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Ƶ¸գԬϵ


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һĴ ͳλ Ԭϵ

ǲ ݳ־

ĩعˡΰ롮θ

ġɽҪõ Ԭͳ

塢е⻼

˶ĺ֪΢̽

ߡܻʵ۵ĩպͻ˶

ˡһʧĵ

šԬµ̯

ʮսŦ  ݺ

ʮһνϵʲô£

ʮϵȨķչ롮սľ()

ʮϵȨķչ롮սľ()

ʮġӱ䵽ʹڼķŸ

ʮ塢ʷƪԲķͼ

ʮѧϵ̽



Ĵ ͳλ Ԭϵ

лԪ꣬һһ(ͳ꣬ʮһʮգԪһһ꣬һһ)ҹʮʱʱʮĹ㶫ɽϾǰܶ(ԭ̫ƽĹյĽЭ)Ʋ˸λ¹ڳģŮߣһУľлһʱͳĴ£

߸רлͼıҸ˹֮⣬ʵ֮ڹΪڷרȵޱң׿磬Ϊаϣ˹ʱĵʱͳְ֮ԴڹлԪԪ

лһʱͳģѧģϰҽʱȡ£гɣܸڼ䣬һȻɽԣͬ־֮Ϊɽɽ﹫ʹõʽ֣֮ʽߣΪġʷϵʽ¼ӦΪʱͳ

ͳĴȻ̣ܶȴлǧʷϣһҪ̱ͷˮ롣ԴԺ󣬵ϣӲϵϵĹҺȨɡơת롮Ρʱˡһ֣һƬһƪĴʣǧĹϵģʽʽĽˡ

ؿлᷢչʷ˵ʱǴӹԪǰ꣬¡ʼһͳһǧһٶʮˡʼڹԪǰһ꣬ͳһϷ⽨۹ƻʵҲǧһʮˡǷ⽨Ҳãʵ۵Ҳãⶼ֮ǧƶȡǶһһϦģȻҲһһϦϳ˵ġ

ʵϣν⽨ƶȺ͵۹ƶȣԭǧУʵֲ̽չĻ塣Ľṹ֮ڣֻеһڶѡΧһξýĹһϵ޷ĻϵʽͼֵϵͳǸศɡһתתĻ塣Ҫһϵķ⽨ƶ(ոʱŷ)۹ƶ(֮ǰй)תһƶȣƶתͣһתתͷ֮ˡʵϣʷǣת˶ʱ꣬ʼܾȫ֮ǧʷġơڱ䱻ϳˣԺйʷҪġΡʱܻҪһκܳʱ䣬תء

ڱƪ׾֮ʱѰʮ궡ȻңңĿǰǿɼءͳľְ񣬱ϾʱĿˡɵĵƣʷĺУûµǰĵƽϣ𣬳ɳ仺ձдʢ֮ʱǸʷıȻ˿ת֮ҲĴͳȻҹʷڷչеʱĵһλѡͳƶȣģӦвһµıҪ

ƶΪ

ԭڹԪһһһʮʮգ֮ȫӦ֮ԭһ⣬ȫʮʡʮʡʮһ¾գԪͨʡɴ֯ʱԱͳһָӡ֮󣬽ն̵ȫ㽭ǱµϺͬ顣ʮգ˾ͨʡɴϺᣬϺؾҪ壬ͨҲԪţԾ⽻ҪΪأϣȡ⽻ţϸΪս壬ӸšϺһϣܽһԵǸ۹ˡ֯ʽԭǻϣƶΪͨ˵

壬ʡӦΣΪȫϣȻ±ȡڹ۳ɡڹ֮ƣΪҹ֮ģ֮ˣҺڹ֮ģڷɢ֮Կս֮꣬ɹߣʮݻܻأͳһά֮Ҳ(עʷƪ)

һģƵĽ飬漴õȫͬķӦΪȷǡһ֮

ĿԪѫ֮ƣżȻԶлʱڣơɵȱʮͳơ˹ʱۺϢȻ֮ʱض֯ʽĹѡΪ( President )ⵣΣաһšλˣݺ䶯ݣ仮ʱУҲйȫ֮󣬵Сϲձйͬ˻ᣬѡɽΪʱûʽȨơˣ˴γ̡֮飬ʵѭӭʱ֮ѡ

ڸôͨУҪÿʡɴˡһʡ֮һʡԭ֮֡ʱˮ½·ǰϺʡ̫ѣͨˮ·ߣʮַ㡣ǵʱִ˾̾ӪⷨȨ˿޷ҲʱʡĸΪҡһ٣Ǿͷ׼ˡʮһʮ(¶ʮ)н㡢³ʡϺֻ˾еһλ飬ⶩʱ֯Լصķ͹¡ԶΪʡϻᡯ

ԶݴԺ

ʷĵһ͹һʮˣɼ׿ȻģƵȨǾԺĹᡣйʼȻ޷ٿᣬֻбͨһ£ʡᡯʱÿʡݶһƱᡯʽϣÿƱԺ( Senate롮Ժ)ˡ֮йĳαǸԺԺвԺԺᡣʼֵġ֮ҲġϺ֯Ȩƶһзɹ֮⣬ҲȨѡ١ʱͳ(ʱʢҲѡġ)

ʱ֯١ںڵ

Ϻʱռнͨĵʱսģ羭֯ĸϾ人Ԫͨ磬ڻʱڸӪеĵһսҲɽĻˣҲںǰ߶ս˺ںҪ֮£жѻַ人˰֮ͨԭлԱһΪÿʡһϺΪ硣һԭǴȨӦ䣬⾹º͵ĶʵǵʼǺ󻰡

һȥʱڴʱʮһ¶ʮնغȫǾ֮ڣԭ֮֮滯ԭΪ֮ܡ䣬ͨڮٻˣȻ뺺ȥӪڲӴÿвҪ֮ˡʸʡִʱӵеްȫ鳡Ȼ֮֮ʡѡϴ̷˷Ϊ鳤Ǩ뺺Ӣ֮˳Уᡣ

ںڼ䣬֮ɾ͸һʡϣʱĶΪΪƶһ¶ʮһġлʱ֯١򡮴١پɴˡлʱԼΪйĵһܷʷϼΪԪԼ꾹ڡġսΪսġԺԭί

һ쵽λ

ⲿ൱ʵʶеġʱ֯١˼ı֯ͳȫֵѡһλͳ쵼ˡڸܹĵѰ׶쵼ѡ֮ʣ첻ˣʮ¶չϾ󴻢ϾԭΪŶӢԪ谺ͺȫڴˡȻ˸ϾЩбںںϺĸʡϲ콵Ǿ;֯ѡͳϾԳƷ壬ȡ֮ˡϾȿ֮󣬻ȵĸʡ˷ֱ𼯻ͳѡϾҪ

˺֮ᣬڽӻϾ⸴ϲѶ֮˾һ֮ڣǨϾƷѡ֮Ҫ񡣲⻦ʡڽʡ֮£Ȳʮڻд飬ƱѡΪԪ˧Ԫ鸱֮Ѷͨ磬⻦ѡΪǷΪǣԸΡʺ½ִϾ˵ʮʮϾѡ衢ƷԪ˧׿ϣǫǡǣӲܾ

˴ӵ衢ӵϵ֮ͬϷȻ˫֮ѡ٣ֻѡԪ˧ͳߣʵ˫֮⣬ϵˡͳλдԬϦ֮壬֮Ҳʱԭ֮ӪдԬͷͷأ£ȻżȻߡ

λԭԴԬɽɺ

ˣܹģʱʷһһ±͢顣򵥵˵ǾԬȨѸٴʮһʮգڰ󣬴ȨԬĩ㶾֣ɽ𣬾ٱ塣ĻԣʵΪأȻЮѹʵʱͨңΨҶԬʱҲȷдʵдʱ޿Ҳڶɽ֮Խս˫вգһʱһԬɡ֮͹ƣһΪ֪͢еĹѸ¶׹֮ѸپͷӡӪ(ɽ֮߼)СλԴĹȻԬϽĿ֮£ȲԸƹȡλڹѸ¶֮£Ըܴλ֮ѡ١һԸ֮ʵΪùᣬȰۡλԡáʽټԴܻ֮ҪˣһˣйεϴͳԳƵ±ʣǶһִȦе( draft )ʵԸΪҲ⣬ǿ᲻ѣҲ˵ʵԵĵǻˡ

ԬɡĿ͹ƣȴ䡮Ԭϡ۵ı䶯Ǹ踱תΪƸĻ־磬ԭǸССġżȻżȻʱڣϵɽϺͷġżȻ֡ɽʱ֮ѡͳǸʷġȻ˩ӪʱҪͳһ쵼ơλԪ˧֮һ԰¡Ҷֲ£﹫ʱϵͱȻѡɵһ(ʱСһڡ)ʱͳԬֻڶΡˡ

ѣлһδͳӦ۹۵£ԬлĻʢأʷϾǹƽİ

Ϊ׵ܹ

ĵѡʱͳʱһﲻ±ĲΪȻΪһλã۹Ӧˣ۲Ӧνʣ۵Ӧֲ֮ɽˡ·ֻʷ˵һ롣ˡ۸ʷۺ۽ѧӦġľƾѡһлʱͳġʵΪ׵ļܹһһԺδҲë˵ǧƶȣӲ̫ȷС˵ƶȣǾ͸ΪȷˡӢ𣬶ܹ֮δҲ

ݿɿĺʷϽʱɽһй͹ݡ򹤡άյĵ籨֮˼̻ع;вڻ׶غͰСԾծȴδ֮ɽʮ¶ʮһյۡʱι㶫ĺԱθϣȰﲻɣҷȰͬȥϺڶʮյֻ֮ʮƱеʮƱľѡΪлһʱͳҲͱлǧʷУһλѡѡߵߡԪȫƱѡΪͳ

(עʱͶƱʮʡǣֱ(ӱ)³ԥ¡ա㡢ӡ桢ᡢ𡢷()ֱԭδɶϵڣͶƱȨһƱϵϴͶΪ֮ĸʡϵ⸴ˣɽ϶׻ơ)

ͳֱϽʮܳ

ǰ֮ѧϰʱڣûйġԹ( Secretary of State )Ϊ֮סսгл±ͨ½ܳΪϯ飬һҪλþڻ˼ˡҽʱ֯븺ˣб£

ʱͳģɣɽ㶫ɽˣʮ

ʱͳԪ飬䣬ˣʮ

鳤չã㶫خˣʮ

½ܳˣֿǿƻˣʮ

γңӦˣʮ

ܳ޺

γܼסģޭˮˣʮ

⽻ܳݣ룬㶫ݸˣʮһ

γκ飬עˣʮ

̵ܳȫѩ¥Ĵˣʮ

γ־ˣʮ

ܳ½Σ㶫Ϻˣʮ

γ࣬ӿˣʮ

˾ܳ͢ӹ㶫»ˣʮ

γ־˼éˣʮһ

ܳԪ࣬㽭ˣʮ

γҫ£̫ѣɽǳˣʮ

ʵҵֱּܳͨˣʮ

γͣ־䣬ˣʮ

ͨܳǱȣ㽭ˣʮ

γڲѭΣˣʮ

Ժʣ±룬̫ף㽭ຼˣʮ

ƾ־ֳνʣֶݳԴˣʮ

һʱ°

ɽ˵ȸɲ֯ѡʱ˶ͬ˻ĸ߼ɲΪסǺܿͷԼ۴ڸˡȣ壬ʡӦƣԭǸǽƵƣͬ˻ֻһ֣ܻҪһ֡ɽͻ˶˶ʷȡʤ﹫Ϻʱʱҥ˵ػҿȼüżҲԴ䣬﹫ԻһǮҲֻǡ񡯶ɽĺÿڲʹڴƣȻʾ﹫֮⣬ǽ֮УʵҲ

ڻˣǸǸнޱĹ˾ʱҲǿԪ(䡢䡢)ĸСҲĶ༵֮ġһܣֻȻȥˡ⸴Ͼ֮սʤ̣ǽλӡӵ֮أǸӵܱʱġ˾(񵳾еƤɡ˾)Ǻѣ޷ָӵġҿйתʷգʱľϵͳԬġСվʼһ·װǡӵܱʯġ½һ˵ˣë󶫵ġӵܡһһֱҰСƽĶҰȵȣӵָܱǹţƤҲë˹ָߣӵܱҲȻӵܱ׮⽨࡯(˽ Fondulistic remnant )ʷת͵ĳУһᱻתġӹһйתʷеһȻκҲת֮ϣһתͣǻԡ쵼֮£һͳѮܴ󹦸ɣݡˮۣǾ޲ɼˡǾ֮ˣϲ߻ͷ·˶ԴתͣΪֹҲ

ǻ˵ͷǸҵ꣬ȥδԶӵܱȴǸΪı衣˾ԶֻǸͷΰˣʱǸ˾򸴺ԡܳһְλϣƶ˵ڶѡԭΪܵĸ飬λâ䡢˵νʡҲΪâ䣬¡⡯(ҽһʱ)ʿļɣͬ˻зɽѣ˸ļԭնǰѲɵϹų̵ȫˡȻǰĹ֮Уһġ֮ܳΪλΪ̣ʾͽȻͬˡΪΣȻǸΪ̣ȻǸ¾ġƴ̡ˡƴټһɵ״Ԫֱ(ʵҵܳһ˾սһе״Ԫ)ʿǱ(һ˾Ŷʿ)ǾͳΪƴ֮ƴ--š˶ǰ弫ʱġɡмᡣ⸴ǰ(ʱСšǰ)š˷ζйӰĽʡġ֡鳤ɱŮʿ誵ı

ܳԭڶ±룬ϲļԪࡣȻɽΪ(ʱʽͳս)λġѧʦͬ־һԺʡ֮λ԰֮Ǿġ·ӡȴм͡±Ϊͬ˻ԱҲǹ⸴ķˡʼδͳһʱȨҡ⸴һͷճ¾ʱϺ˵ܽ־һʮմɱϺ˺ɾʱ⸴ᡮͬ־ɽԵͬ˻ᡣ˽ԿɿɽʱЭԡɽλԾǿƤĸߣǸЭ֮Эߣʵ֪֪Ҳֻôʵôλ֣Эأ

ⳤһְӦ͢Ȼ¼£ΪӢ⹫( British Subject )˫ܷѧ׶أӢʦִաۿҵΪӢ֮һλʦֱѡΪԱΪۻ֮һˡȻһȫ׵ֳϵУһĶȹţȻвʣתְ֮ǨͷƷԱ(֮⽻һ)Ϊղ󳼣פʹνٸλԣһ˳Ȼ롮ס(һ)Ŀ֮͢ɾҩһ죬壬ξ⽻ܴ֮һҪְʱӪУ֮޵ڶҲɽͳ˸Ϊ˾ܳⳤһְ֮մҮ³ҵ֮ëͷСݣ֪˾ȣҽҲʵɽ⽻Ϲ֮ѡ׭Ϊʱ֮ܳ

ܳȡγȡʵ

ɽǸܸɵĴƴ̣Ͼͬ˻ĳԱг֯ҲȺڣڻ˻ﻮ֮£ȡʵܳµλãͬ˻Աһٰ졣Կдγ֪γѡܼһ֮⣬ȫʮµͬ˻ǸɡһܳȡγȡʵĸɷҲëѧȥˡһľ񹲺͹ʱҲ編Ƶġʱϸ֮

ʵܼˣһšѧʱˡɽ̶֮֯ڣͬ͵﹫ƤԻļΪͬѧͬ־飬ԵȻʿסѧΪţʮꡮо١뱱󺣾ѧϰ(һ˵ΪݴƲ)ɶ˷ͷѧɽƤ֮ǱӢ޺عںᶽְ֮ʱʺͧݽԮܼʱ䳤(һ-һһˣһšʿκʡ鳤)ھܼܳ߶ʺ塣δܣȻȥརͧңָĺ｢ܼͳʣӪؽսйɻ˼ΪܳΪγƳʱͬ˻Աߣɽɶ˵ڸ

γҲͬ˻еĽܳſ罯䡢εȣںĹȨУݾ߸λʷҶǻе˵ءǷâ¶֮ʱͷŶӽˡҸڵķֻʱԡ﹫ڸȻٳ̼人ԡ䡯ȷһλʷ(ٽһʱϴ)Ԫ֮⣬ȫȦ⣬ԺʷдһìܵķʣǺ󻰡

ʱеνԱǴγļӣǶǺͳͬ˵ģԬͱ˵֮£ɽʼȫԱʼվ֮ġɽ;У£ƽϸʵ֪ͳһְԬĪֹţȡۣ˵ͬ﹫䵱ѡͳʽְԬԱλԴͨĵ籨㣬﹫ӢͶ顮ʣأԴԬĴԱΪˡǵáʷǡжι˵СΪ֮ԼˣʵȴҡΪں֮ǰŸ𣬽˵

أ񣬷⸮⣬ǲعߣ֮ǳҲҹҷԸԳ֮ұҲ(ʷ.𱾼͡)

Ԫ﹫Ԭģ֮𱾼͡ҲġԬҹʷϲĴӢҲӢͬȻֻ֮ϵȨλ֮Ԭʷ֮ʵּΪΪδԬ˵Ҳ

ͳƺڸƺ

ΪʱĹ̫أԬϡ޳ɹ͡𽥾廯ͳѺ֮֮ʱ﹫ʱҪ񣬱ȷƶȣԼλ½ͳˡƳѧֻܷܼԼԭģͳơģͳȨ󡣵֮ʱν÷ġڸơɽΪɡڸԭΪܿջʵۻԪף൱(Ӣձ)ơνʣʮСһʱĲлһΡڸƣɽΪȻҪ²ƷңйûıҪɽͼֲȡͳơۿ﹫ҪλԬԬɲǸʡ͵ƣҪԬȨʵȨƶȣ뻢ıƤΪҪԬϾְ֮ǰӦԼԬȥԼϰѡͳơΪڸơˡ˭֪һģ͸ĳ©ˣԬνȴ࡯ìҪǹӽ𽥱ɾˡ

ԪԼ֮

ǰ֮ɽͳķǣʡһһһʮգƶʱ֯٣ʱŵ֯𽥾֮ʱѭ춨ͳְδʡἴ֯ʱԺΪأ֪ͨʡÿʡѡԱϾ֯ʱԺڶʡԱаϵִϾ֮󣬲Ժһ¶ʮʽȺֱԥ㡢Ժӡɽ¡桢𡢴ǭʮʡԱʮˡٸԱɭΪ鳤£ƶɹʮ֡ҪһȻԭʱ֯١ĶݴܷġлʱԼˡ

йִʷϣ˼õνԪԼݹʮִ͹ӦеȨȨȨȨԺԼģԺĹһ֮⣬עĿıʱģʽԭеʽġͳơĳɷʽġڸơˡԼ涨ڸֱḺ𡣴ͳһְͱλԪˡһԼ֣ĴͳԪʮһչ֮

һԵԬƵġɽλԬԬͳְȨͳְȨͲͬնˡģͬ˻յĲԺδĴͳͶġƱҲǴ²԰һȺģµĺ³ĩȣˤȥһԸİš˭֪вУ˺ڲ԰ȨʵǵʼҲ

﹫ʱͳ֮Ϊʱ£ܹľ߹ģͳҲãڸҲãȨģܷȨ׷¼Žż裬ϸţƲȻ֪ҲƣȺͺһ쵼û²ʶ»Ȼҿë󶫴ƽԺһ˵ʮ꣬ȫзܷ֮⣬Ŀһޣͳʮ˿֮ȫƾëһ˵ĽԣɺͳʵϲҷͳȻʮǰ֮ΪҲëĻת͡ʷϿ֮еıȻ֮벻Фϸˡ

Ԭбƹ̯

Ԭ˵ˣǽйʷתУһűǧרƵδͳȻתڵϦ֮䡣ˣͳ޴ǻĹҲûʵεҪͷרƣܣʱйʷϣҲһȥˡ̲͹ʷעԵ( Marginal Politician )ǰˣǸȻʧܵıȻһƣ֮ʷ䶴ۻ𣬰ǰ֮ˣ®ɽУԣ֪ҲˣɽԪ꣬ڲиΪΣմ֮ʱԬĳȴΪԼǰ;ơԬͱʮëһǻ۶벻˾ͨ嵼Ԭ϶ɽʱԬηԱ㷢Դڴͳģʽ֮ݣǾܡƹ̯ơ

ֻ֪ɽˡ롣Ҳ֪ѾǷİǿɷҲ޷Ȥ񣬶ҲʵۣͳٲˣһݡĿģǰʦçاԣȫҡԿط׵ظ߹ĳǣץȨȻƹλ֮ǾԭƵ췴ɩĸɣ̯ơǵͳ˵Ļʵۣ˿Ҳ

ϰ취

Ԭ屬֮һصİϷϸ˵һܸӵС˵дʷϾӷˡ죬ģԬĩԴһšһ꣬ʮ֮꣬Ϊֱ֮ܶʱ൱Ȩһʱֱʮ꣬ǿݣɱΪֹڵĳɾͣоࡣھ·棬ʱйԬСվʱչģν(ʦ)ץнУֻЧԬԬ֮⼸˿ġеѵأΪܵǣʼδ͸ֱ֮У»һ֮⣬޵ڶκʷԨԴĸ䲿Ԭң֮£ָ⣬ɱ֮޷Ļ

ȻԬ֮ĩϾǸϵĳɾͣҲࡣҪ֮ʱ˶ԬҲҪƶߡʡ֣ΪԬʿաĿάɣҲǧ˿ƵĹϵʵϣɽ֮ѡʱͳƱԴͬ˻ᣬƽ¡ʵ۾飬ʱͬ˻߸(ͻ)ΪͳһְԬĪҲƻԬȻ֪ѵķҪܡƹȡλˡ֮޴˱ҪΪƪԬΪĴ£Լؼڡ

ԬץȨȡλʼδʱ

һšԬʮ걻㿪ȱؼⲻ

һһһԬʮ꣺Ӧگؾɽ

ʮʮա

ʮթگԬܶ人ƸԬϳƼ

ʮթگԬ͵

ʮթԬҪ󣺿ᣬڸ󣬽⵳µˣȫȨ

ʮթԬɷ谡һ人ǰ

ʮթԬղ󳼣½¡ԣ̫人£ں

ʮթԬԪ飬

ʮթԬõ

ʮһһթگԬڸ󳼣Ԭǣگ

թگ׼Ԭǰи·ͣ

թͳơͬ˻Ա»걻̣Ԭ޺֮

թԪ鸲Ԭ飬Ȱ壬Ϊͳ

ʮթԬֱگܸϤܽ

ʮթԬճ֮ȵ顮¹ûᡯڱᳫ

ʮթԬڸʽȨ

ʮթռǧˡʤɽԬײ;绰ֹ֮

ʮթԬͣսԬ⣬ԱܺϱϣλԬΪͳͬ

ʮһթ人ͣս

թϾؽԬ֮ϵѫڸԮԬ֮ʡԬ練Ϊʱͳ

թ㱻λ

թԬΪ̸ȥ人̸ͣʾ޳ɹ

թԬȫͣսʮգӳ˸磺Ԭ練Ϊͳ

ʮթʡѡͳϾδλԴԬ

ʮթԬɡȫȨ͢Ϻ

ʮթԬڵ谷νͳǳԬּ飺ȴɺ飬ɡᡯ

ʮһթĵۣȰδ

ʮթĵϺܸȺۻӭ

ʮթ¡ԣ̫Ԭɣּܲټᣬ

ʮթʡἯϾѡΪʱͳ漴Ԭݴʱͳʱλ

һһԪһթľʱͳְϾλְ

թԬϾԽȨ׼ְϺٵԬݴȻλԴ谵ȻսԬǣگƽ򶧣گ׹дĸԪԬ볯ŴҼʾȄ

թʧܣѳ

ʮթԬܵѯԬкΰգٿ϶

ʮթͬ˻̿ˣԬδУ˽ѳԬӴ˲볯Ԭ̫˳飬޳ɹͣ߳

ʮթ͢ǰ顣絳ս̫ͣҺγҪͣȄͬԬ˵̫ûǹڣûã̡ܴʤ˹ȻãҪǴˣŴûУҪô(ΰùʼĩǡ)

