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ۣصַhttps://www.bannedbook.org  ǽhttps://git.io/jww                                  



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 ëȨǵƴͳĻعⷴ
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 ë˪ϣ
 ëױ£
 СƽͲôһ




ëȨǵƴͳĻعⷴ

йлʷϣȨл񹲺͹һľʮ¿ԺһžžʮʮˡΪƽİٴ٣½Ϻͺɵмģףѧ糤мˣ˵׫ϲǶʱĹˡʮܣǸпǧһѾѧʷϱۿ¥ۿͣۿʳۿۿĸ￪ţұ͵⣬˭ԭ˷£Ϊлһӣĸ˥ҲԶѲ˵¡ΣսʿʱҪ糤ķԸ޹ں

ǵԶһŶ꣬ʱֿȵİڽʮ١λԵƸ٣жĿΪȥ룬һԻҰӥѫһ룻ᣬ˷ݡδ׵ģйǹ˴µȨҲһͳġӴͳɣִʢ˥ǰۣ粻ص©йĺ쳯ӦҲиѫǽҪΪ׶ΣͨʷУһˮˣǾֻܼȥʷ빦һһʱҪɸʲôӣʷԱ¼»ʺˣԤΪġԽʷΪȨˣֻǰ;֮˹׾ƪ⡸֮ۡҲ

˹Сƽһ֮߰ʱǸëҪûġйʱһ£ڹ⣬ڿڽޣΪСƽˡʱҲ˵ϵĹϵֻԤʮ꣬Сࡹ֮Ϊ֮ϣ˹Ҳڵ˹ִ֮󣬱߲ǳ֮˵˼ңʮعѫһ롹ϣȫʼȫգһ͵ףѡСƽˡΪˡҪɸͬˡ;Ͼ;ͺˡǱ߶ʷʮأʥҲ˵ǡ˶ӡǵα˭֪ĸ̫ˡܹԣçǫʿϽܣë๼ͻϡӡëǵڿսʤëڽڡѣлĵλ˭ȣҶ٣Ūɽ󣬼֮أëҲøʬ³áιرգʷżˣܲ̾˵߶Ե˹Ĺ۲죬Ҳ˼ʷ߸ɰ֮䣬ڵϸǹ֮ǰʷҹ̲Ԥ۶ҲȻʱδ꣬˹͸лʷǰδеѪϴ찲ŵİܱŪαѷ֣ǰʱıʷĲпᣬһڴˣ澯˷θ

Ӧа֮ٵйȨ

ڻ˵ͷ˸ݺ󣬶˵йȨ곤Ҳǵǹ󵳵ëϯҲ˵һһ˵һҲꡢ׳ꡢꡢ׶ΣҲӲϲȻɡëϯǰȫ֪˼εġ꡹󻹲ֻ˰ʮԦˣȨܻһ꣬Ҳ͹ˡǸڹϴ񵳣ǻһˣһԭ׸ҪɡˣûıҪˣȻޡ֮ΥʷɣΪҲᱻʱ꣬кսǰŷɴ⵳ɼͶսŷĲͶ˵ȵȲˣ

йҲǸл塣ʷ񣬰ԻޡΪصϯëĳĸޣʷҾ޷ˣʷѧϱżȻżȻϵҲղ˵ġ˽йʷķչѭġȻ·ǰ;תۣˡżȻĶٴ죬ʷȻиϸĽǽվͲԽ޴ˡظһ䣬ǽֻܰ;֮Ҳ

ǽյʷȴǽʷıܿ˽ʷԣôʷת͵һ׶ΣҲδʼ̽ߡԤ⣬ʷҺڽ̼֮ԻִѧʷңΪʷγɵHistorical Causation֪ԭɲֻ͹֮䣬ҪûбźãҲʷչ֮棬κǰչʷ޷ȫ֮Ҳ

ೢѧԻһʱ嶯˸±䡻±䲻дйʷҲдʷغ±ǸʷѧеġżȻѧеġһԷҲ֮Ԥף곤ߣһ˳ٿҲУ·ɱҧ𣬸ġ±䡹һԵӡ

Ȩתĩڵ

Ȼմ½ϵȨڽйĻתʷУЩʲôأش⣬Ҫ֪ȥǧһлͨʷʵһרʷǧ꣨һǧɣлͨʷһʷһת䣬ʵκԲתҲνʷġȻ

ǡרơǣķǡһ˶ҲǸĻ໥ϵƶȵļҲһͳλЧݡΡȻҲһƶȣҲǶʦͽڿνһʽҲԴӵרƣҪתΣһҪξתͿʼһתתҪȫת꣬ʵ겻ΪҲԱڲͬ׾һű书һ۵ġһθۡΪ˵Ҳ

йʷϣһתĳ򣬴ʼԡѻƬս1839-1842Ҫϵļ£ʼɴָɡ֮ʱʮ֮ĩĽգתһʮˡ粻֦ڣҳ©ٹʮ꣬һҶһʷת;Ϳɽˡ

һʷĴǾͲѿ½ϽյȨ֮ˡ£

һǡתڡʷϿУһн׶ԵȨ

мԣǰеרƵŴεԶ

ȨͶȨݼӾȨݼι

ģǧѷĻˣⳡת˶ʻʷϿ

Ȼֻǽйʷչ֮棨natural courseʮʱ⣬׾Թ϶һ˲ţº֦ڣҳ©ӷӡ֮ˡΣͲ֪ںˡ

ҸתĩȨԣйȨʮʷʦҶ֮ţᣬԾڸ

ëǰë׶

ʮйȨĿԷֳëǰë׶Ρëǰǰ󷲶ʮ꣨1949-1976ȫȷȫѰ񣬶ľҲŪʳֵıԵԳǧʷϣǰδеһ׶ΡëѶʮ꣨1976-1999ӻġɡСƽġɡɡٵ졢۽ȥġɡɡÿѵһ䲻Ҳй̹Ͻ֣ɱ˲գ۵ĶԭǸȨŴ£ޱҪİܱʣǴ˵ԵĹ̩񰲣ľƽҲԳһģģֵöʷ߸̵ĵڶ׶Ρ

һεʷǾͿԼԵؿйӡơתĽݣԵ硣ǰһȻǧƵβͻعⷵգһᾭñʣũҵתҵã֮£ȨҲ֮ݼȨಽأ֮ȻķҲ

Ͻƺе㲻ģҺĻͷѧϰһϽһʺ壬Ҳ֡áԭǰQʱ֮ʱҲйתͣѽһ½׶ΣҪͷѧϰҲȥһ£ܾҪɧšĹ˾Բ˶Ҳй⣬νһԵġӰơ⣻ΪֻǹѵݶӣӰˡ⣬ǾΪë˶˼ˡתУ׶䲻ͬ⣬ճҲԸӺ˹ԡ



̸̸ëϵΪרƣعⷵյģһ׶Ρ

һ׶εصëһ˵ëһ˵ʮУȫԶŷ޺й˿Ҳڡһͳһʮ֮ãƵȫֻɣһǡл񹲺͹ܷһǡл񹲺͹ܷëʱֻһŷֽһҲûʵйλѡġϯ棬Ȼץߣʧ¡һܷϯҲˣΪֽ֪ӡ

ڡڰٷԷϵ֮£Удʷ˻ë㿪ϸɲַ֮һҼȻ£˳ǣʳɫҲ⻨СȻӦܵ㡸ŮԿطĻµĻҲλźáйʷ̫桸ͱȨķġϸӰ̨壬̨ҲһԿţҲڴˡйǡ֮ȲرƳһ»ȻǾëرɵģƵģҲǺԶģȻ֤޴˱ҪҲ

һƬֽ֮μأ߳λع˰ﵱȨʱڣܳϿҵӴǵĸɲ̣Ҳܵ˵Ȼûзɣǵĵߡߴ淨ɡƶأоʷĺ͵ʷĶ֪йǰߣԭǡʡƶġֱǰ󣨴Ǵһ婤һǵξ֣˼棬ƶġһ귴Ժ󣬽ģëһˡëʮ꣬ĻʱڣһһëĴֻ֣Ƿɡëߣﲻ壬Ҫ͸һλһߵŮʿĶҴ룬ܴξ֣ٲȫ

ߣë϶óڣǿȫĸ־ɽߡؾͱɻˣʮ꣬Ǽֱ״εĺΪˡֺΪëδʼ֪ĸڣ˹ŵEdgar SnowʱҲЦسԼǡдɡ˹ŵйͨȻйЪ֮󾹴ұ˵ëǸɡеġ¶ĺСһʱŷйͨý壬Ϊ֮ʧɫҶ¶ĺСͬҲһʱұ亣ϻᣬŪЦԷǡ

ë¶ĺСһιģʽлǧʷδУʷϣԭʼ֮⣩Ҳδŵġ

ë϶õ͹

йΪһ޶ĹҲǧ˶ʥͺܣͲ֮ʿǹ˶й֮ʱҲ־ʿƣɱʵʿ洦еģôͷôɡĺСҸһأʵҲֻǸĻת͵ĶתУͳĵƶǱʯֵȫҵˡµĵƶȻҪ꣬ĥʱȨյġɡĺСأë˵ѹʲôΡ˵ֻҪڡձдƪۣȻһ͵ףҪɶأѡ١֪ԼľеѡٶǼٵģֻǹ˳Ȩġ¡ǽžģġϯǡɵġɶѡ٣߸עڽʮʮ֮ڣë󶫵ѡδѡġë¼ڴεļϣһǣĵĶ߽ԿɲġĿǰഥֿɵãԼÿǰۡƪƪޣͲϸעˡ֮

֮ƱǿëλСѧĽԱũ֪ʶӣũ䣬Ǻͳʤ㡢㡢ƳԪ谡ԳɡȫӢۺúͬһֶֻʱͬ˼ΪϣԼӵʱɫʰˡǵ״̬Զ벻йʽġʵۡϵӣũҵΪǸᡣʵǲˣǴӴͳġרơתִġΡȻݱĳ˼Ҿ޴ҰˡִμӦ߱ģйεһ㳣ʶͻ硸ȨЩԺҲӰҲûеġëִȨʶʵȨȨ㲻أë϶ԷɵʶҲͣǧǰͳҵĲΡ֪ķɣֻǳ֮ġ̷͡ѡִѧScience of Jurisprudenceеױ֮öѹνĻ˵һŰֽǿηǣӲ˵ͳֻʲ׼ķѧֵһˡ˼ķѧʲôд֪ʶҲûˡԼ֪ȴǿ֪Ϊ֪Ӣκ档߸עͲͬˣԭͳѧѵʦ첻ͬķѧһס塹ڹ͡ȻҲƫȴԶëܼҲ黳ȡʿѧϰ̬ϣë罯ʯȻɽ͸ˡ

ëִѧ֪֮й쵼ײУҲǸ̫⡣ʱڹ֯ץȨġɡšסҲˡǷûëʵɣͶй᱾ʣеĵоľ񡣸ȣëкȺ

ë󶫻һױ죬ܼëƶйװ飬ͨйͳġѧȾŪŷҵġȨԼԭʼũսë״ͳѧ֮գǲӢݣ۲Ŵԣ˫ȫȫǿһͺľ飬ڵѹȺۣͻܸ߽ϣͳһ½ġڵ£Ҫ˵޿ܣʹӳˡǣѣǵ磬㹤ҵиʽСǡappropriate technologyƼҪǡ㵱ʱҵʱδȵĴ䡸߿Ƽhigh technology̲ͷƿ䵹ˡëһףйȺʵȡȨɡһ׸ǡappropriateܴ£ȨɲҲǣʱ˼벻߳ȵȨһף𽥱ʱǡˣëδȴ̲䣬ͱɷ⽨飬Ϊרʱһ޵ıʵϣйڰȫзķëΪëһ½׶Σѱһӽ׷Ľ½ڡԭתʱεëҲһʱߡ򸴺ԡ

ëĸ˳ݣʼٸ

ݵʷһ˵ë֮ȫһˣʵʼһ飬˾ίϯȡ˾ȨӴץסǹˣݡʵرȫһˣȴһйȫڼ䣬㡸˳ݡһȥġй꿹սѸٷչӵаںɽʱ渱ϯΪ׵ëɸ߸ɣΪ뵳ڹȨ͵ȨͻëϣΪȨȫ֮ϵߵ쵼⶷Ͷ嵳ĵһ壬ë塹Ϊȫָ˼룬λ塣ëʱǫʿ֮ʱԸ಻ƽġë塹Ϊë˼롹һȫһͨµµġë˼롹Ȩ֮ë󶫾ͲйһͨԱˡһϦ֮ͱй񵳵ɽˡ

ҳȫйµ£ԼëڵеĳԽλ

ܸ٣

й˼йʵ֮ͳһ˼멤ë˼룬ΪԼһйָ롭

һ£Ա

ڶԱ

һŬԼľ̶Ⱥ˼壬ë˼ĻժԵԭģ硸й빲Աһİۺ޳ٰ棬羭ҳһ

ë󶫾ߴµλԺ󣬺Ȼı㷢һйԴԺ󣬾ͱëɵļȨëϸ˵λˣڷëëϵ͸ԱǱرɱڵڿվԪ˧չĵе񵳵ķչ;ͬ顣ԴԺ󣬷սй𽥱ɽë֮ģһģ֮ˡڶǣּȨʽĸеĶ䣬׶Ȩֻ½ģͬʱȨҲδвõġ˹?Τ˵ģȨԸıȻҲ

йߴ֮ʱëĳߵ¥ϲ㡹䲻޵֮ͬ˽ĶҲΪ׵ǰ;롣ߴϸë쵼ΪȫȷԱʡʷұ׼֮߾˵ë֮Բ̫֡ǵʮһ֮һ˴ڼ䣩廹ϵˡͬһ棬빧ëϯ¥Ϣɾ벻ˡ෴ģȴŭλߡΪűȨᣬëʩչĲֶεķĹЧӦĳԼŪüҲһԻ͵Ȩʮ񣬶һնŪٲ֮еĴ½ʷңΪҰģ־ǰӰ࣬͵ʴףڱݡʷеļЦľϣܡʵҲǳ⡣˵ڲٸë󶫸˳ˣСƽ˳ݡϷԣǳ߲ѧڵ֮ǰ׫֮Ǻ󻰣½

ʵۣϯ

ëðӣȻĲԸʯǸͬĶðӣȴ߿Чʡڿս󣬽ë¹ԭһ̳Ӻϣ꣬ͳԵġϽͳһ˴½Ч֮ߣҲȷǾ˵ġˣСƽͳ˵ûëϯûйŲҲдʷֻ̲֪һ֪Ҳ

йȡȨԺ󣬳˵ڵƣҲȷǲġҿ찲ͷȺҾãĺ֮ڣڻڡйվˣ۹ͷ⽨һȥˡεƣ˭֪ʱδѮݵ֮ڣʳǹҰأ

ëǻͷβȨ½ϵйʷң˵ййĸǸۻĺʷңСɺͳڣҲЦֻ£¡Ǻ죬δ˵Ȼë󶫺Բ£㵹ҪԼӽ͡

Թŵʵ˵ë۲ŴԣҪʵһλϹϵġ֮㡢ԿطԪҲëˣԬҵʣҾ湧άһûʵۣͳϯҲΪʵۣǧ塢Ͼ顢ᡢϵӣб£ƹ£塢Ͼ䰢ǣҲձҲ

ԬëǸȥδԶʱ¡ҲԶȡ¡סΪֻ⽨⽨࣬·ѭ¾ˡûˡ«Ҳû«ˡҪͳϯȡʽӢʽʽʽʽձʽѧģûǸᡢӣҲҪɣġ˼˼ҵĴͳǵİƶȣĿҰ᣿

֪ƶߣǻ֮Ҳǻ֮䣬겻ΪҲʸȡӣҲû̥ʮ£Ǽġ˱֮Ͽ֮ҲԬı磬ǱŸͳİȥʵۡëı磬ǱŸʵ۵İȥͳˣĿҲҵѧԺһ̾׳־δ꡹Ҳ

Эܽ

̸̸񹲺͹Ŀܡ

žһľ꣬ϴƽ֮йҪ֯ȨˡΪڿս󣬸õԸ񵳼СʿͨЭ̻项֯ëΪˣһСءһЭ鱻񵳵ƻˣ񽯽ʯˣҪ񵳺͸絳굳ĻἮɡ쵼ԭе˵Сɣͺʿ֯Эһдͷ

һﱸ֮Эһľʮ״μڱһʮˣС͸ʮλʽⶨͬ졹ʱܷѡ졢裬Լ֯ѡĲݰپµĽŹµٴοʱʮˣҲʮȨʱˡ

ݵ˻䣬ëֵĻ֮Уйعŵʱëά֡лϹΪϲƶ¼θҷԡëȨӦ뽯ľȨ׻ߣáлϹˡۣڽл񹲺͹Ľ顣ǰó¼θĹ䱻һٵĹǽ̵ˮ䰴һٵ˽ĸ񣬲пϵ֮ûλȰˮ䰵ϻȵҸɹлĹţûбϳպϿġۡ˵ڣͺðˡеλȨһ˰ɥߣ죬ɲա

֮⣬ҲˡǺ졹Ϊ죨֮ǣ޲׼͹СȫײġŽ᡹ϡ¾Ϊ衣ѡëΪϯܶΪԺ¹Աʮλһľʮһʱ찲ǰڶʮ֮йʮ꣩ëϯ춯ťǺ죬ȽȽգȫһƬйʷϵġл񹲺͹ʽˡ

ë̾սԴ

ʱڱй½ûȫšйδ£žڶʮ˾ʦ֮ڣ½ʱʮ¶ʮգУҲðͷһսƬײʹþָҶɣʹޡëҲڻϴ˰̡

ʱɽϡ̨졢ȶغ죬ڹ֮У˵ˣǨʱʮʮգйƹİڽɽҲפд򡣴ͳ֮ززʮһһ壬ʮշܲý̨֮ȥйνⳡսйͳһҲкһβɨҪء

ë󶫺Ļ䣬ɨսУһսϵĴȽϣԺͼ̨塣˵ӦüжҰȫǪ̇̄˵̨峹׽ˣȻٻӾȥһϺϣ奵Ĳв֮ͼȻӾϣ֮֮ʱȻһսڳʰ뵺ͻȻˡԭ̨ͳʣѻ֮ͳ³ţʱδ˼߽ӵ̨庣ϿѴ½̨֮ƾսһѷɵĸǡԭΣѵ̨壬һһϦ֮䣬Ͱʯڽˡ

ëº̾ϢսԴˡȴϣϣѣΰëϯںδأûдڹͷһս֮ëϿʶսδᷢԲžȴǽаյɽսᶫӰߵĹͷ֮սҲǸżȻ߰ܣʤؽҲޱʤİء

ԮĸӺ

ڡսıǾ͸͵ġ±䡹һһʷϵġżȻˡġ±䡹дйʷҲдʷڴıԵȴȻһһϢй

ûεġսҲдйʷдʷڴıԵȻһϢй񵳡̸ʱ̣ս±䣬Թãͬǹ֮ǰͻȻȣʮʮ˴˱˴ˣʮֹƽ

ѣһдʷġżȻ֮£գ˵ţʷǡȻ͡żȻΪãءЩżȻӰ죬й⽻Ҳ֮ͬʱޡĪй⽻ϸ䡸һߵߡ·ߡԽȨĻתĹȨҸȼйһҵġսҲͺ͹񵳵ġ˷սһģһˡ

һս꣬й˳ˣٷֻ˵ʮ򣬱߽ŦԼһλ̽׵ĺսϱϸ˵ꡣ˵й־ԸڳսӪӪë󶫵Ķ಻⡣ս֮ңǳҲ֢δ𡣳˵Ǿ͵ļȨ˷ġ塹Ժе׻֪ͻỪרңһ򾡣йΪֵһŵĵˣΧΧˡ˾ӵڶʱֺã֮ĵˡҪĪ˹⳥սծ⽻»бı֮̾

µǣһսҲй·ߡ͡һߵ⽻̾ǣҷչֻǶڵĺԵģҪҲֻ⽻硣ȵǷִʱǸ͵͵ɡ

йչͲȻˡйļ·ǣ浽Եʶ̬Ӱ⽻ϵһߵߣϸǼߵһ͵סѪɺӣʬǶɽǧܺʱʮ꣬ëѡŻδҲ

ܣؼǸżȻġսսżȻǲǾ˹ֵľƣýճλç³çж˩סëԷ֮ˮ㣬ȡ֮أԶڻսڼ䣬˹׸ȥ¾ë󶫣Ϊžɡɽ룬δսΪëܡһľĩëĪ˹ʷʱΪΥǸ˹ݸ˵ʤûдġ

йžɽδһľ£ճɾͻӾ£һ£ĳס˹ֶжʶ˲Ҳ˹֪£Ϊβ׸ǰֹҲʷɡּʾսǾ˹־ƣĬŷġʷ֮Ŀĸ˩סë󶫣֮ҲëҲ͸Ը˹֮Ȧף԰ΣҲǿɼҲ޲ɼҲҲνһţֱƽšɡ

սԽ֮ս

ǡԮҲŵһ档һйĹʵλǵù֮սβʱһż߷ǸУɭԻҪԮʼתսָ֣ͷԻ΢Ц˵ʦɼй֮ҲǺսȴλֺԪ˧һǴ⡣ҲʹýйĿ࿴йһٶ۹Ĺֳͬأ΢̧һ̧ͷ˭˵ˣ

սй׽Ӱ죬Ǿͺһ߾СƽġԽս֮ͬˡʼʶйһ򶼽ϵͳȻ񵳾վνϵϵϵϵνƾʼνսʱַΪĸҰսίͳһָӵģҰսҲϵͳίǵָӣҲֻСƽҰľίϯָӶҰʹָָϵͳЩ˳ˡΪŴһصĶս͸ίṩ˷ݣϵͳľѵԻࣨࡹǹ񵳲þʱ跨ƾϰ취һϵͳˣȻڽžȻʵҲ

ʮĽžϵͳȻΪӣë󶫵ָӣҲߣжԲߵġΪŴⳡġԮǾҪĴɢҰսϵͳľ񣬼Ի࣬ͳһָӡ꺫սҰȫžͳѵͳ࣬ίëϯָҲʹָˡһսë󶫵þļƻ˵ҲҲСƽԽսҲ˵ġ

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йë˼ʵ

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йһܷҲǰġٷִѧϣе޲ӦоСĹ涨ˣһεĹԪףϯƶȡһƶִʱĻʢ١ǵ˹ѷһë󶫡桢ܶȿ䣬һһĽȥδʼйؽһȶĽӰƶһǿ᡹ĹȰȶ¸ƶȣ֮죬ˣתڵйͿѸٵʻµġʷϿˡҵǣεתεת˶ڣӰࣨʱ⣬Ǹѽ⡣ԭȵʵ۶ˣʵۡٻʵۣνϯͳߣ͸ѽˡר֮

ڵĵ֯ν

йڽڣЩʲôأһ˵ͺȴͳҲǴͬСġͬߣë˵ġǧƶȡһʵ۸߸ϣ뼯ȨıһӴġְҵšProfessional Bureaucracyϵطһ͵ס¼ϼȫ롹һƶȣǧδ䣬й̳֮Ҳֻѡ򲹹ƶϣȡȴһִʱԵġ뵳١İ취ȵʱġƷơ͡ƾٿơҪһˡ

ݣһףƽУ߾ȨĵĻ֮ͨ£һʡ׳ӦʡһУ׳ӦУһ˾׳Ӧܾڹйһʡ׳ȴǹʡίǣһУУίǣ˾ҲǳίǡѧѧᣬҲǵҡġ찲쵼ѧԭǵɳѧĵСǡʢȴм˱Ĵͳȡƣڵﷴġ

ԵΪ󣬵ָǹָָһУڡǡǰǱЧġԺ󣬸£һʱȨ֮ƣԵƶȣҪ©ˡëʷϣԶƪǴ򲻿Ľ񵳻и񡹵Ŀںšȫ繲廹ûʵ֣ȫʲ׼δ֮ʱһרף޻֮ġҲܾǹ弫Ȩεա

˵ͷ񵳸㡸Եι㲻ˮƽءʯǰʯ˵ʯ䷨֮ʧܵԭ򣬱˸ѧУûѵ㹻ĸɲִ䷨ߡѵɲϣëܾҪЦСˡڸ㡸֡ʱëʹţ˵һ͡ǧ󡹡ʯ֣ѧУѵٸɲأ

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ũĺͶй̸

ߣȡҲֻç³Ԫꩤʮ꣩ʵеסعߡȸ㡸ġ·־ñغϣȻһ֯硹ͳԴġ硹ⱾǹĻ룻ҲǴͳν֮ͬΡĽΪġйԺ󣬰ܷ͵£ҲҪಽеġҵйź˼׼ۣƫ׼֮˵Ժͳλ̩ɽѹɱһٰѡɱ˰ʮˣʵĿȻԶڹֽ֣׼ĸֶΣͽʱ徻ʵͬɱʽ⣬ʷѳ֤һİ취ײ֢ͺ֢¡ΪɱġҺɱɱңͷ­һϺ졹ɱɱۣһҪɱԼˡ˵ÿ춼Ҫɱˡȵɱ˿ɱʱÿҪԼĶﲦԹɱѽ׼ɱˣͿʼɱԼͬ־ˣҲ̬ͬĽëȲΪ˽ΪҪð乫绯ݳһǧƶũĴ󱯾磬ǲ롣Ǻ󻰣ʱ˵

ڶйҵĸ죬ܶ桢ƺһЩóרҶţȴӹ˽Ӫʵǣ˽ΪðڵһƻһһߣУִУȫ֮գʵľ߿󡣲ҡƻһ˩һīδɣ㱻ëһƷˡŪ죬ֵȣƽ֮ǧŵʷЦǵñһ߶귵̽ʱһҡӪݡǼҪĺڰҵ۵ĲɫҪ϶ʮ꣬ҺһӪȥŶ˰СʱֻΣĿǰҲ

ڽعҵߣйѧϰȸ¹ҵпɹۡȫⳤ˵ģûӴҲ÷չԭӵһйȻը˵һԭӵ겻ֱըٶ֮죬ʹղĿűָ𡸺졹չڡ졣ȫֳɾͣȷǴ¼ġҲʹ⻪ȣͦˣüӴ˲ġ֧ChinamanӡҲǱġһǿݡǵԭӵըڡԾ֮ѣǧͷ­һԭӵʷִ֮ͷҲصġ

ˣѶ࣬óƼרڶУ߽ϾΪ֮ʷƪһʴٶˡ

Ȩͳ

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ëϯʲôͨһܰȫȫŪս֮أѧҶһĽ𣬾ʮּˡǼȨΣִȨĻȨһ޼᲻ݵͳδκǿˣⲿĲȨ˭ͿԺдɡΪΪʼΪΪΪΪΪ壬ôһ쵳ˡǾȨԸվȨߣδвȨġȨã¶ɣƫִParanoiaĴߣΪΪ켺ǾͰ׵쵶޶ˡ

ȻȨãҲǸҹŴġҡִġά塹Machiavellismһչ߷壬ǣһеĺѧͽ֣ҲԲзڽִйԬʯëۣһеľŶθֺˡֶ֮ˣʷңУİоҼǵʯڶ֮ʤı졣˵֮¹ʱѴһģȻĴָ˵ŸʵڴеҲ̾罯ʵı쵽ëԶءѣ

򷴡෴巴

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ʵս˵Ĺ񵳣ʱ֮䣬Ż֮ǹʬܱ֮£˥Kʱ޴ǱҲǲ½͸ҲʵȻۻߣϵ壬оҲڴ찲ţǱർ̽壬׫дƻС˵ˡıΪʵ޴ӡ

