ˴֮ Gen. Colin	Luther PowellգҲ;ĸУ֮άԵҲ˹Ҳ婖УŦԼѧҹУʱ˹ʱڱУѧϵһɼӵ֮ѧҲӲĸУΪȫ C straight"C"	student֮¼ʮĲ޴ĸУضΪȫ CҲʱŦԼдC.C.N.Y., C.U.N.Y.μѧѵR.O.T.C.ҵΪ鳤ʮǨλʿգĿ࿴
ʵġŦԼʱƲ𱫾ЦΪҽǺ½пҽ׶ͯͲڸΪƼĺУҽգǰԽսѫ£ý¶ɱĺϽAdm. Jeremy M. Boordaһ֮߼֮ҲΪһͯڸĸʮʱһڿ뺣ΪˮʮоǨϽΪ֮һˣ½ƽʿʮˣսǧҡöVѫ꣬ԲҲ
ǱΪ½֮߼Ҳҹ½һ֮ǰһ֮ѵܼԬֺСգ
յѧ
һ˾׽СվԭΪ½½ԱǧˣڹꢾȫԭԱϰ֮⣬ġ䱸ѧá֮ѧԱУŽʿ䡢𡢷谡ˡΡһʱܣΪϵ֮ģνҲ
˺йϱʡ¾һʱѧӱյѧϰ½سΪ¾мߣ಻ʤԬ֮СվȺ֮ףȴסǵʱʡ֮ܶ¾Ȩʵѵίרҵִ֮߸߸ϣ׳鲻ʫĲڡ䳡ϸڣҲ˸ʡ¾Ϊ½ѧ졣Ȼѧ߻ӡ̩ѧδվѵ¼ٵġʿѧУһ㶼ֻѧձΪ׬ȡѧѶԤѧУν䡹ҲɳǡҲԤѧУҪѧ㡸Ϣĳѵ͡Բ衹ĿͷȻվӵɼߣ롸ʿ١ʿѧУʱձϵ죬һҵϢ֮⣬ϰ޶ࡣˣʱգ롸ʿ١罯𡢲ɡɽ»ꡭëҲձʿٵв컪ȫᡣҾУУ½ѧУ֮ͳԭ־壩δ㡸ʿ١Ҳ˼ձѧѧΪֹӦաȺʿٱҵǸѧĺѧѧҵжϣθʱʼѧҵİֻۮҵվѧУһרҲ
ʱձƵصйѧѧʿһƷѥҫ⣨벻ټָӳŵأ·ٲȻҲ

עʱԲйԪˡȥյĹԷѧڹѧΪʡҪǩ֤ȥɣʱձøɣɫйʣŮͰɣĻԵʱձӣŮԶйԡʱŮͬԡʹйѧ۽硣뱦ɽԣɶأߵĸִһλ׾˾ˣ߲ҳϰ꣬ŷһﶼ˵ܼ˵ˣˡʵܶ಻֮ᷢȴɽͽ־ʿأԵʱʡ¾Ǹ´֮Ҳ߹˵ֵܣ³Ѹˣ˲ΪѧСġ˵дšġ͵ȡԪϡҲѧȴһﶼ˵Ů˱Ƚţ˵˾˵һԾԺʱ˽ܹءѾӺȻָҵģ˵ĻĿѧѧ͸̸ˡǲѧĶ壬һع¾ǿɾˡ˾֮ܶ콫ȣ֪̣ѧԱ͸ŵһһ㶵ˡʱڶ½Сѧʾ֮һʻ¼

ǹȨǻۺͻ
ԬյСվͺġϵȫ෴ˡԬȻҲһλˣԶʮھУеıͰһСͳ˧Ծһв޲⾫ͨͲ졢Ҷ衡֮ȡѧʿˡ֡ŵԦ䣻ԬУԦˡҲйʷһµġת͡ĿʼԬԺĵǽëԦ֮ԬҲеѻΪëˣʵСƽҲˡëͱԬһͳ˧ڽʱֱսָսúսëָĴҰսҪָӡأսмҪսۣ˵Ҳëָӵġ˵˶սҲë˾Աڱɳ̲ϣӵŮõ绰ָӿڵġҿ񳯡ķֱӽָǹƭգ
СƽͳԪ˧һԭΪżߣĴ٣Եָǹ񹤳ʦδҲҪ㵳ָǹֻھʩ˽Сݣ£λŹɣΪǹͷӵԺͲС̢򡹣coup d'etatС󡹣juntaȨˡϽأʦҲҪԦ䣬㵳ָǹҪѧѧǻԼҲѾӹһ粻ҷͳϯŲܡ󡹵вδսʱ衢ҲĿ˵˰ɪϱüŭĿȡһԭΪСۻԱԶ̶һְֽжҪ졹ǻԼҲд˱죡ϯûҲΪȡЦ񲻸˼գ
ѣûɶϡأơת͡ˡһԸΪԸʶʷԶóǣӭͷҲ崫ͳԦ䡣Ԭë£ԦġܰѼȵߵٵߵйҪӲӿġʷϿУƽϿˡ˵ѧеġ̸ƶߣǻۺͻ֮ϲҲSystem	is the child of	wisdom and chanceйתʷУרơתΣǿɾϹдwisdom ޴ chanceλԼָű˵׷ҸĽܲãλţƤڿȫΪˣΪȴֻ̡Ůˡʫëϯchance wisdomԬʵ֮ɱⳡǧһεġתʷУ¼޴chance޴wisdom³ҡǡڿ𡹡ų꡹ѧԾŽ֮ Ϊ֮ƽҲ
أѣchance ǡǧѷ꡹Ҳйơת͡ˮɡıԵһɼģд˻ˣ˼ҽȪ֪Ͻɽϣ°ѹײİ嶼أǽӼʻеΰĶǣû wisdom ?
֮˫дǻۣ˫ǻ۱ڰСϬһ㡹Ҳͳ岻ˡǻ۰ڰлͽȻҲ
ϽİϹİŵϻʡѲʱ֮Ȩڡǡ򣬡ǡϼǡ֮ġǡϼΪȫ֮˹ҡ֣֮ڷұࡹħұ˽Ը˽ħͲݣܴġΪȣԵáСƽ֮ΪСˡҲڡΡġΡȫ C κˣֹǻԡսİǮž⼸ʮʿȫ A 췴أϽĴһҡСУװĴ󲼴
ǻͳûأԹ壬Իأġ۵ģ̸̸΢۵ġСġСͳص̵ܽĵˮССѧӦѧϰʷӦԼһסǸ󲼴ͳԭλũҵרң̸Сѧʷ̹˽硣ǵáʷ?ةҡиС£һκĵةƽһ꡸٣ƽ˵֪Ӧȥʡ͢ξ˾ʵʣȫǮ٣ƽǲ֪˵Ӧȥʡʷũֳʵе㲻ˣ˵ôةƽ˵Ϊٸְءةѽɵة֮£˳ʱ֮ˣ׸գʹְʵ⽻ƽϵƶշɵϵͳڽ𡭡¶أߣһ˵үֱǵͷ
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ݡ߸
׾ԭ̸Ԭʵ۵ģһ³ЩʱӢۺúأ߾ú֮ɰߣԬһת͡׶ΣǼ޸Ƶġ᡹޸Ƶġǻۡ԰ܵðĪꡣǣǼд˻ᣬҲдǻۣǻۻģٲҰȥǾ̫ϧˣǹ֮ҡǸȽʷѧȽϴǵˣԹ֤񣬹ں˳һ°ˡ
ٻͷ̸̸Ԭ
ԬϼСվ󳼣ǹ֣һһҪΪ۹һ֧ʽ¾ڻ£ԬǾǿɣԱԱԼԦз֪ΡԱܽѡһ填һţıӪܰ졹һץԱöһ填һȵ¹ѧԱԵ¹ģʽϸѵԬžƤѥ嵶۲١ҹѲӪɽСվϽĳҹԬѲӪһ͵ѻƬԬ嵶͵֮ȫӪȻ
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˵˼ӹšԬӹţ԰裬ƣʱĶͷ˾ǸҰĲʹ»һһũרɱ֮ȨڲıƵ£ٱҸڣɱԬ˭֪һСվģԤͲȡжʱȴԬݺежǸɾˣδִʽҲΪԬǸţԸӺΪĸŹɡãԬ¶ҵһɵΪ»µĵһŴ󽫡
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һǡϵͳ֧׹ա
ڶǡϵͳ»աЩԭǼսУ֮ʦĲࡣ»ǼıɡСǰҡСԽġоԬġ½½ΪҾָϵͳһϵͳġפʺҪأԬġҾΪǿϣԶҰĿץǹˣǹȨԬʹһ۽۹ࡣ˺ǡ䷨˹˶ٲһˡ