ʮթפʹݣλ

ʮթըɱ絳̫Ԭĸ彫ʮͨ磬λ

ʮթʱԺϾʮʡʮ

ʮթͳʵگλʱʮ֮峯ʽλگΪ⣬ĩΡԬȫȨ֯ʱЭͳһ취֮䣬ΪԬ

Ƿͳ⣬Ҳ

м¼ǣǿ˽⣺(һ)˫ʮҪԸԬϲɡ()ԬдʵѹҪƳ͢()ɣɽͻˣɣҲᵽƷƣ̢²ԬμӲɡ()׹еҷ֮⣬ȫҲͬġ()ԬĽҪó͢壬ͳ٣ܸ֧֮䡣

ߣԬصĻֻǸͳ⡯ҲǸӼ⡯ȻΪʵҲãͳҲã֮Ԫ֮Լ߸ϣɸɣԭеҹϵѵ·ͳ֮ڡʵ˵һɣҪѡͳơΪڸơĶ޲ͬ߶ζĲԶѡֻԬŪһ;Уһȴɽȥˣֻ˸ƣвʣҲǸ⡣

ʷĶģԬֻǸϹš˰ࡣصʵֻǸ˵ȨλĶַһģһǧ־ʿˣǰͺ̣ͷ­Ѫʹ(National Mandate )ǲᲢ۵ġǶʹԬĸ壬ƵȸԭҲĺλԴֻʱϷͣҪ֯һͳһ쵼衢ֲ£ɽʱ֣̾ͱɺˡԱȲܾΪԪ˧ֻоΪʱͳԴԬ²֮ˡԬ䲻Ʒ˵ƣȴ˸ͳв㡣ֶΣϣԼƣǿ˸ʹҲҪ֮֮ʷ߲ƫУֺɶأǵĽֻͣ˵ʷתУɱʷתͣʱ꣬ʱʷϿУʷķչǰֱأ

ѪĹ͢δɺ

ǻ˵ͷԬԪ꣬ʱͳľѡУȻ˰ģܰǧ괫ͳĵ壬֮ڣͲĺƽתҲЧʿɾˡʱԬ絳죬װ̢( coup detat )ѳеĹѸ¶׹һٶ֮ɫװ䣬ǷܵӦ֣δұҲһ򲻴ŪûʬڣʯԷ(źͺ)ʶԸչкβԬȽظѪĹ͢䣬Ҳδɺǡ

پ͸˵ĵۣ˵޶ɷ򡯣Ѫ䣬ѹ¶Ѹ׹һٶ֮µˣҪĺ(㿴ëռʱǸݡҲһëϯĽ̵˵ԴˣܡĴ)˱ˣԬʱԵ裬Ĳݣֲٻе㡮֮ʡԹѸ¶ٰ֡ԬëȽһ£ëɱ֮ŮΪ֪ĸ䣬˶ëϯ飬ë˵İְѾˡѣͽ޶ɷ򡯡Ԭٻе㶫塢ҵġˡëȫǶ˹ֲֺ͡һס

ٰѻ˵ͷʹǡֻĿģֶΡ End just fies means.ѪġֶΡﵽĿġǷȲѪֶθЧҲʣë֮ɱ벻ɱôͬĽأ֮£Ԭɱ˹Ѹ¶Ƿȱ˹Ѹ¶״ﵽλĿأЧȻ෴ġԬǸĺˡΪ۵øʧȥԣҲ˽ƣǷǸ಻ſڴƻҲµĶ֮УˣЩôַѪĹ͢䣬ͬĿأʷȼС˵ҪȤö࣬ǵš

̫Ŵ

ȿԬ˵̫Ҳ޳ɹ͡ġ

д±У֪Ԭճɽ̫˽ǮνƵһȣ¡ԣֻǸѸʮɷ򲻰ŸѹҲĥʮͷ̼ݣ˹ѸСѸм˶ŲأǸ󽴸ɵ֪Ҳ֧䡣ϾǸ̫󡯣֮ǰԼСʵۼȻ޷£ϻҪġּܲΪϡ֪ǧʷġ⽨רơǱˡǡ⽨רơϾиƶȡ֮޷أ

ĩԬԭѼȨһͻȻ̼ݣСʵۼλ֮һֽ飬ȱԬ͹ԹԵġؼzȥ췴͢Ӧˣһֽ飬ԬҲͷɽˡ(ҿսڵҵĶ³һֽ飬ҲͰȨһʱü͸˰ɪ󽫾ȱˡ)ë󶫰ѸԪףҪɱɱأٿСƽϼܰѸڸ˵ͻ˵ؾ͹أ⽨רơȷǸ÷ͳ˼ңȹġдɡƺҪ΢һءʷģֻʷ֮ǰģһͶѡ˼ҵŲأһʹ򷭣

ڶɽ֮Ԭ࣬Ȼרᣬʩȥ˵Ǹ䷢ּܲĿĹѸѸ֪ԬĻΪ棬ԬſЮѸٻ¡˵Ԭ¡ԣ̫ĲԣһԾΪڣԿСѸĸӵ˽Ǯһٻ⡣ʵĸӵ˽ǮҲԿĹѸ¶֪أȵ̫ġˣѸԾǰ;ããʳݣ֮ʱԬֿԸսΣʤѲ̫޳ɹͣŴңŴѡɶİһ꣬ɰꡣһ̫ͳ׶ҡˣһҲԬ־Ϊ־ˡ

ѣп䷽οһľ֪СѸ˵ˣԬĳڡ۾ϡ۾Է߱ͷҪӡСʵǳˣʱǵ̫ڿޣǰһͷӣҲ(ҵǰ)ʱ̫󡯵ȷڿޣͷӡ棬Ϸˡ

˵ͷӡʱ͸ߡ̫󡯣޿ײ룬εͷۣεǮغ⻪ȵľǧ򡣹پýȱܺĴ̣Ѹ̫һܲޣ̫һޣ¾ܲһ֮ͬ᣿

ͳֻԪʮö

Ҳеʵдʷˣ֮Ĵͳľְ֮һΰǰߣ漱ýȱáʱͳһʮԪüͳ鳤ִͳǰȥʱֹ֮ڣֻԪʮö(Դ)

ԬͬΪӢۣȴǣǧʵʱ﹫һĲٹֻ֪¡ԣ̫֪ˡԬȱȫв֪¡ԣ̫֪֮Ҳ˹ʱ׶֮ǣǧߣڶУԬ˵̫Ҫ󳼣ټѣ̫ΪȻּܲʥּҲշ⡣ⲻ֪һڵ󳼣ҹˡ֮ټҾ֮ˡʵ˵ʱڵҸ۴αȵġҪ١ңľ㹻£һսػƽڣǾͱˡĹѸ֪ȻˣϺԬȴָҲ

߸עŦԼ󶼻Ჩй޿šչмг幧ֵǵƻͼ¼λڵġͻסСӡԼǡʱĹУһȼĹ֪ж١ʱĹ֮()ƺѡѷɫءֻһЩǽʹڵıأ޷ء۹ϾǴ۹ѹлõأ

Ԭ󳼻ټһ󳼣ҲԶԸսˡѸ¶Ϊ̫ʱԾѱƵƵࡣǹ˲ôλˣֻҪݣԬĸĸ㡮ŴͺˡġĸģġԹȴҪĸӶ֮֮Ѹ¶ϴ棬ֵͬİҺһ֤ƴںûŴѣÿİԪԬİȻҲޡȳʵۣ确֮лʹסʺſɱϽڣһӡǧ֮ĹճʷδҲˣ̫ǰ޹ڵصġͷӡȰο֮£ѳ׽װھνǰ顯У̫Ȅɵмᡣ̫ģԬġŴѡǰʵۣսܺúɽȥϵ˼ҲҲֻΪѵǧҵ롣干ͣͳǱڵŸҲ˵ǧ֮ӣ(Ըõ֮£ϵƬ´ͷҲ)αȥðսΣأ̫()Ȼһ޳ɹͣͳ֮λǵָˡ

߸ӵ֪ܲ

κȨġɡ( Fundamentalists )Ĵ⣿ˣʱԽͳ͹ΰΪ׵ģ׹󣬼ɸεġ絳սΪԬǸȸɺ޵ġĸ֮ƻԬĳɱְ֮ࡢ²ġ׹󡯺͸߸ӵܣʱڣ¹̫İ֮£ҪɱһȴѴ۹ŪñǿϷ֡ĻҲûˡԬΪǵңһͨ绰ϲ¥( Kick him upstairs )Ϊϼʵġʹڵ谴ͳ(Ԭİһ)ǹɱǧ˵ͷսҲһֱսΪ絳ءԬܹġϰ֡Ԭ˵һ벻˵Ҳ

˸.̿ͺ

ԬʱȻǺ˵ͷϽ֮̿һʮգıըԬУԬĳʱ˭֪ʮ֮һ̿䣬ȥը;һСҪĴ̿ͣȴȶϡѪԽʼΪ֮ȫ𶯡

֪䣬ըСҹġǰյĵһ̲ߺ䣬ǱֽѼ⸴(ĿǰʽСš)ֽǴ̺õġ߶ʱԣʱȥδԶҽջǵҵġ衯˵ˡңһըըʮԹԡ

ʿʱڱһըȫ׹󣬹߼ɡġʱڱҲǸüë۾ĽµɽúǷ߱ڣ޿ײġֶʮҲκãοǹըʱıӰ첻徭֮ءһǿʮǿ絳ͱʿһըˡѩϼ˪ʮ(ʮ)ں֮ܶ£Ҳͨȫۺλ

ʮգʽگλϾͳĽְԺѡԬΣлԬˡעڼ䣬ѧо( The Social Science Research Council )֮ίУԱһйִʷʷϵġעĿ¼ Annotated Bibiography )ʮ֮ʮ䣬ʼ֪һ֮ʤΡߡתҵŦԼдѡ֮Ŭйһר⣬޺רлʷݡʷһ࣬ղ֮⣬רʷ֮¿лڣԼһ(ѹ)˼סȨ¸Ŀ⣬ǧ¡ߵвͱ߸˹ܿйʷϣʷ֮һר⣬κѧ˰ѱʮһֱ޵֮ʿνֽ飬Ӻζˣ߸ƽͽңի˼ģͨ״ʾ䣬ƫеģɼٵġֽ֮ԣö͹֮ۡδʷûгɼߣ䡮١ӡ䲻֮ҲʷעͣƪƪԣʦѶ߽֮

һžŰʮڱ 



ǲ ݳ־ࡡ


йǧʷϣۿԪѫֹʱ䣬лĵһʱͳģΪʱ̵ˡ﹫ԪԪԪգġְΪлһʱͳʮգԺְˡԺҲĴְȻ﹫ӳٵһգʼʽְ˴ӾְְֻʮġʱͳӾְְҲֻʵ¡ⲻʷ̵һͳлǧʷϣҲһεĿԪѫˡ

ȥԬԬͳʵǣڶʮگλգҲĴͳԺʽְһգлʱԺڶʮգϾȫƱѡлڶʱͳǰԬд㣬ҪԼ峯̫֮ټᣬ壬ȻɹѡͳͲҪͳˡأѶΣҲֻܸͨԺѡĴλȽְܴýͨʵڸƵԼϾ׶ľˡԬͳķɸݣʱ飻Ͼ׶ˡͻɽԬ뿪أϷ;ǲӭԬרʹӭԬ¡

ӭԬרʹ뾩

ʵ֮ԬԭǲѶΪ֮ʵģ֮֮ܿһԸˡרʹ֮޷ҲͲ߶ˡϾӭԬרʹɽܳʤڲŵĺúԪʿӵġԱνʡťۡ͢κ顢ġԪȰˡרʹͳڶʮʮͬԻ̣ȡϣʮյֱԬ̸硣Ԭ޾ܾ֮⣬רʹֹ֪ۡʮҹͻȻ䣬⼰ǰŴ֮Уǹž졣ͻרʹйݣ̡¹ڲˣֱԽǽӡþ˱շת붫֮꣬ʼѡ˱Ѹͨݡ򡢱ҪءһԬ˾Ϊʵ¡רʹȰδҲ͵籨﹫ǿˡ

ǱԬĳأʷһżȻʷҾ֤ݿȷۡŹƵʱľϢԭԬ˶ıԡۼİ취ڻʳǽٳǣ˸Ƶۡš,һžŰϺ,ҳһġϵʱǵԱΪԪıڸҪְ㡣Ȼ˵ڵʱУȴʼδȷ֤ʵݸĿ߼Լʷѧңڵȵ֤ܿһΪʵԬ֮ԤıֻǴ˱䣬ǰԬ֮δУԬ֮ΰţȴǱʱҲ֮춼δǸˣһϾһɣ춼ϾʵɵԪ顢⸴±ȣʱԺڵͶƱ¼,ԼƸ۵ġŽԬȲԸ£ټϸ䣬춼ͱʷġȻˡ

Ԭͳְ

ͳڵõרʹı֮Ժ飬ԬԵ籨ԺģڱְȻʱǨͳһԾŶ°Ԭĵ籨ִϾپͳԺϿɣԬʮڲרʹ֮£ʽڱлڶʱͳˡʱϾʱԺȴͳֱԬͳڸȫ֮١ְˣʮһգ﹫ʽְʱлйϷʱͳǶʷϵı֣﹫֮磬ԶԬˡȻԬʱڹĿеƺ﹫֮ء֮Ԭְ̱֮䲼˹֪һԺͬ⣬ڸʼзЧȻԬ֮ȻΪ֮ߣȻǹʾĿ޲Ժǰ﹫ҲȱμӦеķˣ˵С֮ģå֮ˡ﹫֮δ֮ƽϣԺ׷ϡ֮δɫҲ(ǰͳ֮ģڷϱڸ֮)ɽĴμҵķˡֻǸ˵Сɳϣصϸ֦ĩڣʷδҲȻ΢֪ϸУ۴£Ԭ֮ѣڴ˵ϸ΢Ʒмִ֮,ܲȻĶ߻ΪֻΪԬ֮ȱִѧʶǹ﹫ҲʵʲˡԭʱڱϦԬ֮࣬㱸ѯҲ֤ʷʱȻȰ裬ԬϲΪҲ

ҮҮһÿóһʱ֮죬ųʷ޲ɼҲӦ֪ǰɲźá

Ԭڸļܹ

ԬְͳչзʽڸƵġлʱԼԬͳʮΪ֮һιͬ¶ʮգϾԺ¸ѡһзɳ֮ԬʽȷϱһͳһգͳʽְҽԬʽ¼ܹб£

лڶʱͳԬοͤˡʮ

ͳԪ顡䡡ˡʮ

ǡٴ㶫ɽˡʮ

⽻ܳ½顡Ϻˡʮһ

ܳԱ֡ˡʮ

½֥ܳȪպϷˡʮ

ܳۡӢˡʮ

ܳϣ䡡ֱϷˡʮ

˾ܳݡ롡㶫ݸˡʮһ

ܳԪࡡ㽭ɽˡʮ

ũܳνʡֶݳԴˡʮ

ܳӢʿ㽭ˡʮ

ͨܳʩػֲ֮㽭Ǯˡʮ

Ͼأˡֿǿƻˡʮ

*ԭƣԺδͨʩػݲ

ڸ˵ǸԬͳնڸʵȨ⽻½ͽͨ,һֺԬС˾ũ̸֡Ԭͳ£޹ʹںë£Ҳʹ˳ˮ飬ͳս͵ꡣ

߷עǵһİϾʱĳϾɽũҵʵѣһڵȫ¸߼ʩʩӰǻƱˡѯ֮ʼ֪ũֲ˴֮ҲǵʱֿȵĹ񵳸߸ɣд˸߼³ϵ굳Ϊڸ֮ˣʼд³ҲʮŦԼʷѧʱϷ£ũܳνʹ⣬Ц겻ѡ˵дԬҪΪʯġ˭֪Ƚš󹫲ʱѧԮҲǩᣬΪо(honorarium)ԼüŸǧ𡣲֪ʵַҲⶼǹҶң֪ʶһѾıҲǴʱСƹʰɡʼ֮

Ԭ£ʵȨʵڸƣ˾ֻԬͳһƣ£ڹͣԹܶϹᣬϡ࣬ѡĺϡ࣬ҪҹڶȥֻϤˡְ£Ĺҹڶȥˡ˵ͷּȨ֮£ܶĥİ뷢ϾմϣͻõˡЩūţӱڹҪɱڣԱֱǾ͸ˡ˵ڹҹ֮Ҳ̿д̣Ҵ˴̿ģ˵ȥԱֱûôˡǺ󻰣ʱ˵



ȿλлһڸˣ(һ-һ)㶫ɽˣɽСͬ磬ɽꡣڽй䶼λƷߵȴȫͬ·ǰ˼Ȳʶ֮󣬶˽Ī棬һ常Ӣ(Jardine Matheson & Co.)죬ʶ(һ˶˩һһ)ĩ֮ͬͯѧʱʱ۶ӢѧУʮǱ㱻ѡ࣬һѧһס(һĩһ˰һ)ʮһʱڸ(Columbia College)δҵ͢ӡͯϤٻعԱĦ׵(P.G. von Mollendorff)ȥʣΪгɼʱԬ(ʮ,һ)뺫Ϊ˶֮ʼúԬںһ˳ˡСղ(ڱԬǰ,ϸ׸)СղĶ֣Ҫ⽻Ԭ峯̳Ǩ֮ˮǴߡ⽻ڡţҪְʴ顢()ѲһƷԱԬȱؼ⣬಻⡣Ԭ϶ɽٶȳɽԬ֮־ǰƪԬʱͳٰ֮ڸ֮࣬Ҳ˳ˡƵʶ˼ʹϵǸڸѡִμӦеĹ֪ʶѵԬͳĳ꣬ҲӮԬĸ߶Ρǰͳغܿɹͬ˻еĸ߸ɶҲֵüѺãˡҲһƬУʮգɻԪܣļͬ˻ᡣˣڸҲǸͬ˻(Ϊ)ġڸˡڸȻµάֲˣڣ㲻ʷƪ£Ϳ˵ˡݵ֮̽

⽻ܳϯܳ

⣬ԬиֻǸʷԵĳм̣Ԭ޹أȻ಻ʼĩԭǰϯԭ½ܳǾµһʱڵĸڸ֯ڸǹһָ֮(Լ)µĺƽڸΪӮǿĳϣͲΥԼ֮¡ǰйϯԭ⽻ΪʱɥȨסԼĹ涨ġʱǿڲκηʽ֯йΪʱй佻棬ҪΪϯڸеĵһǿֻǸƮҡ仯йǵҲ˼Ҫйֺθ˵һأı⽻ܳҲڸϯܳ󣬱ֱϷ⽻ܳˡ񡯣ʵڸˡ½顢ݡάڸ

ߣʱ⽻ְҵ(Technocrats)һ㶼ʱƽʱԴ,ǻйʵŵļз֮䣬»䣬ȴáǺйľǣ˭ҿǣʱҪѰ֮ͨءǸʱйڵκϵ(ɽ͹ĸȨ)ϧɥȨҲҪѰҹ·ߣԶȡȨ򹮹Ȩľʱ֪ĻרңĪԪϵĹάˡ֮㣬߲֪еڶҲǹ˹ҲУδ㳩ԡȻÿԴΪ˹΢Ц֮ʷߵǵĹ£Է򣬲д롮ά¼Ӣԭ塣⣬Щº˸ͳͳɾΪҳԭ̫ɲ֮ԣΪ֮κգ

ԱȻ

Ԭڸһص㣬ǻֵνϾˡйʡλΪɾɰġΰľμңһ̶»(һ˰˾ũһ)һƻ(һĩһһ)»лʷеĵκι˶ͬȡǵκйʷҶϵġݵ֮ʵǰĻˣҲ䳬˵ĵ󡣲ڹȨУ̵ȨĹ㶫ϰԼйĹңֵ(ignore)ƣǷƽۡʷλƲȻ֮ľ룬Զûйɵʷң֮ҲʚģûƹǺܲӦõġ̸̸ڡϾءϵְټ

ϾԭǸʰ̯ӡȻֻ˰ʮ(һһһʮʮյһһԪ)ҲûдսȴѸ۵ĶϣŪñؽԱǶΪǶԸйĿȻҲǰѼ͹⸴ߺһСʱĶϸʡǱػƻܾˣͿԷⶼʱĵһʡŶĳ̶ȡȲˡǱ˴֮Ϊ,ͻ࿳ɱˡϺɱճ£ڳɳ̷]ɱ˽壻人ԪԬɱ䣬ǵʱӪɱӡ

йĴСӣʱϾعϽ֮µܹʮ֮ڣأǸҰļң͸ӣɳѧѧԬġСվǰƣ򽯽ʯġҡ飬ʮزӣ̭ǿʮ򾫱ΪԼұʱԬںɽɽƼҢ½ͬ͢⽮һʡ˭ԻɣȻϰ¡ںʥ֮顢߷ڵĴңţΪΪҲ׾ģ¶ԻƴԪ˧ˡʵȻҲ˱йʷҸңʵ֮ݡʻƻʮ(ʵֹ)һǻգƾǰУָδҴ֮ʿҲٿҿս꣬ǰͺ֮ʿ֮ңʤգѣΪ棬Ϊ๫ǧңҲ壬֮٣֮кұִˣÿĻֻһ󽴸ףȾ֮⣬һ޿ȡ˶ǧǧ֮ʿʥֺͣԽΪҲ»ʿܵЩࡢĻҡ򡢵šпƦʹĻǧ꣬ĩƭƭȥھҲˣÿҹ峿ݾʷˣʱҴͣʣѡ˼дʷ®ɽ顯һڣᵽ»߹£ڶ֮ͬ飬ʶż飬⡣ʷҲ価ѹ˽ż֮У֮Ҳ֮

ծ

˵ʱϾڣģʰ̯ӣǲɢЩòӣøĹиϢĻᣬºƽ衣Ҫ˽⣬Ǵ¡£ڻ棬нҵ棬ҲвμӳٷƵȨ˭֪Ǵ֮󣬸ʵǰϹһȥĸͳְ֮󣬾ŪĴԿգʧҵءƴԪ˧ȻءְϾӦʧҵҺʿıȡһְٰ˧,ְʿᣬŪعۡҲӯߡ(ʱŸʽÿҳ)Ūûͷ綷ְ߻֮ȥֻõǱ˽ְɸ

عʱƣҪǲɢʮٱ޶ȵġá(ǲɢ),Ƕʮɡظҿأ뱱ԺãεҲֿտգծ֮⣬޲ԴծǺýأĩǿΪ·ıȡȨͺԭνĹš(Ӣ¡)͡š(ա)֮֯ЩǿйԭҪϷ֡磬ӢҪأҪ½ɹšޣձҪϡǱ˴˼ɣ߲Ūøֲ(underthebalance of power)Ӣƶ˱йǿմνŻߡɱˣ˴˹ǾֻءҲ°⽻һ漣ɣ(ҵǣǸ̨ʮıɹţǱʯˡ֪ãʼд󼺡ɵĻΪ֮̾Ժ֮)

ڸǮԴ޳,Ĺš̽ծǧǩԼ֮ǰȵǧԼȼüĹԭѴӦȻաű飬ַй˸š̽衣նҪ󣺴˿ɵ类աΪ¹ɣӦաֱ̣ӦĹų˻롣Ḷ́йţʽӦĹԱලʹá˹֮κȨܳܣǿйΪȻ軪֮ԡһڸ޷Ըй;֮ʱְδ£㡮ʧ١ȥǺ󻰡ڱ׫ά¼ʱйʷϣϸ֮ǹΪǵĶ˹ʱְԺͳ˫ػҪ飬֪ĻҲ˵Ͼרƪ֮Ϊβҡ˴ʱסĶ֪꣬׾׫飬ף֪Ҳ

ҽʦᵤ

ͷʱɽڴͳְ֮޹һᣬŮơӵĺ顢(ҽøǰ)򸾡ʿȷ,Լ´ҵòӢΰŮʿ.Ůʮ,ƺƵ,Ĵ,֮ʿŮ÷,˿ɴʱ΢(ʮ)װģһ˲ţʮһ֦ڼʿӵ֮£ٷ磬ɰ࣬ǴɷҲ֮£ʱϾŪýͷöĻأֻǸӺˡˣҲҲ

﹫˴˵ǴϺʼģ人踱ͳ֮ԼݽϣϾߺ졢Žڡ³ĳΣݺɲݳůļڡδʿŮƣʢǰԲɽ̸ʮೡظĻ˵һҲ

֮ڣԬͳרʹʢԼǰͳһУɽ˼Уա˵úã󲻹磬½ҹС﹫뺺ʮѲָʮշݣڻӭϽ塣ʮշɽ¬ˡڹݼƽȨ֮˵µ׾۷ɽ书ˣԡұ֮˼Ժƽ֮룬ȴԳϵʵ֮Ҳ

;

ɽԭǽִй߸һٷ˵ġĻתڡУһףľԭʼԵĽͼ(original blue print for national reconstruction)ߵߡһ׽˼룬ν塯ۣ൱졣֮ԬȳĺΪԬ£塢Ȩ壬൱ĳɹˡֻʣдʵУδҶ֪̫٣˴˴вģִ˵䲻뱾УּڴҲ˵Ϊ֮£