ʱйп򷴡෴ԭǱѩޡ񵳵ʱɱġˡҲˣëҲⲻ⡣ˣɱСǾġ֮ѩͷ֮ޡټѧϰѸеסһʱй쵳֮пѹһɱʮˣˡˣʷңר⴦ģƪĴˡ

񵳺۵񣬸Ͼɱ֮󣬹ìͷָڵɺ̰۸ɲԼļ̡ν巴ˡ

ǣ̰ۡ˷ѡ塣һһëеġ˶У̰оݵĸ߸ɽơǰйίǣרԱ˶ʮͳĵµźλҪ򡣶˵ĴʹȫȫĿһ¡壬³ǰɱȡ

巴֮󡣷ν嶾лߡ͵˰©˰͵ϡƭҲƲԹҾ鱨巴Ŀг֮˵ġеĸ̳͸ˣӵһײ㡣ǮȨټӸйᣬ̨֮νڽˡڽⱣκθȨҪˡйʱ鵽ⸯʴ֮¡巴˶ȻҲѪ߰ߣȴһʱ֮ЧΪνʱ·ߡ֮ʩУ롸졹˶֮ƽ˵·

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̫ƽʢʱգɣɸ廳Ҳ꺣񣬶ԱҲߵĻ롣ΪԴ˺̺壬лѣǳͷˡ

һĹˣߣʱҲΪԵĿںűǣӹһữغһתۣ͹ȥˣ˭֪룬һգ֮̾

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ǻͷй꣬ȻĽӰ⣺Ͻ֮꣬ëһλʢ١һܷ䲼ëѡΣѡ˵ڶιԪףֱһΪֹԪʮ꣬ԭ̡ⲻ֪йĹԪףǿ֮ǴϵġһǿݣһѪ·ϲ¥ʮ׵쵶թӯҰΪͼͥȫƣˣҲ˲õġοͶӣְְҵңɰ;ϡ粿µĴ֮ʿӲҪƹ췴ҪϧһУỤȨףݡʵ˵һжȨȻйǸҲɲ飬ëĵڶԪְ֮δ;ں͹ƶ˾䣬ʹëϲòʹȫͼԱйҲ֮ˡ

Ī˹Ʊʷë

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һͻ䲻һԡϴ硹Ϊհı̳֮ˡߣҲɲɣйİȫᣬҲԤչʮͬСϽ֮йߴԺëಽ˹ֵĶ֮·һ˹չʮУȻʥ˵ʦɻĶħˣйİȫУδëأëֺԴأ

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йڰȫж˹ֱʬķӦ󾹱ййŷĶʮ겻ͣĶңĸʮƽٵ֮Դ

ȫµ

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ˣٻؿë԰˴ëķĹЧӦͲһĿȻˡ

һ۵ģëԡΪ֮ĸԣǵ֮ˡ裬ͷǶˡ

ڶ͹۵ģǸٳ˼ʹϵȾڽĻĴͳᣬҲʹǷɡ

ë˶ǵȨëԼ˵ﷴëǸ˰࣬߸ϣһ˶ȫ׶󣬼Ǵȫ塣ֶ֮ܲ

ģëǸı㣬ֶΣûʤ̵֮ģսԼҺԼңııǾŶθ֡ⳡȨ֮ͱɳڵģݶģͷֶηڽеģڲìܡѪܵףκεԭսˡ

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ʮ߾ͺ͵ɺСǣĸʡһġɡ͡ƨɡЦ̸¡ҲδвԾġеҧгݵʹëͶȨΪԼҲ޿ɲܺ߰

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ڰ˴ë˶УǵĽǷá͡˳ݡǴëӹȻãġëڡۡоù־ҽãǾͲѽԭǵͳŴµȨݹ¼ϼȫ롹ԭëӵеȨȻǸײġְҵơProfessional Bureaucracyе桢ܶ»Сƽݶ£ûأһЩ򼶵СɲҲһЩСءëʱѴ߷壬滹ԶءӶãǾͲ𣿴ͬĶãֻȨСȼͬѡҪãӦôЩŵءСĶ֮Ȼë߶ף״̬

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˹ı֤ʱȻΪԼ¡߾Ӷ壬塹մϱߡҲֻΪֹ˼ϡԭйͳĵεɫ췴ߣʵ۵ķǴͳİ취ֻ١ࡹԻʵǲֱӹġսʱĦΧľĳ̶ȣëԲ߻ķ񵳵սҲֻӦΪֹʱġ

˴θ˫˶ëȻΪȻԼǲɹġ˭֪˼ҹƴˡڡ֤һʿ͸֪Թĵ£͹ںȻǾṲɣìͷֱָˡһʱȻ죬ԭ컹ߵġһϦ֮ͱʸ֮ˡ

ˡ͡˶

һϵе̸УȶԹģӵͬϯ²¡ˡʱǹԺɭֹҵٸһƷűǹ񵳸ίԱܸfƵԼӰý¹۲졹ഢƽˡЩڱǸһȫ֪˹ӦһʱٹϣһΰȷйһǴݣԴƽġ¡һ֮ǾǹѳһССʿϹٸλԣʵֻһЩְȨĻƿҪ󹲲Ȩٸ㡸쵼С²Ҫ֯һоԺоƸĸҪ󹲲øɡׯȫӿУһλ֪Թ棬粻úΪᡸɱϹġ

ڴС֪ʶӣԽԽ𾢣ȫҲΪ֮ƣʱδ£ëϯµĴСɲͽˣɵˡԹԣСʲ׼֪ʶӣҪ췴ˡˡޱߣ޷Сʲ׼֪ʶӣ˲ʶ̧٣ëϯŭˡܿľᵽԼĴ󣬷ڱСܱ̣ɡĿߣһֲ׵ڡձȫǣ˳ֵ׼֮˰ѵСƽгһǿҵġ˶ѹȥСƽһ°գһ£ǧٸͣͷ׷ױ׽ȥˡƿ񹲺͹ʷϣһĻѪܵġ˶ԺĹЧӦûˡ

ޡ¡ɵˣϯ˼ң˵롹ôڣʱδ£ָץˣⲻǡıϯСƽⲻǡıı˫˶ĿģҪ߳Щ߶ƭԲԲ׽ġһù⻪ġ˫˶ʽƶδ£ëһı֮£һٰʮȵתΪ˶ˡëϯĹƣȫءѧУλġɡӦǰٷ֮塣ˣλ͸һʣɷӡλ֮⣬κλأԲɼ⡣һλֻжǾʹһΪɣǾǰٷ֮ʮˡơϯֱָ֮£Сƽ֮ͣȫʮɷӡ˵򣩣ˡѪܵġ˶ƶϷ·͸ģҴ棬ÿʮʮʼ񡸸ƽɷӡ֮ңʷҲҲʮ󣬵Сƽ˵˶ȷģڲӦ˵úεɣFǸɡ֪Ե귴ңοҲ

ұ͵⣬飬ǹѣҲŦԼһž̸˸Ѿ侪ĶҲ֪գʬ޴Ĵƽǰޣļϣ好ඨŦԼԹȥ˺ۣԸӣȻ˺ۣȻҲδҲ

ʮ곬ԽӢĻ

˵ŲëΪԪףһƷ֮󣬿˵áȫɨأѡıӲ˵ɡı˵Ǳ׼Ƥ񣬵ҲΪԼʹ󣬲ѶΪ֮ҲĺڶȺͣµǳһԺ󣬾طΪȻˡ项и˵ĳλڸعѶ꣬壬һαǿǿˣͿʼҸŮϵɸˡëʧŵ³ǽ֮Ҳ

ëĹ룬ԭǷ֪硹˭֪Ūɸ֪ԼֱȷҵĽԴԺҲø֪ڡĸڼ䣬ΪŰ涷壬ᡸ֪ȥá֪֪͡ĺˡɳĺԾϵͬ˼£޲ҧгҲǺ󻰡

ëڡ˫˶ʧ֮ڶ壬ȻǸ㡸ӴΡҵǰ;õġڶƻððͷðĻҾȻԼҷʵСࡹܶࡹԿʩһ֮ڣͿûй˼ɣΪΪˡһ塣

ԭйڽ֮ʵеġһƻһһߣʮֳɹȻֻսĴɨսʰо֡Ĳ߻ġڶƻһ˩һľý裨Economic ReconstructionĿʼˣüƻŰ˴ͨʵ֮󣬵ܶΪ׵Ƚ䣬Ǿ֮Ӫ֮֮֮ʵǵģԤúõĽһʱĪ˹Թ۵ĺ³Ϊ֮զࡣһ֮ʱ˵ܿҪΪλô߷˭ǵڶλأϺȻӢش˵No Comment.ۣ϶й֮ҲΪ׼ߣ

ҴһΪȫƾרĲ߻ġƻȴΪëһһָҵˡë֮ҵƻо֮ڵġԵһ꣬ĿѧʷϷų˵һǣҰŵĻңʱҲΪĿѧѳʱҵĳɾ͡³ʴǣ˵ʮҪҪʱ塣ʱΪ档⵱ȻҲʹʱڷȡë󶫣Ϊŷëȥμףʮ¸ʮ꣩Ҳſڴסʮ곬Ӣΰ١Ҫʮ곬ӢôڶƻĿٶȣ÷ϺüëҪƻһеġðܳӢ

߼ǵÿսУסѧʯ˵˵ʯǸˣͻϲСϢҲҪ۽СۿɾͲˡ˵ǺôЦëϯġϲܲԶǸ㾭ý裬ҪʵǡͰ࣬ȲܲҲԶԵëϯһԹƻĿ̫Сٶ̫ʱܾе㲻ͷˡΪë쵼СʱëľȨдݺľĻ䣬һѮĳգΪð͡ð⣬ȥëִܾȻ˵Ϊϲͬľ˵仰ʹëϯǳëϯ뿪˱

Կʩܶ

֮䣬ܵġðëġðԲʱһãëʼβ׷ġһһ£ëټ쵼ϸʡеĹʱ򹫳ٵëʹ˻ְܴϺгʩΪ

ڰ˴ڼ䣬ڸ߸Ϸ̸εëϯĶΪտԺĹڹ᳡ϣëϯʱƻӭʱһͬ⣬ϳһ塣ҶͬˣһϷԣ˵Ժ˭ϯҪƣҾͲַϷƱΪʱÿнܳϷݣ߼ɲʿϷƱɹԺͳַܶдϷԡ벻¸꣬˴ʱһʮ磬ëڴϣȡʩдĩ˷ˣٽϺܿϷܵ

ƪ£ддóϺһ޲׼ʲ׼еĵطҵֵܲռȫ֮һʷã׼ĵطܲ¡

ڴ᳡ϣëҲɫĽгνðǷͷ˼壬֪ëڣȻ̣Ҫ̬Զְº׫飬Լðֱ֮ͬ¾յξֻϯϣʼίڻԳ£뿼ԼιǷʵһΡࡹΣʼʱǴ˺ܶ·ͱȽˡʡι࣬ϸ˵ܶһžž꣬档ʵ뷴ðҳľ

СǿԿëйʮУë֮ܶ΢ϵһһѽΣһڶѽΡǴӿ֮ΪֹȻ֪˶þϹᣬѡ˴˶ǹӣֻǰ;˲õġë֮;ݣϽ֮ꡣ֮;ࡹΪŸ˰ȫƣӰǱ̫ˡһ࣬ءԭǡ¼֮ëϯĴһҲ

ߣ֮һҲҲһ֮ҲһѴɡһôϵɡµġͬ־ҶӢ飬Сƽ㣬»¹㣬ʿС壬ͱߵѣͳͳ˼ԶԼǧǧĴС֪ʶӣͳϾţҪɡշʼаȫСôãɡҲղҲ

ܺëͬëǸϢǸơInstitutionдˡֻҪʤëë򵳺ܵˣëܺ󣬵Ҳǡɡˡǰܾ֮裬ҲҪ̡ʤܵα죬άԼѪʳǧꡣΪġҲΪ룬ǾԲܱëͱȥġëţĳĳˣ棩һָͷͿͱȥܶʼͱȥġ

飬ܲ裬ʾ⣬Ϊ࣬ҲøʩˡȵξбʾڣǾͱȻһˡҲߵıְɡ

֮ëȭ·ǿֵȭȵȡƤҹǡһڹȭ̫ȭմȭһմˤǹҲˤ֮գëҪ˵ǡƻй֪ʶӡëǰ֪˶СΨܺް취ۼɵ£޲ԱҲĪ֮ҲëҲĿġ˵˵˼εݡ֡͡Ļ־硣߸עƪʷ£еˣΪ̸֮Ҳֻ߶µĽвͬˡƪޣһʷʵûϸעıҪʷ̫࣬ϸע֮һ©ҲֻǱƪһΣëԿ´ܵĹ£һʷ϶ɲꡣ׾ƪ˵˼䣬¶߲졣עͨ˽֮ΪС

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֡͡硹ô

ƪ˵ë󶫺ܶΪšࡹʷѧĹ۵ͣʵҲǽйĻתһƹƵתǲǲϵ˵ת͡⣬ϣǴӡơתΡһתǸ˭Ҳı䲻˵ʷġȻֻһתҪѻʵתͳĳǺġҪȴӴʵۡʵۣ⡢̷ᣩתʵۺʹͳ ԬëٵݼٻʵۺͰͳСƽתҳͳǻԣҲҫɣת¡ΪĹͳΪɫⵯСͣתйδֵģֶ٣ѣһתʱ̺꣬ƴء

ǲҲ˵תһתתôʵתͣʵµ࣬ҲҪתӷ⽨͢еġࡹתɴеġתȴǺͻʵ۵תͣͬеġʵǡƤǡëҪתëƤͬʱͬת䣬ƤתëתҲëתƤת׾۵ԬǵĹϵǾǸëתƤתĹϵڸֻάָ¾͵ˡ

Ҳ̸ԪͶĹϵΪšս⡹ǡڸơеĹͳֻǸѺµġλԪס϶УǲսɡԪһ㷴ε ɽǵʱȥδԶڣΪֻǸ࣬ҪЮӣӷԣרᣬɺͳתڼ䣬˵Ƿǲ˫пѱ磬ǿǹ´ˡ´ңսıҲǸת󣬴ɽ֮ߣϿе˳ʹӲֹͣתСУǾͻ˽⵽֮ԣԻ˹ҹҪ򶫷ȥʷҲǴȻһ֣ػۣܷǲġˣǾͲشСˡݳëʱܷҲġ

·⣬Ȩ

˵ǴӺʷۣʷĴơٴ΢ʷۣȨı仯Ǿһֵʾˡ˵йڵʷУһһڳ;еġ项ʵǸˮ롣ڴ֮ǰйĵڶǡ·ߡ⡣ΪʱйǸٷ֮ٵĵʵй֧ݵʵĵȫĹ֧Ī˹ƵġִίԱ᡹ECCIСԷӡڡй֧ʵ쵼ˣǻᣬղ󳼡ִеĹʡ·ߡйȫеġġҳ¶㣬ͺЮν·ߡ·ߡʵϾǡ·ߡȫø·ߴתΥ

ҵǣ֮νʡߣʵϱ˹ֺ˹ˣ˫ͷƽ쵼˶йҲһ֪⡣˵ġ쵼ʵҲֻһסϹָӡָӳë˾ͻ๥ڵ˵ìܷӳй֧йҲͷֳɡɡ͡ʷɡˡȵ˹ڶ壬ī䡸ĹʡʱԳ¶Ϊ׵йɡͱɷˡԹʮڣйִеġߡʷɵߣʺйҲʷɵĹˡ˹Ǹ˲йרңңеġйũҲһϹָӣڽʯġΧˡУһͿأڡ项ǰ󣬺вǧˣǭɽܣۿҪʯ￪̫ƽĺ󳾣ˣžһġ项ëȡ˾ȨŤת˵ˡ

ԴˣһëΪĵȨϵͳ𽥵γˡһϵͳĳɳڼ䣬Ҳڡ项ߴʮ֮䣨һ婤һ壩ʼԡʡΥͰѹʶֱӿơߴ֮йͱһëԶĸˡٸһڷëеִϵͳԭ뵳ȨĹɣ졢顢ذܡĵķŹ⡢ǰԼչԳɷĵڶϵͳظλװӢ㣩ԼկΪ±߸ڡ־ȵȣǱڻǰ㣩Ǳȿվ졢顢ӢɴŹ⣬ȵɣţΪȨжġ嵳˶ҲɽΪġ˶party cleansing movementɡԭеĸͼȨеģйһҲž£ëǡãһģͷν¼߸ɱʯУ۲ҶΪëɱĿʼʵȷ˵ֻһ˶ɱķëһ֮Ҳëɴ֮ʿ˽֮ë֮¾Լϵͳ֮ڵĹʵֻڿ֮󣬴ͼܶ࿪ʼġëɵﷴëҪԼϵͳ֮ڣһɣһɣ࣬Ǿ롸¼ϴȤˡ

һйȫ֮ëԼȨϵͳ߶һϵе˶ֻһԼϵͳ֮ڵȨҲǴͳڴƽ֮ʵе¾·뵳·޹أ빲νᣬֱӹϵҲʲçӢڴƽ֮˻ʵˣΪʲôһҪɱأǹر⣬ҲĴΪһ¡ΪҲǸִʷ⣬йת˶粻ڶɣܻҪ˽һµġ

Ȩߵת

һڴº͹ڼ䣬飬֣ͬûɶ֮֡Ѿ˻ʵˣ칦ϣЩϴ֣ƺˣҪνһͨʹ»ʵջѣԺҪǡ𱰣ߵԼһľйȫһġǺ֮䣬һϯϯ֮ʱ»ǸŷɡȴĿڲˣëëҽУɺͳ˵󽫾ëķţӳѪս֮ʱҪҪϯʷϯӵޣ»ࡹ;õȣֱ룬͸ɻˣʷǡͬĹ±˵߶ԡ˼ڸͬȴֱ룩ˡģǰѰӢδã۷ɻըˡԭս֮ëϯΪʿɳëӢӾ뺫ڹŴԭ̫Ӽεأ벻»ϴ֣۷ɻѸըˣ˺̾սڼ䣬ʯҲγɵϲµһžԱսʱγװױųʲսǰָӹҲɽųڿָӣ»ˡĻùȨɢϺĹţǹ£ǿ̣벻̣»𡹣󱻡չ١ʱëʵڰ޵أ׫ĸ棬˴֡ϸ࣬Ѷ޿֡ѣë֮ʵڲΪ»飬дʫšաءܶʷҼ۵㣬ǶԡʷϿУȨʷδɦˡ

ڶͳʵ֮ɱҲΪǱǳ췴ӰСʵ۽Ӱ࣬๦ʹѡͬѧ췴ǻҲ¡ĹΪŹ̫ԿطǿۼһѶλ˻ʵۡʵۣԿطҲסĹ編ƣҪ㡸ͱȨʵë󶫺ĹϵëֱĹϵҲˡڰ˴һԺ;ŴһţԺֱ룬ëϵԼԻģ˵ļҳƣҲĦȭƣԾԾԣʹëѰʹŷʥˣëϯ޶ģڽžͳսĹʷнʿĵĳҲͲҲ

ǵǰһйذ׳Ĺ¡˵ʯ԰׳ĲΪͣǶ԰ҲģǰϵȴҲָӽġͲøˡë»Ҳˡë֪޶ģڽžгߵžϯ֮⣬ҲԸߣë֮ҲϲëѰҲǶʮŹɽӡɫŷɣǹƳֱĺȨɫġšѹΪλġУëҪѧͨϵԿط䲼һ»׵㡸Ůʿ˾ȫʧȥЧӦҪ˰ֻиһɣһɣֶ֮ˡɱëҸ֣Ȼȫɹˣԭǰ׾Թ϶һ˲ţëĶʮ꣬ɱˡˣһɡһ֮⣬ġҵʷҶһˡʷдȻϧ̾Ҳǡӵתұת͹УǧרƵĻعⷴУɱȻɡ

ͼĺ֢

ߣƪë֮ѧĹ۵Ҳʷ֮еԬ֮ԼԪͶ֮ķ档ֻëϯԬͳȻΪǿơζΪ˳ˡë󶫲Ըӡһ˶áתؼ쵼ѧǴAutocracyתAristocracyCollective Leadershipܶѧ˹ԣҲ˳ˮۣãҪתҲͬתҪðҲðҪɱˣҾ֮֡ãһ𣬴粽룬ͬ֡һ𡹵ĹϵµġѧϽͬ㲻ͬͲʹáprecision weapon̫ȭҵȭһ㱻ҡ𤡹ˣоŶˤǸ߹Ҳ˦ϵٵIf you can not lick him, join him.㲻ͺϻ㲻Ͷ㲻ͺǱΪ项˵ʥͰɣܺëʮĹϵ˶ȹġ˵黢ΪΪ˽Ϊ룬ΪҰȫΪͬ־֪ѣΪл񹲺͹йǰ;ǲѶΪ֮ʹ֪Ҳļ尾̫ˣʱİʵҽѧʷеģҲ

֣ܶںʱڡͺϤˣΪ˸ΤϨϿѧʱͬͬѧ׶ʱǵġͬѧ¼Ͼͼܶ֡սڣԼһλѧͬС尵Ķӽ飬ҲȥμӻǺǩʱҺȻܶҲҺŶӣΪ֮ʧɫսĩĳһ꼯ϣսġͶƱҲͶ˸ƱͳԺܶʱйĳ֮Ҳڡйִʷʮ֮ã֮۲죬͸ǴְҵǶȳ϶йִʷϣ⽻֮һһº͹άܶ˶ǿܣڻδܾչΪ֮ϧ̾ϢδҲ

ӢʶӢ۵ʮ

ʮëܹϵеë󶫣ͲȻˡڱϿֵĻĶʮ䣬йһе˶ëһƶģֱֻӰˡһǣ浽ܶëһǱˡһ꡸ࡹ˶˵գëȻ׼أࡣ¾յξֻϣȴɵľ͹˹أëҲֻøɵۣ޿Ҳ

ëìͷָ»ܷëҪȡĶëһ®ɽϸ㡸һɣһɡַͼȥʱһҪģȻ棻ܶδëҲ˧Դ档ܱԮֵ֮ģȴΪ˳Աȡ֮Ⱥ˲϶ԴȻľ֮ܶͬ־һƬУϹѣ֪ľҲ½ĵӰܶݰһͷ㵼ʮУ뻯˸ж

ȥ֮ж񱨣ë󶫡һɣһɡĵڶëҪֱͬ룬ܶȴ֡гɡڼ项Զľ鰸ܶ׿ġǱģҲı෴ģë֮УڼзͼԱǱ׿ġ״Է֮ҲĶΪ֮ǲҲ

˳ëĵĶ󣬾ֱֵˡһΣëҪҪ飬ܶˡҲĸԸºȫȫĹ֣û֣ëҪԸֱ룬ҲΪΪֱҲǸʡ͵ơӢʶӢֱۣëһѾãҲзĻʱڣȫëģڳĹУҲһԱëΪѪܵĻƻ¾Ϳɴ󹦸ɡֱҲһӢ֪һ߹룬Ҳѧåؾ㲻ͺݱΪ顣Ѹ׸һëԭƻֻҪµĻͱɡʮƽ١ˡʮУΪŶԸֱ룬ë󶫶ֻܶƴӡ֮ëҲĹ֪Ȩȡᣬëɡ𤡹һʱͳ˧һȨɺ޵Ϻꡢµİ滢Ȼڿ֮С֮ë֣䲻ɫȴþĻҲ

˵ĳͻëϯһˣܾΪ֮ŵСʧĳ̶ȡ߻˵ĳڱ²䷢ڡ?һ֮ǰ֮󣬲žʵҲֱͳ˧ǺöԸģëܺδ֮ҲϯͻȻ죬һӦˣجģܲʺֱ緢ڡ?һ֮֮ʧ룬಻⣬ּ൳δ壬ģ˰ڣëȥЮѰǲҲϯƤҲëҲƤ֮棬ëɸ

šһǰϦëܱ֮ܵһ壩جˣֱ֮ꪳɳëܺȱһɣʵУָ֮ʵԶëҲ֮˷׽ýʱԷִеҫ˵ҪǰԸֱһɫʵֱ¼?һ֮ǰܾ꣬Եġɫߣةڽ֮Ҳƨ

ֱһëҪ㡸һɣһɡԸܶɿˡǭ¿ѸҲ㡸סࡹһǾʧĵЦˡëϺʮ꣬ӢҲǰƵ÷ҵ˳̶ȣʷЦǶʮеȤ¡ëδˣܾμܶɥҲǰQ֮ӡЦҲԺƪ࣬һ׮׮һֱ꾡֮ʷ˴ֻͳĽһ£ԣ֮

Ҳë˰ĲҰɣܹɼƹ࣬ľëë˰θҶȨ˰ﲻȨ֮һƶϣҲë̡ܼŸĸذ˲ãֻûɵĵСƽ̹˿ϳأβ֮ãʵëҲСƽмܹ²ȻɽˮȣСƽСƽٯֻǸ֮ͯСƤǧʷϣһĻϲԱѣû̫γҲ

Ҳµͼ

֮ë󶫴һ귴ԺֱһԼʮУɱ֮⣬δһʷҿԴһëң¶ͬ˵ëֻܴ£¡ǴҶδ˵Ȼë󶫺Բ£

߱һ˵ëڽִйʷϣĳɾͣԬйеͳߣҪûġͳһͳһǸĳɾ͡лִϣܷдˣǰٷ֮ʮĳɹˣһ̸йһѣһ군ҲĿǰȵߣȣνȶʵݡͳһëʷйʷĹסĹҲ͵ΪֹǸġ

ͳһô˿һأܵиͼëڴƽ֮ȤͼģҲڣ֮ǧδġƶȡٿҵġƶȡ˵ϾˡëʱҲϷơˡϷơޡѶᡸ⡹Ϊ¼ɡ˵йŵļ̳ߣֻпУ񫣬һʵ۱ϾҲˡ

Ȼˣôë׵ڶͼֻϴ硹ѧϰġģʽˡ֮ũ塢ڶУӡũء̵꡹ȵȣȷṩʮģʽйѧϰЩģʽʮ󣬾ʵ֤ǲʵʵƲģʽѧϰЩƲģʽй˷ʮʱ䣬ҲͰˡȴĵƽеͷƶȡ֮㣬ȴԼҲһֱܽĵȨתƵͼ̳е⡣ӶʮڿʼģʽڽȨתƵ⣬˹Ϊİ࣬Ϳʼɱˡʮ꣬ʷڶ䣬ɱþ⣬ʱ롸ϯšPresidium߰ʱξ֡еͬͬ־ɱһĪзͷϣλҴ⣩һʮġ¼ͱ˹ɱ˵һıǣ͸ķıˣͲضˡ

ģʽȻǸһģʽġԶΪʦͺëֵġϴѧϰѹȥʮ굽һˣһЩ¹֪Ĵġ˾ܲǣٻͷһ֪ݴɽţΪʱΪ֮κΣǶʹֵܴ﹫ëҽҲһЩСġ˾ܲҲұ꣬Ҳҵؼ﹫šȹţëëŵĺʽǸȥ壬Ϲᣬѣ̨Ұԭĸ𣿺ͷˣŻȻ򡣹ԹԣһȻ򡹣жĴ۰߲ʮں⡢ڴ½Ҳʮٸʹ˼ʹҲȻˡһʮꡢʮ꣬һҲ͹ȥˣȻƨãˣͲҲˡ