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ġΣ?һ˶

ǵĴ۹ասһ˾ġһ˾壩֮󣬻Ӳдʮ꣨һ˾һһһʮУ˼ٴξɽΣһҵľ˶Σǣ
䷨һ˾Űˣ
ȭңһũһũһ
һһһһһ
ڴΣ֮䣬һľ˶˶ʼԹ֪ʶƶġǿ˶͡ά˶򡸱䷨˶ȭ֮ٴʵΪҰһϿɵġ˶һũһһһ԰ڣǽרһ˶ģһŴרҡ
䷨עʧ
ΣԸӢĽд϶дʮ֡ȫڡѧǸйũɽҰϰׯ˵ġҷβСɵѧûȤΣ׾ǵѧʷѧг롣ϰԶÿʷߣԼĿ˾Ǩνһ֮ԣ֮ɽ֮Ҳ֪ߣһѾˡ
˵䷨ɣҵʷѧǣһĿ϶ҾΪʷϿɽʮۣ֮ġʷϿǴӺ֪΢̽䷨עҪʧܵġֻʱƶ䷨Ӣǣӹʵ۵ӣڴɽУˡʷѧߣøʱʣһ֮ؿȫ֣ͺˡѣһǾǣԬëˡҫǻԡҹиĶڴ䡸䷨ơ𣿽ҫǻԣгЧ˶ֻи㡹ʱҪ㡸塹Ĵͳ˵ѳ㣬ȵϣȥʵʵ˵ͳɲˣҲʧȥǸʵ鵺ˡë󶫵ëӦȵȥ硣ǧһ˵ǧǧƶũͲˡ
Сϵʵ飬ǡ漣ƵĴΪɹȻСȡЦ֮ʲô񡸸ȨʵҫǻԶӵĺúӵܡһ԰£ҪѶ֮ڱͳҪһǧһ򱶵Ĵ½ŹƣٻҪʮʼпܡ±䣬⣬ĩ꣬ʷϡڶĻת͡¾Ҫˡʷ߳Ͽ̩񰲡ǾͿɰ԰ׯźһˡ
˵ǴӡۡۡǱ䷨ƣҪһʮ꣬ſԼߡү؜С󡹣ϼҪΪĻϡ꡹֮ڡաνά¡ǻգЦգ֪߱䲻Ҳ
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ı䷨˶Ž׶Σۿ󼴽عĿǰԾλ֮ʱݴ½֮ʷϼǵȷмƻҪ㹬͢䣻ɱӵã䷨ơ⼸λ֪ʶӣܸ㡸̢أþ̨ٵîԬˡ֪䷨ߣƽҲƽĲɣĲɾ䣬̢򡢺Ǿͻ䷨ΪˡΪͲǿΪˣΪˡ
㡸ƽ䷨ĸ㡸¸ѡ硹ĳɡգи塹ӣСﻢ£ѲҸʷ͡зȴӢѧЭͳԪͷͷ쵼췴
֪췴̷УǴ٣ʮ֮ף壬ٴСһС֮ѽڽëʱٻһŶϺ䣩ݴ￪ʼʵζ߸ڡʯ桢ֱ룬ɱġһǧˣΣɣڡĽС߸ߵº񣬡һСݡˡǷˡ߸ӻǲأ
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ˣ䷨ʱ̷ͬһ㲻ȥˡîԬҲԬʱԪ飬쵼䡣̵Ҷ̫ץɱʷʾԤ̫ɱġļ˴ˡ
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ץ̫󣬲ܣʵۣһ仰
ԬͻȻġ⡹ľӦ֮λִܲٵǵľأʷҲĻ׳桹ӦҲ¡ǿ͹ȴԵİǵطɡϽ̸Ӻʷѧۣ䷨޳ɹ֮ܡһ㣬ԬǰʷҵĽۡԬǡڴɽСʶˡԬλʵɵĹţǽǰʵҪʵΪԬıأ꼱嶯ѧ
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һԱ̫֮Ҫѹʵֻ趯죬һ仰
ʵۺλĸġƷ¾κϣᣩ־Կ䣬ûһĽߵĿʥˣƷС٣빴ͨһʦú԰ȥ±䣬޴˿ܣһʵλĿԬʦģԬʱʵʹֱʹӶƷ
㷳ʦģǸʷԽ޴ңָԬоǧˣפ֮Сվܹġ´گڣȾҪ±䡹Ѷͷ˾»ɱ»ǺɱģһԬ
ʹˣԬҪ<䲁죩ϭ>򱱾ǺôģʱͳǰʿɡĶ鶼Ǻ˲㣻սࡣԬаǣʹǣҲ˹үͷأɶڵأЩʵ㷳һǰġԬѧһʷҴΪҲ̷̾ͬλȻ̷ҽʳأȥһƽԬȥѧõأ
ʷΪʹԬѱ䷨ƻ䷨ġʵԬֻǱúãάɸĸҡîˣĪˡͷβǱģǱȥġ⻰ûʲôɣ
ϻǴӡ۵濴ǲԿ󵳡
ڽҹġתʷУǾĴ䣬һŮСǲ˵ģΪʷ߶⣬ƫò׼ġͳμɺȾı֣ˡҶһʵУԬë󶫣һŮ̫Ҷϣ
ͳεʱ֮ͼ֮㣬ǻ֮࣬һŮʤСͳйȺʮ꣨һһһũˣɹźŬƽгëңĵطɧҡֶʮһ۹塣׶ݵУϷüޡͳεҲǶ۹ֳӶ۷塣ⶼλжɱġ
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˵ͷԬȴָƣܺͿ̷ͬһϦ̸֮ͲμǵĻأı䲻˵ʱǸľ棬һ淢չӱɱ䷨ҪֵԬͷȥԴ֮ʣߣӹҲ
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ڡ˹ǷǷǡԽʮԵĳƪšԬⳡǷǣһѾȭаڽ̣˵ӣ޷˵ꡣ˵򵥣Ǿټ򵥲ȫ๲еƽʱֻǸӵаڽ̶ѡߵԨ޴߸ĴӪϳȡĲͬͣҹʷϳüƽ̡ϵۻᡢһǹᡢͬ硭һаڽ̡߶ȿѧ꼸ÿ궼УصŪڣ˰׼ɱ꣨һžиˡfreemen¡ֶͳҪɱֻΧˣΧ¡ڱη̨ǰϦıʼ֪һСүͶˡ˵Ź𣬾˵ֶٵϣҲͨ项أҪǵʱҲǡǹ롹Ůȭأɶ֡
ȭġȭѽ峯ĩЩ󴫽ʿ֯ġ񡹣ͻʿͷȭ񲻷ݼڣˣɱˣǾͱɲ˵ġ̰ˡ̰йٸйٲҿˣɱȭ֡ȭ񲻸ҿ٣淢óɱһ̰ûûˡ̰ԳɽΪɽиµ۹ĵ¹ҲԱ㼮ռ콺壬ϼͣɽȫʡˡ
εˣһ˾ž꣨ʮ꣩Ѹɱ˳ĴعɽѲعǰ֪ʱһ£ɱһǧ˵ľ˼¼ѲǾ͸ɴɱ䡣ɽԴǧţ￳أˣѲҲвƽعǴ֪֪֮֪ȭ໥ɱ֮䣬ȭҲǡ˽̰Ϊ˰ˣΪרɱȭأ˵Ľ񣬡Խ̷˽ Rice ChristiansΪĶأͷһת»ͳˡȭߣɱΪ԰һšһšȭ񣬱ɡšͨ͡ȭΪ͡š¡عִ죬ȫʡϵµĺڰᣬͨͳϿɵġšعѲһȻܽκ⣬ȴŪȫʡȻԼҲ͡سɷˡ͢ñҲΪǸ֮ܳοмӡһعһݣͨȫʡԺҪ󣬡һŵ߷硻񡹵ȻҡȺع쵼֮£ʽг󡹵ĿںšһӦȫʡС