һ﹫ԳΪһ֮ᵳ(RadicalSocialist)š塯(State Socialism)عС·кʹҵСʱʱң䷴ʱ׶ءŦԼ˵ĴС߸עҿյ̨ۡϺȵءġƤĵز̡ڷȻΪ֮й൸˸ޣ(Henry George 1839~1897)֮ʩй;Ҳ˰أʵС˰(Single-Tax System)ƽȨʱһϵнݵۺݣɢԪϺĻ㱨ʣұ֮˼Ժƽһ̨桮ȫ顯ҳľߣʿȵ˵ıʼǺԴԼйظ¡֮ҽʦѲҽˣҽΪŵģҩֳɴᵤ,֮Ի塯ʮ֮˵ǹ塣

ҽʦ׵ڵʱ֮ū֮ڡδ֪͡ס﹫֮֮׻׻֮Ҳ人ʱڣ﹫˵踱ͳڳ֮࣬Ӷǵı֣޵úǣҺ񣬶ھ߻ġһῴĿŵῴĿ֮֡ܿܿУҲǡŵͽһóϷ弴ڽСҲ͸𣬴ʵˡǺ󻰡

Ȼһڽ̼ҺѧңɱʵţŻ(followers)ɽ˵Լס塯֮ŲҲ֮ͣĳֵġɲ֪˶Ѫı׫ר֮ҹ亥ԴΣһ֮ҲǵɽӰ֮£Ѫԡж˼֪(ڵıԼ)һҲǶν(Social Democracy)˵Ҳɱʵľ硣﹫ԼģȻġ(ɽһ˵ġǳһҼġڲɴɵʷҿ(־ᡢ˹)Ȩ(ܸѷ¬)()ֻʱ³˼룬ԣ㲻ɽķɽɺ֮Ҳ)˭ϣ壬ͱȻЩɴϣ˼壬ҲȻЩ˹ֺë͵ʴףʹǧʿѪܺˣ֡йʷǣΪ֮ңʱʱ塣ϸΪһӣͷĿ࣬ں޽ӡй֮ĳ¶ڣΪӱ޹Լ֮ǰҲʼڣΪȻأɽˣʱλΰǿĹҽǵʵ壬ʷϵĺΣΪҽʦѺҲ

δɹ.ձó

ڰʮ֮(һžŰ)ؿ֣˵˶ӡʮʷʵʷҸǿɶԣǸ̯κμҲʰ˵ġӿëʮ³˼֮ԡҲǸת͡еĽ׶⣬׶δκε߶ȻиĽ֣Ȼʷڼһ׶Σһ׶εǰͣ٣ͷ˵Ƕһ˲ơƱǿǸơ֮£Ǫ˲ġˡҲΪҲԬˡı磬ı䲻˵ġơɽˣʼûоơһġδɹΪΪ񣬶Сͻȫ壬ȫͬˡɽȻ̾Ի,ʮ˾šⲻ֪ɽ֮ˣǡ£ʮ˾šң⣬ëʦڡ찲ϣϼ˼ңҲͲлĻʢˡҳӾ壬ɽɽʧ,֪Ǹ

˵ͷԪѮ﹫½֮󣬻صϺɽ֮ơһǻعĲó(ʮ)ͬ־(Ͻ)ֶһ¸֮(øĿǰ)ǻµʮƾǸġǹʵľԭʵõαǮйǧʷϣ³ñǵһ¡ʵϣƽñ.γԿطġͱȨ֮⣬һɹ(ǰڿ,ÿ˵ëΪԿطԺ֮ڶˡ˭֪˵̫磬ë֮ɱʵԶǰ)˴λֲñȻϵ¾ɸԭǻϵӵܱԬģЩСͷɵأοҲ޶ÿɷء

ߣϾԭԬֶ֮һһ̨ѸԭеĹȫȰЩѱνʡɽڸﰲ֮ٻϾذѻƴԪ˧ٺãε¡¾ԬҪóϾأѻϲ¥ȥһŵġıܳƺͳһԸȥʣǾԶ¸ˣԬΪɽ˸һȱŲȥ·ҪҲȥʵҵȹҲԿطҪʯŵϹ¸Ů˼ëҪȥ⽻ȥƼȥ򣬲Ĺ,ӡűƿ÷(һԴ½Ľ̸СϢ˵ʮֿɿģϣʷң֣صĿ϶֮֮)ͨϿѧĹ·ԬλϹţȻҲΪֻиŮܰġˡνʵЩӲ

߶һʷ£ܵķӦǲЩ£ʵ¡ȷʵЩʷߣ̫ˡʵⶼֵôС֡Ϊڶʮʷͨﶼ̫ˣ̩붼ǣʵ֮ڽй̳,Ǿǡת͡ˡӵתεҪ㣬ǰѡȨ(uncheckedor power)תɡƵȨ(checked power or limited authority)תͻδתøɾ֮ʱϵħˡԬ ħġ

ڸ̨ѧ

ɽڶ±ڸĺȻְʧ١(ʮ)Ԭͳˣϯܳ½Ƹȵͬ˻ڸеĹǸɷνʡԪҲ͸¸ˡ̹ԭǸ޹ʹĺúƷ˶ϻνԭҪ˴ϽСע;ձȨȨϺĳʼվûбϾְΡ¶˼Ȼܳˣȫ㵳ͬ˻Ϊ񵳣Ȼڸ󡯣һ

ΪڸֻǸڸ󡯣ƶ½ڸǸȻڸ󡯣ҪĿʱڣף飬˶áҪ츲أεĿ֯һһɫĹڸлҿͬ󱲵Fռжݳŷ磬Ͻյνʵõ̫ˣϣҪᡣڽȣΪ֮

Ͻ֮ڸǲٺˣΪô±أʵǸת͵ˡ֪ڸǸڸ,ԬͳֻǸǧұʷ棬йİٶʵۣ֮񰢶ǵȵ֮⣬м۲ŴԵĻʵۣǿ֮ǸأľۡԪ䡢ֺͿӺɣһλ෴ģҹʢߵĳ֣һŵ۲Ŵ,ȨڣרƵӢ֮ҲҹʷϣҲǻȨС̰Ϊҹʵֱӹգգ֮١̫ү֪Ѳܶĵط١ǵĻʵ۱ףȫֱӹյĵط٣ΪڴͳйգȨĻʵۣ̫ۡڡ棬ʥ()ûжУԳأԭڴˡ

Ȼİٶλʵ,ܸ̫ۡڣһžƽƽ̰ɫϲڵʵۣ񡮷İ,ǾҪศˡͻʵһҲкûçҪ˻ŪȨٻʵۡȻλʵۡ񼧵(ܹ)ܡκʯžǾǮ˵ġʵۡˡǮйεʧǮйĻʷϵĻ֮ʿ(fundamentalist)ΪͳйġȨƺ⡮ȨķִȨƻҪʵ֮ĿйȨƺ(check & balance)ȨֻǾȨֱʹ(deputy)ʵػʺ䣬ǻʵ۵צʵǰôصιة࣬Ǵʵۣ֮ûɶƺҲѧ֮У˵йרǶļȨ(Oriental Despotism)ӹݣйŴȨ֮Զ(Occidental)κεɱ⣬˭Ҳܷϵʵ

·ʮģȨڣ˵޼ңʷ֮áԿлͳߣʼԺĸʵۣΪ׻Ȩԡ(divine right)йĶʮʷҶָ֣ǡϡ޼ڻʵһʻδֵĴʱѾˡɶϡ棿йŴġӡġ졯֮⣬˭Ҳ¡ΪʹʵҲη壬˰һȻ죬˵ɡʾҪʵ۽ԼΪǴʱΪʱ˸ڣȻֽ磬ȻȰʵ۲ҪʾЩűΪŻ˵˾ηΨ졣η죬²Ϊǧԣʾɲšʷдʮ飬ΪᳫţµүְҲˣεˣ

ִйëϯѧˣ첻£زˣʵҲδء˵ɽʱزеëϯҲֲѡ˼ҵ¾ݱˣѹˣµǡʾʵҪˡҲǸת͵⡣ëȻӻʵתϯδתøɽ˹ŵߣϯ֮˶ѣûɶĴҲ⻹Ƕʮʮ¡˵Σ޴ˡ

֮ԬǾģԬϲԬ֮ңҲʱ˽֪Ĺ¾˵ÿͳʱԬ֮Ҿ˵ͳˡꡯˣԬ˵ٴˣԺͳɡٴŴԣܵˡ

شҲڸ֮еĹԱܳϣʿҲֻĻͳĻˣŽծʱʾͳĿˡǮ赽ˣָóͳҲ͹˲ˡɶڸأ͹۵ѽ޷ٸȥ֥鰸ߣɨƾ͡ʧ١ˡ֥飬ֱˣԭĩѲͬ˻ȽϽӽʱֱȱ˵ˣΪֱһƼǩԬͳίԬͬ⣬Ȼı⣬δ𡯣ΪοʹϾֱͳίɡһͷƵȻˡԬͳȻдɡǲԸֻܶ΢ʧ٣֮󼪣һȥˡ

һ¼Ƿֱ빫ʷңͲƫеĶʷߣ¾ԵĶۡƶȣԭͬ˻ΪĸɣƵһֽƼסԬʵɵĴһʹЩֽֽ˺÷飬˵աΥǲʵʵ֮գʮȥˡǻͷʮʷǱ̸ˣ̸ɽë󶫺͵СƽһλǺ㡮дɡ˺ֽֽжףｯë˰ҲһֺŵĴܶԳأ

˵ͷѣҪĻɲŻЧһκ޻߱Ȼ޷졣衮ԵȨԵĸ֮νҲҪġ(Ҳ˵ΣΪȣںҲ)ΪڽйʱꡣҲҪһҶԺĻڶδת͵׶Σʵ֣⻹Ǳֹ۵ĹءĩԬʱǻӰأܺԬأ

֮ԬĲ֮ͬǣרø룻ԬרҪץʵȨԬĴ̰ᣬͳҪʵۣͲǸμˡҲҪ㵽ףر;֣ΪƣåˡԬƵĸɶʱڻأڸ˫̨֮ͬ˻֮ڣ˵ɨسšԬţҲһطʮʡ֮Уͬ˻Աֵֻʡʵ΢΢ҲԬͳ͵ͳһKȫ壬ĲҲͬ˻һͿ֮ʿֻмΨһ·Ĺˡ

᣺

ģʽй

ݡлʱԼʮڱԼʩкʮ֮ڣʱͳټᡯԬʱͳھְ֮ҲҪʽͳʱʡĴСͺ͵ˣҲýĹᣬΪӢ֮أҲҪμĿǰĹѡ˵ɽ佲֮ʱʡΪųﱸһιѡڽŵĽ֮С

ԺƶԬͳԪ¶ʮġл֯ԺԺԺԱʮʡÿʡʮɹšءຣѡٻᣬֱѡʮʮȡɡѧᡯѡػѡʡԱɸʡʡԱѡˣҲר涨ѡٷʽ

߷עѧһɽܳ쵼רѧߣȻһ֮Ĺ֯аԱƣȻδΪʵ̥ˡǮʷһƪڶ£ڰ˽ڡ

ԱжʮˣƶȣһΣһѡԱ³´л

ȫԱ˿ڶѶ֮ÿ˿ڰʮѡԱһˣȻÿʡԱʮˣ˿ڲ˰֮СʡѡΨɹšءຣԱȡʮʡֱ(ӱ)˿࣬Աʮˣ˿ʡ½֡ѡԱʮˡʡѲȣһ죬һѡѡٷֳѡ͸ѡ̶࣬ءȫԱپʮˣԺϼƣԱ˰ʮһˣʱýϷ֮˰޺Ǯ顣ԭԪ֮·Ժڣӡ࣬²桢һ֮(1921-1928)人磬һŰˡ棬ҳˡߡ

ֻ޺޹ʱŮȨֳȡŮƽȨʱȥδԶк֮֮ܲŮȨתȡСŷŴʱŮǿв磬Աͬ͵ô֣֮֮ʱΪʱءһδֳҲˡ

Աѡ

⡮˰޺(ҿǸݾ֪)й칬췭ظ̨Ժ󱲣ݵ֫忹͵˰޺ĹݣԶӡлӦ˵ʹɾȥҪ֪˰޺ûѡ(constituesnts)ġܼ򵥣Ϊйʱ˿򣬵ٷ֮ʮǲʶֵäٷ֮ʮϵûٵ֣Ҳ֪ɶɶѡ٣նǧڶ֪Ǻܶأ֮Ҳȷͨѡ֮Ƥëģ˾ɽġ֪Ⱦˡһäص֪ܲȾأЩ޺Ǿֻһǻתڣǰ(Ƶ峯)˼İת(͵)Ա볯١ϰŵģɵͣЩ°ɵת(politicians under transformation)ԭǾйְҵ(professional bureaucrats)ĺ(office seekers)εĿ볯Ϊ١ǿصֻԼġǰ;ʲô׼ǰ볯ΪٵĽݾǲμӿƾ٣ڿƾûˣͱɿƾٵĴƷˡ뵳٣鵳٣־ġ;ˡתͣδתһβ͡ɽȰ浱ʱ꣬Ҫ־£Ҫ־١ʱף˼һ⡮β͡¡˸Ҫ־£ôС˭أٺ£һͭԪ档Ҳǧл󽴸δҲԡ볯Ϊ١͡뵳١(Ļ)βͣһֱŹµ־ֱ꣬˾ʮʼº̡غĻת֮ѣߡĩˣҼ֮ɽԬǸ볯Ϊ٣ǵʱСɽ˼롣

֮ҪΣ͵鵳뵳ٵ쵳ֵϵһԱ֮䲻䵳볯ΪٵĲš˵һŰ˰꽯̨塮ŵ󣬲꣬Сһ֮ࡣѡʱԺʿĿݣ½ϾдСټҡ̨УһŰ꣬оԺʷо棬ҳ֮أʱۼһԶӹ֮Ի

Ѿǧٹ֮˶Ϊ켴ǧٹ֮ڹУ˸Ϊǧٹٰۣۣ֮๥һ硣е뵳֮еǵ֮һ֮һһ֮ͬϣҳһԶߡ

Ȿҳ֮ţ̸ǧٹ֮ˣͷҲδʼɴ΢һ¡ʵʼĩĩʵʼԿǿѧᡣϵĽǿѧŪԺ󣬸ʡСȺףȻּɷ֣ȥԶԺ󿵡ܾӺ⣬ƵĸྺٲȻγĩ˶ڹڷӿͬʱʡĲᡣһ죬ԭ(ϱ)ҲǽƣɾˮѷˡῪʼѡˣССţָΪС棬ֻϣϧٵ쵳ȡ裬γƾ˵ġǧٹ֡ˡ

ͬ˻Ϊ

νʴڸ¸֮Բ֯źòľͬ˻Ļͨ־ĸСˡνʺɽԭͬ˻е(Think Tank)ĶǺյѧ˼룻ʵʵжƻʵʱ确ʱ֯ʱԺ֯͡ʱԼ඼νһݵġνǸжۼңҰġҲۻ֯ңʢ̲ã﹫õһ𡮴ڡҲԬ֮ΣʵԶ

ϴڸ¸ʱʡΪѡ٣ǽܹȫʱϱСټ֮ࡾС׶²ᣬҳһһģ񷨽ٸ顿

߸ע̨忪ŵ֮ĳڱһβͻϣЭϯ׽ңǰ̨õĳԷԭЭУݺһλСѣƽʱֻϲŮ벻Ҳ·˵ֳ̨ԾˣҪѡͳ𣿡౧Цֲ֧

굳֮ʱˡЩСѡһԱʵ¡һҪ󵳿£ϣʱνͬ˻Ϊ񵳣ͶЩСλӼаձˡν£ʸĴ󵳿ҪͶһαǮأֻĸӹӹĸӹء鵳ֻˡͳһϵ񹲽񹫵ʵᡯϴСȺڻ,ȫĵĳ֮ءͳһ͵ĵǲ(ȫŮСɵѣ̺ԸΪ,˵)й⾰奵༶ĹţȻͱɶݳİְ(ע⣺ʱǶֻʮ£־Сͯ)

Ԫ꣬Ԫһһ꣬¶ʮգڱᣬǧˣһʱ֮ʢʱɽҲӦԬͳ֮Լ׶ͣǰһոյֱʱҲϯ˵һһƱ֮ѡΪ³ǲͣ˾νʴ˳Ϊʱйһ֮ͷ֮֮ߣһʱ

ڡʮ·ƻ

񵳳֮ʱɽҲԬͳҹ̺ᡣ﹫һ£Ԭʮ֮࣬ҶΪ̸֮ʱֻͳ鳤СڻʿڱϺıס(һ̨ʷӡ)˵Լһ£ԬʮΡÿ̸ʱʱʮʱʮʱ̸γʱߡÿλֻԬʿڱˣ̴ӡ̸ԹҴ£Σ·ʵҵ⽻¸⣬ΪǢԬҰģȻƳ磬԰ġסϲᣬҳһߣˮס

Ԭ̸ʵ˵ڣӢʶӢۣ˴˹໥Ƴ֮;Ҳи֮ͬҲԬǴͳйġ֮֮ܳۡŴϸʵʵаۣλЧʵרţͱ׼йңȻ˹룬ִ˼룬һ֪ʱϵȻչĽǿǿҲ(άʱԬʱѯĻҪ飬º)

﹫ȴԬķ棻﹫磬֮ļңΪֺѧ˼ͷ,ʩ֮йС֮Լ䲻λԬ룬ϣԬ˹ˮڸǿǿ֮ǿ()۲ãʵҪ˾ţؾ顯ϵĻ·ʵǵһҪšԬ̸ʱʵǳĳȰԬǿйԼԸר·֮ϣȫ·ӳʮ(һ˵ʮӢ)ɽϯһλΰ󰮹ߵϣи߶;ý辭ԬĶſںˡԬϺˣ˵Ǹڡɽġڡڻ˵ԬгġԬǸϹţԸϲ﹫(ʵҲ)Ϊɽ˳ˮۣϼȫ·ɶʮΰƻҲ

Ԭȥ·ȻͶãҸŲȱ췴;˭֪﹫Ǹʵİ,Ԭͳ⵱棬ýʽԼʹ֮󣬾ĸԬͳҲԳﻮȫ·ȫȨΡй·ܹ˾ܲϺԬΪ̫󡮻ǡʱƵĺרãԱѲȫ·״ͬʱصط٣Ѳ·ʢдͬʱΪ·졯﹫ԬϹŵĻ֮,ӿ䷽﹫֪ҲԬϵ֮£﹫ʧҵˣ˺רȫӲ졯ȥˡȵԬ񣬵Ҫ˾ĿʼһδӲ칫ȴ˷ѰʮҪͨˡǺ󻰡

߸עʮӢ·Ӣ﹫·Ľԣɽ˵һӣȻһ·Ҳδ޳ɹҲ׫ר֮ٶ׸Ĵ½ʷϣ(һžŰ)±ٿӿ·趯Աᡯӿ·Ŀǣ·Ӫҵ̴ﵽ.꣬ͻй·ȷĿ꣺ͶʣԪӪҵ̣һžŰʮաձ()ʱգй·Ӫҵ̣δͻɽҪ꽨ʮ·ǴգԬ֪䲻ɶ˷ѹң֮Ԭ֮޻ıˣɽ飬дʧ

ѡ٣񵳴ȫʤ

ԬԹξý裬ԼץȨץλץǮץȹŵ(classical politics)ȻϵȺڹԼ֯ȡѡ񡢿նȻˡƳ˻Ѳ֮ʱѡѽ߳νԲ߻쵼֮£񵳵Ŷϯȫʤ񵳵ķҲַֺϺһ͡ͳһΪԿȻƱȴƱ֮Ӱ񵳵ļȵöȫʤ֮֡ڴ֮ǰνѿڿҪ֯һɫ񵳵ڸһڸĺ֮ˡι񵳼ѡԺԱȫǰ飬ҳһ¼ԺԱ

νɹ֮æ͵УʮУԴ̽ĸʱҲ޹һᣬϢм磬ɣҲȪ֮֡˭֪ʱ񵳽ݱƵʡԱĦȭƣԾԾԣϣݹɽ쵼ʵղҲʹסˡθԤףũ꣬Ȳĸޣ̡

νһ(ũ¶ʮ)Դɳ人ؽ£ϺݡϾȵӲ쵳˹ʱѡսʤԱʿǣǰ;ճ֮ӭ޲ɽ˺˵Ȼɽ죺ɽֻԼ壬ƽȨʱ޽¡۳갷ǿȨڹ񵳺֧ʱξԬԾĹȡ˵Ǹزơ¾գϾݣǾ͸ˡѵǰ˵һǴȻߣΪµĶĶ֮֮εּҪڸ󡯣ͳΣӦܣѡͳ֮ң֮ԣս֮Ӣ˵֮ͬΪİȫģʢΪ⣬ǳ֮ηҲνЩ鵳˵ʷϣдġ͡νʴ꾡͹񵳵ʷƷ翪ʷϺ͡סȱľһá

ߣʱΪѡսʤɵԱ⽾ݣеŸѡͳƸλֱǱĶԬͳ㲻ѪĹ͢䡣ƪʳǱԬôһַġж񱨣ʱתֵۣԼֱأԬűɫҲͲˡԬΣΪŰϣԬùŵ䷽ʽ򡣵ʴڸ¸ʱ⻹ݣԬʮάܡﴫ´࡮νʼ²ᣬҳĶʱԬͽһĳпհ֧Ʊ֧á֧ʾл󣬼ԭ֮ũʮйʷҳ˶Ԭ֮Σ˵ӢʶӢۣβΪԬͰɱˡιлĿԪѫصһλμңʱΣδʿԬܲ٣Сһλ˾ˡȻϵУʿҲȱ㡣ݳλһμңȴĩ(good statesman but a poor politician)ôѧС͵£Ի֮СաΪξҲ

߸ע֮һǰѧˣƶսǰʱĳܲΪһǧԪͷȡĿҲ˹Ϊ⡣ιݳȣ벻Ф֮䣬Ծգ

һžŰ¶ʮ 



ĩعˡΰ롮θ


ڱͳ(һһ)ġΰ(νʱ̰)֮ģɹķԬս(νθ)ʵйʷϣӦ÷żȻ¼ҵǣʷϵġżȻ¼ᵼ¡Ȼĺʷѭ;ǹӣǵһΡԬ(Ԭ)֮ɱΣǡһ֮Աױ˱Ԭǡٴʷѧܱһһٴ֮󣬴һĴ֮ͱϡսǹӳȨˡ

ԬǷһҪɱνʣʵͬ˻Уһֱͬ־ĿΪԬɡԬҲһֱǼ磬ΪֶءԬҲˣҪԬ˶ݰΪֵܡҲǵʱӪеġԬɡʵڼ䣬ԬɡĿںţȺٹ֮ġ

߸עǸʷǧΪʱ(present-mindedness)󵼡Ϊ˺飬ǰһĨɷʵϣͶ֮ǰȫйĹ(public image)ʵȫһˡеĵλҲĵĵȻ̳ˣλڻơΡ֮ϡ׫СԹʱһƪϸ֮ʧϾ֮λܱ׼ˡʫˡˣӦҲܸΡǺ컷̳÷ʮȫȫͬ־֮֮֮ԭ֮˾Ŵδܶɽֻʮ򷸵̫ˣȫ;ʷҶ޷ԭ£Ͼųˡ

νʷǿ֮

ʵνʺڵʱеĵλԭǲ֮䡣һλߣһλΪصľӣǿ֮ˡֻʢˡıߡǿĸԣɴ͡糱׶ʹΪǰëɱʥˡʵι⣬УԬëһھһѽεĲǰʮͷֳ壬ܴ򻢵ɣܵһٵúļʱιʮ˾ԱܶȻνҲнгɡɽ游(εı)ǸֱֱȥĸߣϾνȻܶҲĥģʮ(ùĻ)ҲʮҲ

֮νʲǸ֮ˡ෴ģΪηâ̫¶صڵⶼ̫࣬м̫һ˵ˣҲ̫óϷͬءĴͳһʱвġߵĸ߸ɣҲ﹫еģһҹ֮ܲݳһƪסԪԼνʣ֮ڸ̨½顮Ȼڸ(ڸйԱһѵ)Ʋְ(Ԫ)ԬνΪ顮ڸ(ֻ˲Ųֵ)δУ˸ǰܳԱݴҲԼĵ֮δܴ½ԭ򣬵һڸУ̫࣬쵼ڸ󡣵ڶҲһ֡ڸ(һɫԱ)ԬԸʵ಻СԬĽǵʱκһ˲ŲȻҲʵҳ ѡͳͬ˻̸֮ԭԪ¶ʮաν̸ԭԪʮϺƪ