ëһʮ̱ˣתͽ׶δģҲġĻڵġҲ֪Ҵ˹ӡݴɽţͼԾֻܴ£ˡǹӾȨڵľԵת߶ȴƣΪʱҪꡣУǲϵķϵػأԭʷչ֮棬ֵܹӢأ

ԻŵϦӡë֮Ȩתڣ·򣬲֪תͺйһԶ˵δŵϿ֮У˸ͿЩ˾ܲԡʱpresent-mindednessˡʷչĽ׶δ߲֪Ҳ֮κΣֻҹʷңν֮ۡëΪ䷽֮˽ҪȨλѸִйŪġʳ͡Ӷʳභ򸾸ܡľԩǧˣܺڣǾĿͶˡʮ֮ͬǰʷë㲻ƽɡ

ֻСϺáûСá

ظһ䣬ִУνκͼȨΣ𣬾ȨתƣߵתУɱ˺Ͳɱ˵ˡйȻѡļȨģʽôȨתƣߵı任Ҳͷɱ˲ˡȨڽ֮꣨һľũһһ˳֮Ҳˡ֮Ҫ任ȨתҲ̨档ִι۲Ҳ֪˵˶ٱ飺ȨһĶߣδвȨġΪżȨãԲ⣬Ǳ˴ǣƣȨȨִѧϣƺơCheck & BalanceȨƺ⡣ȨͣŲȨ

̸ѧë֮ԱǣȹˮԷĵСƽ˾˵ȨûЧʣйܲáFҲ˵ɳˣѡˣΪʵ⻰ԭǾʵľ̸֮տֶٴͳɷѿǩֹԼǩ֣ǱԺͣ¾ͷ𣿰ʮǰѷͳִһʷǰδеġˡͷԺȴƫ֯ѣʲôأǵСƽ˵ġʲôأ

ٿ̨յΣ̨ѧȨѧĲˡ̨ީСѱٸͣ췭ظҪѸͯ磬ҲϳѡͳǾԵͳģҲʷᣬΪϾҲлǧʷϣûеϻʵ۵ĺͷʵ֮һֱһʹ¶ꪳɳҲʷġ֮֮ƾͣӦ²ң˸ŶԡȻҲ򲹻ʵСƽһұͬУΪɡ

˵ͷ½ôҲ̨ǻˣ˵ģȥԲҲǸν˷һǿ˷Ѳ𣬰лҪ㡸й׽𡹣й˷ѵأԴ½ϵĽϯηҪĲԭ̨̨ƶԵ½ѣ˵ϯ죿̨еã½вãģ̨峳ã½ǳҲֻ̨Ǹ˷粨ѲŪҲ½Ǹˮףˮ׽粨Ҫˮ޷ʰˡϽηǲġմ½ҲҪҳѡһ´գϽҪָƣҲһʵҲǽϯѧԬʯҡƣҲԹߵǵġѧѷͻͷѧԬܹǲԾǡתڡеˡ

֮һеƶ֮ԭǻϣ׳飬ĥһ͡ͳйĿƾĹƣͽִӢʩеѡٴƣʹˣҲûһƶʮȫʮġУѣֻСϺõƶȡbetter systemԭûʲôõƶȡbest systemйһǧĿƶȣǸϺõƶȡɽżԳм̣մ½ĹҪãʵ֮ע⣺ëȴһƶȺ޵ķԵףĸʱڣλԭһڿƶСɰ׾ÿΪƶȣϾǱ뵳٣ϺõƶȡεۼңһҲû˵ΡλǸõƶȣֻǸϺõƶȰˡһĻתе壬ܹҪͨܳʱ䣬ʵһʺԼĽϺõƶĿǰйλͳǻԡŪ÷ҵġӢʽѡơʹ½ϴӵѧӺʽġơƺдĽʵһϺáĺõġ͡ƶԱ߲ŸԤϣҪʻҲġʷϿ»ʮʵҪء

Ӽ쵼˶

֮ʱʮ꣬ͷһëһĵһΰ˶ֱ֮գ½ϻδʵһȶġϺõƶ෴Ľȴǣëܶһ֮йƶȵķչϣȴͻȻһֹԴԺ󣬹йһʩëĳһΪٹ£֮ˡˣҲĸĩڣһηʱһλڽڼѽӴʱ˵ȻûзɣҲһġ

ͬһľ궨֮ƶδ⣬ȻһпҲ߾߲ΣŽ޼䡢жһµļ쵼ҲǸΣǸִġ쵼ơa modern aristocracyξڣ߲ǣΪΪ񣬻ɼ˼ģƶִһЩЧġߡһİִ֮ëδɣȴ˵ľȨԴԺڹУܶⷢԣǰƪĩڣ˿֪ӡһë󶫾ΨҶ𡢻޵ıУʷϿ֮ˮеͱɱĵרƵĳ͢ˡ

ȥδԶй˵רܷ꣬ʹŵŵ˵ģǸƶȣǸеƶȡҪȡƶǰ᣺һѡ⡣ʵ۵һҪйŴ˵ʥʵҢ˴лǧʷУҲֻ˵ԺҲûˡҪǾͳϣѧҪġѧһʵۡйʷ˵У֮⣬ҲûеڶʵѧˡëڴϣȻ߽Բǡ

רĵڶǰǣרƣһҪиĽӰƣСԺƽӰࡣûؼԵǰᣬĩרִƶˡҵǣҹڶĻתڣ˵רƵĻعⷴյëȨë󶫻ǸûеۺŵĻʵۣȻʵۻҪʵءմ½ǧλʷרңҲȫͬİɡ

⽨ġࡹô

ߣйǧ֮õĵרʷϣ̫Ӧ˵õĻʵ֮һɡһͨҲǣʥʱҲȨġʱʱԴ潫ࡹżҲеΣһλκͻġʱҲΪְŵ࣬еᷳҪκա಻ȴимʶųʺÿҪκʱʺɶֹƳġ֮Ρȫʼȫգ츣ʷᡣǡϺáƣҲǷֲġ

ٻͷּǼģɫëϯйѷǵʱ㼯쵼ѾǲѶΪ֮ͳʵڲģʵˣëϯȴΪ֮ҪʵۣôѧѧûʵҲëԭҲȷиκƫκ߳һϡܶҵ˸͸ţʺ¾Ң˴ϣҪΪŰѸϹŪ֮磬֮޵ҲƳ֣ѳ˽ˡëϯҪߵʲôԾ޹ũ񣬶ǧ򣬽ٸʮƽ١ġĻְļǧŪüǴͳʷ˵ġ֮硹ˡʵҪëϯҲҲǹȥʮУһʷʵǼȳдʷзģӲ˵ڣӶģԻرأһֱдʷˣΪʷͳĵߣlegitimate rulesҲӦû伲ҽЩʵʷʷκرܶͽ޹ġΪߣӦʷΪΪ̣ܿٳһε練УʷϿˮۣǾ޳Ͽ֮ˡ

ԾĻ

ǻͷԵĿëϯġԾġûٱרϸĴԾǰ緢һĶһƻӽβ֮ʱһƻйë֮꣬еƻУɹһΣҲ˵ΨһһΡһȫҵָ꣬ߴʮ?ߣũҵҲ?ˣָĳɾͣȻҲָrehabilitationڣȫũҵʷǰʵ

۱߸עڴԾڼ䣬й½ԹҾ鱨߶ȱܡ꺣⣨̨ѧˣ󶼸ݲ걸ݣԴ½óɳƶϡʵΪӽ½йʷԴԴҲͬμйʷʮģ񹲺͹ƪ¡

ᰲҼ٣ȫҲȷ亣̺Զһ׼ȻһпãйĳҰⶼЩ̬ëϯԴΣΪƻпɼӿ죬˷һЩִиɲеƬݹӦ㣬ʧӰȫԵ滮ЩڹũҵǰչĹУѽС⡣ͳΪ׵ľ쵼࣬ʵһЩνȷءҲðʵǵĴʩκչСĹңӦʮڵйأء͡ðƪġðƤ򣬱ȥݳɸǧξõĴѣν·ߡ졹͡ԾˡԾӳڳеĹҵ棬߻ħĸǧЦԸΪ١ġ֡ӳũҵ棬νΪ١ġ硹ˡ۶ĿоϷḻţıҲʮɶߣɹһοߣרֵһš˻Ծ󼢻ġһžۣ꣬ʮ־硣ȫ߰ҳΪһƼڡɳڴ½й飬Լ֮ܿɹҲרҵӴһʷϣ֮ѧбһšش¼⡹һžй뵳У档ѧɶԾߣֵƼ

ԣԺټר⣬̸̸Ρ֡

֡ʷ־

ԭڡһƻʱһ꣬йѴ֣ձ±ʱĸҲ˵йڽźʮ֮УѽӽձάºʮĳɼڡƻУԺ˰һĸΪָ֡ΪʮӢƪһָ꣬δ̫ˡëϯĿУӦáһźáǵʱйعҵĻܷָ֮⣬򡸳أھѧҵ֪ʶΧǼƻûɾãھԲ񻰣йĽȴԭ񻰱ʵԽȫиҵڵ쵼֮£⽻˾òعҵȵȣһǣ˵ģ쵼Сڡʤûдġ˹ְοë󶫵ԣϽڣ״̬֮£ëϯЩרѧߡСʲ׼ĹȫЩ쵼ɲרҵ͸ǲмһˡһɲ۹ʯİԴݿ׺ݵۣԴܣָʲôأëϯȻ˵õӦõٴëϯĽǶȺڵ޼᲻ݣ޲εӦҩ׼һץ项²Ϊڹʹ˶УСʤͷԡսëԣ͡ٻ˵˾ͱƭƭˣԼҲšʮ¸ʱڵĶԣһĻ⣬ʮ֮ĩԾڼ䣬ڸײǱʶȻʮַĵġȺϯϯȺڣϯȫȺڣȺȫϯԴѭԴѭϵ۾ͽй½ǧйԱգһˡ

˵ƻУԭѳĸָ꣬ڱëϯָˣָԸԤǣһһֵܶġһΪһߡˡһݵʱʵܸĹԺһºĻ䣬ҲǳһżȻԭëϯһ³Ϊ߸ټһϺӾȥһӾṩͷѯëڳʱһĸָܷһպñһӾз˸˵һëԴã˵һɡλߣˣһĸһͶһߡֵָˡ

۱߸עӾһĹǸݹԺǰڣһĸ׿˵ġšй½޳ߡһžºŵġй֮ڽš˻Ծʹ󼢻ġٰãҳߣ߾ţȻһԼĻ¼ȻҲȷƶ⡸һƻҪߣĸԸİ֣ëġðУˡǣǵʱäĿֹۣð̬ĸ߸̫ˡһˣ棬⡣žνѻ˵ˣԼҲšɣǰ飬¾ȫҳһߡš

ݱһĻ䣬Լعٷ¼һָ꣬ΪƵǧ;ʮΪǧֵһڶָ֡궩̫ˣ첻ëϯ˺٣Ϊһָ꣬＾ʼ㡸ȫ֡ҲΪʱʡʡίǣϯǰڣǸʡطĸεïʢܺߡ֮࣬ʹëϯĴãڷ⽨ʱּʵǰΪ帾Ů֮࣬گŽš̱к󳼣ר˵ȷŴš˴θʡǳּǡȷŴšִ档ëϯȻȫ֣ʡкʵǣ˷ڰѸšˡ˿ƤĶյȫգͶС¯;ǧԴ󽫾󲿳ʹڣĸ䡢޽࣬䣬Լ׶԰Сëͷ֮ũѧУ޲ϴһûûҹȫ֡ѣʷϿǰġ֡ˡڰѼõɳģ˼֣ڹҵһ޿õ񣬱߱һ߶ع̽ʱۼ

֡һʣѱԵĳˡйƽͺġֲ˼񡹵ĳ³ѸġQһйճʻˡ 

֡һ⣬һ͵йѧһ౾꾡Ĳʿĳ֡ǱͷʷϾ㹻һʿдƪĳ壬Ͼ൱֮˴ƪ˵ԣ֮½̸̸Ϊ١ġ硹

ؿһ´ͳƶ

л۹ڽǻԳ֮ǰ̹ſһֱũġҹ˵˹вơǷֲġֶصռֻأ಻ҲϷĳʲô촺ãʵᳪ񣬶ǵɻǳ趼Ȼһ齮territoryģͬһ֮ڣڶֻͬϳǲʲôƺӴϳġЩɵ࣬Ǿ͸ˡϲ򣿠Ŀڻޣء޵ĺɣchimpanzeeһȺӶǵȺherdһġȺȺ֮䣬ӣַżн֮ȺΪűսҲɱʬɽҲ̶õġԭȺӶ֮һ֣ĲҲǸ仮ġ֮Ĳսtribal warʮҲɽġȵũҵʱڣһؾΪòСͬԡͬסͬͶܣȡ衣˼ʷѧ棬ͽԭʼ硹primitive communeΪᷢչʷеĵһ̬

ȵᷢչū⽨ʱڹͷ⽨ϹūūũūǺطֲģйִʷ棬ǰأ˵ģūũūԼͼһǹ⽨Ʋһ֡ūƻ⽨֮µūũū˵ı֮¹ģȻᷢӳߵ

ҹйʱԪǰһ굽һ꣩Ǹ⽨ʱ˼ʷѧִһʱūᣬ֤ݲ̫㣬רƪ֮Ҳйʷҵʱ֮Դ֮ؼ沢սսһʮ겻ϣԭȵǧݡ飮־¼һʮ˰ٸС沢߸Ԫǰһ꣬ͱʼʶͳһΪص۹ˡʱĳսУܷ⽨ʽعƣ乫Ƶͱ׵ƻˡϵƶȱƻˣȻµƶȳ֡ʵϣعͳһʱһʮǰͿʼһµƶȣν䷨ˡ̾еطȻعľʹһԾΪ߹֮׵ĳǿȨͳһ˶Ǵ½йͨʷеĵ۹ʱ

عطνϾİйµĴʻͣǾعѸԭѾ̱˵ͬԡͬסͬͶعƵġ硹ϳˡСһ񡹡ءɴʹũ˽໥໥裬໥㡸ũҵгáũҵƶȡķ飬ںʵΪһǧûԭԸıƶȵġ͡

ë˵ǧƶȡ׮ƶȣƶȡҪݡǧУٴΣˣٳıһƶȣһҾͳҪçǰ壭ʯһһһçҪ׻ָƣ˽ΪǶʧܸա֮ġơԺԺġơռ֮һġơҲûжԴͳ˽ƣԭԵĸı䣬̫ƽʷ˴ȫġ쳯ĶơʵϣǴͷβֻһֽѡ 

ҪڡǧСġƶȣƶȣԭԵĸı䣬çʵֻۿëϯˡëҪçѧϰçԭǽй˼ʷѧɵӢۣ֮ţ˽ΪȻͬԡͬסͬͶĹġ硹濴棬˵ޱȵģظĸ߳ʲôʵ˹塹ʲôԽףë˼롹ġŷʵйʷҿëϵһй룬δѹ˿ҲǲŸҴ󵨵˵ëȨǴͳεĻعⷴգСգǵ߳ϻӭͬʷָ̡

ٿĿǰʱ

˵ĴͳƶȣǸƶȣǸƶȣҲʷ˵Ƿ⽨ġ֮ԴϽ֮ƶʷˣ˵ʲôõƶȡƶȡֻڡϺáϲС͡С֮䣬ȽϵСƽڷסгá֮оԽȸʵǧǰغ֮ʣ˲μۣˣġũҵгáĿҲǡȸ⡸ȸġˡȴиչļޣǾǣ㲻չ¢ϡmonopolizationĳ̶ȡ

͵羭ʷҲǣʱгõĿ£һʼҪ㡸¢ϡ¢ϣĻʲôʱأҪϵǵס˹Anti-Trust LawsһһɾͲҲСëͷȶ֮Ϊĵһʮ֮¶ЩСëͷӹƣǻˣ

ǻؿǴͳũҵгãͲˡũҵȹҵҵڳⲻ󣻴ģmass productionҲƶԵȼٶȵҲȾɳģҹͳġũҵгáͲȻˡɢũ壬ףũƷܵԽͨ㣬ѣģҪҵ֮󣬶ĵݽءũҵУʵСӼ̳ơPrimogenitureйҲ޴˴ͳƷ֣йʷϡؼС⣬еءܸؼеģʷҲֻСŵΪ֮ⲻǾϡũҵгáƶȵëϡƶȡë

ƶȡǸƶȣũҵãͻ֡ŵֹҵãͻ֡ʱһƶȵž̨δܸΣԲų֡ڽ𡹡ëȨµĴ½ǡδ˹ν½׼Ҳë½׼صڡȨǮԽմ½иΪɡֵ˳ë󶫸ɲ磻Сƽɲ̡ⲻ֪ǮȨһĶë󶫸ɲȻǡ硹ȴСɱ֮ȨԲɱǧǮĶ޷ˡ

Сƽɲ̡ǧǧġŸ̡ٲɱǡȸӵ˶ġԪǶ٣һϾҲɿеԪߡȽϣѣͽϺõƶȡa better systemϺõƶȡɽΪõƶȡǽտõԶˡΪ֮ȫɼҲƪ֮ʱɷ

Ի˵ͷũ񱩶ԭӣйͳ֮ƫͣԭҲһԶؼУ̩붼ʷʵ޾ݵġйԺںҲйشͳйʷţͺٲƫʮ½ᾭʷһо൱룬ؼ⣬ʼջڼıԵתҲйͳƶȣʹǸƶȣǲһеƶȡܡǧСڲ˥ƶȣᾭת͵⣬תͳɹԶתͲɣΪǡ졹⣬ν⣬Ǿ͡ͷˡˣǾͿ̸̸йġ硹ʷˡ

ķȫȷ

йִʷϣظļңĪйˣʵйڽ֮ЩСʲ׼쵼ˣǱĵʵľߣ壬ũμӸǲ̫ȤġжΪũǱصģǷģԡ׼ǡ˽׼Working Classרҵν޽׼Proletariatԭǹġƽƶǲũ񡹵ġһʱڵйǣܶ桢ﺱ߶Ⱥ˶ԡˡΪڰԴú󣬸㹤֯ҵġֻдũļ깲ԱȺë󶫲֯ũΪרְģڵеӰޡĸ汻ˣʷĨڡڰԴú֯˵ĹʷͱɸũëˡǷġëϯڰԴͻеë󶫣ôӢʵΥҲ

۱߸עĸд½ϻһĹڡɽʦͻӦºë󶫣ȴֱëˡ˵³˻ʱû£ȴһ򣬱Ц˵ǸӦˡ˵ڴ½ϸ㵳ʷ͹ʷְҵʿڸ˵ĶԹεѹʷʷʡĴ湫ҲÿڴɽУȫòұ亣⣬ʷϲȫޣ鲻㣬ʧеãڵʷѧϣԹ壬಻֮飬ԾİҲ

عũĿʼԺȫתˡ·ԺֱǡũΪйǸٷ֮ٵũˡظҲͱйҪݡǳһǵһǡڶιڣйֹͣظսڼ䣬й䡸ݵءУֻڡϢձһͶëѵԭȵģΪ򵹵˶롸ũ֮Ҫ֣ũ֮ҲܱйսߣɲҪʵƶĻҪϣɡƶũ͡ũִ֮

йսƶũũĹٷͳƣҪռȫũ˿ڵİٷ֮ʮʷȫһž걱Ž档һҳһˡҲȫ˿ڰٷ֮ʮ£ëϯһ٣ϢֶߣĦȭƣȫٷ֮ʮ˿ڣ͵򹲲ˡִĹԭҲԼĹũߺԽµϵʱʤͷԡֻոĶ䡸ӵǿơϵũƶũǲȤ֮ˡʵ˵ڴ½ܣǴʧȥٷ֮ʮ˿ڿʼģ˵ɣ෴ģڴ½ʤҲǴٷ֮ʮ˿ڿʼġѣйߴ˵ëϯȫȷ˵ǣ

߼ǰĺ

˵ġȷʵֻǴԺսԳġҪйũʵ⣬ǾԵˡй֮Ϊظũ彨죬һ°䲼֮ȫ

оȨʷǽһţ֮ǿ˵ȫũڷ֮õƽز⾭ѧҵͳƣйĶϺͻϵġ֮硹̳֮һڣֵֻܷɸ֮ԼĶӢĶڻһƶɶɣݼҲ۽ˮ磬֮أǺεȵķʢ԰ӢĶصũҵƷ֮ңһȽңϹ϶׼ϣֻڡ¡below poverty lineһ˿ڵĴаٷ֮ʮϵڼ֮£ֻǸؤңֹ㡸ũ񱩶ȷɰũǣ£ʵۣܽġũ⡹

ǵþйũֵءȻʮ֮ŦԼλѣڽסլһСݣдѣʫԻްĶأйҡߵʱĩͬϯѺѧ˵ĶأңйһҪΪءһʵ˵þԾΪҲ

ʹˣйũʱйӵǻȵġɺܼ򵥣йũѻƬսԺƲꡣһƶũ˵Ƭߣ׶ëϯܸĶҲʼһӵأҲǸˣܲԹëϯж£

شҲΪŸĶùţðũߣˮҵĶСũܹΪũ룬ëϯɲȰũ֯项ţ磬ʹãһũ延׶ëϯ꡹֮ڶ֮ڡһƻ֮ʱ项Ϊ硹ڻУ߲ҡʹûʣѧϰʻʮҺΪ򡸳硹֮֯ˡ

йũ˼˵ǱسԵġճϢĵɻũĴͳΪŹţʣһ£ǿСũеˡ˳֮ϣżԾల˳̩񰲣ǰСйڵ߸ͷйũ屾ԣҲһΣΪʮܾĥĿõģν߼ǰĺ󡹵ĻƽʱϧΪʱ̡̫һʵС߼֮󣬶ѵйũٶ׹Ԩٲˡ䡸߼ǰĺ󡹣ݡƽʱ˳ԭΪһ궬ëϯ֣ݻĵʱũԡëʱǲͨҲǰ飬ҳһ廪ѧѧϰݡ

һǸѹ

һйũ壬Ϊʲôٶأ˵ԭˡǴ¿ɷΪͣ

һʮǻؿʷϿеĳԴ󵨵˵ȨԭֻתеĹɽ׶֮һش⣬ҲֻͷʹҽͷʹҽŵĴνèèҲ㲻͡ϲ¼ͻڶУԵѭˡëƺҲһĽ취ǡڴΡĸڼ䣬Ҳ˵Ļÿ͵ظһΡ

ڶ޶ͣ⣬֢ܶҩ项˵вΣúҽǾ˵ҽʦβҽʦܰѲκãҽʦܰѲλԡвΡһеҽʦִйᲡȴǧˣǾͲ硸вΡĺáһ꣬йڳ㡸ҡũ㡸߼˿͡ҩʯͶĿʼ֮ʱӡ

ڡΡȻڡΡתĩڣһǿι˧⣬ǰˣòƪϽëܡëëë֮⣬أصᾭʩͱȻ֮ǳ֢ÿʰ֮Դһˣһνϸڡ΢ЦСsmiling through tearsһٴͷ

ˣǾͿ̸̸һԺĹйëȨ׶εʷˡ

ӡð硹

Ȼͷι˧йġƽʱɼȻΨԵתΣתεĽȣеߺȨĺƽתƣԭ̤һĪչڴ󿪵ȵƽʱƱҪУߺȨĺƽתƣҪ֮ʱ˶λһİ˴ڼ䣬ͿʼêˡһêĹЧӦʹˡƪظ

ٿҵʿ֮һƻԭë֮ɹһεƻһ塹βʱԸΪ١ĸѴʮ֣Ժ³ҲΪ֮զࡣһҲɷˡ֮ɷƪҲѽʵëϯͱһϺӾСһĽһǧʮ֣˻һ˵ëϯͿʼգҪ㡸֡䲻㡣˼֣ǵˡ

ûи֣ˣⲻ˳Ӱ쵽ũҵʳΪ죬ûԣˡԭڡһƻĺڸ߳УΪ١йũҵҲ괴¸߷塣һǰδеĴƣë󶫾Ϳʼũƶν˶ˡǾǼɻ֯项ټ项֯ÿλʮũġ硹ơٺϲ磬֯ÿλټңǧϵġ硹򡸸߼硹ơ߼ٳ߸ͷһǾͺϲ߼磬֯ÿλʮٸ߼磬Աũǧҵġ硹ˡ硹ԭȵġ硹֮ġ硹ǡ塹ĽơԱǡܣȡֵߡϸԱũɱԵ˽вƲԱǿԸԸġ

硹ͲȻˡ硹ǡ塹Ľơǡܣȡ衹ġйԱͬԡͬסͬͶû˽ġԱһһ꣬һһǡ֮⣬ȫ˽丵ι鹫Ϊˣʱũڱȼ߼֮ǰҪ˽ľųֿȭ硹е֮ҪԾ֮Ϊ֮ǹڳԴϾҪǮǺڹʳУ裬͸Ҳ˹ʡܴͬ칫磨й磩ͬԡͬסͬͶܣȡ裬йʷϣһʵйĹˡƶȫͬˡ

ѣǡë˼롹߾硣˵һ˼벻ΰëϯҪһ˼йũСʱ˼йɲ桢ܶơСƽ˵˲һ롣֮ķ磬ֻʱ䣨Timing⣬⣻ʵг⣬ʽ⡣

ڡһƻҪʤ֮ʱһ婤䣩߸ϡ롢ʮ緢ëϯһЩͬëϣëΪԮ֮߸ɣʩˣͺ͵ʱЩĿϾӡҹɻʵʸˣܶ桢ơӻ֡Сƽһȵʵʹߣͷ˼ϣϵĲˡ

ʵ˵һ磬κηչйҶе󡣵ֻڷܵĹſɵõƽĽԿ֮ԪѫĽѷͺֶ٣Ϊũ̵⣬ֲ¡ʱ߸ϵĻʢ٣׺ܡƵýѷһŭְµѡͳʵԼũ̵壿ʱĸ͹ȴںֶٵʱ壬ʹξƶȣٶȺƽתغֶ·ߣڽ

һͬ⣬йͱһⲻᡣһëϯλңΪһƻ̫Ҫӿ죬һٷʩȼΪǰ桸ðʩʱϺίһǣƪΪгΪܡ¡ʵרңΪҲһҪȫ֣©ǲڼҪðڰв߻ðëϯˣƪԼ˵ġ项һһ£˽ҿɴͦ쵼ð˶ǿܶԼǡɡͼԳְܶºĻ䣬ܹΪһķֱɣëĳǿȥ׫ʣ̹סʹܹҹһ˿

ڰ칫ڣִᣬʹҹܳߵĵ˴㣬ҲĽѡơһҲȡϴ֡ҲȳϡͷûϯɡðתΪðȫһƬðУȫ֡С¯һҫ֮£йũԭеİ߼ġ硹֮ڣͱϲǧİٶʮ硹ˡейũӴҲͶܡԷҪǮġ롸áˡ

ǧƶũ

ԷҪǮĹ֮й֣йʮ¡ʮˡãһֱӳꡣʵʽ﷢ǧġ˵滰ũũǧˣĶˡǵʱйũ˵ʵڵϢܣ֪½ϵĳоũûѣҲֻǺͿͿһ֪⣬֪֮Ҳһ߶һη̽׷ʣֻ֪ͯũ飬̲֪ԭǡҲǧ˵ġǽκʷϵĴ¡ֽס𣬶ʮϢȫ磬ǣ¹֪Ļ˾ܲ޲Ϊ֮ʧɫ֮У˶ˣˡҲҵȷ֡ǹ˿ѧߣй½˿ڵͳƣ꣨һũһй½ġ޸ΪǧˡݴӴ½ĶڣϸĶŵĹƣޣӦΪǧˡǰ飬ҳũģ¼Ծ˶ˣٸݳһңڵʱĹԺμӵĹƣ֮ȫԼǧǧ֮䡣¾ʱڹԺְԤйũĵ飬ڱߵĹ硢ֲصİʡʵص飬סáΪŤת飬ƶȣʵġվ项ɸʡǰȡģ¡վ项ǳ¾һλϧǻĵطɲ㣨ҲǱߵһλױܣдԭʼʷϣ׫רضġ飬һΪŦԼ֮ΪģǧǧеҲſڿҲ