עǸ㡸Ϊѧķ֮ڣΪعѲһ;ɽʡΪˡ

Ǻǵأ뵱ү̷үҲǡ߷硹һ£ȵԲ԰˻𣬽Сʵ۴Сܲͷܶȥ֮ʱŽСӣDϧһдˡ׫ר֮˴㲻̸ˡ
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ԬΪʲôҪŹȥأ
һǸɹţԻ춼֪֪֪ڻʿǼϣ֡Ҫģֶֻܷ֮ǴʹϣΪԨ㣬㲻Ҳ
ڶҲǴͳţԲݽСĺᡢţһҲΪǵԨ޴ҪʱҲδʼԬһɱ¡ѧʦġͷ𣿺οְҵԬĺǸʱڻûʲô⡹һֻ֪ǿ˾ǻˣ͸ýżиȰƳͶ񣬵عģиֻܸ鷳˺ܶ඼Ǽƶͦյģع˰иˣδܽǵʳ⡣˱ҪٹǾ͹ٷ˲ˣڴͳſɺͳˡȻҲ˽ղ˽ν⡹ǽǺϺǧ괫ͳ𡣡̸ʲô⣬ǾͰʮʹɶʮˡ
еʷӲԬ֮ţ˵ȡڵ۹壬ǶҲǳѿ֮ˡ
֮Ԭɽ˵Ÿϵʮֳסȵ֮ģȭѱݡֵ췭ظ֮ʱŷԴصɽʡһƬ徻ذ˲ɽԬѲΪдأȵС·˵ߣΧʹݣ罻ͨȫϾʹĪ׶ء̩ʿѿӢפʹġġobituaryʱԬļϸȻĿĽͨŦˡԭʱھ»ָӡʾʹݣʵͨһ治Ծʳ߲ˡϹӼʹݱ֮˺͡ëӡһôͳС˰ӼϸԬϢϡ
ͨͨŦʹǿȷ֪פĹʹǣ¹ʹͷǣƽϢҲʹý鴫й̫ͻʵۡȭ˽ٳ֡йʵ۶ʮһǿ<սگ>ǡگǡα졹ȵȵļϢʹΪ档
ּ̫ܲΪֱܶ󳼣жʮһǿ֮ȫȨҲṩ鱨ʩȫȨ㹻ʱȥʮһǿ䡹֮ƣʹһפʹͨѶŷգѴӡսΪܺءʹʮйԹԼǡԼƣйСơbalance of	power⡸Ϸ֡partition of China
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ǰ׫йظƪ̫󲢲ôͿ֪йǿ֮һӢնݣһͿءۣ֮κͿʮһǿͬʱսأ
شһ⣬ܴѧ˵Ъ˹ʲôġ̫ţȷǸøҲͷϸܣõ𣬷ŵ¡áĶֻΪʮ꣬Զʵۺգаٷ֮ٵİյġƢһ£ƾʥҲϷүĵġ
̫ŲͨԲ԰һѻŲˡԲ˺ްգ˵ϲŭ֡⽻롢ΪҲ֪ˣҶˡáΪʲôȻʮһսأҲͷһƴŵķԡ󡹡һסʮһսǰϦҪɢأ
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Իһ鱨̼ĽһũʮգһۺսƵ䡢ͬʱϯġǰ项ٻºԬֶǿ̸Ͷ飬ͬţɢ˭֪ҹ»յһڼ鱨˵ʮһʹѹ̫ͬһĪе鱨̫ŵû⡣
µһţ񾹱ʵʮգĵڶǰ󷽴ңֱ״ΡЧҵ׹ʮˣӵ޳һƬ
 һһ֣˰ѶʮСʱ֮ǰľ飬ȫƷűǵ¹ʹǹɱ¶ʮգ󳼱ͷ¶ʮһԶʵ֮Ӣ¡⡢աɡʮһͬʱսˡ
λҲйķӢʦĦ˹һת䣬Ҳɽ⣬˵

̫һ¶·ģֻһΣμֻʣŮ˼ˡ

ʵĦʦ֪̫һǼ鱨Ծͷޡ·ˡǡμֻʣŮ˼ҡŮμѧѧйŴݺҡĿ֮ȻǰʮһפʹʹǿʡhostageȻСΪͼڣëúСһޣƱ꡹ùı˼ңļȶߡ
ֳ֮ɰ˹䡸㾦֮ʣǲ֪˭αļ鱨ҲһߣԬëˣڡһ֮䡹ġΪȫżȻΪӰһɥԵ֤֮һҲ֤˻һר壬Ӧִνʵ鱨档

עʯʱ׽ĻҪγ²ףСĶ֪ξܾǩ֣һרⳤȥ򡣽֮շҲȫһ˵ľŶ֪ԺΪ򡹡һ˵ļ򵥻ȥһйգܲʧأһʧܣ˸ꡣë͸ˡ»һ֮䣬ƻ³ʮּɶʵġƻڶũǧĻǰϦٺһ֮䡣ԭµĺ˶ȥͽ˭֪һʮ꣬򡣡ëһ˵Ļֻ¡˭֪ëˣˣβҲб¶֮ʱ¾ͱʮˡͬǣҲܹ˰ɣ֮̾

̫˲ǧá򲻸ã·ŹݡڱҲμǰ飬ɸȥʺյ£ֱȥʸʹĻϡ͵项أżȥʣһЩ֪Ȩ߸ɣһֻáӵ޳һšˡʱûСɵзɵǲҷһͨŹأⷽ˵λơͨëϴ󣬾ͱҶ̫Ÿëġ¡ܶòɸΣǾͲ·ȥݵǣǡίôڱŹʹʱҷ鱨ܶҲԣ¸ԡͷϣ˽´治ʱ̫Сʵ˵ʲôӡϸˣ죡жԡȻˣҲԭǣֻҪĹжңξҪ㡸жĽϻ 첻໰ﲻںܶͲͬˡһСϱ˵䡸໰ѸɡŪڹ֮ϣͷѭΰëϯĸ⽻·ߡһ߶꣬βͳ֮󣬻ش½̽ĸ Ϻյʮĸ֣˺üٱ顣ʵ˵ΪһùʷңͷֱֹǺϷǸϵġܶǸСϱС֮硹ȻëȣҲȲԶüĳ̫šëװǻƣλ̫̫СӢۣƣɫ
лˣٻͷ̫󡣵<Լ>ԭ籨ִʱ˵̫ϲΪΣһҪµģҪء䲻ںңСǮλһ̫ǲŲںأǮġĶµ¡̫º֮ţǹŽ˫֮ҲǵءȻΪˣҲҪѡ㲮⡸
ԬԴ̫׷ϳݼڣԬʮ׳꣬ġ¡֮󣬾˴۹ġࡹˡ
Ԭı䷨
̫һǵһǣͨξյҲˣ˽ҲˣҲˣҲСˡԴ˾£ҲţΨŵù£ҲŵùĽӰԬ
ԬΪʷңҲ޷ǡ֮ۡͨһ⽻¡ø쵼ܣʷҲܷǡ֮ܳĩеĸ߲۽֮šŶӣҸ˾;ã޳ߡ¡ܶ˻⣬֮ܶʧ̫֮ӡֱܶʧ֮ܿΪë£ʱΪŰˡԿ³Ůά鱻ɱһǣҲͺѱŴ󳼡ˡ֮֮Ҳ֣Ҳ衹åзģҪƶԦͬµĴСåͲηηβƤĳİˡԬⷽܶǿˣҲʧ̫֮裻ʧ֮Ӳĺݣûи֪ϢΪʿɡʮˣԹϣԬйִʷϣƽԭڴˡ䳤̡̾Ϣ
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ʵԬΪ֮ƶĸҲ˵ǡԬı䷨ơɣÿһϿƾ١ѧУдһʿġҲ㵽ΪֹҲ¼ɣ
һǾ¡ԬġҾΪһ֧ġִĹ½ġ򡹣ÿǧˣԼϽ֮һʦ֧йصĸʩ硸ѧáеѧáҽѧáѧáҽѧáȵȣԬһִġԬⶩȫɳ͢ʡ˰½Сѧε½ѧĿΪ۹ʮִġ