֮ɱ֮

Ԫﶬ֮ʣѡսдȫʤ֮ا䣬ξΪ֯һһɫġڸ󡯣ʱӡйŵεԬҲͷ¹£ȡ֮ͳ(ɱ)֮ϰ취ˡ߸עܲٺӢۡʱܸ˵ӢΨʹٶһ°ĿӶŵˡµıǡ֮ͳ֮ŵ·塯ڴͳйӰ֮󳬹ʷ

нݷͷ֮ʱԬҪԬıԡ֮ɣ١֮ڸԱУͲܵȴˣԬıزʱ֮͡ĬȲģ㺷Ȼ确֮ˡɱ֮󣬷粨ִˣԬΪ֮ȻɱΣΪֻλһ˽ԬֵĲá֮ɱΣǡġͶȡɣΪԼλãӵѣȻΪ֮Ͳˡˡ˺ҲͲúˡ

˭ɱνʣ

νǷԬĵ¶ʮϺվҹȥϴпأڡʱɽʴԱյȣ֮СɽյĿǡ·Ҳ־ʣй·ԬϹ֪ɽ·֮Ҳʱѡսʤɽͽʹ֮ʿ൱ݣĳͳ֮ҲڶϱٶȷѵҥԸǴȫ﹫طձǺϵĸߵԶڼս֮ǰԬڳСղʱձɱ֮﹫Ҫй·ͬʱΪɹŸѻҪɹйԬ֮ΣɽܵԬͳտɽΪ˶Ƶձ֮ãԬΪ֮㷲Ͳˡڴ˹ؿڣԱǷ˻˹֪ȻڴʱڰлɱΣʷҲϺʱѷͻˡε߷ʩʩȻ̨˿ڴʱһ̿ͺȻڱ֣ʿһǹҪӦءվһʱң̿˳˻ȥӰ١

ڱͳ꣬йڡת͡˶ڣһתתʱԬ˸νġҲִǻáɱˡϹʿӢԭ⸣ֻǸʧҵˣжְҵɱ֡Ϻ̲ˣ˱ԱϺعӦܰ(Ӧة)ʱд̡ʿӢȷְҵɱ֣δܹרҵѵʱͬס¹ù(һҰ)ѧǮɱ˻ǮԼ֪ɱΪˡΰˣλѧıܣ˱ѲҰѲʿӢ񣬲ŷӦܰƬӦܰԭʼļű¶Ӧةָ֮ʹ˺;ԴʵԱĹԺ񲿵һλ档ļʾڹԱд֮ǰԿ桮塯Ԭͳͳοơ

ЩļϵܵҼǺ顢Ӧ֮Ƭ֮ǣȷʵΣͬߣԭԬΪľʦܼܰż˵֮ȣͳ(ָԬ)һΣ˵ڹ¼ѣͳΪѣ˷£跨áԬЦԻһ海вˣ海ҺֹˡζݳѺ󣬺ּͳһΡͳʼݳϵ˼ӺԻ⻹ǵˣͳߡԬвԥɫԬɫԣͳ񲿸٣סҳţż̻¼

緢ڵӢķιңĩ¼¡̨ۣ壬ʦڷͥϵıۣҪճ־ãȻȡٲþߣ˾򵽡ͥΪֹй˷߼֮£һҧԬɵˡʮ׫˵ס˵

ǰɱ»꣬ȥɱ䣬ɱνʣ

˵Ӧܰ˵Ǻ棬˵ȷԬ

˵÷ɽɽ¶ʮմձϻϺʱһŭ֮¾˱ԬˡɽǸִμңӷΣԬǸϹţɫĵǲǾ͸˳ˡëøֶԸУʷ±أǱһٲǳ˵ġת͡ˡרתƣйҪ곤ʱ䰡תͳڣʥ͵ƶҲӷ֮Уۦ£޴ˡ

Ԭġˮš͡ϡ

ߣΰڻ磬ѲưӦƽն̵ȫйͥԬͳñ̶鰸顣˻ͬϽǰ˾ܳ͢ݣϺطӢѲƽ֤֮ʱԬͳ֤֤ʮ걸ȫĿ֮£Уйרתͣʵڴ档ԭ죬ʱȱ֮ι˼붼Ϊ飬ᷨԺãʹǹӣʹʷˣŻˡ

¸ʮˣǽջͷȥƽ͵ľ£ҵôɭͳˮŰ·ʱͳ֪ܲʵ飬죬֮󣬷ȷԼ˸ɵģͼΪΪ߽ҳϵĸɲҲ˼ұΪ㷸Ҫִߣһң֮ʿգͳΪԼΪ̫࣬Ҫˣ֪ͳͱλˡ⣬ġΰҲ񽯾ġϰΪѧͽ˵ʹǺعһ֤ʾûֱҪѽϸɵɵϵȴǡģҳϵͺڵɱع֮󣬾˵ΪǵҺ޴ȥ

ŮǵĹ

ߣǸǧйʷ飬Ͱʮʵ֪ߵ֡ߣԬëĶ䣬ɱˣᶯʽġֻüͷȻд֪ڡи˵ĳɽϣ黨΢ЦҶ߾֪˼ڡߵı죬˽Read his mind(Ħ)йŵѧּǬ¡ʵ½ʱ·ϸйŮǵĹ£еĴ󳼶Աѧֻһλ̫֪˼˾ѡŮǡеŮϰޡΪʺ֪ɷȾϰ̲ǰֳɷһšȥ̫ԩ̫Ϊĸèմȣܾ塣Ǭ¡үԼҲΪλԴ׵ţܡĸ¡Ͱϡˡ¼һɽͨʷ

Read his mindĴˣڽë֮£֪жˡ˵ܡġ⡮¡֣һѪľ̸֮½ϵĿˣϯģһи˵ľжԻֵġġҳ֮󣬾ͰĿģȥִУǲġһִг⣬㻹ҪΪ䡣һкڹһΡΪԼΣҪ㡮ͷһá֮ʱÿͷԹԣνҪòֻˣĹʿνʿνԹʿңԹʿ֮ҲֻȡľΣΪġĸȥٻܸ󡣵Read his mindΪԼ棬ȡ֮(take advantage of it)һԾĹˡ

δԬ

ԬԱĹϵƺˡԴĦԬּƺ϶ԬɱΣͼﻮˡԬ֮ν붼̾£Ȼڡ֮򡮳֮֮ǻνʱƺҲд˸оڷ붼֮ǰԼǰ;Ϊֹۡڱ֪֮֮ʱûлԬ϶´˶֣Ҫͳ(ڵʱϡۡ)ںءԻ

Ԭͳʱҹ˻˾ʮʱʮڳվͻԱʩǹϲ븹²Ʊ˼ܽ԰ѹ֮δ񣬴δԹ˽ˡθĸ˵عкȨ֮档δ̣񸣲֣ޡͳģȨ¹ҵȷܷ֮֮գ֮ꡣԣɡءһһ¶ʮա

֮ۡݣ֮Ԭɱ֮ġȻΪ䡮λ˻һУΪɱ֮Ҫڣδ֪ԬΪԱɱ֮ڹӣҮҮԬϵʱͨԱ磬Ҳ˵

͹ԵΪԷΪΧ˾֮ƾȫĩ־ͥߣ۶ϡ֮ǿ˰ԭίʵ뷨Υߣſڴƻơ֪°Ӧ˾оɢԣʵ(һһ)ա

⻰Ҳĵʷ˷ҲδжδηǱӣУΪȻأ˵ʱ𣿽ëʱӻ𣿾ٲ˰ɡ˵ͳ˭ɱأɱ˵ϵĴ̿˭ɱأɱ̿͵Ĵ֮̿˭ɵأ

ΰɱŽⶼģˮʯӲѡɷ(suspect)(convict)Ǻʵ˵ġǰɱ»꣬ȥɱ䣬ɱνʡɱӴɵĹ۵(ʹ¶Ա(jurors))ǾͺȷԬ·֤ݲҲߣѣǵĹһšɴɱһ٣ܷһ(⻰˵³϶˵)ɷﷸֺδӷֱأԿġ˶ʱڱ֮ϣ赲̹˳С񾭡ά֣ںδϯ˵ˣҲˡѷ֮Ҳڡɱһ١Уһŭ֮¡ɱҲάֲνʡֻǵһС񾭶ѡһΰĹ͹һĽַСܷ꣬Źǻʲôأǵϣϯʹ˶ϰиźáѣйδרתͣѽ׶Σˣͳרʱ͹ŵΪΣͲˡдʷߡʷߣ̾Ϣ֮⣬򸴺ԣ

ĺڽ

˵ͷתԭһתתģҲܲɡκѧ˵¥߲ѩ۵游ǿʵɵֶξͨʫԽύϷ˺ˡ⻹ɢǮԾȼúʿʾ͢Ķ£ȡġԬͳ֮ҲǲϷĹ

ӦةȻԬǲĵһһǴ̽ϷĻͬʱҲýǮˣ챨ΪԬӦڱĶͷ˾Ǻ棬ʱ飬ɹԱֱָӡӦةԭǲ߶Ĺһɲ人еġ䡯(䡢䡢)ȻһġԪȨƭԬΪɱ֮Ԭʱ£ϣ˲ʰ飬㽫ǹɱһԪȫͶԬԭ̨ԪѫĸǹΪˡѹ˵ɺڰ˵ɷ࣬ҪԳ׽ɢ𡣹ĳԱȻҲαӣ޵ҪԷӦةԭĵҲͨ人ӻϺͬ˻Ϊ֮ӦҲڵڽͳνʡˡεȸ߸ɣʶ󣬹ϺΪΰɥʱӦȻҲǸİæġͬ־Ȼλ̫ͣܳͬ־ǸʲϵġȵӦĶ·ȶΪ졣ɱε־ǹԼͬ־

ȻԴһšͬ˻֮ʱ𣬸Ӫ֮ھһֱﷴ(ҿںʿ)һҲû̫ƽ֮󣬻ں˰̣ͨơȵɽʱͳ˷ѡԱʱԱҲһ˸ǻڡǻʱڡѡսʤ֡͸ˡԬභŵ֮£Ԭڸڸ֯Ǿ͡îӦةˡӦоɣƺԶԭƵ϶ӦĺڵˣϺ㶫ĺͳεĸϻᣬƺϺ̲ͷҲΪԵÿһգӦ͵ԬΪԬڹСԵסˡ

ʷϵһ

һ⡮ơĻӦةʵеڡܾ̽ණйʷԶڴսʱмءĩĶӺʵ۵ѪӣʲôϡĶǰЩϵĶ⽨ִתͳɶʮͶKGB¹ĸ̫FBICIAȴǴԬªӿʼġӦܰң󾫣£ǵתͣҲ׶ԵġҪע⡮ִ(modernization)ģΪƣҲ񡣲ǷִĶǺõġ

ݴӦةѻģϵͳĲϼԷϣ֪СصγɾģӦةͶԬ񵳵ķ乤Ԭʱ˱Ӧֱ쵼еĵλֻ񲿵һ飬ȴԬ̫ĽסԬʮ֮࣬ʽԺϷסԬҵĹоˣʱڷ˵̫ɫ˥ޣ̫ڼʱרԬճ̫֮ĩδȫʧ裬ϴͷԿȹϵԺ˵Խ塯Ҳмʵԣȷνͨ졯ȨġǸͳһСǿԿ϶ƵˣӸɱ˰Ʊ̰ɻߡƤŮˣһ֮֡ѷԶ֮ԹĹӵĹԬִͳʿ׼ˣ̫̫ĵֻһ㶼൱֮ģǶԡ̫̫ĵֻ(ע)ǵרҵˡйͳеһΪ(social behavior)ˣתͺڵģĩ֪ʶӣ˽ˡںԬ֮檵ĹϵһֱɣԬ֮ҶԬжŮպ顣ԬĹϵܣǱѰΪҶ֮ףΪҶЩǮпҲѰ֮

ʶͬʱ֧ġһʽǧ겻䣬Ա(social being)ļʶ͹Ҳǧ겻䣻ơáϵģҲǺõģʽġ̡ܡˡ£ҲãԲνĲšһĳ෴ģһʮһ䡯ѻƬսԺйᣬʮˣҪ(generation gaps)ˡ˽й֪ʶӣǸ󣬿ܶĵݸһЦ꣬й߼֪ʶӣͲˡ

ԬʱҪӦةĵһţǳԪӦͨڱӦԸɢڵйĹ᣻ӦԷΪûġ᳤ڶýն̵ȫһפѲ鳤λãΪӦܻڻ(coverjob)Ѳ鳤Ĺְǡ飬á֮Ѳ鳤ֻһ̽ûָӾ첶˵ȨûʵĹְǳ̵ȫŵģǸΥԬ֮ϹţȻ֪顯ְУˡָ˭Ԭ֮٣ֻͷԱ

Ӧļ֪СɱԺֱ쵼ġӦĶͷ˾Ǻ棻ɺ龭֣ԺÿܲǧԪѡǲŽһǿĿ(־)רԬ񵳱Կǲұûơεȸ˵ġӼ(Ůϵƭթ̰۵ȵ)д飬ձӡˢʮף˻عơε˵˸ǵȻЩͼ鱨˰ɱ֮;ȻνһϵзļҽݵӰˡ

νһϵжܵĳҪˡķԬȻҲΪã֮ɫ(üͷ)һȻͱڹ۲ɫǿˣǾҪּ참ˡ֮䣬ԬɿҲɱεġݴ˺͵Ӧةдƪҵ¡ӦϲԵõʮԪĳͣһСѫλãѫ¿ءӦȥѰҴ̿ˣҵһʧҵʿӢɳһҵĴΰ

߸עݺ顢Ӧ֮ܵ磬Ӧľñ꣬ԡծƱйĹծƱǵʱʹƱгֵĹƱԭǾΪȡծծƱۿۣۣȵծʱкػ·ҵʱƱֵϢ㣬ԡġծˣĪɡΪӦةԪծƱġۿۡ%֪Ժܵɡ󡯡顢Ӧܵ硿

Ǳ߸˸ʮԡΰ̽ȤĶʮһֵͶֱԼԵϲϵķʣдµġֽΰ顣䲻У಻ԶҲȻʷɰдġİҲ⣬޶֮ԡͣͿ˵ͳ·.ʦı̰ԼɭɱްĿֶͳŰ񣬿ԶҲܶܶҲʷִǣʷҲҲִ֮Աһ֮ơйΰĳƷ̨ĵʷġסڶἴꡣƷ߿ɲ(1912-1928)ҳ һ塮ɱνʰ

񵳶ΰ۲

Ͻ֮ΰʱɽձʡ¶ʮһ﹫ñֹʣ̻ع¶ʮշϺڻԢ񵳸߼ɲ飬ֶԲߡ˼ȱߵ֮£ɽԬ߸ɣ()һ֮⣬÷ɷء˵γɣԬ֮Ŀֶͬλ졣ɽ䣬˵ʦơǹʱʦҲûСУԬ֮֡Ԭʱཫ㣬ʦӾͿɴõأ񵳴ʱųӵӡʡ̣ȻɽĺһʡεҾлص磬Ծʵ롣ɽи뷨ȥձԮյԬŸʺ塣ձʱԻûڣ˸ãʱҪյԬȫˡ

ŷɽҲδͼӰǱϾǽɱװ;ʱǹ֮ڵľԶԬͶȫ֪ɱʹĶҶȫһ䣬Իɽڣûաֱ룬ѧܶı죬ϡ࣬ȵΰ֮ʱ㲻Ϳ԰ȵġӰ࡯𣿺αС̶Ҵıգ

ҵɽҲǸ췴ԡΪ췴֮ˡһ˾꣬ıڹʱšĴŻơϹʱ(һš)ɽǰߣֿڡͳ¾ѱ(ɽ)ʱҪڷѾֲԸƽܷڣ﹫ŭ߿ڣѾ﹫ʱڻս֮ͣŵһԷĽ˳½ŮʿСʧɽĸԣƽʱǸǫǫӵء˼Ҳһͷ̡ɽúءҲǸʽӢۡΪŸԬɶɳ(due process of law)

⡮θʱڣ񵳺սɲûһµߣ˵ŷɽɽն̵ȫҪ֯رͥΰȴΪ˾ܳӢأΪطԺߣ鷨ͥǸ˾̾ǣǰƶ֮£Ϊ֯ڸ󡯣ʱĹԱԱ£Ȼϣǹ񵳵ĵԱԱΰвͬȻҲԱԬͳҲиĽˡ

ɽĶһɣǾ͸Сˡûдɵ̿ɾݣȴ人ڸһЩҪĵ»Ԫƻ˵ǡı踱ͳ룬ɱ䣬ԪԽɽȱǹˡ֮δԬıѶɺӡϱսĿȫ֮ʱԬҲ͵ǲŽƣ׼ˡ

ƺ

˵齫ͷйʵϴ齫ӡⳡԬɵ齫ﵳֱûһźƣԬѣƲӿ֡ԬԹ񵳶ʱȻϿŽƺʱȻɹе(˳)ϽйǧԪúأԬȲı¶ʮգδʽǩֽˡϢһԬĴ񣬶ȫ󻩣ΪǷǷսԺԱຯ׷ɣܳϽҲԬĿʵʵʡʡԽͨ޳ʮʡҲ

񣬰ʮ󣬶ԹѶϣʷұ֮ΰһҲǸ⣬һι֮ڣʦڷ֮ǰҲ粻ġ³ɣˣƺ󣬴Ǯ֮Ԭ֮⣬ԭǾáΨһ취̽ծ﹫֮·˰յѺ΢ܰ﹫ְ̯תԬۿϾһţñ֮輴ΪʮԪ֮ҡ﹫ְԬ޹һᡣԬУɽΪԬľѣҲΪծ֮⣬޶;ʱǿţԽծΪʳйȨ֮š۹֮εȸӣӦ֮һɥȨΪιͲܳĹάԼйܲúͽҪŹȨȣͼ̽أ˭֪סծһǣ汱ʱйҰ˽ĸֽƣɲ⣬ծȨң۹֮䳯Ұ˽ľ಻ծ֮¡һ̽ҳ֮ţδܼҲϾר֮̽ڱƪУֻ˵ԬĿ͡áǮսʱ澭ƺڴ˹ؿǩ֡ԭΪƺ˿ƺҲǹ˶ⶰɣ򸴺ԡΪ˽ƺĴ¾߿ɲҳһ𣬡ƺ

ڶθ.һս

֮ԬĶѽţս(һ һ)ѳɣͿ˭һǹˡֿǸˣ(Եǲж)ϷһǹһǹȷԹԪ֮Ϊάͳһַˡֿƻ󣬺ֱ˹ѧˡ±֮ǰ֪֮սɱ⡣ڹڹ֮ԶҹֻսƣϣձСһǹ˭֪̫ˣйܶɿձս鱨Ҳˡ󣬳Ǹǣѣǳ˴ˣձһǹĴ۾͸ˡǹر⣬ʱסɡ

ҹĶθҲ˵ġʱתͻڳ׶Σս֪ɶбܡɽĽԬ֡ԡӦة׶εȻԭʼ鱨ԬеġԬĵǲ(ĵʦ³Աϵ人ӺϺԮ)͸ǹˡ񵳴ʱ˵ɵ类ɽսɵĽûսѳɣʱ񵳻ԬϵĴϷɽյԬѻֺγϷҶ޷죬Ǿǹһˡʷϣڶθʵǡһս¿ͷ˵һսԺʹǸһǧˡһǸżȻһǧξǸȻˡСι˰ƽ٣ҲʹȻɡ

ɨس

Ȼһսǿ⣬Ԭʷϵһλǿˣʱǲȡġ¾գԬԡͳѽҾְפĸͳԪݴ֮(ʮ)ε(ʮ)̱⡣ͬʱԪ人󲶵µণľԱʱʡˣﷴضвȥְҾڽսȣְвʣǱɽ֮ǱڣԼĸͬ־人ѵˣı忹ԬδΪŽʹʾơҾʾʮգںҪϭڣԬˡڶθĵһǹ

߸עڶθĵһսص(Regionalism)ɫʡҹŴطһ֡رܡƶȡ纺Ʊ涨˲ΪأǱˣΪִѧϵνƺơǺܿѧġƶ϶ʵУǧĩϡرʡ˲αʡĴͳƶȡĵطԺδݵ֮ȾͰһδͳƻˡʡȫǱʡˡͿ˱ʡ̾ݱʡĶˡҲǱʡˣﷴҲǱʡˡ㶫ʱɽĺ߹ͳ¾ǹ㶫ˡ˲ͣŪ˶ԬҷԬҾյñȽܣﷴⲻԬıʡͬ־֮ԬΪŸ棬Ȼûǿܡ(;)ءʱԶϵĲ(Ϊ˶ϲ)Դ̳Regionalism߽ġȻҲǷԬʱȴԬͨʹҾǰΪѿ̡(һһ¶ʮգϲ޵硯ҳһġ˵ԭӡΪһһ)һ壬ھʱڡ̨䱾ɱҲ

ʱߺԬרȨΪ״Ϊҳ·Ĺ񵳵¼٣ڶСһ٣Ҳ׷Ӧ񵳵ϳڽ㶫աϺӡڽϱפ֮ڣҲԬʿ֪Ǹʱ񵳲ûԼľӡеĲǵʱиĽͶǵطʳǵսͼɣʱԶϵġ򡯡һ̣˵ġΪսսޣܻ֮಻ڡԵеýȱʦʿϺɳָӣŹ£ݡ㶫һ΢ܼһΨϾҲԡ

Ͼԭ壬Ȼն̵ȫˣְǱϺ֮ҾٺκȷϾŴ䡣ɽָӣԻ˱¶աȻϾ޿Ϊ;׷ȥʰεӰսϾʹΪһܣǧۡ˽ջؿʵ﹫֮θ³ͳ˧ֻ֮Ի˹Ϊһʱ˺ͣһ֮սҲ(A war against a wrong enemy, on a wrong place, at a wrong time)ʤ֮

θʱδ£ȫīȫ£ɨس֮ġΪʦʵ飬ȫʧܡ﹫Ҫ򣬡ԶΪʦȥרˡԬ͸о岻й(͹άĶԻ)پһʹĶ֮󣬽ѡѣղ繷ѣ˼ҾҪͷȥʵˡ˽֮ĩؿ֮ûʲôʷⲻİɣ(һžŰʮһ) 



ɽҪõ Ԭͳ


(һһ)֮ɽԷ쵼ġθʱ࣬ȫīһͿءĹΪʱ(δ)ȴǽйĻתʷУһ̱˻˵أԭĿıǷϳƣĽȴģʽ׼ġθıȴ־ģʽĳס(ע⣺ǡƲٽμ˵)

Ҫ֪лĹģʽԭǵʱʿҲøʽʿɩǰȫĸ;󲿷ֶԵƾġɡҲڵԭȡʵĹǸɣһϿɵģʽǡθ֮ȫһµġͬԸ( national concensus )ͶٳӰˡ

ۼңܲ(ɡɡɡ)֪ԷӳȫĹ⣬Ϊʱȫ˿֮ڣ֪ʶޣܴȫأⲻ֪ߣҪѶʹĵطҪ֪ĩ֮ʣǽйĻӵййת˶ڡУռȫ˿ڰٷ֮ʮũֻǸĬĶ( silent majority )Ƕν⡯߱зԵǻ( wisdom )ͻ( chance )ʱܹվ˵ģֻ㹻ν֪ʶӡǴҲɸǴñӽСֵ( a quarreling minority )ɡһǰйͽպϿǲͬնġҲתͽչеġ׶⡯׶βδҲǲɷʷѧνʱĴ󣬡ڶθǰֵ(϶ᳬȫ˿ڵʮ֮һ)ģʽĹ⣬ԭ乲֪ͬġ֪ͬȴθɢˡ

Թ͹֪

¹ˣǽջͷȥģʽлῪʼֱһһлʽ֮ʱʿΪйһ鷨( magic wand )֪ȾɽǾݴҩٲɵεġ˰㴫ͳҩ(ԹƺͿƾ)ˡרȨġ塯͡Ȩܷ˼صĸһӣֱ֮ʱڲ֮ϻҪ̾ڸδɹĵͬ־ԡ١塭Ŭ᳹ԭġĸǶθ󣬶Աͬ־̸ͨѶУɽϵؿ̾׵УδɹͽûоȥʵԵʡȻߣʵǵԱ֪ʶˮƽ̫͡ҪʵµƣȵʶƵ֪ʶ֪﹫Ҳ֮ס֪סѧ˵ɽеġѧ˵μ׾˼뷢չĽ׶ԡƪءʮꡯ飬塢¡ƪԡ