ȻôˣлǧͨʷУбˣһܺͣҲﲻһĿأ߻ҪʣôأΪʲôӷӾȼأ˵ëϯҲ֪˲٣ũҲûнҸͶëϯΪ˻ũһءѣũȹŴũΪգյļȨ֮ܣŴרգŴũԽҸͶִũңӽˡ

أûǶȥأȥΪʲôҪأԾðëϯڶк١ҵҪԸΪ١ҪȫС¯֣Ҫñضëϯũ١ֲΪ١Ҫʳũ񷭲ͶˡˣʳӲˣأ֪йǸŹֵĹءʳҪϱ˰֮㣬ͽɿҲϽɣƲ֮Ͷˡ˭˶ǿũ񣬶ҲҪ˰أɲʡί¼ϼȫ롣ҶҪšǡ鱨Ҫų˰ëϴֺũǾͲˣ˸ɲ˹٣˭ȥʲôأô򵥣ǧũͻضˡ

ôˣΪʲôΪԤأ˰Ԥ𣿵ܲ˰أֻģйԭʹ֣Ҳʱģáһͱǿ׳ëϯ۹أ˹˵һǸ磬һˣֻǸͳơëϯ칫磬ǧˣʷʣµҲֻǸͳơˣ򸴺ԣ

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ʮƽ١Ļǰϣ

ʷӡټͨʷͨ½Уʷʲôĳĳĳ¡󼢡ʳӶʳʲôȡߡȵȿ̰ʽļأ˵һͷӡޡ벻ֹʷϵļأִйʱܼ֮һ֮ٶ飬оĶǵˡ

սڼ䣬һбҵ֮ͬͬѧ˽أɳص򣬲μȫѧͳһԡѭͳǷԽɽȥ;·һľƣ顸ݵֹͨСĸʡ꣬ϵõڶ·ᣬҪ·ǾͲһеļǰһʮҵСʱֵʢģҼŴšǾȻÿҶˣʱҲֻһеĻڰ״̬Уʹšȫ򲻼ˣֱǸǡ˴󾪣˼ӿ첽˸ʮһСһС̽ǰһС֪Сһȫ⡣лиĿʬһʬ壬˵ǰ·򣬽޵ĿˡëȻʹᵽʷصνߡĺ塣

֮Ҵѧҵˣ밲ͬ߰ˣִϿϪѾ磩¡ٷɽԽ룬ʡ߻ذȥѧһ峿ѭһֱĺϹ·ǰʱǰƽһͬо·˵ȳ棬ȳ桹Ȼȳ澹ӭʼǵǲӣűǴǵضʱԭʢģϴƽԭϽƻ𡣿ǻȳһʱذɫ޹⡣ֻǧ֪ˣСķʷʵĻȳ棬Բۣɪɪǰһʱײʱֳȣ˻ӭĹϵȳǧȴʮſաżȻУѠ÷ǣСҡӻȳƺи˾ǰ֮У͵ũһƬռĶİ˾һ£ǧС䣬ʱ£ֻһƬɪɪ֮Ⱥʳʮ֮ƺһ£ǧС䣬ɣʣµİ\԰ֻϱԫһƬ𡣹Թԣ˾ǲšҼǵûȳ֮󣬻һλũϴֳһ裬ޡԭΪ裬߻ȳ棬˭֪ȳûء

ǳϷƸ翴߿˵РүҪ԰ׯڡȣȡʷϵġȡۿ֪ô£

ʷϲϼصġ󼢣ʳӶʳݳҰһĹ£ִ͵йأִйƶ⣬ǷԱƶ֣£ֺŪǧˣ˳ˣͳԼӵĳ̶أ䲻ᷢΪ˷ġëϯ쵼֮µйҲ뵽ȴȫģҲйҪǡƶũء˭֪ºǰ˼ά߼չġᷢ£ƫҪëһΪļģȫһ¾Ͷũǧˣйʷص˵ࡣһ׮񹲺͹ʮʷϣκҲͿĨ˵ʵʷʷӦиȷʵĽʮ͹ҵ쵼ˣ͵ʷҡʷңĪԸ𡣷᲻ʱԡȻֺһ¡ǰҰƺڽʷϴۡͿɻȥˡʹأʷʷ񹲺͹ʷϣҲ˾ϰ취ϱˮԻл񹲺͹ʮ꣬ϯëдԾʧȫģ꣨һũһһ֮ڣũǧ򣬡ʳӶʳ

ݶԵǰйĻξ÷չƲ⣬߸һǿ;ش֣аͣҹʷϵĵڶĻĴתܾͣͻ˳ɣĽϯҲ˵ƵĻǴͬʱǿׯ˵ҲҪͽһźһءʷķչǷˮתת絹ѹ磬Ϊѹ磬Ҳ˳µһ齫һҰׯף

պʷѧ

ݽʮ꺣ϿѧاƲ⣬ǸȷԤϣʮУһǰµġո˶Chinese RenaissanceҪй֡µĻ˶ʷѧȻǸҪɲţʱйʷ϶زصģţ񣨲Ǳ׽ţļٵţ񣩣ԿͷߣҲͷǣǣҪʷϱ¶ԭΡԼͷ嵽ɳȥȨʿҪʷѧʿϳؼյġ

߸עǰԹҵġɽɡмӵ³޴ָң׵ĴǣǱѧʷϵĲʿר⡣һҶ֪һϢ㹻ѱʷѧɣȽѧС³Թɲʿר⣬˭ֹŮʿΪʷѧѧѧѧʿǣоĶأ˷չȥôʷϵһɳͷҪϳˡԺͳʷѧеġҳӾ塹类éȥˡǿڵʷѧƣһƺȡ˾ͨʷ˵ʤڲţΪӣʤڵ£ΪСˡʱα任ӺСˣϾɿ͹۱׼ġʷߣɡ

԰ѶǧũֻƸϵۣ˵ǳڡȻֺһߣװͿһʱʮ֮ڵʷңҷ׳ġȫ֮ǰʷҵƾѻɽڼ㹷ĸʷϣǺдһϵͳרmonographġԱ׾ƪֻԡִʷѧ鷨ԭк΢ַʽйءԾιҵʽ֮ǰʷ䲻ѣǻСɴ󣬰ǧʷʵüͳС󣬼΢֪ţǿԿȫġֻǴһǹ̺ƴдڼоƻComprehensive Research Projects־ɳǣʼԿð£һϽڣ˽ʷܼҲڱƪ̸ֻġߡȡȣ˿΢һʷϣĹĶߺͽʷңΪ˹۲Ĳο׾Դߡ

ն˵ʵ

ʮǰйġ󼢣ʳʷʵΪ̫࣬ÿһ壬ûвܳġ߱˱һũ塣ԼиõܵMȫҶԭˣֵʮˡӳMսҿȡMڸСšѧڼ仧ũ񣬲ȢһΪޣŮˡʱֵأԸʳأֻĸһԺ÷ޣСϷʱũڡ绯ǰĺ󡹣Ҳ԰Եáһױ빫磬Դһ괺ƲӡΪԼĿҲϽɣȫҶϴMϷУѰͼǵʱоб֤ӦҲȻʱҲҼȱšM˼äڳʳάȻ޳лڣ˱ϻ¡M򾯲类Ȼ磬ձȫҶ˵ҲڳڡM֮󣬲գһĿڱͬʱˡ

һ߶ȡǩ֤ߺ̽ĸѯM˴ĸ¶֧ʣʵ档֮ٴԽַڿΣʱǸĸ￪ʱڣԽ󿪣˸ҵMʵ顣һʱԳ֣ޡʷʮ֪꣬󼢣ʳĹ£෢ԼͥҲ

ӵM֮ʼҲ֪ũ飺СڹꡢССʿСӼȫвͬȻڹȱҲЩҴ߸ң׳Ϊࡣֶѯ֮ԭ׳ԣ彡׶ʱѰʳԼ᲻óԣιϣιС֪սжΪв̣ΪһףԼԶˣżǰһڣһȥˡڱɽĹ£ͬ

ǣڼвᣬΪҹĹ͵ʬҲ޷ǸĸŮ˯ʱͷȻ˽ʳǹʷ˵ġӶʳִ档ѣ˵ǿʵ֮࣬䣬Ϊ֮սҲ

ҰվˣҼǵĸʡʱ˾Ϊָ㣬ĳ⣬ĳһ룬ĳʼһ˻ش壬̸ҲҲѧѣʡߣڶ֮䡣˵ͳơڹٷֹ֮ǰ˭಻֪ȷơһʮ굳֮ѣݺʡ֮ʵдΪʷĵһ̸Ƥëѥɦ΢ˡǾʵ֪ڴˣֻԱ֮̽צҲ

ιԪ

ʡɽʡڴԾʱܻҡʡǧϡ붫ŷϱǣС˿ȣȫӡ˼֮񲻾ˣʱʡܻ䲻³ʡ֮ңȻһʡߣǧ֮ңʱйȫΪ֮𶯡ϯ쵼ˣ¼ȫ顣Թ绯ˣˡԪ˧ȫӲ޲ڿڽëڳѲ֮⣬ʿܷáñҲȫһƬãĲȡݺĸڼġҷ߸Ŀ֮أϡ项ëϿ»ΪʷᣬӦ֮ǿңʵΪߣϾȻũ뷴

߸עݺҷ²ϣΪһ´Ի棬漯ţ壬ءһй½ֻ᡻רһһ̨δѧʹϵоӡҳһһߵʱʷӡΪŶϵ˵ڳʼʱëϺΪĿ飬ߣԼʮϺתӵëȻëһ괺λȴΪһλڷ»˲³й֮޲

ȫʡ˱ϾǼ£Ⱥ鼤֮£ëҲ֪أ˼ȡʮܵͬ硢ͬѧͬ־һһŹɣ桢»дﷴơ췴ë󶫣Ҳее㡸šˡעԵģëͰڽABʱѴõһɡһϷëõŵµĸӢۣ֮±·ѡϯߵıó̳УȡȫӵԷ֮ơйĴͳѧϣ׷Ӿ˵ΨԼˡëϽΪȡĺȻԹҵߡˡʵһġ塹ĸڣ汻ֱ֮λãë;Բˣżϸӵġһƻʱ˵ҲɿëϸΪײçӢʡëϿá塹ȡЦӽȮԬܣ˹Ҫò𣬷Ų£ԲΪܲܡӢǶĶͽҪķ̯ƾţͶʮһ㣬ˣҪаźҲѺ̨ȥģܷܷơηηβ裬˹Ҫϵ˶ĳ˹ƱβܲΣԭǴһӵѣȵҪ췴ˡܶ¡塹Źͷ׽ȥˣͷ˵ˡˣɱһԹԣӢۣΡܲΡܶ춼ֻáëȥ쵼ˡ»ԣʯҲˡǹ˵ʧˣϺƱաչöѿˣֻСΰǡʯкţһ׬˴ǮƣգգǵŮʿۮˣһ£΢ʱĳεׯƾšˣкҦˣ㶫ԡҦһϡӹһδ˵⣬ڶͽͷ϶˹ȥΪׯã֮ΣƾϵġʰҲԹԣӢǣõԲŰȥ

ëλһףųڷ磬˵һϯ꡸֮ʱλ͡½ߣϯʵʹᡣȻһڣȫҪ֮𶯣ȴϯһְʽӰȶְͬǣԴߡëδλ˭Ȼ긻ǿḻ渱ϯӦǵʲ֮ѡ

ëϯųο֮ʱǿУȫ֮ͬ飬ϯͿصЧҺ֪֮Сй֮Ǻεȼѡ֮³ƽԪѫˣҾΪ˹ʥǰ;һƬҲȻ˵˴һ¼ᱱʱëϯǫ˳ѡϯȫƱλȫһƬڡ˹ʱұңۣҲΪҲѡڹ֮нյĳǿڿ߻ʢ١ǵ˹ѷ֮ҾΪˣѣҲнգಽʽĸǿ֮·ұ亣⣬൱ΪҲ

ȫ®ɽ֮

شҲнƣ˫ҹСȫȫ֮£ëϯһ֪ͨйزᣬԼطʡǣ³ڱʥ®ɽٿ飬Ҳν®ɽ项һ鵱ʱȫҰһµӡǡƫ󡹣ļ·ߣʱððĹˣʱɷԭ¡ëϯ֮£ֻҪ˼ҷִʵǾ֮͡ˣʱֵʢģæ͵УʥСգǡ֮᡹ë֮Ƶļλ飬ľӢ񣬶ʫţʫʫλľʫˮƽڡ֮ϣɽ裬羰续ơЩ项Ǵӽžλģɿ˲µġĹԱȻȴϴ»Ϊѡӡĩʵ¼ҳݽоʫʤʤѡȺͷ٣®ɽ֮ʱҶ泩ϯ˾´ͷ®ɽԨסԴŶʱһʫëϯס֪δȥһ԰øɣǴʱġˡ֮ӡȫĦġϣٹ֮޲Թһ֮ᣬΪΪҲ˳ܣʮŵƽȣ顣ǷּСۣҾͿʰңˡëϯ۲ŴԣĲɷ֮ᣬһʱ֮ʢҲʱǴ¼ϸʼǡʮ飬һʷϵʷףҲһɶԼߵıѧֵ÷жš®ɽʵ¼һž̨꣬棬˾ҳ

Ӿ󵽷ҵġ®ɽ项

˭֪ëˣɲ⡣֮ᣬͷϸֻ꣬쫷֮ǰʮ»ë˽ںɶ޷̸һ项ԼԵд֣ʳ֮϶Ծʧеáܵ˵òʧޣ벹һʮڣĿ֮󳬹Ԥ㡣ۼ۹ʡѻԺ®ɽͬߡʵһ֡Сʽ׼ĿȲơʧеáëץס˵»˴ϸΪݶʵֻ鳭ŸʱıΪԸס

»⡸项ʱëϽӡṫۡʱߣ桢ܶ£֪ë«Ҫʲôҩ׷ڰĬ⡸򡹡ʵ¼ҳʮżȳΪë֮ʷڡ֮ϯ꣬졹˵ĹǡѡӡʱëĴͣȫġӡţģǲ߶ҲȻ¶ʮëЦȫὲëƪʷɸҪʷǿ·ߺȷʳհ죬С޲¡С¯Сת¯֮⣬ͨƪ˵˵Цŭ߳ſڿӣѴߣΪҷĸ߼Աֻ˽˵һȺ̫šͺ͸١ֹҴĽ༶ĸϣ˵Ǳ̣ëϷ̬֮ӣʹ֮ڵġ͢ȡ죬ֻûйƨɰˡ

̾ǣʱ֮׵ܶ棬ʮղŸ®ɽֱ룬ȻëĽУʱ廰Ϊë롢ơһ˾ͷǸĲˡ۴ͷģ߰ˣ˭ҲģףǼȨɱĵطˡ

ʵϹĭʥʫҲǸס˹ǡ̫Ͳܲëǡ̫ȻϯˣͲܲˡͬ־ѧϰͬ־ʱҪѧϰˣͷǵǰ׹Ǿˣ㲻ǱΪ˰ﱣּĬǵĹ³һ׳ʷ̨ϣôױأ

ʷϣʷΪԼף޶˵˲ĥѿʷˣߣΪ֮Ҳ

֮ëϯ¶ʮһ֮󣬰֮һйʷйؼõġ®ɽ项ʹӸ֮ᣬ̱ɸħ֮ˡһݣëڴ˴Ρξ项֮󣬽ű®ɽٿй˽ȫ᡹ʵҲ죬ڵȥͬʱ»ͬ»ǰй졢ܲıƿ˳ϡʡһСۣΪġ¾ֲǳǱڵڵġ˼롹ĹıȨëҪȫƶһ㡹Ⱥ˶ѹע⣺һġ㡹һġҡ¡ԵⷴɴΪģĶǵ»Ϊ׵ķðĸ߸ɡȶɽо̷ԡ¾ֲԱ»ȣԡ뷴ʡ®ɽľëɽı뾯ʦҲνһӵһжӣ֮䣬ŵ޵ĻᡢɽˮɣڹʳóԷȨҲͬʱˡνΪΡ֮ӡ

Υ

ë®ɽĩڵı֪ǻʢ٣ѷǸõҢ˴ʱϸ¥ֻһ׮ΪȨöѡͿصӵĳ̶ȣëǲῪ®ɽ֮ġë֮ǲûаյ̣Ҳûо԰֮ġܶëѱ򣬾ò˼ֱ룬ɽӳǰ;ޣë½šáļʵۣ̫ϻʵ֪֮ǸͿأ˵һġڵʱйУܶ桢ֱ˵ľӵëϯ²ΪԿ®ɽ项ľ԰ˡ

ƪޣµġ˽ȫ᡹һߵʢŵȡߡҼ֣Īеġ¾ֲȨıԼֲ֮Ҳû˷ѱīıҪˡдʷ˲òһǾëĿģԭֱ»Ϊ֮ǰëڸز¶ģȵȫһˣ˼ʱëŹ»ʷˣԭӽʱʼ˾Ѿǡ߿߷ֳͻֺʷë۵ľˣëҪģ项Ǹߺͽڰˡ

Ȼ˵®ɽְ֮·ųɶֱʽӳˡڵרʱ项ǧĵͳУһ棬һ׷ӳģʾԹءڸԱ͸٣򱣽ʿҪͻģһϵе򡣿®ɽ飬һֱʮݻ֮ʱ볣ȫᣬδֵʽ᰸ȴݻ֮գʮգëϲʽС͵빤飬žΪίһϯ͹Ȼͽ˴ίȥ׷ϣȥƤͼ¡ϸ˵ǼΥ£ΥģëдɡȴȻΪ֮Ϊ⡣ʷΥҼ֮¼ԽͣǾǺдɡʵΪйĻתڣⲻ˵ɡϾдйطת͵ר⣬ϸϸĥ֮

д߶Ǿ񲡻

֮һ꡸®ɽ项ӡ󡹿ʼ㡹ǳȫ£ȫ֮ġؼʵϵëλߵһ֮䡣ҵô˼ҸԼı仯һ֮ͿһٰʮȵĴת䡣ëһϵ°ΣһаС񣬾ǧͷˡлǧʷϣǰĶũǧνȻֺʵǴʧ˵ġ®ɽ项ʼġҪǧڵ֮飬ͽǧĺͬһ䣬ǧ򱻻ԩ꣬ıҪҲǵԩʵëĳ˵һ֮䡣ҪҪҲʷΪ֮̾Ϣ顣

ߣë®ɽϡҲȼǿѹɱһ򣬼бҪʵ¼ҳߣҳġ˵ôɡ֪һҪٸ򳡲ɣɱҪһٸġ˿ӡȥѣΪ˵ֻˣû⣿ʵë󶫣Ǹ񲡻ߣмصġƫִ񡹺֢ܲ͡ˡ־񲡵֢״ǻԼʱʱͼɱ׳˵İΧ֮УҪɱˣԼŻаȫСʵ־񲡣ںܶԾǿ游ϣֻᷢһ游ֻܴšӣΪˡ

˸Ƚʷѧйʷʷ֪־ֹëһҲеĴߣڶ˵ġԪ谣Ǹصľ񲡻¹ʷ̸ϣգʷ̸̸ֲ˹֣ͬ׽۵ġ»һ״Ҳ˵ë󶫣˹֡ˣǾѧϵش⣬һѾˡ־񲡻ĲǾС黢ˡë󶫻ҪãڱɱĲӢʱʱ̾ëϷ޳Īź

ڡ®ɽ项ĵһݣӦŵġʵ¼ˡϸϸ׽飬Ͳѿ®ɽ项ȫòȫһȨޣ޷ĴëΪᡣڹ컯֮£ڰָ¹ΪߵڰףΪǡ˼߾ǧũȥƫҪ˵ǾǧȺڶӵֻ»һˣ䷴ڰ»һλѷģʥʵİߣӲߣ˵֯¾ֲıȨ󾹴֮ڱͽ֮֡»ôң֮֮ɱɣëĳͲԶӡΪɵ״ΪĪСëĳ֮ߵҲ

ʮȥˣëĹľԹƶִ֮꣬Ƿ֮䣬£ʱȫ͵طʮλֹҴཫ࣬ͷ⽮Χëһ˴ȦȦ޷ԭһȫһΪ˼ңκ͵ϣĺһ޹شīѭҹҹȴͻеģʵϲڵġˡԿһ״̬ʵһİ˴ͼë֮󣬾þһԶڵĺӰʮ꣬˼ұһ߻ħĻþӣ԰ΣһӰħಫݡһ񲡻ߵġרеġΪ֮£ܲأʮعˣѪ߰ߣʷ߸˼ܲϾ̾

ëã֪ë˵ëëǳ׾δѵĹĹ壬ëҪй㡸ϳͥƶȡаĹ壬ȻֻëԴ֮һǿˡ®ɽʫ˵ῴɷ壬Զߵ͸ͬʶ®ɽĿֻԵڴɽСǿȻֻǡῴ롹һ֣ǡڴɽСӡαȽʷѧۻëǸˡ⵱ȻҲǡ࿴ɷ塹һ֡Ҫʶë®ɽĿɷ壬ԲƫϣضԼ䲻಻Զӡ

ʷ߿ҪʣйΪʲô˸ëĴأȳ֮й䣬ȫֶް취أһⲢѻشȻ˵һԱ֮Ǿйʷת͡ĹУëֻǸͳƵĻعⷵաʷһԸֱһǰ취ġƶϵһƿ⣬ĩȫ񣬶һõ̫̫̫ҲǺް취ٴһˣÿ˼ӡ

žѪ

®ɽ项ֱӺëйȨAbsolute Power֮ƣȨԸëʮйεľëǸ˽õıë󶫲ӹ෴ŪȨУȴǾŶθ֡ڡ®ɽ项Ȼȫʤ˵ľȨҲ֪ȫڴܹ鲻Ǹ˾֡®ɽܷ֮ȥʰо֣Լڵϣ˾ӡߡ˾ӶߡжëһףԶġһ꣬İʵΪ쵼ëܡ˾ӶߡأëǸײɫĺúҲú졣֪бĩʼ֪ȺӡʱæĵһҪԭˣǹ֣¸㵳˲ʱѵҪȥǣȻΪңΪصġ

ëΪʲôҪأǰ²˵ս֮žҰһȫסϵҽø񵳵ʣ𣿻ʲôأⲻ֪Щϵӣڶ׵ϵ죨»ֱԪ˧֮֡®ɽ»ıȨˣ·ųɶȥ㡸ߡëʱ׼սս˾йϵɽȥλɽëġߡǴ»ιģȴǱŷɸΪ򱶵ֱ롣ܷģֱּҪ־ˡߣƿ˳ϱ֮󣬴Ƶһλ񹫰һ䡣ʹëҹߵһϵԹԣһھⲻûȥ㵳ġ

ëԽžĽֻ֮ȫѪеĵϵ죬ǲı֮ս٣ʱһеĽ죩ȫ֮ѪԭŹϵͳеѡȵȣȫҲҪһ󲿣˴˿໥ǣơʹݵĵϵ췴ۼ

߸ע֮ǸȤĹ¡ԭΪµСУ书ڲС١ʮͶŹķΪսΪʦó빲ԭķëϵϵ֮żĳëټشޡëֺ䣺ǻȥȥָܻϾ˾Ա˶ë֪֮УͿءĳëѯξԭϺȻԻϯָҴë֮ҿֱ֪±УΪּҪ׫Ϊǽйת͵Ҫ󡣳Ҳķˡëߪ֮Ϊ˾ԱԭһŷӣԴ˶вƽʱڼôŹ⣬й֮˷ܡʷŹ⣬̸ķꡣ񻹱¼

רϯſɽ

ëĵڶƻȻԿطѧϰ㡸רд٣ֻּܷ˽Լӵһһ䣬ءڣʡҰǰһ㣬ܶȫЭ֮£ëʮֳɹ˾Աֻ࣬ܵᣬ˽ӻıԱ¡ƶ֮ɣܶʵûΪڽžţû˽ϵͳĽ飬ȿɷڣҲʹļصĻϷҲ֮ܶΪŴ֮ǣ߶ˣεء

Ȳרܲıר˾ĹԱȾָھָϵͳίϯϯ˿ԽʽԽֱָӸ֮ʹָҲˣֱΪȴûһһţһ࣬Լָӵ˵ӡԷİžѧϰë˼롹ȴܵһŽžָӡкͧңɻǧܣһֻװרΪͨʹ֮⣬Ҳһֻ˽ʹáרʹõĳͷɻʱ죬ǻգۿڵĿأȴȨָӡȫһεĿкеʵ죬ɷȥأȴ׵ԾꪳɳˡëھİţҲǡμǡϷĹˡգλʥһɷʮǧ֮󣬲ŷûзϷġ

λëĸӻƿ˳ΪžܲıŪ¥ɱȳɳľǷйʮʷϣ˵ǧëδܡ⡹ĽĴֽӳȨ磬֪⣬ҵҵȥġǹ񵳴ҵĿͷȴֱץȨȥʲôȫ䡹ǻ㣬ȳɳ๼

֮һͿ֮㣬ҲֱļɣҲǳ֮ɡ֮سڱȨȨȴ޳ӣھеڻС޳Ȼ񵳾еĲıܳ³ϣ͹׳ĹϵëƺӡӲõץȨԶԵľġƶҪޣëɽֶ֮ӱ޳Ӿ¥ˡ

ëڵصĲϣҲֻץص㣬ϸ񡣹ճĹ񣬺ϸڵİţȫܶˡܾһˣëҲ;Ϲԣѡֱ±ʱܵԽָӣֱ뾯ʦһɾӡ

ƻϵͳԽָ

ǽջؿʷëһ꣬㡸һʱһ壬ǴƻԭеĵϵͳԽָӡʷϣʵ֯ܵһᡣ岻ˮ͸Ĵƣ¼ϼȫ룬ΥƶʱҲǴ⿪ʼ´ߵʣ涨´ﵽĳĳΪֹһ㡸绯͡һʱë󶫾Ͱȫƻˡ

ν硹ԭǡǧƶȡͲλ̨ջ˵ģһëʼ㡸绯֮ʱνһǰѡ硹һλȡ֮ԡ硹硹أǹĻ㽨ƣǰӳᣬһץ塣ʵСһǺεصġơϹأӦξ꾡滮ףȻ´Сëһ׸һʱȫԽָӣһ£֮ھͰѽ߼硹ǧ硹ˡëһƻƵΪܶװƣӶŭԣ»ʹļףſͣμʵ¼ҳ塣Ľѵ꣬ҵǣλǰëϯиͿص֪֮Уڴ˹ؼϣëǻ˵ı۵ָı˵۵۵ơ

ڵֱһ䷴Եëһݣѵز⽻ϵƣһƻšëԮĿϣйĲѣõĿֵĺ棬ԼӸȦȦڵʱйҲǸܡ

߳ġǧ˴᡹

ëϯ˾ӶߣܺظȫѪ֮ʱϯλ߶ͣҲæĲÿʵϣһ괺ιԪ׿ʼֱһ꡸ĻΪֹ꣨һũһ壩ʱ䣬λ壬ȫһˣһĻƽʱϯƽʧ֮֮ʱְҵеʹϸΪ鿼Ϊǹ֮ۡϣΪϾҲҹʷİټʮʵ֮һʷ߶ӦҲʮֹȥˡض̫ıҪϾر֮ԾڷҺĶߣϸڹ£ƪͲظˡȻϸϯл񹲺͹֮䣬ʷұֱ֮⣬ʵ˵ΪȻҲ