עսǰϦίֱʮʦĿǲıϣҲԬϷΪűġ

ʮļƻȻԬĵְǳ⡸ȴʱԬϸǮԬҲֱϵĻľٶˡΪڸ̾ǣһβϹһٲǾأϹǲǹ
Ԭ໹Ϊ۹һִľ졣ݣԼ˲йм·פԬѡ彡ıũԢھѵִ֧ľ졪Ҳйʷĵһִľ졣еľġһŶ꣨ʮ꣩ϾʱΪ׶ڵİȫ棬ƽнأ
ںԬΪˣΪĿ̫ȫ޾ؽޣ޴˾޿ˣȻҲЩĹ
ԬЧƶȺͽƶȣȴ˷츲صĴĸϳƾٿһƾٴӺĹʿʼƸΪԻǧϵʷһƶȣһǣ浽ȫĽĻռ˽ԸԶ֮Ҳǻ׵Ҫý顣ڶҲΪԱѡˡӰ˵ѵƽڻңǷƽġ뵳١İ취ϿƾƶȲԶӣƾǸǧϵʷǣԶʵеġϺõƶȡbetter systemִοѧҲϡǸеġϺõƶȡȻǡõƶȡbest systemһƶȳ¸ˡʱˡˣҪԷϳǣ̫㣬˵ϾͷϡҪϣͱмƻв个׳н֮ıŲ©Ԭ˴ԭȶ˸طٵѵͬʱ˰ʽѧУԬȭڼ伴ڼϴɽѧƾ٣α󳼣ѧãѡѧѧһ˲ţΪݷݷѧְҵ· һ֮ЧƾٲԷϣԬ뿪ķ⽮֮᯴ӵȣϳƾ١Ȼȫ£ľذ˲Уǧƾ٣ڡơһũĵػʷˡ
䷨ʷ뵽֮ȫֿ֧Ϊƶ䷨Ϊλܵ£ٿԬѧУϿƾٵĳɼ֪£ִߣԼ޼ʶľͷͷԣɲգ
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·֮⣬Ԭʴߵ籨ִ֡ʽơдĸͷʷӯ𣬳¼Ҳǰ˽ܽڴУҳһһһһһ壩һԬҲȻԬ֮裬п϶֮ǡ
йҵչʷУ¡ʢԬ̾ʷ֮ҲȻԬˡšʢΪҹνҵ֮߹ҲȻ˽
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ְɣ⴫ͳűʱҵıȻתУԬǸ⡣ȲǸʱңֲƱҲɶʲôġĿ֮ҲмǮ㻨Ϊޡ¡ʢɵй
ԬǸأŹְɣ
ԬԶļƻʹˡҪ㡸ܡʡ㡸طΡ
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һũҶ֮˶ȫҲ֮ˮһк£޷ֹձԬ˵׼ʮ֮飬ɡ󳼳󳼳̣ٳǴ־磬㷳׸󳼱ŷŷý壬ꡣǿӰ磬ʿţŮȡܷδӿأ½һˡʷڲϵأ٭ȣ˶ӡ˼֮Ц
λӡҳ顢֮ҲߵĴţܷһ֪ع֮ܵдƪ챨桹֪дڳ֮ǰѰ׽ˡʱѧҲûִʰ˭֪׫дˣǴѹСͶȣ񲻿Цգ
ƿ˵֪١ܷأһѿɣԬΪĵɣһˡһһũˣԬٶȻ⣬Ȼһȱؼ֪֮Ȩ׹ѳ˳ɡһ¿վ׹󲻵һרƣǸרȨͽձ֮ͬ峯һװϷˡ
һ죬ʡȺӦΪˣĴͳͬ˻ͲȫˡʡϵšͣǹˣЮ򾫻һʱ֣͡Ԭɡˡ