ǶйĻʷ˼ʷѧѧ﹫ԭʼԵġͳѧ˵(ҹҵĴͳѧ˵ǿ֪֮Ǽ裬֮ά)ʵֵ˼ʷҴġǱƤĺʣ٩˵֪಻ס׫ƪһŶ롮ȨۼʴϷҲǴʵܽĸ˺ͣʿν˲һȺǶνģʽ˵û൱ʶʵԵҲ.֪е⣬ҪʡˡΪйܷƣһܸӵĻת͵⣬ʮ㵥ѧ֪еءٿղʿƵ̨̳ķ˵ģʽʶɡǺڽأأ෴ģձ̨ȭߣıءѪŨˮ

߸עйͳ˼ʷ棬ӿīׯ½йء֪͡С⣬ԭһ׮̴ѧ˾й˼ʷңΨ۵ѧǣסʶۡ( Epistemology )ᵽйٰһΪΨġΨ໥ڮ˾ˡ罨ɽҡҵǰ֪(һ˾һһ)ԭĿ(Ψ)֪кһ֮˵֪СܵɵӰ죬֪֮֡ʼ֪֮ɡ(Ψ)ġֵߵΪ֪ʵԼ֪أж֪أһҲ˵ɽѴͳ(Ψ)ġ֪ѡԼġʵǼһı׼ߵ֮˵ɽǸ𣿺ʵ٩ɽ˵֪಻סҲǺʸԼʵµĽۡʵȻǸΨߡʵִѧĹҫ֮£ѧ˾ֻһûʵĹ磬ֵù棬ᷢչʷ

ʷķչ䡮͹ʵڡ

ʵѧϵʶԭһѧѧĽ죬ʧǻ۵ħҪʷǻôѧʷѧ֡ʷѧһ֡Ȼ֤ۡʷ͹ʵڡ( Objectine Reality )ɵʵ߷裬˵͹ʵֻǸ˳ŮӡҪô磬ô磬Ȳ͹ۣʵڡ

Ƿأɴɣǵʣйʷ棬ûи͹ʵڡأ֮ͬǰҸͦԻСУ㣬ֱǸڵĶԻʱɣɣգ(.)ڲصͨϿĳһһĺ壬ӿĻ̫ƽΪء˭Ҳı䲻˵ġ͹ʵڡϣ͹塯ѧ֮Ϊ( Representative Government )ʷѧ(ʱ)ʱʱֻһһȫģµʽ( a new way of life for the whole nation )͡ͳʽȫͬһµʽлʷķչУһµĽ׶Σµġֻ̬бȽеһѡ

ߣ̬תƣȴһתתģʱҪϳ֮á꣬ʮ֮ڣܡ书һۡأǲʱҪϵöãлʷϣԡΪĵġʱǱȻֵġղ֣һ֣ղ֣һ֣ղ֣֣֡ǸʷϵġȻʷϵıȻǿ͹۴ڵģκ˺(man & event)ı䲻˵ġͽ͹ʵڡʲϡ͹ʵڡǽڵ£ȴ޷񶨡ұʱڽйʷϳֵġȻԡʷչȻĳЩȻԡôһʷѧܷ񶨡͹ʵڡġڡأ֮Զԡʵۡȫ̷񶨣ʵҲЩʵĽ԰εԵʡʵ塯һģءĴ桯Ҳһ(ΨĵĻΨ)ɵʦǵͨΪ֡ȵ̸й˼ʷ½ʱϸ֮

̸ֻ󡮴ڡ̸塮̬

ȻڽԴΪĵģȻֵġʱνṹ( its sociopolitical structure ľ̬ΪΣǳмеġǿᡯĴͳǸĲǿڹҡŷƣǼ֮ġ໥ƽ⡯( a balance between state & society )סִ½ơ( a post-Modern structure )Щƶȵĳ֣ʷҾͲܺ˵ˣΪǽʷǰչˮɡĽʷֻܸˮơͺ壬հԶй˵ǽԱ˼ˮǼʶֻйʷңֻСйɫĽӣҪڣڡǸʷϵġκ˺£Ťתġ͹ʵڡҲʷҿԤģʷѧϡıȻľ̬ǷĻԲģʷҾͲܺ˵С֪ʶļޣǿ֪Ϊ֪ӲȥΪȫ˻ͼϧͷҲҪͼԸڷϾͽ࡯ͻ߻ħħһǾӡԸѧʷĿѧѧңֻܼ֣ڽػʺԺǧйģһǸйǸʷıȻ˶ѡйľʽǸʲôĶ˭ҲͼģΪ̬Ҫǻˣǧһ¯ɸ֣شġּΪӵᷢչĹУֱ˼ûгġ

˵סҹŴڷơ⽨ơƣǸݻ( chance )ǻ( wisdom )༤൴ĥġʥͣǵǻ۲ŵ£֮޵У֡Ϊ·ΪʦǾǵǺˡˣǾ֪һν׶ڽľ̬ҲȻǾͬһĥġԿߣ֪̬ҪһҶԺҲȻ֣޿ɻҲˣĿǰΪһʱμңܼ֮Ӧ֪䡮ڡΪĸƶ֮;ϷԻǲơ˹֮νҲĿǰĦȭƵ׳򲹵ǣҲԻ伱̡ΪС̣ҴıһʧǧźޡԬ񵳵ͽǰĿֶٴͳǰ֮ɲҲ

ʷʷʵʷѧ

ڽйʷתͣڲͬ׾ѷĲ֪˵ٱˡ˴Ҫ˵ͣҲԭжˣһǣʷѧ뿪ʷʵǿջڲͬ׾˵һЩתۣ͡ǰơתұķˮ롣ʷʱۣܰʱʷʵһö֮Ƿɵ䡣֮֮ªȻƽʥ飬Ҳ

ڶʷʵûԽʷѧ˵£ҲֻһƪٳμǡѡʷѧɲһЩڻν˼ҡ£Ƥɳ֮ϻġǴʮꡢ꣬ǧ꣬ۻʷչʷʵֵĿŵʷ( data )Ը( conceptualization )ݳĽۣصʷҲйͳʷ(֪)νʷʶ(ʷ)ִѧдʷһḶ́Ǿʧȥдʷˡ憪˵һѡѧ޷ԬΪκȻѪҪʵʵδɣʧܵôң

شҲɽйִʷϣܳݵˡʱҲٸôˣҪٵ쵳ԼоרȨĵôأǶҪѧ˵֮ɽúԬʵ£Ҳۣʲһ֮Ҳ߸עԻڶʮĩڣͨʷҲȷһʱȨѧɣĪѹʺѧʦ쵼Ľ׫ġйͨʷ( The Cambridge History of China )ˡⲿеľʮʮרۡлᣬëϺ쵼İӣҲ˼ʷѧһѧʿһƫ֮ǿйڽйʷһһתתģʱʼ깤ģתʷǷѹǰ֪֮Ҳ˽ʷѵĹΪ󣻲Ϊ࣬Ȼȫͷ㣬СʧδҲ

塡Ϲ

Ԭͳú𾢣ҪйԿĭδɣ̾ΥҪʵأȻҰĵ(зԬʷҶ˵)ʵҲǾһ飬ȷʵҲᵽ͹壬ʺй飬ǽڣҲδʼʵԹ͹ȷʧȥģ˲ҪáʵۡȻԼͿҲһЩĸʱĲʿȫԹߵ֮£ˮġҲʵ

ʱйϰգ֡ԹЩɶӣߡЩɶأܼ򵥩ӹȥ²ȾҲѽʽĺ߸עսġġҲءʵأȴһЩСšС͡ССֵ.ֵ塣ƪ׾ᵽνʶľϸԣ˵пϡӡγɣ˭֮죣ʲܶԬһ˵ͷϡ͸Ϊ˽ֵ÷׷Ҳ̫ɻ(뿴ʮ̨̳)ʱȫйʶ( national conccnsus )岻Ϲ顣ƪѡʱר

Ǽ̳ʽá޷Ӱ

ʱԬô룻ɽҲԬΪ͸㲻ȥˣͲָƵĺãҪʵۡ﹫Ϊ͸ȥˣӦ˶һɽҲҪͽǣȫä䡯ɰʩ𣿡μǰļ½ڡڽйʷʷϣʵ(Ƕɳʣ»ʵĿؽ̹յйĹ)͸˶(ҿīᡢϣաʷ֣ǵĽëˣԼĽճɣͽ˵ĺɺ)֮䣬ʲôͬʵϣݵʱܷѧȨλӹŵŵ( Professor Frank J. Goodnow )Ĺ۲졾֮ȴԶǰߡҲΪǰٽˡ̳(Ӱ)⡯( succession Problem )Ӽյܼǧ괫ͳ«ĸʵͽ˵֣ǣߵʹˡʷĹ±˵ˡͿǵĽëλߣ֮ʣһΪŴӣһΪŴޣҲǷѾĻɣǽҹˣͲҵˡⶼͼӰߣ˽Ӱʵ߸עйʷϣ׽࡯Ļ棬һ߶Ȥɡ˳˵˵߹֮׽ҫ(ʱй칫)˵һ߰ʮʱִ֮дʱֳָֻ佨ͼһ֧ǹҲûдʱסϺҫߵסʱſڵͷͽȥˡʱճԹɳŽ˵ͷȻš˶(գ֮ܳΪͬ־һغȻûСͬ־֣ͶĿ)ҽӻ绰ָʾ飬һطȥִСҪʵ̹׽УҪؼɣļԿ׽ҫ˵գһԲֻŭĿӣû紫˵ԣ޴֡͡ڵϴĬһᣬվժһԿס˷Ը˾£ѽѺƽʱרýγ佨˳γɽ˾ʻʻԶĵطѽϺĳĵҡл񹲺͹ʷȫһһŰ˰ˣҳһѡԡҶҲɷּǡҹǧʷϣۡһ֮ۡϯ˼Լ˵ģػʺ䣬Ĳɣ棬ѷɧһ콾ɼ˼ֻʶ乭񡣾ӣ(ë)ǽйͨʷĽʦǧĴʵŶӣȴҲû֮һԦϱʬδ̫ͱ顯ëϯǰһŭɽ̰ͷأһ̱ӣҲˡǶж񱨣ۡգأǹŵŵڵˣԭǼ̳ʽĹͷΡ( non-hereditary autocracy )Զ确̳ʽĹͷΡ( hereditary autocracy )֮ΪҲ¡һǶɽӰ࣬ƽ˾ٿ˴˵䣬ͱ˹ָӰĺҫ³֪Ź֮ԲҲ˼ܲ˵ģĩؿͳҲ

תǰȨݼ

ѣ˵ԬҪʵۡʵѧϣĻǸһġͷΡ(̳ʽĹͷ)ءëĻǵһͷΡ(Ǽ̳ʽĹͷ)ءǵһһʮ꣬ǧšһģֻܸʮ죬ȴųꡯҲѣתۡڴ˵ؾˡԭ̳ʽĹͷΡ(ʵ)ת֮ǰ̬һ֡͡ʮһģ弱ϿҪУȥҪָǰһڵػʺĶͣͽС( reactionary )ˣᷢչɣ򴥽𶥣ܺδԬıˡ

ʯëʽĸ˶þͲȻˡǸȴͳƻĹͷΣϾǸʱĲƷǵתε;ǸһɲĶͣ෴ģֻǸġȨݼġתơ( Transitional Institution )ǸɻȱĶ֢( a necessary evil )ëȨǳһĻʵˡȨ͵СƽֻʵˡһǻԾֻѡͳ(ϧֻǸƫС͢Ļ־)ٿ½ϣˡ֮ġȨҲǺԵġ̽˭᲻֪ҲǼ߶Ȩ֮ӿ컬£ʷҴƱҲ˲֮Ըһԣҹڶδת֮ɣ֮ʵйһҶ֮ʷҲԤԼңʷӦѧҡѧǻᷢչתĩڵᷢչ󣬶۵ġһǲܵģǰؿʷұ㷢δвˡҮҮ

ѽйηչĴƣ˵ˣǾͿ̸̸ʷˡȴԬ˵

Ԭҡ

Ԭһһһ(ͳ)ʮʮգ֮˶ɽ֮Ϊ˵Ȩλˣ˵ҡ䡣

һְλڼ䣬ϷĸɵĲǲȡءıơǶ׹ȡмɵľԴƹλĿġ

ڶԪ£ﵱѡڶʱͳֱ֮θ֮һʱ䣬ڶִ޾飬ԬҲǲȡı̬Դơڴڼ䣬˵ߣˡԪȲ˵˹ǺԱ˹񵳣(ǰͬ˻)ҲԬ뵳ʾ£³ǹ񵳵ĳԬҲֻЦܶѡڴڼ䣬ȨʵԬУӡȴбȥΪ֮СԴʱһС͡СˡСͷڱ֮ڣ͵طʡ֮Ҳ޼ɣŲͣѪֹǴҲǵйڼȨλѡɽĺŹ㽨֮عޡ͹ݵƼҢݣ֮ǵǹ붯һġЩȨĸߣҲֻһЩƦУΪݡɽС˫ǹڻǺǹǹԲһջȱҲЩž޼ɵŪ壬ɧȻ֮Ρȫ񣬰һ֪ʶӣũȺڣ˼ΡǵĿ֮УԬͳһɰ̫ƽоƽ޲ϣܷȨҷؽ𣬻ָ򡣿ڴͬһڼ䣬ɽ˵˵Ĵγ᲻Դ֮һˣɽԷ쵼ġζ(ʱҲСθ)Ȼ飬ûȺڻܲࡣڶθԬʽ֮ԬԸʱĵ͵ı죬ҲнˡǹɱԪ飬Ūɵһεġѡ˶θҲѧ˺ë󶫡֮һĴͳսѡ()ĵˡ籣ɵͳ˹ȥҲѵ˵Ѻ󵳣ɣҲͳ˹ȥƪҲ֪ǹ񵳵³ȴƲ˹񵳡˶ζƽ֮ԬͶ˲Եвġˡȡҵͨ˵ɿңƻͳһ̰һרֵָġȫ·ܹ˾ġΪλ·ܹ˾нԪ·һδĿҲ壬ˣŪٿĪ硣

Ԭ﹫쵼Ĺ񵳣ȴް֮ǡΪʱֻǸʱͳҪͶƱתʽͳءʱǹеĶûйԱͶƱң㲻ܷˡֵʱ֮ڣ񵳼ԱԬ׷ĵͨǣƱѡԬΪʽͳȵԬϵѡ֮Щ֮ʿ߹֮ˡǺ󻰡

ɽҪٵ쵳

תͷٿʧ˵ɽڸЩʲôڶθʮʽ֮﹫Ϸ򣬲¶۵βʱѶѰܣձפ¹ݰƵ̨Ǳձɽ̨ʱס֮÷ݷ󣬼ʷڵءʱԬҪձйѵɽչϵڶ࣬ɽԬ﹫նӡ

ձ֮ɽʹ˼ʹΪ֮ǴۣʵڸɹԵʡԴͬ˻ᱻΪ֮ӣȫޡҪɸԬܵĹ񵳣ǼԸ첻ɡ˼ٶձ֮ϯδϾůͿʼٵ쵳Ĺˡ

˵񵳵ĸ˶йʷһѾĴĿڴ½һֱ͡顯¡ĸͣ˱̨֮󣬻ڼ졯ϰﵱȨˣϯܡʡʡһֵġ졯˵أµϹԱֻ㲻ͷߵϰǻٵ쵳Ÿµ

ձģҲǰϹ񵳸ɸµлǸӵһļȨ( atotal-power party )﹫֯һʱЩųֵģͬô˹ɴ⵳ʷֵûʽأִȨ˼ϣҲʷλ.ѧǿܲлǸȨΪĵ˵Ƿʱڡеģѵʱ֮󣬻ҪصʱڵġʵʷϵļȨ޲˰һ²˵أĿǸ޽׼ĴͬᣬǸţƤءֻûһ⣬ߣֻͣھ¶ý׶Σ֮Ҳ޷ǰˡľҲ̸йߵľͺʱҲδɣ˳½ˡëĳɾͣҲֻľʱڣͳһ˴½(ǫ̇̄)Ҳ޷ǰһˡɽ˹񵳵ľʱڣëˣܰ´һ룬Ǹʯˡ﹫˵ǣøտʼͶˣɽˡԾʷʷΪδɹлʷϣǽʯë󶫣ɽأתӢ۵ıȵҪ̸֮巨֮ͼȨ֮ʱϸֻ֮꼻һֵġлһ¡ΪԬʱĲһ£Ǹʱʥ͵ɽҲҪ˶ãǾͺ˽ԬΪɶҪʵˡλӹŵŵԱôйڹδƽҲͺƽˡ

лļȨܹ

й񵳵ʷִʷϣɽһձסںͷɽʱͿʼ֯µˡסԼԭ͵ԱʷסΪһһ¶ʮաлǸʲôأֻܳ˵һº֯пͬ˻ϵӣڶ־ѵʱڽУеĸ߼ɲѡٲеֱָɣģԱֳ嵳ԱЭԱͨԱеԱһ֮Ȩͼ֮ɹΪԼģԶءصµÿһԱ뵳ʱԼӸָģԼپٸһŽ־(ʯ)Լԭ˼ǩϺʱΪʮ¶ʮգԭб󡣱ԭȤĶߣɲĹ͵ʷ֮ס弭֮ԭӡͼƬ

﹫ǻͽϰ߼Ϊӣ˶Դһָģķӵ쾭壬˿áԼҲԼֻǰѷӵΪͳͬ־ѡΪʩѡͬһԼ˼﹫(һһ)°գΨδָģ

ݵʱԲԤµľº䣬ʱͬ־У˶ԴָģӸ˵һЩʽ飬﹫á󡯣һΨһ(ΰ)֮䣬ȻʹۣʹָΪǿ֮˸񡣶Ⱥף۳Ψһ֮¾ԷӡңƷרƣͣ׳ʵ֮ߡ뿪Ҷͣԯޡĸͬ־ӦӸˡһд룬ǴΪ᳹ĿģҪͬ־ҡʵ˵һ.಻ãʶޣӦäҡġپٸҲСͬ־ҪپٸǷҲСҸ˵⣬޸֮ʦΥΪǸͬ־پٸһĨɷҲܴӦ֮صġס壬ҳˡ𩤰ͬʱ﹫Դָģһ£ҲΪ쾭ģ˿ʱһԹ̾˵־ǿ㣬̬ȼɽƣ˰

ԶйлףһȨʣӦ޿ɻˡ˻ΪһʥҲ˼Ҷһŷ֮ʷ֣ͬīϣҲǺĽë﹫֮գţͳͳһţ㷴ҡԾĻëǶܶʵΪʥͣ㡮Թŵ˼Ҳʧһӡǻ˵ͷ﹫Ըĳɹˣܵúë֮գתУƱǿĶ( necessary evils )ġ֪ķչİ

ңǲңʱҪԱɢձߣա˽ܡť֮⣬ʵ޼ҪˡҾε͡Ԫ࣬ɽԹͷûθڣŷԶݣչʹ﹫µʼδһγᣬɴСж֮⣬ҲͲ֮ˡ

ĸ

ɽڴڼ䣬벻̳ʧ⣬ȴ鳡⡣(һһ)ʮ¶ʮա͢ԡлʷ־Ϊʮһ¶ʮաڶȻͱʮŮˣʮʮˣϷޣ鰮ƣʧ﹫ʵĪο塣˵ĻԺֵӰ죬ңԴҲ˵䡣ǰƪ֮﹫ʱͳڼ䣬Ĵ㰪ͳӢġŮ顯ͱ֪תйŮҵˡǷʱͳ֮ĦǡҲ﹫ձʱڲࡣðȥְ˸Ľѧɹ֮Դⲻ֪յձװжϯδϾů˾Ȼ(˹׿ڸʷŵ˵)һλƻŮֵһλͳ󰮣Ҳ˽ˡ(ҿʮĿֶٴͳͶʮһ½˹ʷ޶ż)ǵ游ĸʱ丸ҫ羹ŭʣȻʯòҲ˽ʽǱձͶɻ滨ģҲǵ崫ʵ¡εĻΪͷɽʱͷɽ˵Ҫͬô˸أͷɽ̸

εĻ£ֺĵļأϡġͬ־ȶࡣЩ˼ңһĸ£кߣлƷ˵֮ࡣڿһҲսڼ䣬ë󶫺ƻͬʱһ㹲ͬ־Խ(ëĵ)ûкøСԶϵӢëָժë˵ѧϰɽ(⻰ǽԼ˵)޴ԶԡλеĸӰˡ׮ǹ˶شӰ죬˳¼֮ΪǱʷ

߸עڡԱʱҹͳʷѧΪסдй£֮УҲ˵ǵ֮һ˵Ļת͵ʳδǶ֮ۡʵҹʷѧԴڡ֮ѧڼ׹ǡ˺ǹǿķ⽨͵ʱʷһԭǸȻҮ̵ľԼؽ̵ĿǴӼ׿ʼйͳʷѧǶȫģִѧʷδꡣ϶ȽʷѧδģʼдڵĻ֮ԡר֮Ͼ֮Ҳ

Ԭͳĳ˻

ٿԬƽζ֮ڸЩô»εȨϽ﹫ġθԬʵ֮콵ҲΪԬ﹫ȡͳλûͳһй֮ʱڴͳطеĻرƶȣ׵ƻˣȫʡ඼صͷ̾ݣӦĸֵط˰գͳͳڿˣԬϵǣ˵Ǻް취Ȳģܶ䣬ŪĲֻпծաԺĹᣬڹ񵳶Ŀ֮УծзԣԬŪ׽⣬־졣

Щطͷ֮Уɽģ˵ǹյӡˡԬʡͲѴϭˡ콵ɽʡ͸ĻˡθȰܣԬ˵ո˰ҪʡݡһҪʰЩڶζʱĶҡˡϵ̷]㽭ϵĲɵȶԲͬӲĽڣ˱ȨֻɱӺﰡʡеĴС人ĵĸͳԪ飬ϡѫСկɽɽԳơִѧҵġ()غͱϵƼҢˣڴͳĶʩ֮£սսҲĻ־ˡΪǿҲɵĴ󡮷ĪڡҺھ߻ġ()ԪˡԬɽ֮뵽ˡɽ쵼ĶθԬ϶Ȩ֮ǣʵйɡʵϣһִйʷ棬л񹲺͹֮ǰͳһйʵֻڶθԬͳͷأ֮⣬½Ҳûͳһ

ѡٵĵһδͳ

֮⣬Ԭϵһ壬ҷʱͳΪʽͳԭνʻڵԬڼ䣬֮ڹͳܷ⣬ɲͬһܣѡ١Ϊûܷͳأһѡ٣ܡǵǣܰҲѡͳǵ֮Ϊһˣǻû(һë)ǿڹûгȨͳûУҪǿĳأԭֻǶθԬȨͼѡ٣ˡȻѡ֮Ӣ¡ǿ׷׳йȨˡ

ԭڼ䣬ݡʱԼ֯һܷίԱᡯܷСܷ顯ойܵһԬѹ֮£βҡݰܷ£һܷġͳѡٷԺܷ֮ͨʮչʩС֮󣬹ͳѡٻѡʽͳˡ˹ʱ֮ɷԬӣԬ֮ݹᣬѡ٣˵һͶƱԬδõѡƱԬ󾪣ʱ׶طأͷåƦؤճһǷġšǧˣΧסԱֻѡͳĲΧڴѹ£ȻԬ͵ѡΪʽͳͷԴϲڶ壬ҲͲɸӡڰʮͽĽ죬һعˣȻĻ磬̫ΪỹǸأϡ͹ġƤͼ¡ν󡯡˴ߣѡʱ͡һͨȫƱѡͷȺڻ֮ڶȣǰȴߡתϿеˮԶǰġǽɣɣͣĴУҲǱⲻ˵ɡδҲ

Ԭ̳ܷ

ԬʱȤֻλͳµԲ˳Ҳһλ֮ͲԸԸκηɵԼˡڵʱĹУȻѡ٣ܣѡӣܾ˳µˡŬһ꾡ܷݰǽйܷʷеĵһܷݰν̳ܷҲǴʱԬͳ̳̳ûȤˡˣⲿ̳ܷ(ȫǡлܷݰ)侭(һһ)ʮͨճһŷֽ