ϽӰһҪɵģǰëϵļߣذͷ˵Ŀ˳ˡũƶȣָ绯ǰĺ󡹵Ļƽʱصһ򡸰·ȥȴֻȡʵáʣΪʣë϶Ϊɡ塹ָƶȣ֮ΪʵҲǡҲǱƪԵϡսǰ˹ƲũġNewDealһֻǾһҪԣҪɳʮԲܾ⡣Աǰƪ֮Ҫ֮˴ͲظˡһԱ֮ϵԭǸˡ֣ë󶫵ļϡˡϢٹɾͷ

һǳɹġũ岻϶ˣȷѪ꣬һɷסˣũָ٣ͷ֮ҲһЩڰյĻɲϼηηβ󵨸νվ项ԴؼãϾʽ֮֮ʷᣬԱʷѧʿܸټ̽Ҳ

ڸũŬ֮УҲԸëжĿ֮Уëֵϣƽƽׯԭ쾭ģע⣺ܶ룩̫ˣӦþݣϯҲ˳֮¡ʵϣйȫУ޸ĵʱĶ֮£еϯݺɵƸΪϯһʱë󶫾ΪһרΪģҲӲԡëѡ˾ӶߡһΪϯȻҲ˳µ¡һһ֮䣬ֵڱٿξ֡项Ҳƺƴģǰδеģһģνǧ˴᡹У߳ʱ϶ԡë˼롹ά죬ʵȴһ꡸绯䡢˷ѡ硹ȵȵĶҺ˺ʧñ»ġ项й֮޲ԹԪסϯ֣ȫȫҪƣӼ쵼ԱٷȥĴͬʱʮڡ˶бȺĸɲƽָ乤ȫҰһƬ֮ڰи׹㣬ֱڴ˴λƽҿ

һ궬ҷʡЭίԱ֣طʹ߼ũҵȥӲ죬ϱʳи䣬Ѽʵʡ˻㱨˴϶ǡⷴũҵҥƻʮ⣬ձһ¾աʮԴƪҽ¶СҴзʮͽ̡Ȼڵǧ˴󣬸ƽˣֵʡЭίԱǣũҵȻͣͲǰţũ徭ƸĸġذʡЭʷίԱᣬŷԶ࣬ũĸ𡹣һž꣬йʷ棬ҳˡ

ʵ˵ǰδеġǧ˴᡹֮ٿʵȨ߷塣һǶҲëͳëڴбҲΪҲһǰð͸ڡ塹ϵ䡸ʵǡ˳Ӧܺŵġ̣ʵߡİԭµľĸ

ϯȨǧն

ʵëǧ˴ᣬǱĵһν˾Ӷߡԭһ궬ڡ˽ȫ᡹ϣŵĻ˾ʵǧ˴УȻгίֳһߣëߣΪġ쵼ĸڼ䣬ݽ͸¶ĻϢë϶ǧ˴᡹ʹġȻëٳȴɫ治ΪĴɷ򡣿һۡಽëݵİţȴʹԼΪëϵĵһжëɱ֮ѩͷ֮޵Ҫԭ򡣿ɱǣΪ˱ȽֱǸʶŹ϶УëܣвۺͱӣΨȴкϸΡ㵳֮Ĳ㣬һϧë֮һˣǧΪ֮նġʮƽ١ëλϯȨ㵽л壬ҲΪ֣֮Ϊ֮ңʮͷȥͬǣƥ򵱹ܲС񵨲ľ

˶巴

ġǧ˴᡹һһ֮䣨һʮһգٿġҲΪȫȫһӵġߵܽᡣ˭֪δ£ëϯİ£µף¶ʮʮգٿһ˽ʮȫ᡹ʮȫëϯɫļ֮£һ¾Ͱǰġǧ˴᡹ľߣȫ˰ȫУëϼȫȫҪ̼ʵС׼֡׼Ҫ꽲½콲ʷȫҳһ

ëͬʱҪȫײһԽ׼Ϊּġ˶һ˶ⷴӳũ幤ϣν˶幫֡Ŀֿ⡣ӳڳйУν巴˶̰۵ԣͶѡ˷ѡɢͷ塣һڹ˵ëɾͱˮݵģжԵˡ׵쵶һˡ

߸עֱͣ쵼ϵ෴ߣУԭ֮ڻʢ쵼֮µĴ½ԭҲǸһרġũ̵Ľѷũĺֶ٣ˮݣŷֳڽ񡣼ĶǧȵѡԵһεĽʤ֮䣬й֮Ĺϵвͬ׾ԵӰ죬ѣԲͬߵѡ񣬿ѡƱΪʲôһҪǹһأǱʮڵġʷϿˡǴӵרƣת䣬δתסϿ񶼻ͣһר̬֮ϡȻ̨ʮһԵĴͳ̬䶯ҲҪʷϡϿ»Ҫʮꡣ

ǰʮʮͶʮ

˵˶һ׿ʼëΪ˶ˤӣһֱӳ꣨һһ壩ÿһףëɾͿ쵶ն飬ֶθĻˡĻʵϱ˶˶Ļǰëۼ˶ⲻ棬ˣĻġ

˵ͷȰ˶΢һ£ټΪ壬ëһ£ںݾеһιƶһָĹ죬νǰʮëʱδʽëƶߣϻüСΪǰʮǸļʵһʮͷأδ̫ˡΪűһ㵳ڵɲͿʮ˼ͱνʮˡһ£һιϣ쵼ͨġҲ˵ΪԼģҲо󱳾ĸɲѶΪ֮ġ

һһ¾ʹŭëϯëڡʮеͬʱٿһ빤飬̷ϳʮ֮Ըġʮʽǡũ˶ĿǰһЩ⡹һë˾Ͷ̱ӣǶһÿˡ

͵λϯˤˤòÿʱʱȴױǴѧͼ鲿Ρÿ峿ϰʱ칫϶ʾµĴ½еĸ౨־ΪŶ˶ĹĺͺģǶԴ½Ʒ׷٣˵աǵǿǰʮʮͶʮʵڱŪһͷˮֱ֪󣬾Щʲô¡һֱȵĻˣռٶֺеСǵȫˣ಻֮գŻȻ⡣ԭǸǰʮ͡ʮëϯֶģĸףʮǹڼͽ棬ͼëϯƵġļһ˼ͨȻԭˣ

ëϯȫ

һĿµġ巴˶ëٴδȫʤˡǶַɣûаȥ֮Ȼ̨ʮĸʷ͸ѫȻҪԭйܴ֮ƽ£ë󶫣桢»λ磬ܵܺҲǸҪءǵĺͷѣ̫ƽʱڣͶͬһ֮ͬ߸ע񵳵Ĺϵסڴƽ֮Ҳγɻ֮ơԻΪߣ뵽ëĹ²ŰֵġëĿɱ²Ŵһ룬ԼԾͱˡë󶫺вͬǣëѴ£ŹŻ𲢣ΣԾͱȽСˡ

ǻ𲢻Ҫ𲢵ġ巴ͽŶĻУëƶףҪѺѧˡɱ»λɱɱֱֱʯ￪һѣɾɣѧϰԶ߸߷ɣֲɣꪳɳġëŻ鶼ɱˣԸܶ˿ٶѧϰȫֻܿŧֵݡ׾ʮ꡹̫ƽֲҳһë뿿Ϻֶݣαأ˼ɽײģûԻ籹ʬͶҲʵǵСƽ˵ġ󡹡

źCCϵ

ߣëĹϵҲͽĹϵ񵳵ȫ֪ġ³¼ҵû仰ȴʵǾǡëҵ׫רƪۡ漯š漯ŶԹգȴеCCϵͬCCǸɢģԼǿϵ֯ǴɽͷСɽͷĺӦɽͷ֮乲ͬĴĻһµķԣһCCһϵ塣

ȨṹԭһŴСССڴڼ䣬ȷ¼ϼȫ룬γһս֯ʯһСԴȥգһһս壩ܺδʱ㱻ݿˡǹһս壬ƽˣһ䰲Ҳ͸һĽˡǴ⿪ʼġëоȨҲԸ˼Ҵһ궬䡸绯ʼԽָӣѵزϵͳƻĸɲ»֮⣬µڿҿҵĹɲԸŭԣҰģаĸɲʩȪֱ룬˰ͳ˻ΪŰһɴûͷԵĸɲϰǧݣҵĴͳͶšϯäĿǰѺϯָҴγһǿĺͼëˡ߸עĽίԱҲǸġԽָӡרңսڼ䣬ɳսʱһڱźȻˡǱߵ֣绰ˡǽԽָֻǸϰߡѣΪ󡣲ëԽָǱ鼰ţΪ֮²쵼ȨΪʹˡ

ëϵĺΪͼ·ߣڵڵĴСɽͷ֮䣬ϢûȺڻġȫɽͷ֯ʮİģʹ꡸켽ȫǡձ֮󣬰ѱίŪɸ岻ˮ͸棨ëԼй֮ƵĹ㶫ʡίǶë󶫵ķӣģνߣжԲҲ˵ڡ绯ǰĺë󶫣㼫˶ȫ췭ظ֮ʱľɷߣʵںЩȽɽͷһµġɵǷ켫ġǧ˴᡹УȫСɽͷհķһµģڱϿҲǡëҵĻԱˡëƶ䡸巴ļߣ꣬ʵϣΪʶЦһ֮£ë춷ض˶ֵĶרңǳ֮ˣҪзǳ֮£ǳ֮ΪؽǸë¡ϵëЦνëϼ׸ǸҵġҵȫϵͳҲѪֻǳֶˣĻ̥Ҳ֮׹ˡ

ӰӳʮĻ

Ļйʮʷеġʮƽ١СƽĽʱĲߡܺߺͺʷңһͬë󶫡Բ߻ģԷĺ쵼ġΪʵ͹ɵ˶һ˶ӡ绯巴ıʵʵĿǴݻǸ̵ܹ漯ţ淴ʶ̬ë󶫾Զõ˶

ë˼˵ߴԺ󣬡ëѡ֮⣬κθ߼䣬Ҳʲôѡġһɶ÷죬ϡ˼ϣĸšë˼롹ǰȴǸ⡣д˺üƪԵ磬ë󶫶Ϊ项ġ۹ԱһһγιԪʱձԴƪȫ֮һʱëµĶУëѡԵûˡëĿУġ项һз۵ܴ֮ậ֮ǳ׳֮ʳζ˯ҩҲҹߡëĿͷ

ߣϯɫ֮УҲ˸˵ҫǵЯ绨죬֮ʱѰ޲¡صķŶʮһڵԪ֮ӭʱëϯҲѰǾҲֻʮ˾ˡʧ֮壬֮ǧһ֮ʿѣȻű䣬ۼǿ̣벻ҲѣǴͳƵĻعⷵʱëϯΪȨλҪִ󵶡ǽͷಲˡѣǻͳëλãҲಲһҲ

ǣëϯȻǵ͹˵ʱйĿ͹ơĿУǷ棬ֻǸߡಲԳڴ˾С¾ͿԽøɸɾ˭֪ڴ˾Ľ˾ǱˣСȴʰʧأֵл۹ؽԹҲʰˣһʮ꣬ͱɡʮƽ١ˡ

߸עڷĻʱëȻԾһ˶ֻ£Ҫ£ҲҪһ㡹ͿԽˣһʮ¶ʮգëϯ빤ϵĽءë˼꡹һ꣬棬ҳˣëӼϣҲй½ĸĹơ

˵һŭѪǧʬĸĽⲻ֪ƥҲһŭһŭֻҪʬˣѪ岽ҲɵõͬЧֱ˵ģ˸㲻šǸʬˣѪ岽ҲǿԽģӡޣҪȡͬİ취ͬˡǺ󻰣½˵

ǧֵĸʷ

֮ʮĸʵйʮʷУ㡢ǷǲҲʶˡѪġʷһΡĸʮУһƬȷѪ֮꣬ʣұغ⣬ڴ½ļ˹⣬ϢȫޣһΪױ˵֮£ʱ޿̲׷ٴ½ϵϢ֪㾿Ա߸˵ɣΪͼԱ̺ĹٷƷ䣬ˣǺĳƷ±󡹡ɽ졹ó졹䶾Ҳսȵȣʮ֮䣬ϸ֡ӦǧϰɡڽëͬʱԺԽ󿪡ϵͳרǳӿжõˣٰݶѶʮͷˡ

ϼ䡢߸ٳľšĸʮʷһŰ˾ʮ£ͼ棬ᣩУ¾ͱˮ䰴Ҫ֡Ҳˮ䰴ǵĶ˲֪ٱ顣ġ˺ѧͲ̸ˡǧֵʷϣԼԼĸôأһƬãȻƪѶʷϣΪŨǧ֣ʷѧۻᣨSeminarsеͬУͲƺ󡢹Ĺµ̸̸ͬĸô£Ծͽڸ

ëУġչ١

ȻǾʵʹ۲˼ëһһǰĻ˶ĸֻ⽭ࡢʩֱ롢ŴţʱϺίǣҦԪš־ίһϺԼֻĻָӣݲ¶档ķʽǽҦԪ壬дһƪбгʷѧľ籾չ١˵ʲ׼޲׼㣬Ҫ汻˹ٵ»ʵ֣ûй֪Ҳԭ֮ǰëڲ϶ʷŷֵģǺͰһֱġ١ٸɲѧϰʥּһ´ӷ磬Ͼͳּд籾ɾϷһʱȫ䶯糱ŪһŷͯҲЧȣԱԳһԭǡ®ɽ项ǰ£չ١ľ籾ԭҲֻһּдġƨ项»İչûƨϵ˴ȴȸѡĻһڵڰСҦԪ׫дһʱ壬ʱϣʮרܳëĸʮʷëҲҦԭ壬޸飬ɼ֮֮Ҳ



ʮƽ١Ļǰ£

ӡ١һ֪ͨ

ݺξƵķչдʷˣͲѰëϷһ˶ȥͷ˵ˡëԭʼƻȻȰһ˶һ㡸Ļ£ʷңռңҲǵԱŵıг죬ԷĻ˶νҴ塹ⳤںҡҴǡߣձܱأ͡ǰ־ܱĭɳе߰ר·ߵѧȨѧʦѧУλ쵼͡ȨɡȨﷴ´ң˻½һѳֵĻԼµı־͹㲥̨ͳһھùһ

ëĵڶȻǶȡǸ̾ݵġ岻ˮβ͸ıίǵʱıеһǣ汱гͱһý壬ίƣɵܱġձ͹㲥̨պ˱صأȻѭļȶͨξֺᣬ飬ˣ˶ֻҪ££ҲҪһ㡹ͿԻָ򣬴ﵽĺë̫ƽˡëϯҲͿֻʦܲ߻ˣԶĻָӣòŽҿĻͷ¶棬ಲˡ

벻Ҳ°ɣҦԪƪһʮһʮϺĻ㱨֮󣬷Ӧ䵭ëõ壬ƶȫתرġձͻϸý壬Ϊ̫󣬲ģԱȻΪµıίеĹ㶫ʡί֪һ˶ëϯڱԷģҪеġȻΪֻɼɣʩë֮裬˷ˣҲڱҪʱ˵ϯԵҲҪԭǣë˴ģǾԵġıǡı㡸ԱܡĽеܶҲڹë壬֪߸ɺȫҰԴҲû˿׼лһ±֡ëһʼ˭ָҶֿأһξ棬ܾͲˡ

ߣҦķ֮ϯֻװͬ飬ֻʾⷢһĻ˶ƹ֮ʱǰյľƣ֯һĻС项νС项Ϊָ桢½һΪԱָΪ鳤һ¯ġС项ʹ޸оǡ߳ľϷݣҲԼչ١顢εĵһ෴ģΪС鳤澹һգڸСĻͨһ飺ĻСڵǰѧ۵Ļ㱨١ơ㱨١򡸶١٣С˰Ļ˶ķΧȫڡĻȥ϶չ١»İչ٣߲һ¡ͱϣҲ⣬ȫƲˡ

һġķëţȴŭ˰ȥë󶫡ڽҿĻߣǰ̨ԼͳಲˡëһƴĻĻǰΪʱ̣ȴӡֻɾͼ򣬳˵ǾëΪԸı£ڱٿξ֡项ʮգԼ˴޸ġ֮󣬲׳һйίԱ֪ͨë󶫷ĸʦʣν?һ֪ͨҲ

߸ע١͡?һ֪ͨһ궼ȫýϵĴšȫνйרҡ޷֪ȫģиԭڱѧϰչԱڱͷǮңһǦӡġ١·ʱֹýعһļ˭֪λձԭǸɣ߼Ǯ͹ּۻۣ˵һǧԪ߼۹ȥλԸ߼۸תֳãδ֪Ҳ

׹ص˰ͼ

?һ֪ͨɴ˶ݱƣ򵥵˵һ׷ϳ١ļʮ״ʾȫɢԭС项µġĸС项ֱξֳίֱָĸĺһлָɳ²Ϊ鳤Ϊ鳤ΪʣԱŴšط桢ݱҦԪˡǲ˵ˣǵʱйʱϣɵĹˡСδ£ٶȴΪĸС鳤ٴϺ˾һģγΪ׵ġ˰ˡ

࣬λϯˣһֱ롸ίСžչ˾¡ĸС鳤ʵĽ뵳߽ײ㣬ϯˣȫȫĸ˶ˡӴ쵼ġ˰Ȩ㳯Ұһ˳ֱϯ벣ײģű׽ȥ

͵˰׹أ϶ɽ֮ʱλʮʲ׼ķӡëϯʱ͸ñӣȻԻˡΪ¼ëϯĻ˵ë˵

˸Ҿͺٵطǣմ칬ҪЩʴۡˡǻ쵽ڵСûʲô˲𡣣ңһָͷͱ桹һ¶ʮգءë˼꡹ҳһ

ί֮治ñһʮ꣬Ҳˣ˼ҲŻָɡͬ˱ģν½һޣ䣩Ĵ󷴸Ҳһһˡ

ʲ׼˵ȫϴ

ĸڣëϯ쵼֮£°չ֮⣬νȻϼˡëΪйǡ֮󣬰Ѿʱеľ֪ʶӡȫߣǸĴйĽ̻ر֪ʶӰѳˣλûһǳˡʲ׼ĴˡеģӵϣѾȨ쵼еġ³ʴۡ棩˯ǵߡЩˡź췴졹һлᣬǾҪר޲׼ëҪȫȫ⣬طλϴ

ϴİ취ˡǸʷ˼һ£ץס룬һȨ֣Уһ͵ס˸ȨˣֱëϯĻǾ͡ٵطǡ⣬λɽͷȨɣʵۣүëˣǾͷõλ֮ڵҰģµСﷴȨԸҰ£³ԴΣһĵȨɺͷɣʲ׼Ĵˣ򷢶ѧУСһϿΣܳԷҪ£¾Ǹëϯһ¶ʮһաԳָʾ˼꡹ҳ塣ⲻͬϣëҲһᵽҪȫѧУͣ£ѧ˷ҪȣҪ£¸ʲôĶǴһȨȨëԴ𣺡Ȩ˭ҦԪͬҳߣ¶ʮգëϵĽϼ飬һҳ

ѧҪ£һŲ棬ȥֻǲܡɨһţ񡹣ǳ²ʮһմӹܡձ֮ĵڶñͨ⣩ֻͨңΡѧ췴áëϯнžİװͱ񣬲˼ҿʱĲҷʲôأ

˵ͷëйĸ֪еǵġƪᵽһڼ䣬ëø֪嵳Ūȫ֪Ϸξ档˼ҳһǵһǣٲø֪ѧҲᶯһϿΣܳԷҪ£ԭǴѧʼġˣŽ˴ѧġ

Ȼһ֮󣬺ڱļѧȴ廪ȫǼʮѧѧʮУѸٵĳˡ

ϯĺ̫

йʷϵĹ̥ԣҲ˵ˡڸʷ׾УĩšĳƪڸУǿ̫ġšʮ֮ëϯġ̸֮Ȼëϯĺǵ̫ġšһֽ̡һָëϯи˰͡ĸС项ɵ̫Ҳи׹˰ָŵǰС顣߶öʷ˿ЦԷǣ棬Զ˵ʷ־硣ֻ۹ģҪǰߴһٱϰˡֽ̡̫ţ²ʮˣëϯڱ˴μǰָĺ˵һǧһ£ǲλһ֪Ůˣһǿ֪Ϊ֪ˣΪˣѹŪٲĳ̶ȡôأ׾ʮ꡹ģš

Ҫشʷ⣬ǡʦ˵úãֽ顣˵ӣ飬ܾ⣿˵򵥣Ҳ򵥲ˡǾһƽĶܲƽ˶˼Ҳ˵˼Ұɡĩ᲻ƽȨҲ̸йڽź᲻ƽSocial In justiceȽǰʲô̫ĸơΪйǹƶɽνƶСƶҲйڽźɱ˼Сƶũǲûн򡸴ƶ⡣Զ㹫绯Ķǧʵ۵ĵطɲԱˣΪոŭԣ͸˼֮ˡһᷢǾͳȺӵĲμ췴ˡڴͳʱͻᷢũ壬̫ܵˣǾֻмڳеİͺˡк𡢰ʵۺﶼ쵼췴췴Ҳ͹ܲ˭ķ췴ͷͷϼˡ췴Ǹ᲻ƽķй

ߣźйĹˣҲֻһЩһֵ᲻ƽź󣬹˽׼ͳν׼ˡͳν׼֮Ȩģְ롢ҽҩաݼ١ΡŮȵȣҲֻǼмʮ˵ĲҵˣIndustrial Workers򡢼ǧνͬ񹤡湤ʹҵһףһСͬǹˣΪй֮ռ˽׼оġ񡹣ĻƽѾãͶšȻ䡸Ļˣ˵ëϯ˽ͬ־쵼ĸС飬ר氳˴򱧲ƽǰ˽׼״ͷ֮ʱǧϾ״ɽͬ־Ӽ̸ͬĿദͬ־ᣬ˼ǡءͬ鰳˿ˣ˵ʥĸ˵ľǡ˽׼䣿ѣ⻷֮£˵ͬ־ֻǸҰļҡ׹ǾСƽͬ־ҲĸȺںء

Ȼ䲻ƽ·ƽ˲ҡƼҡڽ̼ҡͣͻҲͶǲֵĻˡ˵ֻ»Ӣۣѣ̫ʱһΪᣬҲء

ϿΣܷԣַ糱

֮֯һ̱֮ԭһաʹ뿴ǶѧѧʱѧУȻͣˣεϰҲҪˣӢı˦һߣѧУʳѹӦҪŮȺϽȥַ糱ԹԣȺ£Ƕëϯ˼ңܲɽꣿ㴮񣬵鷴ڲϣִһѡɶȥץ»鰸ѷɻ롢ϿߵʤнžдСС̣ά֮ǣڶΪСϵִƤòӢţֻҪһߺȣԷ޲ѣ̶ʮ£ʮ˾ţȰӦϧʱ£һмꣿܹС֮գֻëϯУС±£ϣ֪ƽɰٸԩˡ

ǰëϯµģڱʦоͶĸ߸ӵܩСŮαϯ̫ˣȰҪһ㡣Ȼ͸Ҫ䡣ҪͭͷƤͳ֮£ţҪĸ￪ˣСɱ˷murdererٶȸѧ顢˪Ϧڰǻԩ֪꣬ǲѣԭҲǸܺ˰ӦأӦʹ뵽һʱ˵Ĺ磿ִӺ˵أ

һŴֱ

ںĴСţǧǧǣǧȫִ𳵶Ǽ̱֮ʱйĻʷġֱҲǵض֪ʮŴֱ֮ɱѧѧϵ֧Ԫдġһλ긾Ůڱ㵳ʮ𾢣Уί½ƽԹΡĸС项֮󣬿˿׼Ԫ½ƽĶӵĹϵڱ󡸵ϸ㡹Ԫõĸİ֧֣ͬˣ¶ʮҲйģһϼ쵼췴Ĵֱʣ˶½ƽĻоЩʲôǱί½ϼ쵼½ڱͬУίڹУ¼ϼļɵġңΪУãΡ½ֲ֪¡ĸС项ܹϵ˷ȫУλֱԷһʱУ԰֮ڣһƬɽĸڼһֱ۵Ŀ񳱣ͬ־ۼвҲ

ĸһ²ãҹϴֱԭģׯȼٵëϯë㲥ԪĴֱʮһգ²ǿƽո˵ġձϣոñͨ⣬ɨһţ񡹵ۣͬʱһʱףȫУȫƶתԭ·ԪһϦ֮ͱɱѧġϷүˡ֮һ籩꣬Ǿ췴ɵˡиءѧУĵί쵼ɳҡҡ׹ˡͬһǣʮǰСǵ° 

项ʼĩ

ʱڱйճ͵СƽʧأΪǷʾϯؾΪëϾܾë˻ر֡ųνɡ项⡣ԭһ㵳Ĵͳд£ɵϼָɡ项פλ͵ؽ⡣˴ϰ취볣ίһͨɡ项פ廪صѧУνʦ췴ж졣Ϊ£ԼķҲΪפ廪ġ项Ա˽顣ǣʱһϿΣܷԣҪѧҾԭУĵȨɣ֮֮ʱȻ˹飬ˮͼŭˡѧͱȻͷͷ찲¼ᡢϣͷͷĸС飬ܵē֮£廪Ҫ˾ˡȻ廪Űͳ˸ͻ󸻣˾ˡ˾ʢ֮ʱӵǧˣˣʮˣһʱͷ֮ʵǺĲᡢ

ڸ׾һǿ޲֮ѧˡôǶ˾ѧأԻǷǷǡǹǸȨһרӶëʱѧиӶ쵼ˣٲѧġЩѧԵģȴҲһֺСӶСѧѧر廪һĴѧã־꣬һѧãߣӽǽд󡢽󣩣ҲF廪ССУίѧƨܶһ£㡸ɻëҲȺľŶθ֣ԴһǵӦ֡

ĿһеСϾǵ̬ҲûɶμӹѧˣʵھȫСϾţһġֻǱ췴ɣ󾹰½ƽĸڱѩУͲΪˡΪѧٵУʷдɱɿɱһҳ

ë󶫡ڴ˾

项˾ĺѷ֮ʣ˾вУ׽ȥ˾Ҳ֪һǺ֮ʱȻëϯʮգڳγ֮ͻȻرδлߣë⹤Ϊ֯Գָ˾ɣµѧָһʱڣ׶ʮѧĺ͸ص췴Ӧһʱ޴룬಻֪ë˶ΪҲ

Ϊһ˶ëڰһʮգʽٿй˽ʮһȫᡣڴ;գëϺȻϺһ׫Ĵֱǡڴ˾ҵһŴֱһһֱĻ֮õëϯڳಲˡڴ֮ǰգĻô£滹ڸ̾˵ʵشǣҲá뵳ͬ־ԱҲáڴ֮ڰ׷СƽҼʱ˵ʮһȫУëϯһŴֱںͬ־˵˾ġĸʮʷϣҳߣһ