               *һž¶ʮѸ̨ϸ
                ԭ̨ѧʮžһ


塢˼뷢չĽ׶

ۣӡݹݹ

ݳжйʷĵúͳھסһԪĻ飬һһƪģԻ<йִ˶Ľ׶>1׾УΪйũҵΪĴͳᣬԹҵΪִᣬչһ׶Ρһ׶ΡѭʽǰġйҪִҪͨնĲΣȻܷƽ˾ǿֵ̫ƽʢ
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θ֮ɽɽ֮ʼձ顣áɽһƺоģ˵ʿȣ7̴ǿԿ϶һǣϳżáɽͼ˶Ŀ֮⣬δԳɽǩĹ˽ļԼǰֱӹϵĹ˽ļɽ֮8ǽɽ֮Ϊᣬ޲ɣʷʽִΪ»ıġáɽˡ
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17ʮĩʱŷ֮ɳۣʵٳִʷϡ塹ʱǵ¡֮ͳһӢҴۡ˹־ᡢӸ֮£Լ֮ΧһΡС˵˿ڣٲȻʱҲ
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20顢ʢʱӵʮռߡʡٹ뱸ٲȻһ͢Ҳɽǰ쵼νʮ壬õǰ˵ֻ˵һֲ֡塹ͽһЩķ۹˶ͬС졣ƹͬ쵼һ˾ΪԭƻֻԶʮ˹𣬶ʮ˹硹ɵĶͷŻ׳ơȵȡμлǰʷϲҳһ﹫Ҫϣ΢ĿֲأǾΪţֻҪи㣬ȫŷӦμһũͬ־źȫ顷ҳĩһԺƪȻһռʡӦӣ˹츸֡Ҳ
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23ǰ֮²ںţȴƽҶϣʵΪĻ֮ŮҲ²θɣ؜ǣͳĻʳ֮ĩҲҲ֮һںţһɢ֮źޡȻһںиѫνɿ롸бҲ
24֮ǰԭС͡롸ܡ֮֮ԭʵ翵಻ԾܡΪ˹֮ơӡֻǲʶʱ֮
25μ԰弾¡ԭΪʵ֮Ȼ֮೫͡ߣԶҲ
26¡һ˾Ѳɡģʽ֮һְλΪʣμע14һũͬ˻ڶ֮ʱȨ֮ʽԻ»ܾҲ˼˾Ի³Ի鳤Ƿģʽס̨ʷ࣬һˣڶҳһҲΪл̴ɽʱνڹ䷶ϲҳһһ
27˶Ϊ˶Populist MovementΪʮĩҶʱչʱڣ֮ũ֮˶ָ˼ʼں?Ργڹũ׼δܺܶʽƾһ֮۲뾭飬ƶһ飨һ߾ţط˰ȽĹ룬һʱҡһ˾Ŷйũ֮֯񵳡People's Party֣ٲȻʱ֮󵳡Ӱں֮θĸޡʮĩಢɹũߡԾ÷չƶ١ԱΪնʽ΢ν֮ʢʮ֮ĩʮͣʱ֮ѳɹʱӡ
28ɽġƽȨ˼룬Ȼܺ?֮Ӱ졣ĿǶԸоüٷչġƤˡɽĿ̺ͨϺؼǳ򱶣ǫ̈̄ʷ࣬һ壬һҳһĩ׶ȹ̨֮߰ۡ¼¼޴֮ḻ̶Ϊز̣Žͳƣջ˸ӵһǧߣһؼǧ̩֮࣬Ϊز̡ɡ껪Ҳκ⣬Ϊȹƶ׶Ϊͬ˻֮ʱ̲òڻȲ͹ݴ򹤣ͼһӴ֮̾޼Ǯҹ˴Ŀ֮ʹ?֮ԣռ˰Ǽ۹鹫عСֵ˰Ϊɲɡȵ֮ۡԪڹ㶫֮ݣȫҳľһľŶ塹֮ˡ㡸ũߡߡרעũġΪй֮űɽ֮˵УصвͬǾѧңǾʷңߣи߶ȵĸɿԣǽĸ취
29Դءסڶҳһģ<ҵĻ>ء뻳磬һŰ˶ҳˡ
30Ϊع߽ʹεӽþ˻ᣬḻ˲Ʋʹ´ҡ԰ǰҳģҵʮ<ר>
(31) һһһʮʮյġ塹ʵǡ᡹ġиԭͬ˻ԱΪиʡˣѳġӶΪʱһ˶ĳԱ͹ǸɡǶԡ²顣ΩԡƽȨһʶԹһũڶʱͬ˻ĴСƽȨ˳ΪƽȨƽȨʲô˼Ҿ͸ˡڹ֮飬ұμϲҳˡһ
(32)ͬ˻ʱ֮򣬼ע(26)֮йƶȣֱѡ֮⣬ȫϮ֮ȨƣμǮʷϺһţһ¡˵رǴѧ۵ġ
(33)ǰһٶ˵ʵεģʽʱĲΡԺԱǡ˲˲šйʧȥһᣬΪϧơ
34֮ң߶ӣμũйʷϺһߣʮ¡
35ʷҡˡС˵֮ũ͹㣨лʷϺһһģࡣ֪֮⣬ೢԡ񵳡֮ԱγɵġѧϵһɼԷ̳ڶߡˡڣһһˡ¡
36һһ߰ģйһһһ֮˫ۼҶƶȡ֮ǰߴƶȱ˸ƣ˲¡ġͳơΪڸơһǮ֮꣬Ǯһ£ƪ֢νԱֻһȺ͹ţϲνѡҲͼΪйͳ֮Ʒִġʲ׼ҲϹϵ
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38֮ʱԼԬⶩߡΪڸڣԬ޷Լ֮ڸν˹Ҫ֯ڸԬȻδкѡˣνڸֻһȺСͷ֮ϣЮƴͷ´ͷ֮Ȼ¼ԬԺ֮ʷϣżʡνʵԬУũʮ¼ʱš
39Ԭɴ౳ƣӣ֯л䵳ʱڡҪһһרⶼԬ˶Ʋ֮ӦȻ﹫ھ֮󣬼ϸѵʷϣһרѧ޲׼ר֮ûһȫһ¡ƽȡԶأκרۼҵı£רǲѵĶݽ׶Ρ
40֡лɢס弭ʷʵƹʲμס̨ʷ࣬һȫ顷
41ơڡصˣԵͬδɽնһԪϻɢʹ񵳱ʣڵȨ࣬ཥϵ쵼ײ֮𣬹񵳷չ˽һ׶Σμƣۮˣƻ䡷̨ѧ磬һˣҳ填ũѦ֮롶йۣһŰ˩ҳһ婖һۮ˲ԭټ߾֮ɾΪӢĸ˰ҳظױǴѧ
42ע40
43¬Լۡ˼ˣJohn Locke,16321704¬󡢽ܸѷThomas Jefferson, 17431826ֿϣAbraham Lincoln, 18091865ˡһһԺ˼ת䡣¬츳Ȩ˵ڡ塷дڸ۵ѽһӡɢȨ塷ݼѧ˵ 
44ϲʮ¡Ϊ﹫绤Ȼꡣʲο
45ԡл﹫֮ʮУȨִһ֣֮Ŀݵи߼ɲ֪ͬ˻ʱ졣
46عնʮһ棨ϣ̨оԺʷоרʮˣһ
47˶Ϊά׿ڸߣ˵ιµġһʷҡ 塢֮䡣޹׫дġ¼νλѧ֮һһ˸˰ٷ֮ʮϵĻҲǿ๤һλι£ԭӢд£йѧԺʷо룬ɱлַСû¼һڶ
48ѧռǡʿԴ̨ѧ硣һŰ˩ҳһ
49ע41²ҳһİˡһһ
50ɽһٶʮѧۻ᡹һŰڴʱձѧԪӢͽڵ<ʮһɽ>Уָɽʱϧʮһƥ֮йȨ棬롸աԬԬսԪսǰյӰӡձ˾С˽ԭ
51С캯ӰӡױǴѧ C .Martin WilburΤĽͥɣɥİߡSUNYAT-SEN: Frustrated Patriot.New York: Columbia University Press, 1976<Ԧǿ֮ͼ>ҳһһһҳһġģк뱾ӢʷԲɽڡʮһǰձԹȨ滻ȡԮ֮ԡͬʷΪϱ绤׫<ɽ´ʵ>ء½־ʮڣһŰ˩£ָ˺α֮Լ󡹡²ҳһĶָСغȨ϶࣬´ں󣬶Ȩ淴١ԡֵûɵġͬϣҳһģʵϣ˴бСغ´ʮ£´ΪһһʮһգСغΪһһꡪꡪʮգСغΪһһꡣ
52һƪӢĸ壬﹫֮ʱרơԬ֮мʽĹͷΡ˼γ֮ʼĩһŰ˰ӡ¸
53˹ʱձֻϧ͸ֹܵĴ֧Ԯй֮Ԭʵɣ﹫ֻ֮һѡձʷҶԴʷϷԼΤĽͥǰӢԭҳġһߡ
54ɽһһһڹݳѡΪԪ˧֮йδͳһʼάͳڽ񡣵ڶιһߡһ壩ս֮ꡣЭȻֻò϶ѣʵϣͬʱҲ
55йءԺ֮ʷʵߣԪ鴫̨оԺʷ棬һʮһʮ¡
56衢֮γɷ֡ؾӣǷԡȻƲʱ˽⣬ԹۣսΪǡйڰͻᣨһһţ뻪ʢٻ飨һŶʵ֤֮Ҳ
57Ԫ꡶Լͳ֮ʼЧϾܾԼְ֮˳ְЧΪԪ꡶ԼˣԬ֮ѧǮ֮꣬ǰע32
58ڸԺ֮ķ꣬꾡Ϊվͳʱʷһߣڶᡣ
59ͬϡڶʮߡʮ¡
60ͬϣҳһ填
61ڱιԱͣȷͶƱҲѡ֮ûκרƹͷǣǵλȫƾһ֮ļȡᡣǹϵëΪ˽ũƱʾԣйʷ̨һţϺһİˣ²ҳߡ仯ͼЩԱϲᣬµǽɢᡣ
62ڡս֮飬վǰĲᡣ
63οӢİ桶˴Biographical Dictionary of Republican China	Columbia University Press 19671971˱к뱾
64ŵ¹פʹȣVon	Hintze跨¸𣬼ֹս߽ĿԶЭԼơǰ飬²ҳһ
65ͬϡǰ飬²ҳһ˾šһŶΤĽͥǰ飬ҳȨԵķ֡Ϊ̨оԺʷоս¹Уĵ¹⽻ٵܱ档<¹ййμӵһսļ>лʷоĵʮѧۻ¼ءйʷרо桷ļ̨лʷоģһģй񵳽ʮҳһߡߴԵرɽؿֽ𣩵Σڷʷ죬һģڶҳš
66ݹԪϣϺޣϺв鳤˹չ婖꾡ңһδսڼ䣬աʯȾϺ¹Ʊס׫Ƭλ䣬ἰ֮˹չ<꽭ʮ걨ƹ>ء¿ŦԼһһյһڡֱ߲һоίԱĻ࣬Ϻ棬һţҳİˣʮ꽯ʱȴ跨˰޽𡭡¸ϰơ鳤ľũҳΪһ׽ڽϼʢ֮ʱ衸޽һ´ӺζഫೢڵһδսڼϺιƱͣơ
67ΤĽͥǰҵפʹݳʹԺ֮ USDS 893. 00/2707 ţפºP.S.HeintzlmanһһԺ棺ݹ㶫jɽϺյ¹ֿһʮԪʮ˾赹⣬ʹʺһ¡ʮ·ǳ֮Աɺ̨лݱáͬס̨ʷ࣬һ棩²ҳ壨ΤΪҳһһ¶ʮգɽǡ᯴ӻ赹Ϻͬ԰¶ʮͽ̾ʮԪΪ֮衣ͣʷ޿סȡ֮Ī赹ѳǡ£֮롶ʷӡ֤ÿΪɡݵµ᯴ʱյ¿һԪ᯵Ⱥ֮ԶԵ½ս״̬¶ʮգ¹˵˷۱ˡڹݷǳ֮Աʮһˣɽ԰ʮƱѡΪԪ˧