ȻߣԬĿУⲿܷԼԶھԼȻǾԼЧڼѡʽͳܷԼѾԼ⡮ޡΪɣȨȶˣٰ⡮ܡҲ

ԬһɹţϾǸ̺ܸߵִͣεĥµĹͷԱ㣬ҲΪסĲǴͷ֯õ취壬ԪԼԡȫʺԼȨסԼΪҵĸ󷨡ԬǸڳͳʵҰĵɽȨ뷨ʵ;ͬ飬һͭԪ档ֻɽҰ㣻ԬڳͲһУýеˡ

ԬΪʲôҪ˶أ˷żȻҲת͵Ľ׶аѡ

ɢ񵳣̱

λ֮ԬϱȨĵһǽɢ񵳣ѹҵͽںĹȨѹԵ߸Ԭȷɱ˲ٹ񵳣Ȼɱ˵ĹģĻɱɱС׼ˡ˵Ԭλ֮ȴɱϵµĹԱһʱѪȱء˼ģɱΪĺľλӵɿԪѫġҺߡ֮ƵԪ顣壬ӵġ䡯(䡢䡢)ж䱻ɱǰᵽμԬֶ֮ɱ䣬ǿְѽɱ

(һ˰婤һһ)ˣĩתǧѪ֪ʶеһԱڳ¶СѧʱָѧϺйѧͶͬѧ롮ҵѧᡯͬҵѮ(һ)ͬ˻ᣬձУ¾ѧ֯¸ġѧ硯Ϊ糤ֵġᡯкܷģΪָӣΪıԾ̫ᣬŰѸҺߡӲϳͷͷɾһĹҵԬ϶ɱʱѹٰнϽΣȻҲǸвθ̷֮ӲںʱίΪһͷġԥиʹʶʧܣ̷ȡʱ䷴ΪηǱӡǱ;ȫΪʹ±jԪѶԬǿ˵ѸΪ󻼡Ԭ˵͵ǹԬʾ䣬ɫգʹʢϣʹĹٽΣɳϹ㣬̳֮ͬʱǹִ̳ڳݣǱϣ졮ձϣݾɡʱʮꡣƣףݾѡ̲жסתҦ䴫˴ʡһ˵ʿ̿ǹɼ̹ǹսڼ䣬ɳ֮ۺ(һšһ)򰸱ɱʱƣתڵʷ磬Ҳ

ζʵǳ˵£ԩ꣬ϰɣǸδǿݣӺ˵أ

ԬԪ(һһ)ʮʮգлʽͳͳ֮ʱδ£Ԭʮһշɢ񵳵طһлء֮ڣһɢ񵳼ĹԱһȽԱ֤£֮ڣ׷ߴİʮ֮ࡣʱν˰޺Ա˰ٶʮˣһİʮ˸޺ʧȥԱʸʧȥܹķ( quorum )̱ˡڸһСίԱᣬܷܷίԱᣬȻҲԶͣˡʮһաԭǧ֣㷺ָҵ֮⣬ǰͬ˻߸ɣһ򾡣Ҳ˵ȫĸӡҳһšʱδ£ԬٶԪʮշɢĸǧԣģʽлᣬˡͬϣҳһһһ

ܸƸĸԬù

ԬǰԪϹŪˣҪûйͳ෴ҪٻᣬõĹƤͼ£ʱʹáεѧͽҲѧһЩɣ˳£˵Ҳ硣֮Էġ̳ܷͳǸԪġʱԼѡģµܷݰͳڷϵִ̫ࡣǸݡͳơѡٷѡٳͳ̳ܷǸڸơܷͳڸ̳ܷƱءܡδܷ֮ѾԼ磬硣

֪Ԭʱѷ°ɣиΪңν˲ǿηǣǰԬۣǵʱ缶ȨѧߣҲҪ֣Ǹѧıۺ֣̽ʱգҲдġƪϧʷϲ̹磬꾡ĽĶߵ֪ڷѧ( science of juris-prudence )ϲСӡ˵䳣ʶڽѧ JSD ƵĴͷ JD ֻ˶ʿҲ

Ԭڸ( kitchen cabinet )ҪԼ͵иԪĸʡᰡɲ飬ʱǸųơһġڸ󡯣ΪҪ㡮Ƹĸ(ҽøǰ)ڳﱸټһν顯һţͱԬͳîˡ

ڸôأԭԬͳƽ֮һʱ죬ΪʱƣҪʹҲһʱɽɵϣ䡮һڸ󡯾Ӧ˶ˡǰƪ֮³ɣ٣ߣֻ󵳡ǵһ󵳣ƹϯ֮ϣ񵳿ĵڶǽԭ͡ͳһϲɣԱĩĸʱıɡɵ״Ԫϣʿˣġ˲ǰεġɱԱͬնҲͬ˻Եơ̡ˣҲӢʶӢۣľ߾øСԬڸ߹֮󣬶ˣǹҲܵڸǡһڸ󡯡

߸עдŵһȤ¡һĳգϺ϶һţǰϣͽŮҵĺ( Helen )ëŮʿ飬ʮʮΪȡﻶģΪۡУ·滨ģֵöޱȡ˵ǡ㲻ϣҲ󡯣ƣʱЦ벻ʮөĻ飬ȻᵽϣҲƿЦ̾Ҳ

ʱڸɶƸĸǿ˵أܽʿʮ(Сɽ)Ƽף࣬⣬Ӣһչ֮ʱʱ()Ѱȥ˲żüá(ʵ˵̨ġСϷǣЩ״ԪʿܱأΪ֮ƣҵϣеҰĵǣʷܷ飬ǵ classics ʥ֮飬νѧѧҲйˡҫרŸЩС politics ܡԳԷںţ㲻μأ⿴˹񼪶ǣڿǵɽ֮ continental ֮硣ѣȡϣúоͺܲˡһ̶֥Сȭߣأ)ҪƸĸɶأһΪƷ(̨ҲǸ)Ҫþ϶ڶΪߵطЧʣ᳹Ҫʡʵʡأط(ٱȽϱȽͳķʡƣKҪʡΪʡ)ĸڴ½ʱġרԱ𡯡ߵȨγ褼ܿգν֮ʡơʱǸԳ䣬ΪҪܿγأĿǰ򲻷ǻͳϵԳɶ£ƪٶ˴ȱɡ

֮ҪƸĸҪټʡᣬΪ֮Ի顯ڶʮһյʡɲصطǲμӻ顣Գţ˸Իλ顯ԼҪȵˡԬ֮ҪˡһΪɢں͹κϵѹǳ˻ﱸԼֱյùᣬ˻Լһնܷ

ͬ¶ʮգԬָˡ塢顢ɡȡΩʽɻƶԺΪλ鳤ŹΪ鳤(Ԫĸ)ʮʮգλڱĳйʽĻˡԬ( Thind Tank )ƵùĵһҲǺ𽥽롮»ĵһͬϡ

ͳҲɴ

λӵ͵طʮֻ֮࣬ǸѯǸڸ󡯵оߣṩʩСȻͬʱҲΪͳְߣֹͣԱְ֮(ѹ᳹׽ɢ)ɢʡʡ͸ֵطλȵȣȻʩУ޴ϸڡԼһǾ͸ı˹Ҹ󷨣ӰԶˡӦԼӽ͡Ҫ֮ǽ⽨һԼ顯ΪҵأһԼ֯ݰɡ˾ݴ(һһ)һ¶ʮչʵСһӵлԱʮ˵ġԼ顯ʮʽĻعޡʩΪ鳤Э֮£һȫʺԬͳ־ԼлԼһչˡ

µġ󷨡زһԺƣԻԺԺδ֮֯ǰ½ġԺְȨ֮ԬԺ֯ʣ͹񵳵ġᡯйġЭǴͬСģ˵ǡƿܹϣ˵ûãҲȷһáֻԬЭȴһڵȨԬͳҪķ֮⣬Ȼⶩʮ֣һҪɣɭַ淨ȨȵȣǹʱͬɵԽҲһĲοֵּԬ֮ͳѡٷǾΪŰˡҳ¼һ(һһ)ʮ¶ʮգԺͨġͳѡٷԼҪ

һл֮ӣȫйȨʮϣסӹڶʮߣбѡΪͳʸ񡣵ڶͳʮ꣬ΡÿдͳѡʱͳһƼбѡΪͳʸˡǰƼ֮ɴͳھڼκ̽Ըǹܴڴͳؽʯ֮ǰ֮ԿͳԺԺ֮Ƿͳ֮ÿ

ѡٷԬͳְ޴ӣϤ㡣ëʷˣǹöôĽëϯôʽ࣬˭֪ﾹҫСӣץϯ֪ҪѲײˡ˵ͷԬͳд˴޴ӵְӦˣⲻ֪Ĳ㣬ΪʮԪƵһϮۣð֮գƫҪϿˮۣ𶥣񲻿ɱ̾ƪ̸̸׻һΡ(һžŰˡˡʮ) 



е⻼


ԬڸģԼְĴͳ֮Ȩʷϣë֮ǰ˵޵ڶҲëϺȣҲ˸ƽɹźŬ(ԼΪ̨ʮ)ԬҲëһǡǹ˳ȨʵϣҲʷǹ˳ȨĵһʷɽҲ編ƣϧȻϱʡСǹˣ㶫ʳŪ׹㶫磬ԹصЦãЩǹˣȴʼճȨֱڲ֮ʣˣҪƽܶй

ʯҲǹ˳ȨϧձС˵Ūùһ찲ϵë󶫣˵ĹҵϣҲڵʷ͹ʷĳɾͣǹ˾ȻȨȨȳӡëֻܴ££Ҳǣֻϰ취¡ë˵ȨǡӴġþӴ£ʼëҲǧʷϰ취ִйתУͲԡϰ취ˡϰ취ˣá°취һ°취ɽǻнԶΪʦë˼ϴѧϰ벻ϴһףʮʵ飬ڱʷ֤һвͨӣëˣǸҸı䲻˵ġ⽨࡯йʮͳΣʮ(һ-һ)Ȼˡʮƽ١⻹ǵСƽ˵ġһ֪ʶ˵Ǿԡҡ(һ)Ժġʮƽ١(һ-һ)ˡԾйϰգйԻġƶũνп׼˵Ǽֱǡʮƽ١(һľ-һ߾)йȨ֮ȫϰգǡƶũëϯ֮֮Уǧʷϣ˭֪ʮ꣬ǣƶũ֮ƽ٣ʷʷϣһζǧ˵ǰǲĵȥˡ߹ٴѧߣмΪһԩأ찲ëϯĴ԰ȫм֪ʷɱ˷أĿǰأΪΪıͳһ˻׺⣬߷磬ǵ죬찲ʷڹ跨һͳأԿĿֶٴͳΪŵ͵С£ҪȫǸëϯ˹ʷϲ˾أʵϣЩʷⲻӽǵĵڶδתǲɵġʷϿǳȥġΪ쵼ߣЩʷ⣬Ҫԭзġ׵ļԽοߣ԰߲źáܹвͨġ

˶ãɽҲ

׾ƪԭר̸ԬͳҪʵ۵Ĺ£ƾհëϯҲϳնһأǺʷеʱȨˡǿԸ㡮ȽʷѧгýҲԿʷ⣬ҲҪƵʷһ£ȽһҳȽϸȷĽˡǰʷũ͢ԡΪʱ磬ʷչǰԺ·֪ںη޷Ƚˡ

ĿǰתͷչԶ԰ѽĵߣǵΪȽо֪˵壬Ϲ顯Ԭһˣë˽ȻҲǶһ߷۵㻥죬ȴͬⷽǡ˶áԼĵͽȫҪԵңԷӡʷϴԬʼë˶һġûɶ⡣Ҳ˵ǣйתʷչУи֮裬ⲻ˵ʹɡˣǶԬëĲͬʽĶȨⲻ˵Ķħ(necessary evil)Ӧиһʶˡִ갷ˣƣ´ƻơ׾ǰƪ֪ʥͣɽߣ˶ãҲ⣬֮ԲŲŶëϯҲԬʵۡǱ˴˱ȽϡȽϣܶĳЩ壬Ƚͻۡ

ȿʷϸ˶õʼ棬Ԭĸ˶÷չľ

ƻسĹ

˵Ԭë˵ĸ˶ãԭͬʽ죬ԬĶþôʽأҪ֪ԬѷϹų֪γʶ棬Ĺ壬ֻС͡(republic)͡ơ(monarchy)͡ԼţͲ˽⣬κġ͡(settled pattern)һ׶Ρһ׶Σطչġһ̬䲻й飬֪ʮ֮꣬ͺϺйأԬϺǵʱûʷĹΪͼȻй飬ǾֻиɴͷȥˡǣƣҲ֪Ǹ٣Щö͸ġϡ֮λˣ콵ΣֻԬԼʵˡһ룬ʵҲԬԼʱʵȰߣǲ˵ģǵ뷨ҲԬ뷨

ԬԼȻҲгƵ۵ľġǴͳسʵۣɱ֮һϦ֮䣬ҲͲȡçİ취ٻʵۣɺʱڣһۣıһƣƶȣ𲽱ɺϰõķ⽨סǻʱϿһļҲԬϷϳƵĵһǷϳƵĹԺ͹ڸΪͳֱϽз⽨ϢĹ䣬Ϊͳ֮˹һְͬ꣬Ԫ谷ϳԺ֮ѧʿӺԺľ󳼡ʵȴ޾֮ȨԱļùŷ⽨ľ֡䡯򡯡ʿȾȡ

ԬҲָƵĶԺ(ƽԺ)𣬺ʷ̨()ԾΥã⡣Ϊĩйִʱǡ½½ϵӢϵ֮ͬǴ½ϵϣһϷͥƽԺʵϱһϺ͹ٹϵַͥƶƽԺھΥΥĲϣȴǶеġǴͳйƶȵִʽĽڻ־ֶٴͳŰġ١ʷ(Kenneth Starr)ݴƣڵԬУ۴СΥ̰Ԫд̡Ԭľʦܼ࣬ξܰһ׮Ԫ̰۰Ԭǹ(ձĳϣͬжٸ̣)

ͬʱԬԺ½ƣԼط١ƪ˵ԬԿط룬϶ñ͡רѸʡɵȵ뾩ʦ轫Ըλ»Ի֮½Ԫ˧ͳʰ´ͳһ

ڵطʡ϶֮ԭʵȨƳεѲʹ()ʡԵƵطʵȨǿԵطȨ֮ơ֮Ԭͳı֮־ԡ·һˡָʱһ¡ͼȻҵġƽ˵ƴ¾㱸ȱֻʣʵ۵ˡ

ҽԬϳƵǰƺ(֮)ļܹб£Լԡ

ԬƵǰ뼯Ȩṹ

лͳԬ(ʮһΣΣɴӣȨɢԺ)

ͳԪ

Ժ(ɹΪԬ֮δټ)

Ժ(ͳѯɴԺְȨ)Ժ踱ͳ

(ɴͳѡ)ȡϸɡ١ޡʩޡʿڱϣ䡢ˡعޡ½顢Զ㡢]˵ȹʮ

ͳã䡡

(ֱϽҶة֣ơҪơӡһ˾)ةʿةǮѵ

ͳʷ(ԭͳ鴦)ʷࡡʷ

(ԭԺֱܳڴͳ)

⽻ܳﱦܳԡܳ

½ܳ𡡺ܳۡ˾ܳ

ͨܳ塡ܳũܳš*ԭũ֡ϲ

ƽԺԺ

ʷׯ̿

(ιʻ)Ͻһ𣻽ʮξʮ

½Ԫ˧ͳʰ´ʿ()

Աȡ裺е

μǰǮʷԼʱ(ʮһ)ҳˡ-һ塿

뼯Ȩδɺ

ϱ֪һ¡뼯ȨƣӴ˵ԬʼٸˡĽë̲ҲԬҹʷе֮ܳһ˲šСһץ±عסΪҲ䷦Զ룬Ȼ۲Ŵԣ֪Σ˽ڶ࣬Ȼھɫʫʸ踳Ҳܺ䣬ɦŪˣӽ԰ɥ־ĶϰղôǶֻƷﴵѣ͡ƽãΨץȨݺأȷǸ۲۵ζеĶҲһáǻ˵ˣ˶ͨжʮʷԹרۣ֮֮˭أԻ¶һΨɱһ֮ѧҡڽ̼֮ҲʵҲҹԹ¹ԭȨν֮¡¼ǡģд֮ˣɱգһҲҪԡɱˡɱˡҹŴʥ;̫ΪȨҲϧ߱ɱܡָĳĶ״̬Уض߸Ӣۣɽܣܲν޹£֪˳Ƶۣ˳Ϊҷ˹ˮۣ޲ɱȨһԳۡԪ䡢֮йʷϣͳߡ潫࡯(̫ڵĺͨ)ȨһԭδɺҲȻ͹塢㲻ȥѣͨʷ͸磬ԭûϸҶһֵ˭أˣԬë䣬һֺŸ˶ãҪͽͽä䣻ǿȫ񣬾ԷӡԻñգ費Ҳ䣬Ҳһöգ費ҲҪе״̬ת͡һǿͨʷϿΪԬĴݸͰ׵۳֮䣬ϿηҪתͷʻ죬ԭ⣬ֻΪ޴ˡʱʻϿ˳£̲գͷˮȻԬ䵳֪Ҳ

⻼Ʈҡ

ߣǰĵйԬϵʱƣҲûгƵ۵۰Ԫڴ֮ȰǽƵۣ֮ҵǼõġȵðλãƽȣһʧȻƳ˱㣬ưԡƵۡȫ֪ͷëһʼ췴մݣȲԳⶫͬܽɽȵǴϾĶǧ꣬ҲҪһôǧҪΪꡯˡ꣬ɱͬھˡ

ԬʱҪʵۣ˵ǰĴҲ̫Ǹйе۹廢񣬹գаǺУԭһƬáԬɽûдƽй෴ģԬȨҲƮҡͳҲȣð֮ȥʵأ޶ãܺδҿǸԭŪ췭ظġ֮ҡ

֮

֮ôأøִʣǾ֮ĵһũ壬ʱ＾صǺԥڶԥ£ʡʮǣ䲻˵ǧȻ֮پƣ໥ɱ®Ϊ棬ʱأŪԭһƬáǣλũ䣬վͳʱʷΪʣϱˣԭΪʿ»Ĳı»걻ѺΪܡʢ˱ΪǣԴڻԺơռԴţȫšݶŴͱ࡮ʼĩǰڶһϹӣֻһäƶũʱθͬʱշת֮磬ί֮Ϊ϶Ԭƻ·豱¡֮ʢʱһˡˣʡ쭺缱籩꣬ٲȻʮǰʷݣԭܺƽ಻¡(һһ)գش³ƽʱΪԬԵ׵̽ʱʮһ(˵ʮ)֮Ҳμʮꡯҳһ-һ޸׳塯ϲᣬҳ-һ֮

߸עҹƻƽԭһǿ࣬Сģũ񱩶֮߱ˣ˹˹꾹Ŀ֮ˡ֮ʱδȻĿáܰǡũ־硣磬شƻƽԭıԵÿꡯʱųһġɷˡ½ġɷˡ롮ˡֻͬǵСǿҽᣬƱꡣɷ˵֯ӡ糱ˮپӱһգسԱũ񲻸˱ЯŮǣţν֮ܰǡׯկװν֮ǡߣԳơǡ䱱ǰϦĳΰǹѧδҲҡװũũ塮˾()УʾʾбĪϱԣǡԭǡɡ֮ͬҲҽֻСɡĳҵİơ֡ܰǡǡڵؿǧϵʷйʷϵͬһġ֮󲻾ãַŹ⡢ǰġװĵũѡǡͱɷˡëϯˣϰաǡǡܰǡһȻֺΪֺũֻдڼжˡԾʱһʡͶũ򡣳һԺڷ飬ݹٷڲ˵նũԶҲҹĻתʷģת֮һ̾Ҳʼ¼֮Ϊũתһʷ

⻼Ǹ

ũ񱩶ȻǰԬͳŪôĿϾ֮ݡͬʱ⻼ͲͬˡӦʧߣйϷ֮⻼˵⽻רƪϸ֮˴ֻĩƪһᵽʮͳıߣĪաǿԣĿ֮ұīա֮ȻıԶǣЦصʹ֮׸ߣӢ۹Ҳ

ڸϸ֮ڰ˹ʱӢұϷֶӰͨ棬˲߶䡮ŻšһָӢ֮Բ߶ͷߣ־աԻ֮Ϸ֣䱾ڻ֮淶Χϲšڻ֮ԣϲҲ˵աζ֮ңɴ˼ʱӢѲ죬ӡ

Ӣصĸͼ

ڴ֮ǰ͢Ӣ֮£˫ʽʽйصԼУӢӡԼ(һ˾šһ˾)Լ(һšģԼΪصطǩȨʧ̫ܾ)ӢӡԼ(һš)޶ӡͨ³̡(һš)ڴԼУӢڲ̶ͬϣйСġͳȨȻʼգӢԸйСϹġȨӢʱŵһר˵й⽻(skillful diplomacy°桮Ӣٿȫ顯ʮˣҳ˶Ĵţ޴ˡskillful diplomacyҲƻӢ⽻֮Բ֮ŵߣ־ڷҲΪʱӢǿԻŵĽ㡣ʱʮ(ʮġǰ)ɳİջ֮£϶ԡʵ֮ۡšμ̨桮ʷдʮˣҳӢΪʼйĵλųɳҲһšնս֮󣬶˲Ϲ֮ʱӢǰӢ֮ͬƣȻֲأٺ(Sir Francis Younghusband)ָ֮£һšļһٽռ졣ʮΪӢ˲ຣתףöԮӢռִ֮ͽӢ֮ܡ͢㻤Ȩ֮ӢؽУӢͼйġȨһٷʹΪӢӡıӢʮΪʮꡣ壬Ӣؾ˹СԼ֮ҪּҲӢԴԼǿ͢ǩѺԼҪĿͬϡʷԼ顣

˹ʱ͢פذ´󳼣Ϊһ̩֮Ӣռ̩ӦӢ̩ٺȨڲع٣֧Ӧռ֮ʷ˵ٺЦ֮Ƥ飬ΪйڲȨ֤֮ͬϣҳ߶ҲϽ˵巽⽻󡯰ɡְ̩͢ʱ򺣹صӡȣӢ档ΪͯӢִʷ֪ʶḻ˾ȻӢ˷岻ã޹ʱӢѸǿѹնսΪϰռɣӢȾָܶԼԾӢٲȻһµĶͬˣγ֮С½ڡڴµĹ֮£Ӣһֱ͢ӽ棬öַȨأ಻ҹȨնΪʵòԼӢıأСֹһ죬;ˡ

ķڲ

Ӣͼؾصĵһڰλϴ⡣ڰڼ䣬ӢӢӷӡӡͼȻڲؾ֮ǱҲһлԵӢ۹Ϊ棬ѸʹˡԭڿһĪչ֮ʱ˻͢ʱԵ䳯мӣΪӢӡϤ˰˵Ǳӡȴ巽ʱԬ֮֮£ڸפذ´󳼶ʵȨءزغ󣬶ȱţΪӢЮӡȡ͢ѹšӢΪʱԪ£װʹزأ͢פش󳼣ɱ¾ʿƲɮִߣĴ֮Ūñƴ󿪣𡣶Դһ߾ʱҰý壬֪ӢӡΪ׳н֮ıʱ֮ԬҲӢ֮飬ӡ֮ķǣٿСӢһμ֮ķ(The Simla Convention)ˡ

ķ飬һһʮ¿ʼһһ޼գʱ£˵ȫӢƣг⣬ģҪз(صط)ȫŵѡӢӡ澿Щʲôȶأ˵ˣ

Ӣ룬Ϊ֮ȫйȻ󽥴ε֮ӡȺϲ򵥶γһ֮Ӣֳءһǿ޷ʵʱй֮Ȩؽʹ䲿ֲӡȣȻ룬ôߣĿеٻɡء͡ڲءؼյȫȫΡڲ봨ߣຣ½йͳ֮ʵд˼ƻӢԲӡ߽Ҫϲɽ֮ˮΪߣϲɽ´ƽй߽ӡȰͼ˹ν(The McMahon Line)Ҳ.ʿ(Sir Henry McMahon)ʱΪӢϯӢռ֮½(޶żҲи½)ض³زϲɽγɵġһϿȡ硣ȫԼΪ̨屦֮ԸȤ۳֮йΡ־һžŰ³֮ڶһеרıͽһϿȡֵһ

Ӣ޶˸ҹ˴齮ҷȻԣ֮ʱӢ֮أȻҲܡʹӢ಻òǡ˹ʱֵŷսӢ֮ԣ˰;ֹķҲ޼աȻ̴֢Ҳ

߸עһҷδϣǽڸӡȵĴδϣȻӢͶӡԼɼŨѧҺý壬򲻹ڹʷ֮޾ݣӷǷΪȻһӡ߽ͻʱ³ΪӡֽߣѧýҲһ̻ӡʱŦԼڸѧĻѧʮˣŦԼЭйֻдᣬڴѧϣάʷʵڹʷϣ޷ɸݣŦԼʱ޿ñ֮ѧʷʵıȷΪǷ֪ڹʽУȷʷʵѧ֮ݣڿδؿҲ