һºˡ˽ʮһȫʵıǸ͵Сƽȫ᡹ȫȫҲ˱һŻȻĻҪĿľҪɵ棬˶ѡԺ飬й淶ġʮͲضѱīˡ

Ŀ俿ֱ

ëĳಲȨеĲ֮գһ¶ȻˡıȺһţдʷ˾Ͳѽ⿪ˡ19081969λѧͽĻǸ˲ţеĹԱֱһŹսڼ䣬ԭֱҰĹǸɣźĸǰι㶫ʡ㶫ʡίһǡйϾֵһǡݾίȷҪְ֮ơ

һë󶫼ƻĸʱյְ࣬ιԺһ£ֳйǴǣİΣ½һּ֮ĸСʣȨָĸСһл˽ʮһȫʱΪξֳίԾΪë֮µĵڵİ֣ɼë֮У֮Ȼģëڴ֮ϣֱ룬һһ䣬˴ǣƣΪƶĻĺ߹Źɴ󳼡һԣ׸˾ģʤڲšһ֮ʿȲֱ룬󣬸ԸϯĴֺӥȮҲԸʦܶëѱԣԸָ¹ΪǣԼɽ࣬ĸСԱУÿÿͬ⣬ʱпˡ֮ǣĸС鳪䷴ĸС鷢Ⱥڣͽʵ˶ֱͬУһ򵹶ѡϵһֵëԼ䴸ˡȻģëΪʶ̧٣ȲΪѣͱȻҪΪˡǸëһΪˣǾͷ֮زˡëĽǼִ·ߵˣֻúȥˡӦʧȥɶʧˡһʮһʮգʮһںϷʡʬܱʶΪֻһ롣ʮ֮ǰʬҲڿⱻ֣ҲʶձСʮֻ꣬ʮ졣

ֱ󳪸˳ݵĶϷ

ĻУĻССĲ濴޹ʹʵϵաΪӸʷʵëԼȨ͸˳ݣƵ۷壬ԭȵƣֱ룬һһ䣬ϳ䡸Կġ;չڱȺ̨Կͳˡֱȫһˡ

ֱλлǧʷ϶ѵһǸʡ͵ƣۼ»桢桢䡭˵Ŀɱ³ûо裿ѣֻǸʶҶʷߡϷˣúολ㡸֪֪ѡʵʵթʷϵġ

ֽԭǸš˵¹⡢ˮ·磬Сʧĳ̶ȡҵѡŮʿֱӡ̵Ĺ۲졣˼ҷǸ۵ȨҰļҺıҡ״̬Уëϯ®ɽȥܵġԴﻢ£ղˡ

ֱһңȢ˸ܹߵȽǸ֪ȴҰĲţֱĳ赾һģһֱ̾ŮΪְ֣˶·ߡǸҵӲӡۿë԰ְֵŪѹƣߣҪ㡸壨һƻԷ⣨ǸĺùĸҶȺŮѸ·ͳ赾һתܶסСŮ䳤Сܸ꣬ùܲٺ½˵ɡ

֮й˽ʮһȫ֮ڡʮĺ֮£ȫˣһ𡣴Σ֣ȫ߳͵СһǷٽëϯԼģָȻһ＾֮ڣëϯ˶Լĺǰһǧһ֮ࡣЩ糱ˮϻȳһĺССšСëѸֵ췭ظһëϯ֣޲ύѡëϯ꡹ľɡ¡ָںţɤӡо񣬻Ҳüëϯĸ˳ݣҲ˴ʷļ¼ﵽ۷״̬ʱиʮһСҲߺʧ١ˣĸðԭҲȥëϯȥˡ

ʷǰĺ˶ġ˾˵ëϯˡдָӡȴ½ġڶָ֡ϯʱ˾ӵڰλֱ벻Ǹȵˡëԭʹġθëĸ˳ݣ㵽˿ȵĳ̶ȣ˵ġ㲻ͼͬۡĽ

û飬ⳡëϵĸ˳ݵ̨ϣֱֻдϷˡë֮־һëֱ֮ӳͻ޷ˡëԸȽҺʵ棬̣ȥֱҪܵö࣬ձ֮ë֣֮ΪƱþֽƣ֮ûߣǣƺͻ壬˿ͲˡǺ󻰡

ϯ֮

ĻչˣѾΪҪˡڵйĴͳִȨҵУһʧܣ޵ëһҪնݳ󻼡ڷԼë޷֮ʱëҪְũëֻ΢ЦҪѧϰְë֮Ѳ⡣ڲȡַʽѡϾǹԪסһδΥܣδΥΥëҪþԺ϶޷˼֮󣬾ֻöúˡ

ëˡڡʷǡͨ͡ѧȨܻѧ֮ʷūдһ£һλıλʿѵǣԼδսʿһδһѼͷԼİڼ뷢ͰİˡһְѼԼİ檣ڼ淢ͰѰˡһι͢ϣѼͷϵڣڼ뷢ͰϵˣͼλСˡ

ëϯҲиѣϯָʹȫȫ޷ȫ֮ߣë;ʹúˡëʼúɱ֪ϡ岮ޡˣ˹Ӧú»˧ҲӦ֣Ϳɾϯˡ

ǰ֮ëġڴ˾Ĵֱ֮Ⱥ֮侾˶Ұԭë֮£ȺѸëֱһʱһգ찲Ź㳡˼ףʦ֡ϺۼʮȺڣХ桢Сƽסլĺǧѿķʽ硸ʽɻȭߣֱ𾾶Է򸾡Ϊšϯϡִл񹲺͹ܷŭ飬Ȼкã֮򸾡Ůֱн򱻹Ϻһңҹܺ;񲻶ϵĥۺ裬ٲ̱ڴҽκ͡ȡҽʦͻʿΪԱʩ֮ǰҪŹһȻ󣬲ŴҩҲҩʯͶĥŹ֮ã֮Ҿ徣ʷִʼ֮вߡһ궬ѱĥ۳һ߻ãһϢëȻԸϺһʮʮգ߻Ěʬ˱ר⣬һıСԺСԺУ˶ʮ죬ʮһʮ糿ʱʮ֣λл񹲺͹Ԫףڳ龡һ¶ȥʱʮһꡣ屻᳡ʱԱʬϵֽСơְҵǡҵǡԴȾμʷȫģԩγҳһĩһˡСƽһʮµףרͶܶѶܵ罭ȨɣƼӱһϸ˵ܶˣơһ궬ںϷʱʬϹҵļΪӡͬģʮ졹ҳһһ˩һһ𡣡

Ŵǰëְ

ëԷĻĿģԭ࣬Ǹ档ȫȫǱ񣬲ް֮ë󶫣ִƻ£ܲٿйġȫ᡹ӦټһΣֱһ꣬ź˶һϢ֮ʱë;ٿŴˡֱʱѴΪȫڶˡձּţɱŸ°Ŵΰֱ룬˾Ϊëϸ֮УԼĻ˵Ҫìܡˡ

ֱһƶ˵ͺӡǺ˧Ƕֱһµ֪һ߹롹ĹѵڡŴкȻҲеĵһҪ¡ˣëֶ˸иԣڡˡëһư½ʷңϼ򸾣һͺѵѹһţ๼Ƕ˰Ҳǳͬġ

ں⣬ۻȴΪһǡͷ׷èèܵÿ죬һ¾ܵ϶ˡδ֪èϵĿè֮״С˿úЦдԽШBarking up the wrong treeʵ֡ġֻëϯӡͷȮͬ־ѹϯһȮǹҧˡֻǹϷͥͽ̡ԹǷƽˡαСɱ˷ҲһġҲܺˡף

йġȫ᡹һٿġëϯճӦǡĻĽ֮ҲĻмȶĿ꣬Ѵˡլ¹ʱһʱСĸҪʵҲСʮƽ١;ͺ֢ҪԴ

¿оٵĸһë󶫵ġȨAbsolute power֮ĸ֮ǰλ֮֮Ȩȫȫû˸Ҷ˵֣ĸڵ¡һȫƬֽ֮Ĵ۹һеľ£ĽΪϡƬֻֽ֣һϲһŭǷɣҲȫķ򡣿ϧҲǿ̾ϲɣ˼ѽĺ̼꣬ݡڡ購ң׼ӰࣻŭߣҲޡеʱֹڴһǧ˵Ĵᣬ÷ǳɹٷëϼνᣬʲô׼ϸۣй˽ʮȫëƶ巴Ļȵʵʹɹ϶Ϊڼ顢ͽԶһʵ

ߣΪй˵ġµ¡УҲ涨ֱͬ־ëͬ־սѺͽӰˡݺʷҵĹ۲죬ƪµɾȥ˵ԱȨģֻеԱģԱȨ֮λµҲû˿ڼලʷȫҳһ塿˾ŴȻܳɹҲ⡣

ƽţһ

ԡŴ⣬˯ҩ粻ߵĵȻëϯԼյ»ͻ棻棬ֻϸֱ룬д뵳¡ë嵳İ֮£ֱСˡΪӸɻëھŴ̱֮ʰֱİšص㻹ѡʰ»®ɽ

ǻûͷŴ󡣾Ŵԭǽĸ۹֮ᡣĸУȫëϧģԭС֡ġƾеӥȮŴ۹ʱеҪְҲֵˡҿ

ίԱϯë󶫣ϯֱ루Ψһϯ

ξֳίë󶫡ֱ루°ʻ²ܶ

ξίԱҶȺҶӢСࡢ¡ѡ²ⷨܡŴšܶҦԪʤ䡢лΣֱʻţ

ίԱ͵ǿѩ塢

ȺͳйҪ˵¡䡢ҶӢеȱλԪϣëĹϵͳеĿлΡԼѡλԭŹľ˾Ա֮⣬ɵˡԭͬһ԰ӥȮëϯҪɷֿһˡ

ùϯ۵Ƿ

ȻΪֱġŽȫ᡹һߡ˾֮䣨¶ʮթգ®ɽٿġҪǳﱸٿĽ˴󡹲޸л񹲺͹ܷܵϢУëһԺͰʾùϯȻǷֱĵһ壬ֱҶȺǺߣ־ˡԹڶȫῪ֮ëΪֱԡΪһȰëιϯë롣˹ʱΪξ峣ί֮һĳ²ȻҲΪһҲûԪףֵˣԻʤҶȺҲһ¸͡

ȫʱֱ뻹и״СۡȻҲǸ֮ֱӽʱ𣬾ëĹǸɡʱڣΪаֱ룬ëǽŵɣΪëʹޡ³áսĩڣֱ׶ëϯС⣬֮ԡ֮ʦδҲ

ĻУëֱΪһŴֱ֣ҲǡϯָҴΪëڹѪծɽΪȫȫʹޣδѡȻëδҲ

֪ëϯġĸΰ󡹣ΰʦΰ䣬ΰͳ˧ΰ֣šŵءȫءԵأҲֱˣ˶ˡϯ˼ңһֱеƮƮȻءôĸսþ߹֮ʱһ¶״͡ƨأë˹ŵ֮ԡëһתʹʷ߶⣬׵Ϸ޸ӣB-52ķ˵ĽթͺˡעB-52һغըëĴš

ɾʦ²³

ëϯΪֱ˼ţλ׽һų²ɱӺë˵ǰѺβˣϵȫŮͷ֮󡣴ɢ²Էˡ

²1904-1989ˣνڣΪһϹԱսȥӰë󶫵飬дСӡ͡ۼҡ֮ơźë뼫ɡʮڣëϴ㹫绯ʱ硹һʣǳ²﷢ġĸ﷢ʱס?һ֪ͨԭҲǳϵĽ˽ʮһȫ᡹֮󣬳ѸΪȫ֣ʱеģŴУٴߪѡΪξ峣ί֮һξܶԹ֮ʵΪһ㵳λ֮߷塣֪ȫУżһʧԣһϦ֮䣬¥ϲȵסʱ෢ȫ¡֮֮ͣҲʵë֮ԭȻԳ´գƺֱ룬δ⣬ΪڶСãø̨Ϊɽ֮˶ơҲҹŷԣĪơƱǿǧӡëʮ꣬²ڸ˶Ȼһ˶ӡơʼҲ֮ѳɣëٿŽȫ᡹͡Ľ˴֮־Ѳ磬֡ƷȫĽ˴֮ٿΪ֮ᡣʱֱ򸾺ϵƱಽ桢ľ

СVS.B-52

һϸӲ硸ȹϵϡ̻̲աΪų忪ëϯõ޵ʮģһһ»ͬڿվܲͬۡҰΰŵˣִʣһݸװļƻСһ̡Ҫһǡ塹гȫļȫҳһͬʱҲ֯һִд˼ƻС壬СϽӡһձӰСĸʮʷϣҳġ

ϻֱ롢ҶȺĶӣһʮһҵڱѧϵֱܸվ˾ԱⷨܣεͼְԱ뵳걻ߪΪ˾칫ҸΣսָͳ˧Ĺϵ˾Աµĸ쵼бСһ굳긱̫ϻʡ˳ȫҳ

Ǹܱ׼ġ߸ӵܡŴ֣ĿһСҲȷǸܽܳıҵʱĸΪѰԶһʱΪѡ䶯ȫȻҵһλˣĹԱС㡣˵İ޹׳ר飬ӦԼΪдһƪȤĶ߲һҲ

ʱ֪أҪ֧СӡԿ޼᲻ݵĨB-52Ǿ۵ѻʯˡԭëϯڡ¡֮߳У˶֮ٿȫ᡹͡Ľ˴֮˾רѲķȶţʹῪһʧϯרһһʮգԱЯŮҽʦʿԱ־һˣƺƵֱ人;䱸ɭϣʡٹ٣ѵʥǣʷǰԶػʺ䣬쾵ۣԼүǬ¡ү½ϣ½ϣ˵ꣿëʵ½ϣʷˣСҲ

ëϯ人ɳϲݡˡϺֱפϣټʡٹ٣򰲸򾯸棬ȡ裬һƬУëرֱĴԼԼ͡롹γǰѺβ˵ĳëׯг˵þ˦ʯͷɳӣǽǡһзֱ뼯ţԱԺƽתƷʽȡȨһıٹ٣Īٶָͳ˧˿룬ȡ֮

ëϵνѲһ¯˱ڱܲλʤתҶȺֱ롣ϻȻҲ̵ñҪ̷ԱҪġСӡB-52ˡڿ֮ǰȻҪϰдºȫȻָͳ˧ھ°գдһԻͬ־죡ֱǰװ䣬Ψһĵһ֤ݣ֤йǰдġ

ǰ죬žװ䣿Ķʷ߲Ҫʡ

ǵĹ۲ֱǰڸװ䣬ʼԥֱ޿֮ʱźͶӵĴ֮߱£ŴҴҵдʮĸ֡ҼǵͶգҲʼԥġֱľѳ۷Ǹɲˡ赾ٱ١ˡ˵ˣˡֱġˡգ᲻֪Ҳ

ë־ֱ֮

СӴë־磬ҵѺѧǣ̽С˵ëֱܻ븸ѹë̾һţοϧɺơϲʷ飬˶ӣӲҲΪ⼸ëͷܰëɱ񲻰ĽίԱɷգ֣ʮԪ͸Ҫë֮ͷɵáɱëˣһ򣿶ë֮ͷҲ⼸ëͷ֮죬ܰë׵գԼ޼ʶҲ

ೢϸġһ̼ҪֻͯӾ֮ڵһ¶ӪʼǣʷףдʷļȥҸɱ˵䣬ֻɱˡȻϺëɣë©ȥרһ̱ھʮ簲ֱñˣëϯϾҪץˣȫ˴æӴܡһǲԤϵģΪɶΪ֮أٲµëͷȫңҲ

ߣּʮҹʮʱӱӸɽػ鱨⣨ܵġĸҶȺìܣ಻ЭܶܣһһϦ֮żȻ¼ҲֱһĿڵìܶղˣ۵¡

ּҴæʱֹһľգҲڰ;ǹ˽Կ˵ֱܣҲһֱġԽּڡ롹ɫܼ֮£ӡ֪Ү֪޿κҮ

ǵô½һλǰ߸Ѹ˵ں˵ĻйĻ㣬ëϯйǸͰʷֱǣŴ֮Ե⡣

ָ֮ͳ˧ǼܶꪣһһʮճʱɽؿվںڰðɡһһŮȴδ캽Ա㹻͡ӱô绰ûУȰϻͷǰδŻû賿һʱʮִԽɹšԴϢëʱë˵Ҫ꣬Ҫˣȥɣ˭֪ȥδʮӣԼڶʱʮ֣ꪾ׹ɵ¶Ժһʱָͳ˧һңͻˡ

׹ŷʢֱʿд˽˴İԪϢȷ񣬾ҪŵĹҵˡ

ë˫ʷ

ֱëܶҲֻûˡ˽֢ʷϦڡ˰һ󣬻˷ˣȻŴšһףġСӡ˶١һȺСȮȻ֮ƣٻףìͷָܶϣɵܹͿëӰˡëҲȥܣԷֲŽӰΪ󡢴Ȼǿ֮ĩʬ֪Լ޶࣬˰ûͷ̨˷ˣȡˡ

ڲͬ׾һ˵ëȨܶǸνơPolitical Institutionдˡʵϣ֮ĵСƽҫյĽFǽ²ġνҲëǸϢһն

ëǸ֮ˣƺҲһ㣬ȻǶȲͬëޣҲ˰ǸİĪ簮֮Ժ֮ëĽǶϾ飺ǹ˳ȨžȨ֮ëҲΪ˰˵һţžߣ󣬽ž˧ߡ

ŵʱҪ˧ɱ⣨ԪܴޡѾţ֮ɱ»ֱ룬ѽƣˡ߰˸ҰίĵСƽδɱܽӰأ֪̾˰ɵͷͷҲһ˧ˡֱ꣨1971-1976ֱë˫йȨһ߳Anti-climaxĻҰʱڣֵٹ˷ƪˡ¾˵˴Ϊֹɣ

ĩʮ̣ĩκ

󣬶ǻҪǸʷģĸëȨۡһ飬һѾֻ˵ëȨʮ꣬ǧƲƻ޷ĻйŪɥǷȫޣٲľ׻ָҲǿ϶йĻڶδתУëȨǴͳƵĻعⷵաǧƴͳҲֻкĩʮ̺ĩκ͵ŲëȨȰɣ߽֮Ϊҡ

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ǿ֮δרβ

ë֮񲻹ʮ꣬˼ضȹģȨϣйϾǸëǸʷϵĳҪˡûв͸ǽϣϢҲǻ᲻ֶߵġֻٷ֮ǰʷ˽ʷϣСϢ˾Ǩ˵ġ̸项飬ȡ֮䣬ӦرˡëϯĽ⣬˼ĸڼ䣬䣬ܺɳƯʮҹǧ굱ߣδҲ˽׳ֱ׹֮󣬾ݵʱ½ʢëϽ֮Ѹٻ£֮ڲ֮ҲΪСϢҲǾݵʱëɺͼ޲˵˼Һ棬Ҳ

ǵãһ߶꣬η̽ʱڱѮ֮ʦʦ˵˼δ֮䡣ҽʼʦġ֮ʦЦ˵Լ֮λëϯԣȴֵѧϰëĸǣʳأɢļʿʶȡʦڵġë¼ʱʹΪۣδҲ˼ëܸɳľ춯صĴ£ûõ壬ȻʤҲλʼʺʼʵÿ춼ҪĹٽû壬Եⲻ֪Ľ˼õͷһ߶һëĽСϢڽҲҳһΣ˽˱ҽʦ־ļ¼˵

ֱĲ߻װëһξ޴ľһߡʮһ£ëҴӺٻرηףӴûȫָë˾˵ı仯ֱĵ½ëİȫȷһ귴˶ʱһ쵽˯ڴϣëˣ޾ɣһӲ࣬ĳٻվʱ򣬱յԣ˯߸ҡ־ţë˽ҽ¼һž̨꣬ʱĻ˾棬ҳһš߸עܵ½ٷصУΪ¶鹹ë˽ҽʮ֮ãһֲ鹹Ŀ¼ѧұӦѴΪһʷϡйȷķ֤ŶҲ

ǿԿ϶˵ëͳйʮ֮ã˶ϡǴһйȫ֮࣬ԭȴĹһɱʹͳĵԼߣԬճɣһͷǾã㡸¡ӴޣΪɿҪ֪ԭֵôС֡ΪֻһִӡơתΡתУתáɲ󡹶ѡҵǣй½Ͼ̨Сͱ뵺һͽսӰ֮ǰҪ޶Ҳҿ̨壬塢𣬳³˱֮ϼƾϹͣʹҡڵĽӰˡյĻҲȽϼ򵥣ϸˡ

ٻͷԬ˶˶ҲнͽλǽӰˣй½ϸΣɾͲôˡ˵ëĽ࣬ԬԬ˶˶˻ʵۣͳȻڡʯҡ֮УͽˡϯһҲëǶô͡ԴһұƶۻҲȻǰҪݡ˰ԡ֡סܡвʣ֪䲻ɶΪ֮ҲëϵȨʱǿ֮ĩ޶ࡣǲ봫ޣҲͿĽ಻֪ȴΪ֮λ壬ȨӰȴԼͷӡͷһͿ졹ˡֻк޹ϵܵ˿ҽġ׹ǾһʱΣٻ֪Ҳ޲ɼˡ

ԭںֽϻ

߾ëϾ˥ߣϾ֮ʱ֮䷢ˡ䱦֮սһ£ʱڰ˵սⶳͼ뻪ڶԻд¡֮νߣȡ½⣬ѸտͷйԭӹҵһըƽҲΪշڶԱУ಻ʱšëһԲѣţƤͨ죬һԣ۹ֻǸֽϻʱۣҪЯϿվǽڿĸɷǵ޲ըëܴƨʵëҿޣҲɫҲٻͷһëڱָӵġˡսľ֪ԡ

ԭһģëƶ߼ݱ֮ʱ˼һ԰ڣ˲أ֯һڴš־硣Ӱ¶ʮտʼ䲻ĶԹ񵳾صĴСŵأ뷢һ֮䣬أ䵯ʮ¡ʮգۼؾѣŽţڵϦ̨彯ϸӲѣԮЭԼ򻪸Ԯ˫ս߳ʱɭͳеġԭڡatomic howitzerϽǰԮʱߣͳҲϹ֪ԭã˹йܣʾë˾Ա֮򷢾޵̲а˧֮һСҲϯñ󾪣úǰëΪ˵룬ڻΪ˫Ъơ

߸עԡԭڡԮ£̨˫˽ʷϣʵݡֻǺδţ̨鹦Ͻͳ˵Ըԭӵըйͬڡ˵ţ಻šʱڵУмʽˣԭըййкַӦ˴ԻйÿڹỶӭ֮ԭơεӷʣ߱ڵʱĵӽĿУ׼šʱСԴһ֮ӦʼǣҲΪҲδŵԭ򣬻ëͻȻıս䲻ڻΪ˫ЪĽë˾Ա\ܴɣֹͣڻǾɹйܵĽϴһʾΪëӢʶӢۣȻ񽻵Ŀʼһ㣬ǱҲԮѺԼԮĪ˹ƣΪ³ܵĽϾΪйʹϵһרƪϸ֮˴ƪ˵Ϊֹɡ

ëܲΣСƽ

ⶳһӰ죬ǾµСƽĶȻسΪ˧ԭ˽һı򵹵ĶֻǵĳڽأΪĵڶɡ˾·͸ġֻǡվѡ񿿱վϤسؾҪСƽ֮ݼ֮ҲȻڡţһ±䡹֮ëܶ˾֢ëǺеġڲӲ֢Ҳеġ϶ͷˡëȫͳ˧Ψһͳ˧ͷӰѹˣҲˡȴȫġܹܼҡһ޴˾ҲȻʱȫǣ侭飬ܾᣬʤ죬УܴߣСƽ֮⣬ʵеڶˡСƽڽ͸֮ɾԭһ£Ȼسˡ½ڡ

СƽһšģһžߣйΨһ󡹡ܽ䡹Ϸ绯䣬θҲǳϷԵġСƽȻѧҲûɵĲçӢۣǴź磬ʡ귽ʮڹѧʱ빲ѵ귽ʮ͵йǣ߰鳤ϵĻ飬ıʯ׽ȥǹˣСƽ󣬶©һСƽǱʱʷɵȨ˴˹ͶСƽȨ·űΪƽġ䡹֮һ䡹Ҳ˺ëǧСƽߡСëëšҵĸ׵СƽҲ±սڰ·͵кݵءеҪְսʱУϽҰӮսۣռϾɨϣȫʮڱëУرٶȳйǡһ³ûٱƻϣëϣǸСӡǳǷܽİࡣ˵úͺ󾪣æר磬ǣСӡ֪Ҳϻ¼չνַѣСƽλѧδҵȨܴйԶʶ۹˾ʡǹͷĸһëҪڴ˾¡˾һ¾ͱûþͱ͵ġ߸УȥͶˡΪСƽ֮ڶ䡹ʱһ꣬һ䣬ʮӡ

֪йܱë󶫷Ϊ˾ģǵ֮Ҳ֡˾һ·͸ģֳ巢䣬׶༪١һСƽ佭ˡίγֱ롣Сƽ˳ĳ֣֮ͲҲΪ֪ܶҹ罭ط֣ΪСƽһСμϸ˵ܶҳģĽСƽϼ˾棬ûôˡϺ֮УʱĥԵʼרͬ־ѣٳҲΪʱӡϯƶҪͲˡ򣬹Сƽġ䡹Ǿ֮ܶˣ½֮

ܶΪСƽƽ

ܶڽСƽһɽŪرȹٸԭְҲʮϷ绯ġԵ񹲺͹չˣ꿪հͷ˧ΪĶ֣֮ӱȻĵ֮λһ¹񶨡ĻӢ۳㣬֢ΪУӦеġʽԭŵʮֵͼ֪»Ϊë֪˼ʾɣѶԲһԾ˯±˱ɽμɥǡͼɥǣ֮䣬ؼ׷ᣬŪСҡ

ܵף޳ɸ˶ϯԹ򣬡ҲԹϯϯв̣ҲԺλòδ˵͵СƽΣ治ͬ͵СƽҲԹֻǡڲìܡʲôķǡìܡˡҲϯ֮Ҳ·磬֮Ҳ벻һҲˡºĵظλδ˼ŮϯĻǷļƽȰ¼£ϯ֮ԡȥȻʹתһŪȫ֪¹Ԫ˧Ȼ֮٣ｭ͸ķ˰ӣҲ֮ƽˡҲǵõİʾɣСƽϯдţʾȻʮˣϯ쵼֮£ΪΪ񣬼ϯŴãСƽһ£ηگؾˡ

֮СƽָԭְιԺͬ£йʮȫʱֽΪϯųԱʮֱΪξίԱμ쵼һʮ£ΣסԺëСƽΪԺһ£СһһգĽ˴ʱСƽٱΪίϯžܲıߪξֳίй븱ϯһ֮£֮ϣĳΪֱԺʵȨл񹲺͹ĸͳ˧ˡѣϯζԵ˵Σ˵御˰ɡСƽݵġҲϵ̨ɣ

ġסܵʵ

˰ֱ֮ǿ췴ɣֻһˡ췴Ļɨһţ񣬶Ȩɹξ֣Ҳ£ϯ߲ΣǾͼƻɽϯ֮࣬ŴŴ󣬼ΪˡB⵱ʱ֣ƺҲ˳µķչǸͣв򲻵޹ΣȨУëϯȻֲ˰ͼƻ޵ͬʱҲ˼빤ѵڸ̵ܹ˼ѹһѹ˳Ӱ࣬ڡʮȫ᡹Ļ֮ǰһ£ҲǵСƽگԼ֮󣬡ʮȫ᡹Ļ֮ǰëϯͿʼһ˶һѧԵķң𷨼ҵ˼붷˼ҲصΪһĭʮ项ʫôѧϰ