68ʱйΪƣչ˰Ϥڶǿ֮࣬ν֮ࡹΪй֮ɽһһ³ڹݣԳΪй֮ΨһϷɡⳤ򺣹࣬ȻΪӢܡΤǰҳһ填һ
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70ɽɵйʷ˾䡣ΪΪ񣬷ܶѡߴƪֻۡΪΪ۵㣬˶̲֮ҲɽԼ˵úãǡ֮¡ȵҶܡֶ֮ЩĶǡ˽õ˺ַ͡ƹܵĳ⡹ĺúǾ޷ݵġΪžȹҲֻòֶˡνС³Ҳ﹫ֵʷ˼֮Իһλʷϴۺ˲ܲϵҵʵҶģһ־ǿٷ粨ʼδۡڶ»Ӧ䡣Ⱥƹ۲죬áǲ࣬ԼϺŪǮŪǮҲΪĿġļֵҶһǣΪĿĶֶΡִͷϣᣩֶεˣڡ桻ԭѶˣҲ൱ԭ¡ΪԳɹڴˣʧߣδزڴˡǺܿϧĿûʵֵĻᣬȥˡɽۼҳϧ﹫Ҳȥˡ죬˱ˣҪ롸֮ҡսˡ
71йʷϵģʼʡκۣܲ٣쾵۵֮⣬¾ԬˡԬһһձ֮󣬱߲ѧδһƪһʷΪԬϱԩ֮ǡֻйά¼˵ԬϳǴֻ֪ʶΪż󵼶ʷۣ֮νӡΪףʵҲиβйʧķ䶯δؾרΪ»Ҳ
72ۤԹŵŵνȰԬƵۡιм֣֮̽Թ¡ۤ꽲<Ԭܷʹŵŵ>ءйʷרо桷߼̨лʷоģһߣҳһһೢԺٳϸԬ֮ԭ֮ϱɡߡ֮ԭǣһʱйʵеʽĹͷΣмʽĹͷٽϷǳмʽĹͷΪѣδҲʱйвѡѡΪѣ༴񵳵ľЭմ½֮ЭʽҲ֮
73ͬ˻ʱһ׶˶ǡ²ԬȱλֱʾӵɣޱҪͷʧɡԬɡơҲǵһ¹ϵƣɽԼϸ֮ҲμǰũʷϲˡŽ£ʵϣʰʱĲо֣ҲֻԬд˰ɽ䵳֮Ҳ޷ͳԦپȫȰλԬɽϾиʱɢʱϡ³´лġʱڱ䶯ɽа۲ӵĸԣʼձйһλҵĵλǣ䵳ڵĵλվȨվ󡣵ȵй񵳡ڶʲά֧֮¸ʱڵСȨһͨתΪһõĸҲǺ˵ġʽ͡ʽ֮ˡбʵ˼롷̨һߣҳһɽ䲻ӵľ񣬼ǾȹľԻԵһ㶫ɽˡ
74ݽڹƣǰʮ壬ʮ۱ңԼʮһԪ֣֮ܽڴ˵лʱڣûеõ̴޵ŻԱϲҳ壩˵ڻ²׼оձĻϲ㻪ȶԸ֧֣ɹ֮ʱ˶ԸԮҪԡͬϣҳߡĻǸ񷨽ڵ֮о棬̨оԺʷо֮ۺϱ棬ﴫڶƪʮ¡
75ɽ԰ʱ΢ǣָɽ¹Ϊһһһ꣩ʮµ顣һ˵ɽ¹ϵţԷ帴ΪּȻ̣޽ȡ֮ʳᵳ½֮֮ǰ̴󷴶ͬ˻֮ƣءɽʮԭӰӡһŶһ¹־˾ӰӡľӰӡ׾
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77ɽͳ¾֮ìܣϵŲμӱĻսʦ㡸Ϣ֮ͼ١ũǰ²ҳ填ģĿʯ¾ݣһ߰ˣʡ¡ʯΪһ֮ͬģʡ֮ţڱ׫ĺӦƳ֮Ϊӵ֮ɢŬܱں
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81йͳУʧ¹¹֮ʮˣȻǿڱѣμ٣һǴͳġ־ñغϡĳ򡣴һִʷϸθӣ࣬ȻδѾס
82ԶΪʦ֮﹫ԣ׼һŶʮ¾½Ӱӡּࡶɽּѡ磬һŰʮ£ҳһһġʵ﹫ԡ˼֮ᵳɺ?Σ?Σ֮ʩйȫ᣻ﴫҳһߣ?µĸҲ﹫ζʵǡθ֮󣬱֮˼һ׶Σ롸塹֮ʡһ˾ζѧɡԻĴӲ˹˵յĴ󻰣ڿ졢ԹΩʹװһ졣̴ľľͷʤ³¾飬ڡҳߩġʵϣдڿ졣м֮ѧʱͬΪӱͯһ֮סУͬ롸Ӣݡϰֻԡһר˶á硣ֿұ±˶õԬͨʼ󳹴򣬲ͬ־֮Զ˶õġлೢͬ־֮ԶǡУȫһˣ˴ԻΪȫûڶˣһʮСʱɶ²ɣרɽҲģһʮСʱʮһգƶᣬʯΣרݣڻУΪ£ӢġDavid Shub LENIN	,  London,  New	York	&Torontor The NewEnglish Library, 1948 , p66
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˵ǵصԼˣ
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Сֳܸ谮簮ʳٲʳӵܣĿϽӵܣΪ䡣
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Ǿͬ˻ǰ꣨һšɽձֻǸĻᵳͷĿȻԾձסģµո̴ɽ˹ʱɽʵʸȫޣ̻ԪʼܳС
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Ǿɽ˵ͳɽˮ·֮ʱġһ塹Ȼյйŷѧһʾ޿˵аǧɣ롸ɡ֮࣬Լʵʱŷ̾ȹơһ··תɽлˣֽһ¼Ԫ
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ŷйѧԺȻѪɽأԭɽβʱڣʶʱȴй½ѸǡɥȨ<Լ>һ˾ǩ֮ȫ»ڿΪġǿѧ᡹͡䷨ά¡֪һ˾Ű꡸䷨׵ʧˡʧ֮࣬۹Ҳһ꣨ʮ?磬һ˾Ű꣩˹Ϸ֮רƪԡĲ̸ˣ˵۰ɣһ걻Ӣǿȵġ衹˾ʮꡣʱһžߣԼŮʱ¾Ҫڹ黹ˡҲһ꣬¹ǿռ˽壻ϴ۶Ҳ衹˳Ϊֹ˶ǿ¢йӢּʺˣһҲͰռ˹塣С۹ʱй䡸ΧҪǿҰΪơbalance	of power裬Ͱѡǲ۹ϷˡǸҵġŷ޲򡹶ͼ۹ǱеġʱǸСķ롸ոʧءֵͬͬĿأɵأ
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ĶߣҲʱйˣθأ
й⻼չնսǰѱ֪֪ܺʶˮƽй˵з֮ʹȼü֮ʶԣѲڡ÷֮ȡӺ껪ˡ˾һ֮ڣھ֮֯˷ӿϧȡ˵ж԰ɱ嵱һš¶ʮʿһ߰ˡһš壩ڱվıը󳼡δѳѣǸͻӡֲֿ޲ڴ֣ȱʾ֮ҲըʱǰյһͷߺǱšѼ⸴ġе·֮Ҳ
ʱĸС֮һԵСģ֯Ʋ̸Ӱġ˻᡹͡⸴᡹Ҳġ˻᡹ǻˡһνʡ»ꡢż̵ڹʮϦһšʮգһ˵һšʮһգڳɳģԺΪ塣⸴᡹һšϺԪ൱ѡ᳤Աۡ誡±ꥡճµˡʡΪ塣ͬʱһҲĺ½֮ڣ֯һѧϰһš³ԱвǲȵȣҲǸӪеĹǸɡһۿЩС壬ƺǸֱ֯ġʵȻǱ˴֮롸աŷѧġϵͨԱ֮ǧ˿ƣϡҵĴ۸ӵҪһǵּĿͷʵȫһµġǰϦһЩµС硸᡹֪᡹ѧ硹ȵȣʵЩСֻ֦֯ǸСȦȦԭй֪ʶӵͨԡŦԼаá硹ġƱѡǣǳĶЩȫͬġ¡䡷һϷĿȴ֯塢ҲͬġƱûһҿԵ̨ϷġҪ⡹ñ˴ˡڽǡ͡ǡǻʣΪʲôأѣҪ񲻱ɵ¹˺ձˣǻʲôйأ
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ˣΪģ
һ䣺Щ͸ɻĹͬ򡢹ͬأҪ֮һšĳ飬ʿдġдԡλŶʮġ޴󽫾ţƵ֮Ұסй֮ˡɱ֮ʵۡл͹͹ҪΪģ˶ѡ⼸򵥵Ŀںʵ֮ǰ۹֮ڣӳҰеŮϵ١ũ嵽Сӹ굽աŷѧȣһµĺǵķ֯壬¾ϻᵳǵľ񣬸ɸɸɣǵǹը
ǰȫͳһ־national consensus򵥵ĸconceptualizeһ£Ͽںţ²ںţĺʮǰͽйˣʱǣȴȫĹͬ־һ²ˣľͱȫͬ־ķˣй󣻺νеġ֪prophetˡ뵽еѧҪ˵ʵ쵼ˡһʹǵĹɽ޵Ļŷ޵ˡ
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Ȼ˰˸ɷɰɽ뵽ŷȥģһȺŷѧС֮š桢κˡ졢صȺԭҲСңĴ󡣺ڵطֵ֮ԭɹʣЩСϷһ㡢һ桸˲ʰ͵ѧڹڹĶ췴ңԶŷޣϺƽߣձǶŷյġٷ
ʱġٷѡͺġһʮֳԣġÿһٷǸСֶ̡ǸԣͥСү塣ȵȴУŷԼԭЩӣȴӢѧǰ֮ģȻͨɽоɵĶѧخɽŷһ
ʱŦԼɽԭǸһĲ⵰ʱŦԼԡ򹤡ΪʮĲţҲŦԼڵһ⵰ҲԴΪ֪евԻ֮ҲǵĹɽǴǰһֻһš궬Ȼǧɣնˡ͸ͷһ°ѡ̡ӵһ̾ܵŷȥˡŷޣɽгġΪǵ׶ء±䡹ǡ
ŷ޴½ڲ³Ͱ֣ɽǰʮѧһļϡǸʡḻӢֲȺ飬Ƥѧʽ M.D.ѧλѧʵĲ M.D.ѧλʱѧΪУ﹫δǫ־ȴͷͨСǣܺȣܿģɽͰǡ²ָлƽȨף֯ˡ֯ûֵġɽѧķУûаǸġл᡹ʵǰ̴ɽʱѲԸ֣áлˣ
ʱɽԾѾǸ缶ĸ䣬Ӣֶʵڲס rooming	houseˣҪһ۹ùݡһͽǴԣл䣬ҡɡ硸ѩƬɽȵþʣڰ衢׶شһࡸɡ˳˸߼ֱ֣Զȥߡ