˾ͳȨ

ݡʷ塯ٷͼͳƣϽǧʮ࣬ʮǧ棻(ũū)ʮһǧİʮ˻(ÿƽڣ)Ͻٶʮһǧ߰棻ǧ߰ʮͬϡʷҳ߶ˡΪ˵ϵ(Sino-Tibetan languages)뺺(Sinicized or Semi-Sinicized)췬̨νԭסҲӡŵĴС˾ͳ֮确췬࣬˾ֹڶͣջ˾ӡ£ѵϵͳν֮򡮿ػһƶʷ֮Իݡ(ѡطTerritoryġ˹ӡΪݡStateԭʼ֮ʮޣչʮݡ껹Щɱ˺̨ʮһء)ڹйػ֮ǧӡɡȱ߽ԭδҲĩ½Ϊʡͳʾӷ֮Ϊʡʱ͢ڰѴ߿ػΪʡֹʡ֮⣬ȺӡԶļ֮ڹв֮ƶ޿Ҳй֮ƶΪȽ϶Ӿ֮ʡΪ֮ݣʷңֵѹԾʼСգƴ򣻻֮壬ֻΨй֮߸н½ز֮ͣңż֮ΣɿҲɿҲ

ڽ֮ʵ˿ڽˡմƣ˿򣬺ҲԭǳмӢ˶֮ƣνءڲضͳ֮Ҳд˿˼룿Ӣ۹֮Ҳ³껹ҲҪм̴Ӣ۹Ľ˰̣Ƿա֮ǲӡȣŮؤǹѵո֮ʧΪ֮̾ѡӺ˵أйرƪ֮ʷϣԺţҪ֮ɲοڸ֮ʿģTieh-tseng Li,A Historical Study of the Status of Tibet(Ph. D. Dissertation, Columbia, 1953)뱾йصꡮʷƪ

ء˼Դ

ʮ͵Ĵͳ۹֮⣬ɽմ(fundamentalists)ӵ˿ڣϡĴຣ½ġءĻ֮γɣԾʼСյйߣҲ̡ܴһɳĻ룬ΪߣΨ(Idealism)ɱĽ۵ĸԴʵڣ(1)ѷԾۣ(2)һִĵУʱֵĹ(Internationalism)֮ʱˣ(3)ҹǧѷڣڡġǰپһЩ֮ѧסһ֪ʱԹĴϧͷ­Ѫġʵ֡ͱɽйģ缲籩ĳ˼ˡ

֪С壬ֹءսУ̩ĻҾȻҲͿձᣬͼšǵνǣ̩屾Ƕǵһ壬佮ϰ뵺йĵᡢǭʡҪձոʧأԽ̩۹ءս󣬰̩Ӧձս֮ء˹ֻСϷͿսŷһ

֮ĩ׫д¼ʱ˵ѲǸʡǡ׳ˡ֪׳塯Ϊ塣Լͯķʾ֮λ֪ͯ塯סڹʲôطʱ׳Ϊйһ壬˿ƣʲ֪Ҳǻգ׳֮Ҳ˸ҲҪ׳Ծᡢ𡢴ǭ񲻶Ҫˣ±£ӹ֮֮ʱĻת͡ʮָӵġУͬйѸ˼ǧյҲС塯(Minorities)롮(Mainstream)⣬ػ֮లΪͬһ⣬רйҲأ¾ר£֮ͬʿ֮Ҳ

ɹŵ

Ӣ֮ظΪµģǶɹˡ˵йʷ⻼ԱΪҡū󣬴Ů桢ɹšޣϵġ˹򡢶˹һ念Ӻʱֻɽ֮תε֮ʣˡնսǿΧƽҶй𽥱ԳΪˡ

һıԼ֮һֱҶΪƱȫ̶ѡĵƪġⲻ֪նһս(һš-)ܾϵձСһ½ضˡնսǰӢԶ⽻ԭΪշ֪նս󣬾浹תΪƽҶӢ򶫱Ⱦָ˻ΪѣһͨնԼ(һšߣһһ)ԽйΪϹձɳ߷˴˲Խ׳һǿȾָϱκһǿ˴֮·(Edward Henry Harriman1848-1909)·价·ƻ(ƽɰƸ֮ŷ)նѶЯֱʹ֮ΰƻΪ֮(ŷѧе۹岻֮ۡ׶ڻ֮(Chinese Anti-Foreignism)δ˵׫ľΪǷй(ForeignAnti-Foreignism)롮ˡ޹Ҳɲ졣)

һšʮնǩĵһԼġҶϱֽߣ֮£

Ӷ߽һֱһֱ϶()֮ˣɴ˻һֱˮˮɴɻ۽ֹ۽۽䬶ӽ֮㣬ɴ˵䬶˺Ӻһٶʮֹˡ֮ԣκľж⽻ʷһлֳ棬ҳˡ

һйĵͼ׷һ¡˵ǰǵļʡһѸʡΪϱƽ֮뵱ĺȫʡϼֺͷ()ȫʡձԿնйܡֽߡٰӢġߡԱȶԱȣв۹塯أǷй

ԼϷɹ

شҲȵˣҹսң֮һһ(Ԫ)°գٶնԼְйɹŹϷֵˡԼ̶ֻҵҲȤζɾģ¼ԭ£

Ϊȷһšʮռһһ֮Լֹ֮ܵӳһšʮԼֽ֮ߣɹ֮淶ΧЭ

һ䬶붫һٶʮཻ֮𣬽ӦOulountcheourh(׳أ)Moushisha()֮ˮ磬Ӵغʡɹֱ߽֮ɹ߽֮

ڶɹŷΪ(ӦΪ)һһʮȶʮ߷Զ֮֮˹۹γϣձԶɹ֮棻ձ۹֮ͬ档

ԼԱԼܡ

һһ(Ԫ)°(¶ʮ)

(ⳤ)ɳŵ(S. D. Sazonov)(ձʹ)Ұ(һɣǩڶʥ˵ñ)

ж⽻ʷҳ-ġ

ٴ֮ĩȰйĶʡֳϱ־֮ǿڴȾָȻأӲʩ£йȨԵԵĹº׺ڱý·(ʱСж·)ΰѱֳػͿдһзȨĲʿġPeter S. H. Tang(ʢ)Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931Ϊԭ׫дĲʿġڽġ⽻ƪϸ뱨˴ƪޣʱס

˵ǰ󣬶λڼңֽһйɹţһΪΪɹձɹ˽¾Ķɹŵķֽǣһһȶʮ߷(11627E)ԼСӣһĵͼҵ˵ϣѭһһȶʮ߷ֱ֣ߣֱָ߶ɹձɹʹ²ˡ

ɳɹŵ־

дɵͼǰϦȫɧ֮ʱ˼Ϊɶʱӣʹ()ܲڵͺͼͼɹŹͬʱ֯ɾɶ̹ѵɶӼÿǹ֦ӵǧ䣬ڰ𣬴¬װϷԱʾйӡʱڸԵӦ䲻飬׾棬ȻˣɳͽһʹɹʽˡԮʷϼǰ¶ڣҳ- O. Edmund Clubb, China & Russia TheGreat Game.Columbia University Press, 1971. Ch. 10,Revolution and the Manchu Borderlands, pp. 149-60ԮΪǹһǧ֧һǧѣӵ߰򷢡ʮ¸֮ΪӢֿھǹǧ֧ӵ򷢣ǧػǹͦţ͢Զ˾˾һһ¶ʮ¶פµһšȫҳֲ֣ͬڶԮӢ鱨ϵĿΨClubbϵԡ쵵֮Դͨˡ

ԬΪʱͳΪʱ꣬ԭ۶פ幫ʹά(Ivan Korostovets)֮Ǳףܲڵͻ˽һġЭԼͨ³̡Լ·ʵͬ֡йɹפɹȸơ֮йɹɨسţйԭɹеͳȨɳһԴˡΪˣĸԺ

һϢ֮󣬱ȫ󻩣ڸ⽻ܳƣʤ𺳣ְȥԬͳ½ֱ۶档ֻ͢ΪֻԵ־ӼΪ˻ԬҪЮйɶϸлʱ֪ǿϣйծţҪ̱

·ֵǣйȫ𶯣ǿϣһŻ֮ԭάй֮Ȩ˭֪ʢбʾԸμӡ⡯֮⣬ӢնǿڣԸɳ˵֡ĩؿʷʼ֪ǵһսǰġ⽻ʱǿΪһ˽νԼ˴༵ڲҲաԸԼӢɳòӢС²·(ҹϵİּд˲ĵĵ)֮ĬӢɳɣؾ֮Ҳʱռɱ֮ѱһ۲۵Զ۹塣ӢѪŨˮ֮飬ΪűڷƵֳ棬Ҳ˿աŻ֮ԭһȥشﲩĶǲ򣬾ٴٹϷ֮جˡʵ֮ͼɣоߡԶһ꣬ܶ¥ά(Nikolai Nikolaievich Muraviev)͢һ峯ʧأɱӦɶ͢ӹܡʧλ˹飬Ƕӹ֮ʱգClubbǰҳһһ

Ҷǲ򣬳ҲгոЩŵĵ۹壬ڱ˴˼ɣҲԸκǿȡй߽ɺ½صȨйָȨǱ˴ڽзߵϣκһǿռ糯ʡϡ飬ͶʡǿҲָӡ֮ҲиĬйϵȨһлɳˣձ֮һսеɽ֮ڶսɣȡйȨʵ練ҲȻ䲻Ȼ

½ڷԪʮһ¿ʼΪɳֱӽ֮ʱ£ǩԼ˲ԼΪԺ½Ϊְ֮ԬﱦΪⳤ̸͢侭θ֮ңδϣʮһգ˫ر˴֮ջᡣ鶨úжй½棬ɹŵò¡ݴж(һһ)ǡͼжɷ֣ǩжЭԼʮڴԼУɳҹڵĸȨ(սǰձ֮ڳȻ)ɹŵġȨϣɳȻԳйΪɹ֮ϹɹŵġȨԼɹΪлһ֡μҵ¡࣬Լ»Ҫһ˾-һľšһžһ棬ҳһ-ǰж⽻ʷ꣬ҳ˰-ŶΨʱClubbǰšʮ£ɹοԭʼο⽻ƪʷƪ

߶׾ˣܻеְɡΪɫǰƶҲѣҲʱɹˣزҲҪߣʱŷսѾձҲѹռǰռĽൺɽ뵺ʮһҪˣʽйձɽͶɣƱЧȣйҪϷˡҲҪӴʧȥոú·Լͨ½ŵĻˣ˶֮ҲҪʵҲ˽ĩͷһһžһ۹֮ǰɹŲһֱڶ֮𣿶ӢһֱأûжɹŵĻءȻձ˳ļӣǰ޶ˡ֮

ɹŷߵì

ʵɹڶ֮£ڶ֮´Σʵɹ²估һ֮ҲԭΪұ߽һԭܽһ۹塣Ԫǰйĳƣغκɽ𣬾Ǿĵ֮ȴԸԵɹ䳯˸һơԪΪ֮ʾġĺ֮ڣĪ֮Īģͳ˼۹ĳһضҲԪԺ塢ͲԾΪˡĻʼԭΪǻͳҲСԭ𣿲Ҳ

Ԫ(ǻؽͽǷ̵ĺ)ʮҶԪʱҲֻǸıġ͡ĳĴͳ·̫ؽͽĿûС²ִĸԪ˳֮Ҳֻǧɱʱԭͻϸʡӵǧǧ񣬲δ˳۱ӡþ䵱ǰʣǴֻǸĴӺա(join the mainstream)ѡҿҹлͳСй֮ƵʦԪľ֮𣿼ǵǰĳѧϣͶһƱ̨ŮϯĽݣҲ(ִĹҲʤٵģʱӡᡢ̩ȵȣǿִеġ)

ȵԭҲɡɹŰ졯ء֮Ҳһٺ»ȵͳν׼ȨУ幦£ֻܷһԷ⹫ɮܷ߱Ϊɹķ̺УҲɷ⵽еĻ𣬺Ҳˡˣɹŵͳν׼罻ģѲڿຮĿףֽԵıġӡ(playboys)ҪٻصȥΣʵǿǶķɡҵѡɹţڣëϯֱдŸ˹֣ߵҪջɹšء

ߣʱڿװֽŵģҲרԻΪҪֲЩ׶ĺȥʵۣͳͲǹһıġɹܽܵˡ˺ͺ˾ҲмĽ顣ǱѰ͢ķźͽֱӵ֮ѧѣˣԴƤҪءëӵǮëӵɫɾͲôˡڶ߶ķ˶֮ʱǵﷴָ֮ͣҲڶͽ̨ͳ֮Ҳɡ

ţͲܳĶԻܾʴΪʲô˵֮ͲҪˡ۷еġ־޵ġܿвܾѣ֮ˡǴͳĺƵ۹һҪⱾף۹ǸԵġݶľðˡ֮ǲԻȺŵġ˶ʱɹŸ˶һɹû̫ȤΣЩסɹŰڵġƶ񣬾ʲôôأߣɹ񵥴Ƥëó(furtrade)ľϵĹ뿪л󣬿Զġ壬Ѽл(mainstreamĵĶע⣬ǽѧͨõʱʣй˷)ʣµסɹŰ˿ڣڽգҲֻжʮǧˡӢٿȫ飬һžŰǱϺ̨ڼֵ˿ڡھϺ͹ϣӦлȦͷȦûиıҪ(Ҳǽմﲻĵ)߶ҲԺʮ¸һɹͳνײȡˡ֮

һԴһɹרҵĦ˵ɹŶѾȡԺַˮأԺ˵С죬С()С췸Щʲôأʱ˵ɡ(ĦǸֽܡһҷ졣˵ڿ׽ġһֻȥУɣɡຣ½أһֱﵽӡȣ¶˸ꡯƣʹǴʧɫ)

վռ壬ɽ

ӢǿͶθ֮ңй߽Ĺ£ǻֻǡ߻ҲձʱҲ˻֣Ǿصġصġĸ֮ˡԼʱλڼҾ˵ףй˶һصĳ̶ֳʱϳɾֽܷߣһռɡһռƻ֮ûʵߣһǸʱ̫̣δ㵽ǿεġس̶ȡڶλڼҲ˴˲¼ɣĶԷ¼δˣھ͸ˡǳĻǼϳֵġȻδ꣬һˡһһ¶ʮգһսͻȻŷޱձ˽ӢͬˣͿʼռǵɽ֮ˣҪйձױġʮһҪˡ

ձ()㽶۹壬ݶ޳ܣʵԶǰŷ۹塣ŷսйΪҲǷ˼ƪƪֻŷսձڰʮйͨ뺣һ֮ڣ¹粻ൺڵĽ壬ȫתձձΪάӢ֮ͬռ֮˵ʱʱ죬¶ʮձԵսйվȴɽ뵺ڵ½йǿҿ飬ѭ½·½ൺԬѭնսʱ֮ΫسվԶΪսսΪйҪվ˴ʱѽݹ黹йձʡ

վȽൺйϵǿҿ飬ԻӾڽ(ൺ)·Ϊеºʣһٽ·ȫռ죬ʮռϳվ˵ѵ¹ԱΪ²йԱȫ𣬴ˡͬʱ·ߵĿɽҵݵйأȫռ졣Ԭ䲻Ͽ飬շšӢǿ塣ʱӢʹ֮ߣΪĹάʿ⽻飬ͳҪּ⽻¡ά¼ʱձмϸ٣̽жҪ󣬲ĳμйռܽ档ݹϸ(˵ڴ֮ǰδκ͸¶ǹӢ֮Ӣľ磬˾͸¶˿֮ԣνoff-record conversationҲ)ʱӢʹ(Sir John Newell Jordan)ΪڻΪ˵Խҷ֮ҲȻӢǿĺֹձǺȻ˼ġʮһҪ󡯡ųӢ˲ʿμ飬ǹĳΪ֮йܣܴɡձҴ˵ģάڰ֮˵Ʋʿǰδκ˵ʱҲŰϷԵ⽻ܣǲġά¼ĵĶҪɰɷϸ֮Ҳҽʮһ澭ԼԽ£

ʮһҪ󡯵˼뱳

֮ձҰŷս֮޲ΪʵǴ½ߣйΪӡȵġǽԷձԻۣڿһǡʡԪϣ;¼ᡯʿˣ˼߼һµġǶΪŷսǿ覶ˣձڶΪΪŷսн֮һաʱŷս˭ʤ˭طǣйϷֺӶᡣձڴսڼ䣬йӦԶռʴսǿʱձйɵļȳʵ޷ı䣬ձϵİȨǰ;ˡǵĸ

йɸôļȳʵأձȴиܾļƻƻǿԬձһνЭԼЭԼǾҪڡ͡ɡȡȷͳȨȻΪǧ֮ơйҪȡ͵طʡΡ¡;ļ໤ȨйΪձıҪйϲ·ЩĿԴΪƴս󶫹ǿĻǻҪرҪйغ(Ǹ)ĵ͸ۿڣձ֮κǿйܽȫʡձǾ͸ʮȫʮˡһһʮ¶ʮպⶩġᱸ¼ȫʱҳһ-߰塣ĹЭԼֻǺķձܷһµģı¼дøΪȷձʮһľģһŶű֣ġһ࡯(The Secret Tanaka Memorial)˼ϵãǰһµġƪе֮

ҪʹԬƴӣǶԬҪʩν͡ѹǰ߰黹ൺԬѹ͡絳˵ԬͶԬѹ䣬ıҲıڵǲ½ͬʱ֮⣬ձҲɴ絳Ǳ½йֳȫһŻҡԬ֮Ҳͬϣҳ߰ˡ

ձԪسڸͺ᷽һµֻͼʱձǴţȡЩƻĹؼΪʡֳС졣߿ɲʱҳһ-һռĺյʮƪ̨ʷίѳʽڣͱͬѧع(ѹ)ȶ࣬ʤҲ׾ƻеʷƪУ֮˴ԡ

ιڼ䣬һ£ԴһʡԬڼ䣬ֵɳ֮ʱɽܵԬͳ鰵ձƵ۶˹ʱ﹫ǲ֪նԼ֮ҲԬΰĿɳɽֱżС죬ձЭԬԬɹ֮йģǲںձҪĶʮһ֮Ҳһܼڶս֮ʼձϵз֡ʷѧǰԵ£Ϊ߻䣬ָΪαȻʷʷʵƷҲ﹫´ΪһһʮһգСغΪһһʮ(յԭ)СغΪһһꡣһ֮ֱͺܴˡ²ᣬҳһ

ʮһʼĩ

ձߣֻ޶ŶʮһǾ(һһ)һʮգפʹ棬ԼԬͳʱֽ˾ļԬˡ䡮ţʮһݴ£

һţҪйϣѵ¹ɽһȨƽձ·Ȩ

ڶţҪйϣձͶɵһ·ȣȨǿ룬ӳôΪʮꣻ

ţжҪйϣպϰ졮ұƼ˾ڽɽȣδձͬ⣬йд

ĺţֻһҪйϣйذ弰죬Ų룬

ţҪйϣƸΪơʣӪԺѧУڵȨպϰؾ֣պϰйеһʹãձŽϲϲݡݸ·֮Ȩʡڵ·󡢸ۿڡձȨйȨ

ȫļҳ߾ž-ˡһӡ⽻ԭսʼĩ

ʮһҪйӦˣйҲͱձӡˡйӦձҪ½һ˵ףйԷǿ֮⣬ŷս룬ΪǷɱ֮ȫŻ֮ԭ򣬸Ըֹձй½֮ϮձߣԴ׼ʮһҪȾǾһپԬ(þǰ۹ϻ)йѡֻBendor Peak(ǻξѡҲ)ҪձǿԬԱܣԬҲ֪йΨһԾ֮ǰѴҪع⣻άװߺţ뱱Ӣʹ֮󣬶ʮһڶУͱŦԼ׶ýͷˡϢһȻлȫȫĻҲͱըˡ

߹ţ룬ʱѧ飬ֵķ籩ͼﻹȥ𣿾ؿڣʱڿ˶ѧйѧ²գʱҲڿİʣȴдһӢĵġйͬѧ顯˵ҪǶ飬Ȱcalm downҪܹ¡ʮȥˡҺʦڸ̸ţһʦ͵ֲڣȷʵһ˵Ϊվȹѧѧʵ޲ǹڴ˴ĹͷѪһܲ죬޶ԣͷ飬塢ңǸ塢Ĺ𣿺಻ݸǡ

ʷֱ֮ԬӦΣ塣շصǣ˫֮ԬɫظʹԿ̸Уߣáµļ̸УԬ£ⳤ½飬γأפչʹ½ߣڳڽУܾĥ֮ϸյһЭĲأշ̸¼Ҳ˵֮ԱΪԽơפʹ¼󳼵磬һһաءҳˡšǵУĩҲ

ΪܿɹߣԬͨԬҹ٣ͲɱĹԪϣˡ¾εťҾڴ˹֮ʱԬ֮ΣùѣͬԬ෴ģǾȻͬ־ͣһ¶աתȰ﹫ӦԬΪձѡǺεؽ󣿶ʥ飬Ϊ£ҶлǱÿڴʱ֮Ҳʷǰ飬ƪʮ£ڡ

ԬΪƣųء½ڡġʱΪѧ׷֮ұʷߺκڴ˵Ȼ֮߷֮ΪʷǷǲԳɼ鹹֮Ҳ

֮֮֮ɽĹĿ˶͹֮ѹʮһײ֮ձȷڡڶţձҪ񣬼̿˰ձ֮ͬ⣬йԲܽܡͬϡȻڽڼ䣬ձѲ(ձʮһݽ)غռ죬üޣھ磬ͺ⻪ȣߣҪտսĵ籨ѩƬȻԬʱǾм֮޻֮óóȻװֿǾڷɶ˻ȡ

ڶСѧʱֵһ±䡯֮ʱʿҪտս֮确ʮһ֮ʱҲҼǵùʦҪǱг²ΪίԱ׫ġ顯˵սս֮Ҳսս֮Ҳʦڹİϼ֮£¡뵽֮ʱԶ֮⣬ڳСƽ쵼֮£ҪϹãõձ࣬ձ⳥Ǹݡգ(ڱƪ׫дʱھ¶ʮһգӦԼꡱǰϹ㳡УҪձ⳥ǸΪŦԼ쵼ˣΪϾɱͬϯ˽̨Ϊᡣ)

ʵԬʱѣҲǶʮѡǿ֣ȲսֲܲսΨһİ취ǼȲսҲƵӣҲǺ˵ĿŴɡ½ǸԶ⽻ңÿλ֮ǰȲҪȵʮӣձ˼ðѻڼ٣ÿһ᣻ѻϳʮһ⣬һһоάʱ½ⳤڱձ˸ϳ᳡֮ǰμӡϺӰʮȤҵʱ׫дά¼ʱҲӰļ¼϶ɷĸ⣬ȴΪͣغˣҴΪһ˭֪ЩѧˣΪŽʡ(ʵʡʡ˷֪ж)ѹ˹ΪɵĲ֣ʡˡҸΪޣ֮أ˹Ϊ֮ĸв졣ʱҲ֪Ҳʮڸ֮ɵУʼ֪£Ϊ֮Ҳ򸴺ԣ

ʮһ棬һĸ£ձ޿ΣֻԶᣬҹζ࣬ӢţзڼȲ衢оۡŪձʵ̲סˣʱձפʹ棬׷ö½ⳤ½Խһݡͨ뺡ͬʱ˵ձפ½ԴϣڱطйˣڻġӦŵ(һһ)¶ʮգڱǩ˳֮˵ԼʮһǩйؽɽԼһйձʮһҪõȫˡԼԭִ̨ϸ۽ʷѶ⿪šԼȫĸӡ棬Լ»Ҫһ˾-һľţҳġ-

ʮһƽ

ԬĶʮһ棬ʷҺң˵ԬͼƣͶϧܶʮһҪ֤ʵԬֺγܶʮһأԭҪеġȫԬܾձʮһԭǩԼȣ֮ҲȻǲݷϣԼһɥȨԼӳôʮֱ꣬ʮһ͡Ĭ򶫱ȵȣǲ˼ġɥȨġڵйѹһϣѵġ֮ˡйȴʼûбձӡȣձѾĻйĶʮһŪó磬ҲֻøСճΪЦһݣֱҪǿռǵĵ̨μӹվͳӡ̸ǻ롰մķʼǡءܿڣSep. 27-Oct. 3,һžŰŦԼ棬ҳʮ-ʮͳձִѧٽķУͳȻ˵ϾɱйձҪǮĳ롣Ҷϲϴܴǧһ̨ͬйִʷͳԬͳʷλǲᲢ۵ˡ