ʮ项һ꣬ĭʷΪǶԴ߽ʯָɣѡ塹ʼʴһйĴѾǽʯˡ編ƫصëϯҪ˵ʮǺˡΪһܹӵ˶ƣëһգдһ׼˵ʫȫ£

⽨֡ʹϣһգ

ȰʼʣٿҵڣѧʵٴƣʮǺ£ˡ⽨ۡĪӺǰ࣬ëʫȫעҳ

ʫܿë󶫵ѧʷѧʫУǾԿ϶йʷϵһŴ󱩾ʹߣΪԼΪ绤Ȼйʷǧġ顢塹˵ǡҵڲͬĳëҲһţʼʡ塹ֻİʮӵĸߵͼ֪ʶӣʵǰǧʼʣ֮£ʼʵСơ

ʫдֲ˰߳ġʮڼ䣻Ҳ˰ּ֡ס˶ìͷָһ塹ܶƵסëصдʫΪһܶȨ˶ƣȻҵġ˴˰ĽǶȿһܹλɴżΣëϯԻ˳ˮҲϯҲ󼲣޶࣬Ϧйǡ󡹵ˡȻëһ̡˰ʮԺĻ͸Ϊˡ

ƪĻĹ£ǰһԱ֮סǰ򡹱ëϯȨȻҲܷ֮䣬Ҳ˼ĸңëǸļɣǸȽʵߣ˼⣬ǿЭġֻȨŻŪ÷һɡëȻиԼĴȨ䣬ҪȨȨȫɡĻҪĿġۣǺۻʷҺۼңȫһµĿڴ½ϣ侳ߵ֪ҲǴͬСġĸ󲻾ãһλëϯСͬ硹̶ʡ߸ɣ̽׵ҵ񡢺컪޽Ժ˵Ǻλϯһй˼ʮ򡣡컪ţµĹʹҳʵⲻĳһʡĸ߼ɲĿȫʡ޲ȻⳡȨУǷġëͬѧͬ־ͬ硢Ѹ̧֣һũëϷɱ֮ǲɱ֮ɡĴҲǹëĲпɱĿǰΪֹ½ϵĹ˽ʷңܶ඼һѪծڡġϣëΪ߻䡣ǺأԭжˡһǣڶڿëŲԷܲˮ˼ԴڶǣǧʥﵱȨġĻڼаҹʷϣרʱʵۡǧֻһҲһʷѧңתĩڣ˼ӲǳˡϿ˵ë󶫵ȨǡרƴͳĻعⷵաĸ￪ѶʮˣйʷѧķչȻδȫҲǣѣ԰꣬һոµġйոˡѽǰǲɨһţ񡹵ʱҲǸ˭Ҳת˵ʷϵġȻµĶߣԻĿ֮Ҳ

ĻĺأǾǡġΪŰߣж񱨣ͬҲֱԪ˧֮Ԫ˧»Ԫ˧֮ͬԻһҲ䡸ҡߣҲȻڽմ½Ϲ˽ʷңҵѡĸʮʷϼ䡢߸ٳ£оСˣʥ³֮𣬺ҲԪ˧֮ԩڼ鳼֣֮ʹ˱֮Ԫ˧ΪŰָ¹ΪԸҲ˹Ҳӯ๼ʹ˺֮Ҳǣѣɽۣ֮Ͽ֮ΣۣͬǱͶ뼤̯֮ܺҲͶˮ֮ʽвͬܺһҲƱǿʥ֮𣻾С֮棬ʷʣ˼

˰ֻǼ

ڡ˰ãڽȨʷ¼ϣȻǱֵǿˡʵǣйͳʷѧϣֻһȨ֪Ļˡˣʺ󣬻ͬңװ˻ʵۣΪӥȮȥҧ˰ˣʵϽҲԴԿģǡơ̫࣬һϻ̼ݣǾͱȻΪˡʵܣӥȮ޹ҲСӥȮһȨġɡǿǵ֮򣬺Ϊǵ˹ĶпѣͲǴ֮ˡ

ǵһ£ëڴ½ϡš֮ʱšһǰһ꽯̨ʱʹõƣý֮ǵƴͳعⷵա֮һҲһλڵ绰ԻйǡŮȨˡȻ˵ܡѯʡԻʷֻܸݼʷʵΣƲ⣻ѧԤԼ۶Ҳֽ֮ӽ˵졹˵ˣ౻ץˡʵҵʱԡë󶫵šǰ;ĿֻǾ͡ԬĶӡһ˶ûм̳дλġʷˡԬ̫ӡĹ£֪֮ӡڡʺ󡹵³֪䲻кýѡ벻δɣȴҲԬˣһһŮǰһΪ˵ҰĶ˰ְ֣һΪɷ̹˽磬ԼԬ˶FӣʷϼҲֺգ˱ƪĸ׾̸ֱֻһ¶ꪳɳΪֹΪʡƪԭѡ˰Ĺ£һʴͲٶˡ

ºϸ˼֮Ҳжߺǽ飩ƪʡáë󶫵˰ĸ𣬻ӦöҪ˵һ˵źáǵɣҲǱԼ뷨Ϊë󶫵йʷϡǧ꡹һ㡹ʱƶת͵סηʽеһˮ롣 Byebye Ĺ֣ܲصһأߣӶߵĹ۵Ҳϣ֪һ㣬¾ʱ׹ؼʱ̵ʷ֮߾;ѡСƽˡ׹£һϣ̸̸Ƶġյ㡹ͽǧ꡸Ρ㡣յ㡹͡㡹ëһǿ⻮ʱһϵġ

˧̸᡹Զ

¸ʮһ֮󣬾תˡйŴǰϦһ¶գ䱦һսžսʿֻӦġС项ֱӡڲС顸ëϯ¼ǰͺ̣飬ӢµֿȻղվִ֮ڻʿ䱦ȫһͬΪ˵ǣ۰ѹǧ߽ؾԽ롸һսմսüޡµǣķֹȻܼƻڲͬײ㣬ͬжҪΡԻ⡣ʱڡëϯũ취ڶ֮⣬Ҳ޲ߡ˼⽻֮£ڽȻʮڳ˵ưҩҲܰߡ־ҽıëʱ԰ҩķڳʮһ˳֮ɥġԾ֮ȻѰǣëϯ⽻·ָ֮£йʱڹֻһǣԶС̨壬˿Զ̨УĹͬ˵ѡȻԶˮȽҲ

ʱϹƵĳǰⳤ漱øγ֪Ը˱ܣֻڵϰ취ġԶĿǰֻۣܶԸۡ۾֪йдҪʮøַʽǣëϯʾãϣڱָεΣĳɹͬйסëϯмһҲΪҲҹߵĳԪ˧һ̾Ϣ˵˿Ե򣬿ȴӽйǺεȵĿϧëæڶ֡ȴ޶ҲκΡ

䱦ԺȻΪйҹߣˣϻ״©Ҳ֪׹ԺԽ޴ңëϯƶ⽻·ߡǿΪ֮ͱȻЧСͨɱ֮»¹ϵܶȻġڽţתĨǵأھëϯǻۣƳһν˧⽻̸᡹ëϯָϯ⽻·˧ΪҶӢ㡢顢ǰҶʱʮʮ¡ʮˣλ˧ĸڣһνһֱȿվĿԪѫѹĽͷëϯֹҴ¡

ëϯҪ۵ǣۣ˭ΣյĵˣսǷľҪˣëҪ̹ۣ˧˴һտʼϺɵ̸˲ָ壬û٣٩٩̸͡Ҧ֡ʮգ˧̸ιʮСʱʱһ棬ڴһɳ㶨壬дһйоõй⽻ߵҪ棺սƵĳơ˺̸ӳ֮ãڹؼʱ̣йƳһݡëϯָ֮µĸ⽻·ߡ·߼Ȼɳ㡸塹ҪȻǣ֮䣬ȨȡᣬìܣԶġ˧һΪӦȼü֮ҸԶΪ󣬼԰ֻδռֻһռʮƽҰδꫣԹ˧һָԵйɵı߻ڴʱµֻУԺ⽻δҲǣʼԳµĸ⽻·ǡëϯĸ⽻·ߡҲ

Ϊһ·֮ʼ֮û롸Ϻ֣֮ԴԻ֮ʼƲйʼʯغܹһŰ˵ǿܵĺ壬֮һġܹΣߣʵΪŴ󳼡ܼ֮ʷߣܲ̾Ҳ

СӲФ亣ʮܼܻ꣬ĸδڷ̽ף˼ӳɼ֮ĸһҲڡëϯĸ⽻·ߡ׾ǰƪೢۼ֮׸μ׾ʮ꡹̨棬һšԼ⽻ҳ

߸עڴ˴α⽻֮䣬ʷҶ鹦ëϯұСݡ˵ʩ߱иˮ˼ԴӦʩߵܶʡ֮Ҳ˴й⽻֮ܳŤת˧̸᡹ʵǹؼ˧ȫܹհϰףԹƵĿȫһ¡Ƕë֮һߵͺ濪ΪȻˣûиҰģıʮףΪɵëεù֮ˡڴսǧһ֮ʣëֻ㡸ڶй½ڵñˣΪĿ̾ϢߣëĹãȻ֮ʱܲ¶μ΢شٳɴˡ˧̸᡹Ťתʱ֣ڽʵ⽻Ҳ߲ѧʷϣɡ³Īз֮¼֪ëιƾУҲΪһйɵĸ߳ڣëϯᰵɣͼۡҲֻǹʾ̫ţĶԲϧһսëɫģҲҪ顣ͨĽܵͷóɼȻӦǡëϯĸ⽻·ߡܶۿޣܴ˻ϯƴˣܾд˱죬ܴﵽϯҪǡŴ󳼡νּҲйء˧̸᡹Ķʷϡ߿ɲģʯࡸ͹ش¼;Ļһž꣬ձ棬ϣҳff߾Ͱȫ͹ëϯȻҲ֮ԭҲ

ⶳĸӰ

һ˧̸᡹֮˳µĹЧӦй⽻ϷʱӰ죻йҲŤתǬá

˵˧߳Ͻ֮ëϯҲԣʾɱۣ֮⽻ⶳһ˴ʲô˹ŵƹ⽻ͼġ²ְȡڼ̨壬ϹԼɵġԽûǩϺν¡ȵȵ⽻仯δϢ⽻ʷһԡϾȤΪ߼֮˴˵ˡ

ⶳƽһ¡档ⶳйڲĸ־ףȴҲ벻ĸӰ졣ƣ޵й⻼ߣҲй⻼ǽһڲӦҩνֵǽ꡹Ҳ༴ѧ˧ֵνʼܰڡҲĽίԱƺսһһоףӭж⡣˾ұࡢˣҲ

ڴ˴Ρ䱦¼һ£֮󣬶۰ѹйԭӹҵ᧿ΣȫҰ֮ʣȻĻڱսռָͳ˧һ֮£ת䷽գȫָŽơվ˧ѻس֮ȨԼ¡Ǹ֮£ѣ֮棬ȨӺ಻ҲŹϵһⶳѱΪ£۰Ҳ֮ѹˡڶֻҪձһ߹Ƴƿ죬㱱಻óȻ¡Ұ˰ȫУԭеȨָ̨֮棬䱾ˡëĿУ⻼ھͿԼ嵳磬ֱͷ߹֮벻ˡ

ֱ֮Ĺ۵˵ֵ֪ɼû̱㶯̸ΪΣ֪Ҳֱëϯͽ֮£Ϊ֮ͼΪָͳ˧߻ħɱĳڷû;УֱԼͲ֮ˣɱҲǰ£ƪһʴˡ

ֱ֮ҲƾΪлǧʷһʵѪë޷³ԲĽ̲ġҲ̼ԭǡ޲ɼգ޲ɼ⣬ν찲ʫʡУһ䣩ʹʷӿ졸Ͽţĩ֪Ҳ

Сƽλسĵ

˵ͷСƽδһԵġȫĵڶ͸ķȻֱַɻйȨ۷壬ʲôϵأˡдʷˣݶԷǾë֪ԼҲѲäĿȫäݼġϹָӡҲ޶ˡΪʵĹ룬ҲΪŴ޴ֶԲȫ˹ıʬ֮ˣȻҲᵽɱɹҲɱʤɱˡҿҲѲäܶë޵֮ܣҲǲ׳λȫܵġȫġܹܼҡ֮ʵ֮˶棬ҲŪȫȫҵġο޶࣬ëϷ޵ͷУҲû׷ɱıҪˡëϾ룬ġɱΪиԷǶⳡʮ֮õġĻˡ룬ԺƽдҲԺƽӰ࣬ɶȥ̫ƽˡһëȻΪ

һиӦǵСƽСƽֱ۷ġСƽδӦءжͼġСƽԭǸҳϵĹߡǸɡɶ˾ԭëϯ߷ġϵ壬ǿԵͷʵСë˼롹׶˾ġٱYȫ죬СƽȺĹҲǼѡСƽɡ֮Ǩ֮ڣһе͸ķȫڶˡ֮⣬ѣѵСƽĶ𣬺Ͷ֮٣ҳԭ

˰߳ġʮȫ᡹

ڶëδ䡸󡹣ҲδҲСƽһ£سйġʮȫ᡹ҲºıʽĻˡһ¶ʮʮաйʷĶߣ˵һйŴֱ֮᣻ôһйʮ󣬾ǽ֮ˡйʮǸܺõײʿĵĿɲ⡣ҲǣʮĸĳɾͣǱ׵Ŀ϶ˡë˼롹Ｋĳɷ֣ʲô׼콲ͲϸۣõúܣڴṫʵˡΣĳδﱸΣŴΪ鳤ҲǴϯųԱϯ鳤Ҫĸˣʲôṫ޸ĵ±ȵȣŴšҦԪһȫˡũĹԱֱֱֱϣҪְѡй븱ϯλ֮ܶϡšҦ˰ҲȫѡΪξֳԱұѡΪίȨһСΪס죬ϯʾ֮£ܻ䣬ʵȨҲͿ֪ˡѣƾ⼸˵˵ʮ󡹲Ǹ˰֮᣿

زصġЧд项

ѰζǣڳʮĻ֮У׾ǰƪ˵ǡ֪֪͡¡ëһġ˫˶УһǵһǣҲá֪ˡʮƽУܡ١ߣҲë¼˵ġ֪࣬ʶ١ĸ߼֪ʶˡע֪ʶӡӢ IntellectualsĽIntelligentzia߲һжȽϽӽָˡѡ׫Գģϸ֪ʶӶ֮ͬ׸

Ȥǣ벻ĸѵʱڣЩ֪֪ĺСǣѾһӶӵرšɽ硹ȥƶũѧϰ䡸ͬͬԡͬסͬͶ֮ʱԭǰ潡塢ʮؤġϾš֪Ȼëϯ˵˰￴ˣҲͷ׷ºָ¹ΪġӰʷѧΪηĻչˣˡ֮ĸڣר͸ߵӡǾʮƽٵϴ񣬺öһ֪ɸ֣ѧ˹ԣ֪㲻ͼĸؾˡ̾ǣǾйı廪УЧУòȻѧߣĽڣ˽һƳĻȥ԰ΡѡУ׵Уʷ޶ͿЩϴˢĻɫߺۣϧ

ǵþǰѷһЩѧţøʿʺʦʵ˵ڱƽ⣬úܳɹʹò֪ơһ߶궬ڱݿʦдˣרʮʷĹкθܡʦ˵ܺãܺãҲѧ˲ٶ룬ʦʱҲšʮʷûйʦ쵼һиʽ㱾ںϿܡǶ˳澳Ĺαɥ־йףʱСձձ졹־ѧϰСдƷزصߣõ䶼ǻͱЧࡢ˼·ġʯ׵ȵȣִ֪йʷѧ硢ѧĿ¼ѧҺרһʱģ򱳺Ҷ֮ܺҲΪЩ¶ǵ֮Һͽڣд£޴˻ҲЧУڵʱִʱʱЩ⣬ԷҲԡЩڣĸ￪źл⣬׫԰סʵʱѹ̫󣬲򣬾⣬ϡ岮ޣξѡ֮Сѣһͬն´󡣾巽Т˼ΪŸڣ˵νᣬϧʮͬʷˡҲǧѸ棬ԩ߽һλڡġĥʮµѼңҹ̸˵ǡĬķνûгĬɡҲ˵һ˳ܣΪ޹롣ëйܵиĶԲ߲ŶʷһҲǲӦСĬɡġνӰʷѧڽйʷѧ棬ǲĥġڡӰѧһ֮ڣҲǻġԵ˽⣬߿ɲʷȫģҳһӰʷѧšĸʮʷҳģ塣

ΰĽ

ëϯȽŵСƽسʮȫУһеģ˰ֲйȨ۷壬ֿڿҪŽСϵҪ֡סܣΪ˰Ȩ·Ͳ֪ë֮иСƽҪǵĳ½ĵȨϵͳ֮£˰쵼˰֮¹ٺ˰ԺֻҪ˲ٷ˰߿ִ߷ȷġĻμܣԵ˵͸ʷëСƽ쵼˰ģģʽ½ڡ

ëȻΪֻԡΪ׵˰ڸ˸ϣʶϣļ̳ˣģɿҲֻ˰ﵱȨܼ̳ס־϶Ļٲ³˹ʬëΪһֻɾͣһǴ˹񵳣ˡл񹲺͹ڶǷˡĻʵĹ塣

ë󶫿ĵϣʮŸڸ㡸塹ˡй桢ܶ¡ơСƽȣС˧ĸ߸ɶޡˡǶֻ㡸ҵ񡹣ܶġĸִۡ˽˯Ҷѣڵйϣֻʣһëġ˼ߡҪ˼ֵףй䡸ޡˡӽë˾˵ëϯΪȫκ˶ֻϯԼΪˣйҪ䡸ޡˡߣҲòФʬΪΪ˽һҪ˰İ࣬аȫС

ʵйִʷϣеȨۣӿ׼ҵ굽츸ʵ۶ˣһ˼״̬֮µӢۺʹˣץһΰĿںţ壬Ϊǣ͵ˡΰĵʦСҵ˼롢壬ֵףǿй粽ãǧӣë󶫲Ǹ⡣ȫΪɽЩֻֻͣмȭµ顢һֻǶδ㵽ëôΰˡëʵǽִйһλΰĽߡйҲ©󡣡׫СʿΪһģءʮ꡹䷨ֲᣬ߱Ƚָëǽܺˣֻëȿܺøذˡ

VS.ְҵ

ë󶫼Ȼ϶˰ĵմҲȫ֪Ρá¡⽻У˰ǸԷİΪëµйΰ޷ұʵУȫ˵Ĺϵάڵġ˵ĹϵǴйʷϣġйȻʮ꣬ûȨеƶûһɵʵ屾ȴǧʷ׵רƵĻعⷵգǧӲϵл۹ʽҹγ岩һһߣһ仰Ըࡣ˵½ʿҲչҲ

ִѧ˵ǻ˾ʮͷʵʷз͸ȴ˵ǧйͳεıʡйʷҪĳУһӢĻʵʿ򡸹ұ¡ǹ̩񰲣Ž޼䣬һйܲǿ⡣ԿľʼνҲ޲ˣĩ꣬ȻеġͬˡҲ˵ġΥˣʵ̫רƣ̫ңܻԸʿұ¡´ˡƪУԾٺĩġʮĩġκΪʱ˵ġƼ׳ʿ򣬶վ˻µȨ´ˡ

йȨ꣬ȻȫޣӢëϯʱڴͳġѧϣȡ飬ձƣʿ¡Ҳܸġƽ׶Ρһ꡸ҡԺĶʮ꣬ëԸͳġӢ֮ˣҪӵġʽʽĸ˶ƣࡹһޡlumpenproletariat쵼Сëϯ˼ҵʮУ㡸˶ûֹûĿģҪڵ⣬ܶΪ׵רҸ֪ʿȫվһȺޡ޽׼еİࣩ¡ԭеġְҵŽײ㡹ʿȺԵƣëǷֲ˰ﵽײɡˮݵɣڳиսëҲŪ÷ң֪ǺãÿʰˡҲǴͳ۹˻µȨִҲ

߻Ҫʣʲôʿأ岩˵ĵĴͳʣִѧϵİ׻ĵʣǾǡְҵŽײ㡹Professional Bureaucracy岩˼ǻʵ۲Ǻһҵġ־ְҵѵְҵŽײ㣬µġҲǿ˵ġʹ֮ʹִ֪֮ɡʮҶͳһ˵¹ҴۣҲ˵ƵĻִѧרBenevolent Despotism򡸿רEnlightened DespotismǼȨбȽϽһơ岩ʱҶй𽥸ġĹƶȡCivil Service SystemȻԽһء½Ȩ֮пĳɼܻ루ܶΪ׵ģʿ¡ĽҲǡͳƻعⷵաŴɡ 




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мơ͡͡

ƶȵĻعⷵգֻƶתͣӴͳĵ۹ĹתĴƣеһмơInterimInstitutionܹƶȵġ͡Ҫġ䡹ĻݱУԱ⣬ʱҲⲻġ߻ħĲ󡣼Ȼ߻ħˣͱȫܾͱԭеġְҵŽײ㡹ǿҵơëתˡת󡹣ҪתģźèèתһơƲУвͨôͼڵġ䡹ȥ䣬߲ͨѧΪƣ˲¡⣬Լٱʮ꣬ǾͿԱһʺйģͿеĴƶʱйʷΡᡢĻڶδת˶ͿƽϿˡǺ󻰡ϯҲͬʱ޵ĹơԸǶɺϣǾǰӷˡ

ֱ¼йɶձ

˳˵ֱ±й̳ιͬ죬ͳһ֮У߽ײ㣬𲢵ëϯΪСȨvetopower쵼סָʾҲҡڲģȻԼصļԭԶġʵ˰һȨͶȨܸԭڱ˰Сɡġ쵼ʹһĿȻһձ߶һʷ׶ε˽⡣£

йɼձ

һһ©һ£

һɣ

쵼ëϯ

ʵȨ

1.ͷġָʾȨ

2.һߵȨ

3.žĵָȨ

4.ݺָӹ鱨ϵͳȫȨ

5.ָӵ¸ŵȫȨ

ҪǸɣ˰ελġŴšࡢҦԪȨšҦ

Ҫ֯Ⱥ˶ץøۣߡ

ۣ׼Ϊ٣Ŀëϯ¼

ԡĻִۣ߷ֳɼ桸߿

ԡֱ뷴šĽۣҵķš

Ⱥڣ

1.ԭСһǧˣʱɽ磬ǲɢ

2.ϵͳеļӣͷɣꣻ

3.žϵͳָսԱսʿꣻ

4.¹ϵͳ˺ϺװΪ

ԣ

1.֯Ⱥ˶޷ӣӰߣ

2.֯߼ҡȨڣ׫дѧģ߸ۣ

3.˵иǿơѹɵжԷӣǿ

Ȩ߳ʮȫ᡹һˣȫξ֣ΪίżžβΡ

Ŀ꣺ȡ쵼ȨӰʵë˼롢˼塣

ʵɣ

쵼ܶ

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1.ȫܹܼңֵĽ⽻ճ¼ʹ

2.ί͹УһճʵʹȨ

3.زĽ⽻еĳ˼ʹϵ

4.ߣжԲߡá

ҪǸɣҶӢơСƽ¡Ԫ˧󽫼ģط߸ɡ

Ҫ񣺹ճ߻չӦָʾ˰Ȩ

ۣѧĸָȫپƫչĻ

ԡĻۣȫ̷񶨣ԡֱ뷴šĽۣѵѹš

Ⱥڻȫ񡢵Ա͸ɲγɵġĬ

βԣ

1.ؾţϷ˰Ȩţ

2.رëϯļߣ

3.˰һеļƻвգƵףЭ

ظ߳Ľ˴󡹣ͬ󣻵븱ϯԺһžܲıȫ١

Ŀ꣺ã·ߣëʱָչ

СǱ߲ѧʮй½ηչĹ۲죬ο½ųֵĸʷϺʣ󵨱ƵġνɡԶԣ˵ܶһǡɡҲ߸Ϊһ亣ʷѧߣѾŬֿ͹۵֪ߣкܶ಻ͬġ緢ָǿ֤ݵ˵Ի޸СҵĹܼھʷġǸʷѧݸɡ

Сƽȫݴ˰ﲻ֪

ϱԼ꣨һһһ£ʱ˵СƽǸͻ쵼ˡҪر𱣻ëҪǧټƵиҲ˵˰ҪֶεɱϵСӣΪҪǣ

ԭйһŶһ꽨ʱʮӡԪѫ졢ëܡơҶӢС˵ˣڵڵ⣬ѣĥˡëϯ˵һţžߣ󣬽ž˧ߡ˼ʹϵһһϦ֮ƻֻڹѶ֮󣬲һѡھ˹Ϊʺûʷʮĸڼ䣬ѳ轾ݣλȨΪڵĿѱɹйҲһΡʷ֮ҡûŹأһƣĴֵĽû˼ʶëۻҲ

ߣ˰һʲôιأСʹȨ֣ܸЩʲôأͳŴŴΪɲҲ쵳ƣ⽻ĻλһһҲɲҲԼȻ۴ڸ֪֮ëҲ֪֮Ҳ

ëϵĿУ粻ޣһϢë˼йš˹֮ǰڣ˵ҪбʬһءҲ֪ҪޣǾͷԪѫʾɣسΡܲΡܲȱݲɡëǡ̫ʷ项һµĶߣһȫ֮ûһ˼ҸҲҪҸԡ󡹵ı̸֮ף

֪ܶǸϺܸƻй֪ʶӡܶݹʢëܵϲȥ֮ݵġë󶫵ĿУܶ͵Сƽֲֵͬס项ҵɶϵĸܾͬ־ϸɲͷͷë֮֮ܲܺȥָʹͬﱣݣܵĻͲ£ӱơ桢ˣԣҲή־ġ֮ܲһˣҲǸ͵Ϊӡ

СƽͲͬˣë۹УСƽֻǸơԺ֮֮ȥԵҲǸֱֱȥ֮ˣļʵܹϺ꣬Ī⡣СƽӦݣᱣݵ׵ģķǡСƽ֮Уλ֮׸Сƽ֮¡֪֮Сƽ֪е£ӦҲߣСƽǸȫݴ֮ţһץı죬Ҳܹ֮¡ΪëʶΪ³֮β֮ǨСƽжͼй£˰ְϹᣬѣ񹲺͹ǰ;ƽˡëޱʬ֮ΣĿӡ

ܶëͲˡǵµһŴ󽫣иͬҲΪˡҵǣСƽʮ֮ѭëϯġȫ١ָʾԵơĽ̡⽻Уʧ󣬾ʹġ١ˡȫҰһƬһ˵ĳҲ׶̴ֱֱȥĸԣʹĳʱҲ˰ġԡ˷˵Ǳȡ塹Ϊġ塹ǡˮ䰴νʱġͶɡһξ棬ÿسˡʱëأĿӣԣ³ɳƽʱҲܹμ飬ݡΪ֮ִֶ֮ëԶ£Ǹƫ⸴ӣˡﶷѩϼ˪ˡ½ڣ

СƽġĽ˴

ƣѶϼ£ԭͣëϯδɲͶҲһһ£Ϊ°ţټˡĽ˴󡹡ëϯվԼĽŸԼԭٴáĽ˴󡹵ĻᣬͼٳŽëϯϾŴҪ󣬻ָܶСƽ˰ٴǨΪй븱ϯξֳίžܲı˵ǵһץλ˳ˡǶĸĩڵδᣬ¿˵һġŴֱ֮һġʮ˰֮᣻һġĽ˴󡹣ǵСƽ֮ˡ