עʱÿѧӷΪİٷɡ

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ʷңѧңѹʵĹѧɽ?½ڣMary C. Wright׷ףǡѧ硹᡹Ǹġͬ˻᡹ûʵʲ롣
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ͬ˻ᵱʱݿ֮ʵȴ֮֡²ʱЧʵĿںšͳսΧС˴ĿꡣѴ۹һ񣬸һвƽ۹ĸԣЩڹá²һ米˹ȥѡ²һ¡ˣһùԵлϹ̾Ϳɡָˡòʹգ
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ͨ˼롹塹רǣΪ˵ġ̫֡򵥻ˡСȨܷأֻȨС塹أֻ塢ƽȨͲ̸Ү
ƪӦרƪʼ𡣼֮Ҫ֪ҲѷϣȥδԶ˼ҿŽȡƶȣƶȡ͡ʷƶȡҪȨ֮⣬衸Ȩ͡Ȩⲻ֪ѵܣֻǡũҵ᡹͡뼯Ȩǰµŷڹҵִġĵ᡹multi-centered societyֵܾΪˡΪһĵִҪĶʵ̫ˡⳬҵ˵ɡմҪȡִյְҵһҪȻԡԭй˷ģҿʦҽʦʦʦԱsocial worker졢Աʦ캽Աʦwinetasterˮز͡ʻԱ⳵ʻԱݲԱ˽ҳʻԱǲ°ʮ֣ټϸ˾лᣬרҵԣ¼ȵȡ޲俼ԡһԺĿࣿɽرǿߣֻǡĹٿԡտרΪ볯ٶμ֮Ҳʽ̨־꣬мҪ٣Ҫڹ̽統ϰأԺɶó
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ھĵġƻԡ
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ˣ؞Щ²壬Ԥ޿գȻ켺к޹֮׺ݶʵߡʷ߼¼ƶ񣬿ɲգ
ʱ嶯ߣϧһȫͬ飬һ߳ʵֻʶˣôʱˣʹɥ֮࣬˽б֮ġʿ֮ң˷θʿԣԭΪλ̿е©֮㣬ԭɲһ˻ƻϵʿ˵֪һ죬ͷ˭֪һСĴʿأ
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᡹ѧ硹壿
Ȼʮʿ֮Ϊʱδꡣ㷢ʮʮգʮգġ塹Ĺ۵ۣǡˡνߣǽйΪ²ĸ˶֮һεġ塹ͨ壬²Ŀ꣬ȫﵽˡΪйִ˶䡸׶ԡģӦǵһ׶Σȫɹĵһ׶Ρߡ˸׶Ρдͻưˡ
ǡһθߡΪξðİƣԡ书һۡۼңһθߣѹɽҪ̾δɹˡۼΪǡʲ׼ǹϿɵġҮҮٿ⡸塹ġ
˵ֱƶ塹ģҪĸ壺᡹͡ѧ硹һ塸֪᡹òֻǸʿΪƵʥҵ֡Ҳǰͽɢˡ
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YouMakerhttp://www.youmaker.com/YouTubeƣһЩйصƵ編ֹࡢݳݽȵȡ

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[й].07.޹̱֮.srtĻأ
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[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.wmvأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.wmv|459859103|44210958C55DF1944B45DCAAB1AE341D|h=XMCL3ZQY67OQRB5I43DT2F57KGMKPVWJ|/
[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.srt|15652|722812614351782BA413E53A4AE714F0|h=DJEAI37MZT2W4XRZJH7HQ7HUSVP7GVCX|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.mkv|314688804|081DCDE4E2BC4EB1CDCB2F1184765024|h=FESWBM4CHBNRFYNLJGJQGUO4P2DAACIP|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.srt|19224|E8C1C2F2C9F37ED56C701B57BEC89592|h=7BLMALX3HT7TLQ2UHQF36HVP2E4D7SOL|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|10.ŭС.mkv|317055380|2D83B3AACF14489006195BB6BA9D71BA|h=6RUOWC4U7CTBXZXXGYFUPMJKXL5AN4IV|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|10.ŭС.srt|19614|F0169F6748278710D5F99A831A3E2B99|h=QGSVOAGSNTCTVKABQD6NCOIXMHIELGUS|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.avi|337910588|1B576638D83A2B3F2D47FC0238547C64|h=R2A7RUMBWPWJ7CL25LSAICMGGF3UFNOF|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.srt|21954|978F5ACD4E41A7998818FCBC5101FA88|h=VDRXZJULSHQXZ6BN7WMSBOVUFFO3FW6I|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.avi|518841436|FB7FE120EB1D5B3480D5F89B2FE45990|h=IGZK36UZR34OC2DAUCPVOF5YKVTDVE6C|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.srt|27280|A182170917E01176473CC37DDB4561E8|h=L2H4SVYVR6LTYKOHXPNEBVHHNSBMUK7S|/