ΪŰ˰ëҲߪŴţСƽͬθĳҲл־¡ҲƸνžβΣ˾£֮Ҳ֮Ҳơëϯ˼һ꣬ΪŵɵĲͣԸοִ治ͷҲǺܿİ

ץۡСƽ㡸١

ߣΪšŽ᡹ëɷѿĵģһգƳһνָʾɸܣԽȨָֹʾǣһѧϰۣ޷ޣŽ᣻ѹ񾭼øȥȫҳİСƽѡ19751982ҳʮëָŴšҦԪѧϰۡһλڽ̵оһëҪȥо䣬йط޷ޣֹʲ׼ģѡΪʵ֮οƻھʮΪר飬ԡʮ飬ɵ뷢ȫɲѧϰ۵Ŀαΰĵʦˣ˸ΥѧϰĽأҲԡָʾΪ١ȡϯСˡ±£һӹţ˿ˡ

߶ʷˣ治ʤ̾Ϊǰٷ֮ٵν塹˵γλμҽգŶžŶС޶࣬ȴǸԡ벿¡ĺࡣȻҲǽ壬ȴиʱһűɵδͼ԰ͼëιڡתڡУ㼤Ĺ壬й޴˾飬ȫҲûʮƨãëͻˡ

ڴѧϰ;СƽΪѹ񾭼øȥУ䡸ȫ١ˡúأȫòΪ֮Ȼһ¡С֮ĸ˾꣬䶷ĶĽȫ·ϵͳ̱ˡ˿Ͷ԰೵ʱεġڵ˸ϯҪȫ١ˣͬ졣ȻȫҪļߣͰʱˡһÿ·ļÿͣͬơֻһ׮㹻ʹСƽˡɾͣͲضˡμŻšСƽһ꡹ʯࡸ͹ش¼;Ļ£ҳũġ

Сƽʲôۡأ˼ң˵ʲôèèץӵıǺè⻰ǵСƽʱ˵ģںĸ￪ʱ˵ģۡһСƽͱйʵѧʱ岻Ҫ𣿡ʮıǣһС򵽳ɳȥܱϯ˵Сƽڸȡ塹ġ塹ʵıСƽޡεˣ

Сƽʱ޵𾢣ȫٷϴ٣ţҹͣҷ;֪С棬Сƽ»ʽġŷɡ͡ࡹʱСͨ졹ʥ󱨸ϰߡҪȥëͬ־ʸס˵Ҳ֣ë֮ëϾȻмӡ˰ﷴûȤ

㷭硹

ʤԭҳ¡ëϯһʱΪϢʾɾͿ԰Žᣬƽ෴ģˮһЭءԸ㵽˾أȹֵģӦлеϴͳй֪ʶ֮䣬ǾԲܺġǵãëϯ»һԪ˧˵ǡʮ˧Ų͡ʵëͬĸ͡أǰġ˾ͲͣʯҲ͡ǻӸԡѪҺûкϸܸɶأ߿֮֮Уҵ֪ҲҲϣǳЩԬë˵ȴ߲ɣûǣǾͻ̻̲Ҳ

֮УҲΪǵġڶĻת˶ûʻʷϿԵʡë󶫵׹壬Ϊȫȫܽܣã˯ѣֻʥܡǣԸǿ֮ȫȫɡĸ﷢չˣƭɽ硹ļĺСǣȻˣ˰ΪȨԣȴϯߣеһȺͽˡҲ˵ɣҲܺĻԭҲ

ʱ˰־ȫȨΪڡĽ˴ǱˣϹëϯԼ֪ˣĹ۲죬־顿ԸСƽӦĸڣ֡Ĺϰ취ë󶫡㷭硹ļ˼룬ȺơˡˮɣϯԻ˳ˮۣѵСƽչٵġϾëˣ֪ëƢθë̵ıǷ񶨡Ļ˰ҪǵסЧдࡹ廪Уչһ㷭硹Ⱥ˶д£ֱҧСƽ㡸塹־ڷ񶨡ĻҪΪܺԩˡҲȷ˵ı⣬Уȫߡһ˶ӡУǧ˴пʼܿľͷȫ˰ͬʱֶԱëŵֶëԶ£ΪëëԶԭ˰ĳԱȾĲߣੲݵΪĸ˵ɱˣëΪ棬СƽҪмˡ

ëԡŽ᡹Ŭ

ԭëϯŴŴϾ֮󣬻ĳľ潭˵һţžߣ󣬽ž˧ߡ˵ڵǴˣǶǡë֮νǡߣȻָ֮ܶհġ˧Ҳº͵Сƽë˵ġǡȻרָ˰ˡ⣬ëϯǿȽд֣ԼĴλϼҳΪ׵ĸǰϸţϣŽᣬȷ۵İȫҿֱһĶôҾ徣ĳҲƣˣ¶޸棬Ҷڷ̱ӣҲ

ͬʱΪŵСƽǰ;룬ëڡĽ˴УزΣܶ󣬵ιʵҲõСƽˡëҲСƽڱĸ̱˵ĵţŬȫ١Сƽ֮ҲĸƪϽڣСƽȻΪйһеĲ֢ǡĻǳġ˰ʵסԲԸ˰˺ëһȻҲú˰Ŀǰȫǡٻëϯġָʾ˷ˡëϯһʰ˰֮ʱˡԽȫٴɫֻǺͬ־رҶӢ˧Լϸɲһھë󶫵һ

ǵСƽϣϸɲһȴǸëɣëҲʼż񣬳ֱӱܺ˵ġĻ֮⣬ëߣӵġ緢һġ˶ܺ߰ңǵСƽëּ֮һȺġ϶ǸѪܵġ˶һֱ˵ǡȷġ޻⣻ҲδĿڡëģǧ˵ġԾ͡硹ҲĶˡǵģëһ˵ǡȻֺɵġһҲδΪ˶ëжԶ֮Ҳ

ëķëԵҲǼΪصġ˵֮⣬ԵСƽǿĸԣȻҲмϿɡëǸӢۺܣһЩвЦͷķҲƲģԵ˵ϧʵϵСƽڽʱһһ֮ʱëԭѣʱˡëУ˵ë֮ءʮ֮ëڴ˾ʱʵֻǸնѡҪ˵ĵëȴԱءѲ˵ǡ󡹡ʵëҪɱˣСһֻ棿֮Բߣϯ֮ҲСƽ֪ܲڵ˹һ߰ȳɽʱ߲ѧںƣΪ֮˵ëһ׮£ȴһ׮ˡǾǣûɱСƽ

дĸʷʵ

ˣ˴ε˺˰ëϧһ֮˵ҲëҲһЭǾǶԡĻһ϶ɣòΪˣëһʮһ¶ʮգָʾɵСƽ֣ξԡĻ߿ִ߷ֳɼ۵飬ԡͳһʶë϶Ե˵Ҫ󣬵Сƽܴй°ţϢദذ˲ëϯԦϱ֮ʱëɹ˳ʵ֣ڵСƽΪ׵ͬ־֮£򡸽ҲɺƽӰࡣǣͳˣë˼ʼʱҲΪй˼Ʊƽˡ

ëϯĹİţԼԵСƽӦ御ˡ˭֪СƽԶûЧһĴѧ֮ԲͨҲǲçӢ۵ԸӲǺһĲʶ̧٣ëϯĺ⣬СƽѴȻľܾˡĽǣ֪кκǱšһԴǡʿ˵Ļִʣ

ʮĸǴëϯԡڴ˾ʼģҪ˾Լǡʲ׼ɡͬ˰лΪ̰ԴͣԸɣ̫޳ˡëϯҪСƽ϶ĸʷ߿Ҳǿ֮ҲǸɥʲô֮أʱйν󼸴Ҫ洦ëȻǼֲ֣ӴΪȻҲֻǵ˹ϧļͷӲǿдҲȷǷëǣܿɹˡ

СƽһǺһġʶ̧١ëҲԴһĶˡϯһŭ֮£˰һЩڳּСӣͶԵСƽĶ֮ˡ漴һ󡸷㷭硹Ⱥ˶СƽҲͺܿĻָڴʱġɡվˡãСƽëϯնΪСĶȫܹܼ֮֮ëϯһ£Сƽʹ壨̨߰Ϊ˹塢ʥĸ壩һµȵףעˡ

ԩҲͷëܹϵ

ڵСƽȻ£йηѣƲ֮ʱΪ˶ܶһҲѲ֮һһ°գ徣Nΰʶˣܾ裬ͼһȫĿ񹲺͹ĵλɥеġ߷⽨ȼĹУӦòؼҲһˡⲻ֪ܹɥǵĹȴԶǰⳤ֮ءҪԭ򣬱ëϯܾμӣСμӵɡͬʱĸ߽ײУж˽˵ëϳجʱСһƻй֪ʶӡд˴ţ׷Ȼ᲻ȥˡ

⣬ܵѶëסϺӾʱоɵҽʦʿԱȥ¾𡣵뾯ųҫʣȻǷ֮͹Ȼֹǰκ˱۲ɴʾϺУ֮ľ¡Ǹѳξֵ˰ȻǼⱭ𡣶ϵɥֵƣ⵱ȻҲǳּΪ֮ʹȫҰŭԡ

֮ʣʷ߲Ҫһë󶫺֮ܶ䣬ЩʲôȥĹؽڣëȻ֮󣬻Ҫ޵أʷҪͼ⿪һţǲһ̳£ɽ֮ʯǰͳ³һЦ˵ڻʢٽһѡǾֻȥһˡ֮õѣڻʢٵȦڣһѣǾֻһˡ

ѣȦûѵġëܶնνУ༤൴ʮꡣ˴˸вͬͬҰģͬȦͬ־ǻ顢ǹɶֵ֮֮顢֮꣬ǾͺܵˡҪ֮ʱ׵쵶˴˻ҪɱһءĻĸ߳ڣ˵ܶҲˢ࣬ԤʱΡ

ѣȦУ顢壬µȦȦҰĵǣǾȹĻӣ֮ߣһ˴֮䣬Ȩ丸ӡֵܡ򸾡ѣ֮䶼ɱ໥ɱĳˡڹŽʷ棬ӸǾٲİɡë֮䣬ˡ˴ӽʱʼǻ飬ҲСףСѣܹ֡

ǰƪ˵ë⹦ȭڹܿ˸գۼܲëԶͼëܡǰ͵ĽУ֮ǰëϼ֮ϵתֻдСɶ֮𣬶ϰƵĹϵë֮ܣ̲֮֮ܺȥ֮ëҲȫǱʱʵ֮ҲܾǸִĹǧϯɱν֮һˡëߣӸ£ָʹĸ˵Ԭʯϣա˹һϣи˳ū࣬ʹԼʮУʱʱ̿ҪܶʱֱӲߵĳ̶ȡ羭˵ģνǱѵľɰڸĻעһ빲ļٹ档ȫ֪KαġйҲѳʮˡ˰ɰë죬ʹܽŲѡǰգڼסζУֶεʵֵǣʮʹֶΣëԽ뻻ܣԽǻѣܸϹᣬѡ

ëϵĿУʮס˼롹ʵֲˣ粻ܳףв壬ŲܽӰ࣬ǱƻܳĽԽȵ׷Ҳȥμӣóѣ˵۲첻ҲΪǲԵءǽ½ϸʷϵӿ࣬Щʷϣǲţȷءʷ֮֮

Ҽǵãͨͬ˵ʯͳԿݣϲ׶Ρԭʮ󻯡εʱҪǮҪóͷĸƺвʵýͷѣ޴ԶԡͲȻˡϿʣóͷĸ룿ɽƱųϰӣϰҪǮǮˣɶ룿ͷëǽУ׵ضëҲǻϲġǰƪԬǵĹϵʱ˵ĳͯѧˡ϶Ԭѣνƶת͵ˡ̨ͳ½ĽϯҲʻͷʻƺ룬ҪǮʹⲿСӣƶתȻǻнġ

ܶǷëɵ

һʷߴǳӡУܶƺëһеʩİסëκζУƺͬһΪŰʵȻҲ̫֮ˣҿ˶˾֢һĽ˴󡹣һ塢һУ˰Ｑ󣬶Ȩڼȫֻ̡̻Ҫëϯһɿڣλǹͷʦŵˡ˵ʱԪ˧Դ˾Ĳ˵ЩЦŴƾʲôʸԪ˧˵۴̣ӣѣıƣͺӣֱ룩ӣԼƾ

˧ϸɲͬ־˽۷׷ףıԲʱܶϺסլʵ֮ҲͱΪȻıring leaderˡѲΣһһգסҽԺҽıʼƵͬ־ҶӢСƽȵҹҲ˲òǱܲ߻ε˰ȨӦëϯϵġָʾʱȻ¡ڽգԼʷϣȻǿԵġ

ǵܷƺǡĽ˴󡹲񵳵ġʮ󡹣˰ҪҪַëϯסһͻ˰Ŵļ⣻˰ž⡣ǰߣزΣ֮عһҪְ˳ҪСƽΡһСͬʱҪСƽһоţ̡ͨ١ϽӦ㼼ɵģɹơΣȥ˵ϯëԼȥ֮˼ңϺϣܸе㡣һܹɵĲ߻֮£ǰٷ֮ٵˡ

ڶǺëϯһΪžǻ㽨˿ëϯԳֵӣҲ˵ϯšžβΡϽƷʵʾȾָҲΪˣҶӢܷø֣ëϯ˰԰ġ˰˿ͬʱڸ˾ԱᣬҽԺ̽ʱֱܹ˰֮ͬ˵ǡǿ󣬡ǡǡϣҪͷҪͬ־˵ġǡǡë֮뽭ߣֱһģһֻë֮Խǳʵĸ룻֮ǫİˡ֮ҲʯĳྐྵΪ֮ᡣݴˣǻɵСƽܾë֮룬ȥĻ߿ۣǳһ˾ǿ־أǳëϸɲ֮һµľҲһȤʷ⣬ǻýʷѧʿȥĽɡ

֮ʱëɵսëϯȻһ˶ȫȻμϣ·磨politicallyoutmaneuvered϶򣬶һȺڷȨţҲ˵ǡʿɣ಻ҲëǸˣӳţġƿ˵Ӳμɥ񣬾ͰQһˡʷС˵ȤϿЦҲߣҮҮ

λë

ߣ֮ܶëëϯȻǸ⡣ԭֱ±֮ëĽͻȻڵ걱дš־ҽʦĻ¼һǰʱСϢȫ֤ʵˡְʮë˽ҽë֮ҽԺԺ̨ܡԺܶԺĹ£Ŷȼߡҽ꾡˵ëϯһ߶͵˾֢һݿˡ˽Ϣʱڿᣬű̴СʧҲ֤ʵ걱ĴšҳߡëĽ£ÿչʮ߰СʱëһβΣʱŽ棬ܶ˵ˣҲˡԺȫ졣ͬϣҳšֱǡ塹ϵġ׵۳й¡ǽ಻Ըһԣ˫ԲȭȫҪըˡ֪֪ͷǺˡëȻҲ֪ŲԸҲԸ뵽ʮȫʮĵСƽСƽȴֻԸܶȴԸ˴ڼзеľ֢ëϯʱҲǺܿġ

벻ܶþͷ˰֢ϸѸɢ֮ھëë֢ʮλȫһҽȣȻ·תֱп֮ơëͬˣȱִҽҩʶ˶ĵġһëҲͰԭȰиСƽϼƻȫƷˡ֮ǰëϯָʾˣ֮󣬵Сƽʧ̨ټϻ֮𣬺͡찲±䡹֮Сƽָˡ֣ȨĽʺֱ项ˡëδˣǱġԹۺЧ

±

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ëϯ֪εģ֮£ëϯģ˰⼵ɣȻҲ׷ġ౲ߣܵ˵ȾþȨ֮Ԫϸ߸ҲԴũС֮ſָʹ֮ҲҶ˧ƵϸɲԻҲʮַģΪĳҺʵ鲻㣬¾ҵҵأйڷ裬ֹƶ֮쵼߾ӡ񻻻һѵ֮ɢҲȫ뵳Ա־ҽʦȵ¼ɲΪᷳĻȣҲ˼ΣΪĳҺ֮٣Ϊ쵼Ҳ

룬ϯδϾůʹġһ찲±䡹ͨơ±䡹һ±䷢һգͳ֮ҲΪҹе׷ԶɨĹҪաΪ࣬𽥾ıиίģܶĸŰȻԷضܹɨĹҵǣϻŹǻңգĹɨ찲Ź㳡ʿΪ״Ȧ͸ʫʣԱ֮һʱ˳ӿŷߣʮˡɾȴǴʫʣһ˳֮˵ʲôʫʡ׶ǴѪᣬеݼֱǳָʼʡë󶫣͡׹ǾࣩëϷ򸾵ζʮԶŨ͹ý𾪵ģڳʹеļ꣬ÿ˻ߣӦԷȺ˶Ȼ񹲺͹ǰδ֮¡۹ģڡġһˡ͡һšȣѧ˶ĸ߳ڣ಻һ¿ɰеϺŻˡй˶ʱһֱ֯쵼Ⱥ˶ԷԵʱķΪεġһºȻԼҲȺڰ˶ĶܣȻͬСɡزеϯѶ𾪣˰ָ¹Ϊ޻ˣ˵ëϯΪҪġȺ˶ǸձչٵĵСƽɿĽëѸٽˡ±䡹ԡ˶ָʾ쵼ˣѹ󡸵ˡ˶ͨ׽áзӡ项Сƽ项һǽеģйһϯίԱᡸ׷ϡԱ㻪̷ʩ͵ճ񡣵СƽŷԶ˰׽òѣڻĴأʮϷ绯ȻҲȩ֣̈Ҫ꣬Ҫˣȥɡٰ档Сƽܡ󡹲ġ

֮˧֮վԪ˧ղʱ˻Ƿһһǿ׳ˣл񹲺͹ҲͱԻΪ׵˰һɵȨˡ

߸עСƽëϯйµиʱְλȻǵСƽӦеλáڡ±䡹ʵºʣȱм䣬ʷδѡһţ찲Ź㳡ϵȺǱ˰ġװΪȺڣͬڶʹľŹȺڣȺձɢơڡ찲ʫʡԭģʷȫѡʮסģҳһԭءʫ

ҷġһ

ڡ±䡹֮˰һɶˡν˰ߣԭëϯ˵ġøͳʷϵʣ󵳡ȨĻ־ֻһʺ󣬴̫˷ˡĩʮ̺ĩκͣԼʵȨеġ˰ȫëϯ֮µļ档ëϢҲͱȻϢˡǱûʵʵȫСëһ򸲳֮£أһ㣬ë󶫣÷ǳ֪û̫Ӱ࣬ٳƣԼҪ⵽ʬ֮򡣵Ҫ̫ٳƣسݣܴûسݣ˰Լһֱһȫûġڴڼ䣬ëһپ潭ࣺҪСȦȦˡҪϺˡ˵Ҫ˰ˡǡ˰һʵԴ⵹ëĻ֪ûеСƽıݣҰġҲëģ죬ǶȻٳƵġëî˵СƽⱾǸƣ˼Сƽ漫£֮¡Сƽıݣ˧̫ܶ⡣ϧиţƢټһЩͬ־һ԰ҡͷϾͼľܾϯĺ⣬ʹëҲ

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СƽͲôһ

Сƽ֮۵ǸʷҲæһԭǸʷǡдʷġʷˣЩдʷģñʾ͡д˳գˣ˹һδȥǸʷĵ绰紫䶼æʲôǷǡӰ졢¡Ůͻ֮顭ȵ˵ⶼһʱ˵Ҳأοԣ˭з

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ʱԡŮȨֹۣûɶĴҲµˣë󶫣֪ûǸءӰûǸԭΪҵԪ谣ǰ֪ġ̫Ӱ⡣;İЩµĹɱ⡣Ԫɱйʷԩ֮һԪɱȴɱӡڳڶͷˣΪ֮䡹

ëҲҪΪӰʼǰմɡķѧϰɱѡ£Ҳġĳϸɲɱ⡣֮ܶǰΪյ˾ǡϸɲܾ֪󣬳ϸɲСƽҪëɱˣ

Сƽ

Сƽǡϸɲ֮һȴһ˾Աԡ˵ϸɲëԳڴ˾Ǹ˾ĸ˾ëԭǰѡˡͬеġڷ˾ţ֮Ű˾ɱˡնٸɲ˵ʮ˰ɣǸСӣյĸ˾Сƽȴ漣Ƶ©ˡ

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ش⣬ȵ֪ëѧ˵ء۲ţ޴ԡʯдԣ۲šë󶫿Ǹ۲ŴԼ汸ĲĴӢ۰

˵λֻС֮ʡ͡ƥ֮¡ʵλеֻһ˵Զѡ˵֮˽֮߶֮˽֮֮ߣ֮Ҳŷ˲Թ⣬Ҳִѧ˵ܽҡβˣġ pet Ͳȥɱʳ֮ӲҲ˵֮Ҳʳ⡹ȰӡǣҪ㵽ȥ˲Թ⣬Ҳֻһ֮Ķѡʳ⡹Ӣǣë˶ͺţֻһ֮֡ʡˡ

߶֮ģҲһЩѪԺܲ˴̼ѡӵ˵С裬̾Ҫνͦɱ־衣Ҳ߶֮˽֮Զѣ½֮ҲشӢ۵ĺźë󶫿ǡƥ֮¡ˡſĻƽͣëϯίԱ꡹治ɫǴӢۡ

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δ߱ɱʸ

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[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.mkv|314688804|081DCDE4E2BC4EB1CDCB2F1184765024|h=FESWBM4CHBNRFYNLJGJQGUO4P2DAACIP|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.srt|19224|E8C1C2F2C9F37ED56C701B57BEC89592|h=7BLMALX3HT7TLQ2UHQF36HVP2E4D7SOL|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|10.ŭС.mkv|317055380|2D83B3AACF14489006195BB6BA9D71BA|h=6RUOWC4U7CTBXZXXGYFUPMJKXL5AN4IV|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.srtĻأ
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[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.avi|337910588|1B576638D83A2B3F2D47FC0238547C64|h=R2A7RUMBWPWJ7CL25LSAICMGGF3UFNOF|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.srt|21954|978F5ACD4E41A7998818FCBC5101FA88|h=VDRXZJULSHQXZ6BN7WMSBOVUFFO3FW6I|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.avi|518841436|FB7FE120EB1D5B3480D5F89B2FE45990|h=IGZK36UZR34OC2DAUCPVOF5YKVTDVE6C|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.srt|27280|A182170917E01176473CC37DDB4561E8|h=L2H4SVYVR6LTYKOHXPNEBVHHNSBMUK7S|/

Ѳݽ_˭й_1_רƸ빲͸ أ
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Ѳݽ_˭й_2_⻼򹲺 أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-2-⻼򹲺.rm|163995885|75306C88879D61354A5D644069ACA262|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_3_սٿ أ
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Ѳݽ_˭й_4_ͲҰרƸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-4-ͲҰרƸ.rm|250039831|CD47CF0B2A0653756C980A8C915611FA|/
꡶˭йרãһأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõһ.rm|25610189|4D948FCC84BEC99543FFFD2D41C2A6C9|/
꡶˭йרãڶأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõڶ.rm|25463124|755C2E0E9221A60ADDEE5C7FD37321C4|/
꡶˭йרãأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõ.rm|25334804|2D4D98A800D867F7672B54388573707E|/
꡶ɽ빲ϣأ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]ϣ.rmvb|154486906|D7BA793A369BD20F90A9681F675E42BE|/
꡶ɽ빲£أ
ed2k://|file|[ɽ][]£.rmvb|130689414|C38093B3BE86975E47476F67DC7A7D7C|/
꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|l£.flv|156629559|2A65622DD96C12E8985A7CABB17CEBBE|h=FEN3MBHHY2B5RSKOKC5OCWWJNU2QIEMO|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣϣأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣУأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣ£أ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣ£.flv|160273353|28724D273EABDB191107884CD6C592B6|h=YLCUGP2RSN5FMMAS3VO2C4L4WIRIQSSE|/
꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭Уأ
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꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|˭£.mp4|136622368|28DD6E8D98DE00AE7F2F7B9F2820D56B|
꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡1йΪʲô<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡2߸ͳ<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡3˭Ĺ͹أ
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սʤʮ꣨ϣ˭սأ
ed2k://|file|˭.rm|106916155|6316D347300852ECEDA6A2972CD6E9DE|h=7I3PNSHWOTLDN3UOZWWNUWS56777MYOB|/
սʤʮ꣨£йսʲôأ
ed2k://|file|սʱйʲô.rm|97644121|127F421003AA7C23C82D27C12EE01F51|h=3DCJ5H3E3DDZVLFHE24MA3VVIOMQBHCJ|/
꡶<>ĵ롷ڱݴѧֻϵݽأ
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꡶˼徿ʲôأ
ed2k://|file|˼徿ʲô.rm|81904157|093A7B106505265A3DFBF122AA9E0A30|
ϵʴӢƪ,лأ
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ݽлŮأ
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ݽʴǰйǰйأ
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꡶׶̸·ѧأ
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ݽ̫ϣĻأ
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ݽ̫£Ļأ
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ݽй̨ǰ;أ
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꡶̨ͳһأ
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ݽйͳһԭ򡢵·ʱأ
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꡶йĸ￪Ÿйʲôأ
ed2k://|file|ĸ￪Ÿйʲ.rm|196634075|DDB483D6783D8546D6B07D054A8CA42E|h=2ICJFRBWW6EUEJNNKIRERGIKNML7CERB|/
꡶һⷢʯĵʼϣأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼ£أ
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꡶̸[]--Ӹأ
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ҷѷأ
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꡶йˡأ
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꡶ε˼άһսأ
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꡶ƭĲйˡأ
ed2k://|file|ƭĲй.rm|51313376|1236C00F725FD3B0389237A008E165E7|h=6ZFIEX4T46YQTBO26DJ5FI4CIC4YWMKC|/

δδأ
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δδԲϣأ
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δδԲ£أ
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δδأ
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δδ㻨أ
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δδ4851أ
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δδأ
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δδͶأ
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δδͯϣأ
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δδͯ£أ
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δδׯ̽һ𳪱֮衷أ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭϣأ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭ£أ
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δδ÷һƧˡأ
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δδCNN̸m4vأ
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δδCNN̸.srtĻأ
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δδ졷16λý幤ߵĶԻݽѡأ
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δδϲ÷ںϰ̲ߵĲɷãأ
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δδ겻ԭʦ裩أ
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δδǡڰ̲أ
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δδкй2009¡˳īӰڵĽͣأ
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δδˡ20101016գ١Źɣأ
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δδʵδδҶԡհܺ߳ĸ׳¹ǫֽеĲɷãأ
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δδΣҰȫ2010122ŵ㣬δδ裩أ
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Ҧأ
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顷أ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|479633682|DC1573E195C632534C4D36F45F7130E2|h=MUNFENWC67U7FY6XYF7KICSU35XYS6FQ|/
Ϊʲô졷أ
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봨أ
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ǵޡϣ봨أ
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ǵޡ£봨أ
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ذ֮1̲άȨأ
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ذ֮2̲άȨأ
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̫ʯ1㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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̫ʯ2㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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̫ʯ3㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
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г2008ѩִڼ㶫˻ؼҵĹ£أ
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ƵΧۡΧޮܰɷãأ
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ϡޮԮ񱻿"Ѱ"ޮͥʵ¼أ
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Ƭϡأ
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ϲؼҡ80̲άȨʿϲϷöαץ"ƻ"1ͽ̣أ
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ڿաעڿļ¼Ƭأ
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ܡѰѵ꡷أ
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ܡȥأ
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ܡԶɽأ
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ܡ𷿹أ
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Գܵظ-סƪأ
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硶·һ.ҵ˼أ
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硶·ڶ.ҵأ
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жΡҵΡأ
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ѷ򸾡ɳǵͽأ
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Ӧѳأ
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Ϸáأ
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