Ѳݽ_˭й_1_רƸ빲͸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-1-רƸ빲͸.rm|143563976|747038A4DE7FA26F0C814D7638C5B50B|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_2_⻼򹲺 أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-2-⻼򹲺.rm|163995885|75306C88879D61354A5D644069ACA262|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_3_սٿ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-3-սٿ.rm|222582999|506DA8146B0850F580976C91B8D26A53|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_4_ͲҰרƸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-4-ͲҰרƸ.rm|250039831|CD47CF0B2A0653756C980A8C915611FA|/
꡶˭йרãһأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõһ.rm|25610189|4D948FCC84BEC99543FFFD2D41C2A6C9|/
꡶˭йרãڶأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõڶ.rm|25463124|755C2E0E9221A60ADDEE5C7FD37321C4|/
꡶˭йרãأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõ.rm|25334804|2D4D98A800D867F7672B54388573707E|/
꡶ɽ빲ϣأ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]ϣ.rmvb|154486906|D7BA793A369BD20F90A9681F675E42BE|/
꡶ɽ빲£أ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]£.rmvb|130689414|C38093B3BE86975E47476F67DC7A7D7C|/
꡶˭ϣأ
ed2k://|file|lϣ.flv|149898140|BECB0BE239ADF0DED9058DEF0A1FD19C|h=E2TRWCLK7VWP74U4SZL7U7DICNVUSVW2|/
꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|l£.flv|156629559|2A65622DD96C12E8985A7CABB17CEBBE|h=FEN3MBHHY2B5RSKOKC5OCWWJNU2QIEMO|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣϣأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣУأ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣУ.flv|158817877|3E9F974052B8D5D64B158B2FA8686657|h=MLB45XYYW7AVCAJP2LAWSR6LLNUUPFON|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣ£أ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣ£.flv|160273353|28724D273EABDB191107884CD6C592B6|h=YLCUGP2RSN5FMMAS3VO2C4L4WIRIQSSE|/
꡶˭ϣأ
ed2k://|file|˭ϣ.flv|148861176|62604FC89FB3223CA4866E36B02389E4|h=2KHQNVH2XVJJN6ZV7FKK7HLEPO5O3JFT|/
꡶˭Уأ
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꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|˭£.mp4|136622368|28DD6E8D98DE00AE7F2F7B9F2820D56B|
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡1йΪʲô<򹲺>أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊʲô򹲺1.rm|31974911|B96345A0841883CFED8A86862C1E9DF6|h=JRTFCAN36YPONOTMV3WHJDGBYI6K6HSS|/
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡2߸ͳ<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡3˭Ĺ͹أ
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սʤʮ꣨ϣ˭սأ
ed2k://|file|˭.rm|106916155|6316D347300852ECEDA6A2972CD6E9DE|h=7I3PNSHWOTLDN3UOZWWNUWS56777MYOB|/
սʤʮ꣨£йսʲôأ
ed2k://|file|սʱйʲô.rm|97644121|127F421003AA7C23C82D27C12EE01F51|h=3DCJ5H3E3DDZVLFHE24MA3VVIOMQBHCJ|/
꡶<>ĵ롷ڱݴѧֻϵݽأ
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꡶˼徿ʲôأ
ed2k://|file|˼徿ʲô.rm|81904157|093A7B106505265A3DFBF122AA9E0A30|
ϵʴӢƪ,лأ
ed2k://|file|ллVCD.rar|943141302|85415E78EF165AD939C7C2376AE127D6|h=KOGOUNEJOANHOJ24BWLUFBFZNXG343GY|/
ݽлŮأ
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ݽʴǰйǰйأ
ed2k://|file|ǰйǰй.rm|161675111|BBEBFF6A9ACE588DCDF9766B420C17A7|h=6QAXFWV5ZCXZRRSQK57QM4QZ2XUV5XJR|/
꡶׶̸·ѧأ
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ݽ̫ϣĻأ
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ݽ̫£Ļأ
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ݽй̨ǰ;أ
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꡶̨ͳһأ
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ݽйͳһԭ򡢵·ʱأ
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꡶йĸ￪Ÿйʲôأ
ed2k://|file|ĸ￪Ÿйʲ.rm|196634075|DDB483D6783D8546D6B07D054A8CA42E|h=2ICJFRBWW6EUEJNNKIRERGIKNML7CERB|/
꡶һⷢʯĵʼϣأ
ed2k://|file|ʯʣϣ.rm|25942086|8A6BD072DFF85C50E05A4191F6BD61B4|h=O2Q7VEW4OYHG6PTG2I4675SEOPDC2SQ7|/
꡶һⷢʯĵʼ£أ
ed2k://|file|ʯʣ£.rm|25937070|050D83DCF5F2E7D4761F07210FBEDCD6|h=U24Y6PBGUYNCAWJPIFKULQJI5STGYPQC|/
꡶̸[]--Ӹأ
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ҷѷأ
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꡶йˡأ
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꡶ε˼άһսأ
ed2k://|file|һս.ram|61755288|35B231D8842ACA11D64C449EDC10AA0A|
꡶ƭĲйˡأ
ed2k://|file|ƭĲй.rm|51313376|1236C00F725FD3B0389237A008E165E7|h=6ZFIEX4T46YQTBO26DJ5FI4CIC4YWMKC|/

δδأ
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δδԲϣأ
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δδԲ£أ
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δδأ
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δδ㻨أ
ed2k://|file|㻨.mp4|614659356|FFF422F22E693EB55ACAEA8ECBE53E95|h=SQ23I6TQ37DDIKNBQMK4QLGM4WTPKDTZ|/
δδ4851أ
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δδأ
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δδͶأ
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δδͯϣأ
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δδͯ£أ
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δδׯ̽һ𳪱֮衷أ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭϣأ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭ£أ
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δδ÷һƧˡأ
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δδCNN̸m4vأ
ed2k://|file|δδCnn̸.m4v|152383944|D818ECCA723FB38084595DA8323AABDC|h=QNATSONOZVEOBMIBWBL7MBUKYMDPVFFU|/
δδCNN̸.srtĻأ
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δδ졷16λý幤ߵĶԻݽѡأ
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δδϲ÷ںϰ̲ߵĲɷãأ
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δδ겻ԭʦ裩أ
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δδǡڰ̲أ
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δδкй2009¡˳īӰڵĽͣأ
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δδˡ20101016գ١Źɣأ
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δδʵδδҶԡհܺ߳ĸ׳¹ǫֽеĲɷãأ
ed2k://|file|ʵ.m4v|103224647|135AF716A26D97FBDF00A3C74EE75765|h=UM652LZTOX675TUXKGHCH2YSVYROR7XY|/
δδΣҰȫ2010122ŵ㣬δδ裩أ
ed2k://|file|ΣҰȫ.m4v|29803363|E7A97FD3E34798B6B8CF59C438E94A8A|h=F6EYRJF5D4KJKU6DO6THCRMS52JEY6XD|/

ԭ¡ڰ̲أ
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Ҧأ
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顷أ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|479633682|DC1573E195C632534C4D36F45F7130E2|h=MUNFENWC67U7FY6XYF7KICSU35XYS6FQ|/
Ϊʲô졷أ
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봨أ
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ǵޡϣ봨أ
ed2k://|file|ǵޣϣ.wmv|112367347|8D42E6B329154326FE81F983A25721C7|h=IPMEVL2ETES2YPNBEANL34KVNZ2BGSZM|/
ǵޡ£봨أ
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ذ֮1̲άȨأ
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ذ֮2̲άȨأ
ed2k://|file|ذ֮.CD2.mp4|189072590|D34912914A1EABB9E12810DCC1C5D131|
̫ʯ1㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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̫ʯ2㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ2.mpg|176426881|3F0AD24E8BDB46329C5970EB35CC2B84|/
̫ʯ3㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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̫ʯ4㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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г2008ѩִڼ㶫˻ؼҵĹ£أ
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ƵΧۡΧޮܰɷãأ
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ϡޮԮ񱻿"Ѱ"ޮͥʵ¼أ
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Ƭϡأ
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ϲؼҡ80̲άȨʿϲϷöαץ"ƻ"1ͽ̣أ
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ڿաעڿļ¼Ƭأ
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ܡѰѵ꡷أ
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ܡȥأ
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ܡԶɽأ
ed2k://|file|Զɽ.rmvb|136404666|4F763F34D020B4F5AD45CDDA8C1A7067|/
ܡ𷿹أ
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Գܵظ-סƪأ
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Գܵظ-ƪأ
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硶·һ.ҵ˼أ
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硶·ڶ.ҵأ
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жΡҵΡأ
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