ڶʮһʮձǰǵĶȫǿռˡʱĹĬˡ޹Ĵ֮󣬻Ҫڵǹ֮£ϵǩ֮ˣʲôЭ(һ)÷Э(һ)Э(һ)ءδսйǿ֮һˣйǰɹŶˡǶ͹ԹԬΪҲǽıΪҲȫ⣬ȻΪ֮ߣȹĹҲǩԼ˫޳ɣ֮ҲɶΪ˽л߶֮Ҳƶɹܻͬݣٿǰٷ֮ٵл̨Թһڵ泡֮ϵǸ̨١ΰȷĹΪ˽ڼԶ̨ͣͳҲձĬΪˣҲϲţϵ̬ܴ֮ǧһ̨ͬҲջʷ±أ±أ

֪ܶ޳ܵԬ

ڶʮһ֮Ԭ°գڱ߼ԱȫϯĹϽֵüΪʹԬ˵

(ǰ)ΪȨѽձ֮ͨҪǺεʹģεȳ衣޵й⻼˴Ժ󣬴ϴ˴νձҪΪܴ裬нܷ֮Ϊ֮ҵٷ¡Ρ⽻ˢ£Ԥƻޣ¾ģȺȺڴĿģʹ(Ӣפʹ)νͷʮձ̧ͷϣ¹Ǩѭܣؽޱ֮ʱʮԺй֮Σոڽգ֮ʹĿǰҸ֮أΪ֮񡣵֮ˣ𣬹֮Ҳͬϣҳ˶һ-˶

Ԭⷬʹ˼ʹʵǷԷθ֪֮ԡ֪ܽ£Ȼ֪ܣӦ÷ͼǿԼȥʮ֮󣬺ձ̧ͷԬĳѪδɣԼķ֮ԣһɶԸǿһδȴȥۣʵۣǾ̫޳ˡʱδ꣬Եʩѣųʷ֮߱Ҳ̸̸׻ʵΣΪôҡ(һžŰ¶ʮ) 



˶ĺ֪΢̽


һžʮ¶ʮͽġʥڡҲǡл̨塯ġܼաҲйʷϣԬʵ۵ġ˶ġ塯ʮա̸̸˶

˶͡塯ʲôأһ⣬ǽնʷߺʷߣ̫˵µĻʿ಻ˡǵԶһ꣬ҸڸױǴѧ׫дġ¼ʱҲ֪һĻԻҵʵǴڡСŹǡ(ų)ʼġһβμӡ(ù⣬Ԭ֮ʱΪ㶫ӷ⿤)ʱͷһݡ˿һ磬ųҪΪˡ

δ򹦵μӡսһսϹ۲飬һվ𣬴ϱһһӣҲҪΪˡ

Ϊ֮͡ʣռֻһ磻ʱֻһ롣ʱΪһһ֮սɳġսʷ͡սʷҪдˡ˵ʷû䡮żȻԡ

ΪʱԻΪ£ȴˡٸ߼Ʒ̣Ȼ͸Ͼˡֱëϳ½ŦԼԢױǴѧ֮룬׫д¼ʱʲôͲҪ֪ˡ

ʱͳоλϽоԱΡΪЩũġʷ֮ϵġʵվġŴ飬ȥоһ԰䡯˭֪Щʷ飬һλϽʵ̫ˣθڡһ˲̶ġʷ塯龹ܻӭˣ˹½ҲĶμۣǳͨ鵽ʱˡ

ɱСⲿ塯һС˵ǳˡСɡһ໨ߣЩ֮֮⣬һ£סѶȴǳԵʱᣬʧʷѧһϡĸֱϷ򸾵Ҳ˵ĸֱһѣټʷӡ֤ڻϣÿÿлȻ֮УҲʵֵȤ

º֪͢ˣҾΪޣΪʷʶйʷνȵȵһʱڵʣʷңǰ֮вͷתҲ

֪΢̽

һʷ⾭飬͸ʮ̶ʷЩĵãҲΪ񡮻˶һƵʷѧ۵֪΢۵̽ǲƫϵġν۵֪ߣ϶ĳʷѧΪȻȥ㡮۴ʷ۴ʷ֮ν۵֪ߣǿһеʷı仯Ȼۻʷ(data)֮ɻͷʷչ硣

֮ʷҲδ֪ʷֻ˾ܲ¹֪鷢֮󣬰dataԣȻܡȻ򡯣̾ԭˡˡ֪͡΢̽ʵѧʷĲšΡʷ±ʣʱδ(data)ҲʮڽëʣйҲͬʱʷδеı仯հǰ˺Ϊʮ͵йʷӴСĺ֪ͶԸ𰸣񡮻±䡯˶Сġ΢̽µ㡮ۡӦǴʱӡ-Աƪ׾Ҳʹӡۡ΢ۡ棬ԡ˶͸Ӷ֮Ծͽڴͬģ

ͱʷġȻ

ں֪֮£Ƕԡʷ(Republican HistoryROCPROC)Щʲô硯أ

Ҹ˽̶ʷʮ꣬Ǽţһйʷ(ִ)һйתʷʲôǡת͡أ˵ǰġͳйתɽġִйתһתתĩСëƤʳסУκ롢ָ(΢)ֵۣۣۡ׼()һתйʷϣתͻУӰ࣬صģƶȵתͣתͩĿ꣬ǰѡרתɡ͡

˵ҹת˶ǴѻƬս(һũһĶ)ʼģתʮ䷨(һ˾Ű)Ϊ̷ͬͼйͳľרתӢʽľܡ䷨ʧˣơɽӰҪñϳƣĲʽȨͳԺͲԺƵĹ塣

Ȼһһһʮʮһ죬Ϊʱʮ죬һŶһһһգʽĹ壬йҡڵسˡ-һǡ֮壬йʷʲôأǼ֡һθۡĹۼҶ˵ʧˡΪǡδɹ͸ɴ༥֮Ϊʲ׼ļٸһ۹۲ĵʿ֮̾ϢΪйɥʧһʵεĻᩤΪ̳ӣһ˲(׿һ˵)ʰ֮⣬ʵΪԱи߶ȹǱȺ񵳵ġί͹ֵֻ֪ġ˴֪Ҫ١ʧȥʵʽĻôϧ

ۣʵ϶һַйʷdataĿǽۻ㹻dataԣ۾Ͳһˡ֪ͨǾйʷתڣʱ(һġ𩤶ġ)֮ΪʷϿתͳתԵġ׶ԡˡȷǳɹʧܣֻʷϿеһ׶֮ɣһ̲֮ͨѡʵϣȨҲֻʱʷϿȺ׶ζѡ

¹(һ˾Ű˩һžŰ)ͷǵת(ӶרƵ)ֱմ½ϻڸһƣ̨廹ڸ㳷ͻȹ˫Σһ·أôʮǰʱֻʮ̾ͿɻΪͣЦգ

֮֮˱Ҳɽ֮飬ͽȻգǵĽۣ塢ƶ֮ʧܣԭǸʷϵġȻ

ϵĽۣ뵱Ķʷߺʷߣжɣ

ʧܼȻôʧܺ¶ܵ·-Ϊ˳·ʵϣɽԬȫһµġ

Ԭ˶Ϊĳ·Ȼִġ˶áɽһһ°ѹ񵳸ΪлʱҪԱĲָģӡäӡһˡ

ԬʼͼıϷǷĸרƵȨͳרƻʵۡˣǾͿԿ϶˵֮ʱδ꣬ԬΪ׵ĸͱصţһ³ϣ

(һ)йĹѳױ

()֮ʽȻǸ˶á

Ͽ֮ˮɵ

ɽԬȻһУǶԶȨĿһͭԪ棬ûɶйתʷϵʷλȴСɽ롮ɽ֮

ɽںһ̬Ŀɽ֮档ȻҲŶãǸΪΪĶáҪͨѵȥʵСġĩһ¡

ԬͲͬˡ֮˶ãϣʵϣǸͬԬԪʮռлڶʱͳһһ＾ѹ˹˵ġθ֮󣬾ʮ³ʽѡΪһεʽͳָ߹еĹԱɢᣬ³ĲԺ޸ͳѡٷ(һһģ༴ɽġл֮)ְͳӳʮ꣬ѡΣѡҲΣǾͱͳˡشҲԡκ̽زڡʯҡ֮ڣָӰͳͳΪйʷϵһˡ

ԬǸйȨʼٸߣ֮ⲻ˩ëǶ֮ӣë󶫽ԬʵԶй֮Ԭ֮ǰһ̬ɽס֣ľɹš˼ӾûκΡִӰġĶȨϼȷԶΣʵϣҲûִȨȺܵ֯Ϳơһд·ֻϴͳ;̬ȥʦСʯҡǼ£ӺʵѧġڲӿġʷϿȥѧӺʵۣǾǷˡ

ߣѧӺʵۣȴûӺʵԦӵԬǿҵġǱ֮档ȡȫȨ֮׷׳η⽮콥γ˷֮֡Ǹ˽˾಻Ҳ

Ԭ⻹в׽ľ⡣ʱƲ˰粻ȫƾծծ٣սһԬƲ֪֮Ե˶֮ʱʵ۱˵̫ġʱѱһͬĹΪ۹ʧΪ֮ͬʱԼһЩıʿǿܹƵԭ谡ȣԵݲģҲ¹ԡڱԶʡݣԨԴʡܲȣȻԶڱжңĸ֮վƽ˭֪ʱһȺҵĺһʡֿ壬ƷԬ֮Ҳ

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Ԭġ˶ʼԡ塯塯ʢǲɡ֮һΪȫԵֹһʡòȫ֪ڶסСɡ棬߼ͼӴףӢˣ崫һʱΪѧʦĴĽ

ʵ塯ĹؼƼҢҪԶ(ɱ)֮ϣԶڲ֮¡ԭǣһ϶ˣչ󣬳ڳʡ⣬һֱϷΪʡ֪ʱ϶ǲɣƼҢʱǲ̵Ĳ¡Ǹâ¶Ƚľګ˵ɳ½Сѧڼ(ѧ)ÿγķʽǡɱľķʽУʦԡɽ֮һ֮Ҳ

һһʱͲͬˡʱԭֶ档һľ٣ȭ¡ûǮûǹƼҢԼʼǰϵġ

ʱƼҢԭΪϽĳƶһʡ֮ѻƬڹ֮ʱյĽǱǵʱϣһʡɵһԼҢǸе̡оӡǹǮʵɡʡˡɣǸʡˡ(ˡ̨)ͷҲ

ĩﰲᡯӺʮ̫ȻʱƼҢ򰵵ȫͺǱ鵹ԬơʱȲ̶ļҾǱǿꬡΡȺܿ䡢ˣһʱ˽(ʷ塯)ǵʱȫΨһһʵɷ塣˺Ԭаʡ֮࣬ЩġЧӦзԬӵ롯ġ

ʱձɽġлҲڴԬɽһȺʱֻʳܵշԬƼС㲻ʵɡ

ʱǡۡġʮʮյִʱ᷽ľӡá𡢼ƻ??????羭׼ƼҢ뱱սͨʡʽԬĺŽҲȫˡܻʵһŶ(Ԫǻժ˰ʮɢˡɵԬʵŪʱʮԼĺҲֻ˰ʮ죬ҲżϵıӦɡ

һž塢ʮʮ˴Ҳڼ 



ܻʵ۵ĩպͻ˶š


Ԭʵ۵Ķʼһ࣬ͳ󽫣Ҵλлǧʷϣһ·ġǾǳץȨץ켺ȻˮɣƹһĿ֮ҹͳϷһĿС̨ݵıǿĺ׵ۣاλĹ¡ا֮ͱΪκĿ֮κĵˡ˻ʵۣ׷λʵδɵİְֲܲΪκۡûʮ֮󣬹Ԫ꣬κ˾ֱκۼλԼΪ۹Ľۣ׷λ˾֮ģ·˽֪ȴʼɻʵ۵ϰ˾ΪĵۣڹԪһ˰ʮ֮֡ͳһ˳µġƽ¡ͳߣȴǸ򡣲úιΪȴҸŮϵ֮󣬾⹬֮ڵĽϼǧˣΪУĺŮϡǸȵۺ

˾Ķ˾ԼλǸĺͿʵ۩ݵۡ󳼸ϰûԣҪˣȴ˵ûԣΪʲôԺʨͷ()֮Ŀ֮اͷҢ˴õİϷԺ󣬽ŽΡ롢峯ɴ󽫾Ȩ볯࣬⹫ӾȻٱƹλġһ峯ʱꡣ

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֮ԬλţͰͳ·лͳȻΪͳҲǻʵкǾεĥŻȻͳǻʵۡپλ編ѧȨŵŵһʽ⣬淢š͡롮ơֻͬƶȣνӣƸʺϡй飬ԼĸԺġʹĻΪˡķǼŶ岻һ¶ӺžͳˡϾǸתڡе

Ԭ˵ǡзϡǡʿǡˡʵۣʵڴλơ⻰ƺľ߳⣬ʹΪ棻ʱפʹҲΪ档Ǿ֮򻪸˵Ԭͳָơнҹ˵֪Īʵ֮ȻǸзϡĴԬ˶ͲϰֵĻ档֪ϰֳ绹ǻʵ۵ġ谮Ů(Ժžѩ)Ļ䡾ıԬѩԬļͥŮԬ֪֮ˣ˥ģ˵ԣѷ롮졯ġմȥԬ¥˵뻪д뻪дơ¿˶в֪֮Կ˶ʱĲǧټƣʹͷӣͳΪʵۣʮ֮ҲԾ¡

Ԭ˶ڵʱ۹ǸݰԬȴô밡ԬˣȨԪͶѵԬͳĽ(νʯҡ)ˣԬڶλӰ˾˭һԭǣԪ顢Ԭ˶˶Ȼǵڶ(ʵǵһǸԼϾĺˡµġòΪһҲйԪĹ£赱ͳʱ֮)Ԭʵ۶λ̫ӡĿˡ˵ӡʵۡλ֮󣬻ͷͳʱŰѿ˶֮Ϊġ¼̨桮ԬԹǡҳһ

Ԭ˶Ȼ֪˸˼ĵӡԬ˻ʮϴͳ˶ֱӻӵģϵͷԺͰʾһļˣֻˡӡܳơйͳ۵ν𡯣νʥȵͻ˵ķʹš⡯ʱĳط֡ǡɡ֮䣬ʵϣһֿŹǣʵ£ʹʱйĵһQòšиƵʥЦ˵ĳԬ˯ѣСͯͳİ񱭽裬ʧְˤ÷飬˵ڴϿһצ֮£ˤ񱭵ġЩƹ£˵ԡ͢Ϣ˵ԬڱϳΪţ⴫İϲơ»ǳСĴţǳԡ̫ӡƣǰQķ֮ʱܽܵĪοЩǵʱʢ൱ʵԵСϢѣҪСЩʵĹؿڣЩԭõ֮ǻͣδӣͻһ֮䣬Ԭˣʷ϶õѡ񣬶ӡ˲ĻԼҲȫ˴ıԵ֮̾

Ԭ˶ʱ۸ΪˡĻα졮˳ʱƭͷӺؼ£ƭ˵ձҲ޳Ԭͳʵۡ˳ʱձڰ˹(һšһ)֮ĺıֽһǴձġԬձ̬Уÿ춼˳ʱԬй̳һֱɡӢɡձһҲ񡣵Ƕʮһ֮ԬԾձᷴʵˡԭһԸĵ˼˶ڴ˹ؿڣγ棻ÿ춼ӡһżٵ˳ʱƭϢ˵ӵԬͳʵ۵ģһαԬϾĳƵۣʵؼ֮ӰġαԬĺзˣͷӸܣŶ·ʵۡΪ֮ŭ̫ӡƤ޳򣬲䡮۸Ȼľѳۣ֮ӡ򸴺ԡԬѩġ

Ī¥ϲ

λʿĶԬ(ֺ)ȴʼնǸɣʫϵǧ򲻿ʵۡ׾֮Բƺ֮ѵ㣬ʱɷҪϳ壬嵽Ҫлڡ׷Īˡ

дʫʫˣʫɴģ治¼ʮˡҲСйɫʿѧ㡽дʮײͷβģʫ̳м߶ѧֵķʫԭʽУǰʮйʫ磬޷󼰵ĸ߲ѧҲһĿǰʫ˵ѧ޷͵ġϷȴǾûĴͳѧһҪĲšʫεĮӣ϶δģйѧһּߵıʽνҪ¼ʮĹҲ׿ڸ߱ߵġ

㡵ķʫҲʹҵλܳ穤Ӣʱڣ˺üĹ˾˵˵ֻᷳϹȴ񵳡Թ߲壬֪¹λϹеĺ«ʲôҩǲǵһʫһѧ𣬲ϽǡᱡΪġ˽ſڴƻƵġЩʫУסһ죬ͷֻǺںţͳʫеνغҲë󶫵ġƨԿطʴ𡯡ǾתѧУصķƨˡ

ڱߵУȴʮֿԬ׷ʫλʿƷʵڲǺͬʱġ硯֮еٸʿ(ʵɽ)޲ɦŪ˵Ʒġ⵱ȻǶʫ˸ϲƫʹУƫͬҲΪ뺣ͬùƷ֮͸˼ھܱеġʿķʫһף¼£

է΢ǿʤδ

ϻغڹ£佾ųǡ

϶һ˲ҹ

ߴ꣬Ī¥ϲ㡣

׷ʫص䣬ȰͷӣǧĪ¥ϲ㡯䶼Ǵģ䣬ǲʱͻȥĺƷʫپ֡¼Ϊ˿ԱУȽϲһסһԬѩ丸зֵġвͬ¼£ҳһ0

է΢ǿʤ̨żһƾꡣ

̫Һסڡ

ԶԹѣת롣

ߴ꣬Ī¥ϲ㡣

䶼ͬģֻбνáóµкԾֲϡͶײˡҲһ㡮¼ʮ깦򡯵ģʫߵͨҲǱ˴ʫ̳µı͡硯ԭ򣬱ڻ()֣(Т)ִݵĽʶԾʫͣȻڡ֣ġ

ëסռϾеġ̽ʤ췭ظһʦʾ˵ͨͨԭѧ硯̫ͣʫĺѧҲʫڡáëñ죬ҲֻܵΪֹνǭ¿Ҳо仰һţֱƽšʵʫʣҲ˵ģëľʫʣ޵ļסɡڻơ֣ʫ˵۹ʫʫֻǡδҲ˵[ʫ]ë󶫡ʫʫʲôţҲڡʫת͡Уëʫ˴дʫдƽ޶ĳ̶ȣҲܿɹˡԭֻλͷӡʿԬƵķʫΪְëϯ̣һأëϯ̫νëϯʫʣȫͬǧ˿ԱаɣԬӵʫëϯʫҲҳȽϱȽϣ˵ˣǱ߹ҪëϯȥҲ

գν

˵ǵʱѧеġʫȦɵһ׸߼Ʒڡʶӡ֮֡ʶӡҲǺ¥Գı֮һʷ¼֮ѧȤĶߣ֮Ҳѧת͵ĹУѧӡǽˡ˷ɧֻܸ㡮˳ˡȻʫˣҲʫʽ˳ģʫĶߣͺˣȻȴĿ

ԬϵʱģҲѩƬɵġҪһƪȻġգνߡһƪ˿ڣԶӰļˣΪʷʵ֮ܲڴԳϣһҪѡ塯͡塯Ľ˵Ū˵͡롮Ҳܡ롮ܡҲܾȹߣΪֻСܡܡ͡ͲܡܡǺ߼أ

ڶ˵飬̳ʽľܣȷǼ̳ʽĹܣΪʺйеĴͳѡٷµĽʯơǼܴӣܴͣ񲻸ڵƺգαظı壿

ʿŵŵ֮ԣΪҪ֮ԻָƣͣǰΪάơ빲ʿսʱ֮壬ʵʮٱڹŵŵ֮ԡ߸עϴԣǴţʱ֮Ա¡ȷϹŵŵ֮ľٶӡʷҿΪ֤Ҳʱ(ﰲġӡ)һζĹ֮ͣԣţ֮飬Ŀᾦײ࡯գ

ģ֮ߣΪ־ƣΪʿڸҪƷлΪĹ͸־ʿΪά͹ߣΪľɣɹӡ

˵ԭǾɵԪϣҪΪƶ绤ˣֻΪһȷ㲻ɱ䶯ǰԭ򣬾Ϊ岻䡣òʧǵʱʿԣɶ߷硣֮ˣǵ깲ʿ׻ıӦ񹲺͵ĹѶķƸ֮ʿҪ귭ƣһݣգԤҲ֮ңѳ֤ʮǰ֮顣ʮԺ֪ҡԡ顯֮ʹڮﰲ֮ç˵Ƚղ֮ԣӲҪѽͳ·ӣʮ֪֮飬׷ĪӺԡ

ƪĩһԡԻ

ļȳɣνﰲߣܾȹۡżһģƣߣһ֮ƣԪԼˣԲΪ֮ж߲ⷨΪƣФ಻ⷨΪ񡣡ܾ̾壬һơΩ֮ﰲᣬΪ֮жҮַ֮жҮҲŷⷨΪȻ㼺ⷨΪҮغԲԾ֮ˣжˣνߣӿ֮ǰ;ӿ

ԭҹѧתУ˴Ĵĺʶ˳顣ĺţһ(һһ)ڱľİ濯֮󣬱񹫱漴ȫתأȫŷӦ֮𣬿ԭһӾձȫЦŭ֮()һ±㱻ˤȵףʵۺѡԬҲûĿˡ

ҲҲǵʱһλݲšĵ֮һҲǿиǿ֮֡Ծ̸ΣҲǵʱ̳һϷйͳΪʵۣͽͳΪŮˣȫһĵ֮ԾϷ̨Զʱһ֮ͣɾͷȴ໥ӳĻѵõĽۡ

ѧת͵Ļ

Ȼһƪֿһǵ˳Ҳ̸̸ڽйѧתáйѧ֮ת׻ʵȻǸؼǺʲǺȻϵġ֮ǰиʱڣʱӢۡΪƾٿԱģڿƾٿһš걻֮ʧȥıϡǾ𽥱׻ȫȡ֮ǰߺߵĿζɲܱڵϦҪиʺ϶߿ζһİ׻ӵתƽ׶(Transitional Period)ټó﷽֮ȫ棬ڴý壬νʽ֮עתƽ׶֮ڣڵĴڡתƽ׶ǰڵͷŴʦƪաĴģڽձĶ߶⻹ǱŤŤڵŤŤ壬Ǹתǰڵıߣÿ˶öÿ˶͵ʱ塣ˣͻᵽĳʱɿˡ

Ⱳ֪ʶӣʱȥδԶҼǵһֵʱ򣬱游鷿һЩʮͷӣָһСԿǣ˵Ҫѧϰдֽġʱ֪ɶСֽġȵѧˣ󹫱ϡԭһۣŶԵͷǵĻȻԭǳԼİ׻壬˵ȻġԱܿġ󹫱ֽ֡ġ֮䣬԰׻ıأѾ֮ˡ֮ǰ˵ë󶫵ʫʣ㡣ȴ˵ë󶫵İ׻дúáë󶫰׻дúõĵëǸ·ˡд԰׻Ľһķʼٸߣʵƪա£ʱȫĳ׻𣬡աҪһΡ˵ıǿµİֿǸдķСľݡ(ū¼)(Uncle Toms Cabin)Ůʷз(Harriet Beecher Stowe)˵սİȻ˵С˵սҪźūҪֿϵǹ˰ȻܰѺ򲹻ʵûҪǿȺܻʵλǻ׵ɽǹҲ

ϵϵ֮

ǰ֮Ԭĺܻʵһֻ˰ʮ졣ǡﱸڱ鶩ƵסֵʮԬͷһϮ(˵ʮ)δԴǾϸ̵ľϷ(Ӹͳʮ)ıδǴ̫ΪѱڻҪ֮䡯лʵܣ϶ɵǸĻ䣬ʷҶϲҲ»λĴСˣΪŷ⡮⡮ɡֲݡʷͬϡ֮ʱԬʵۡѾӱ֮赹븴λͳδܣһ̣Ԧϱˡ

һ˵ԬƵʧܣǳڲ쵼壬ͷһ֮¡ʷԪ(single causation)ڱȽʷҿֻΨΨǡǷǣǰ֮Ԭ϶޶ģͳƶ̫⣻米ָƣǸĭһơⲻ֪쵼壬ิǡûϵﷴΪӦƾһʡʡ췴ҲȻСøëǺ쳯˵彫֮䣬̲صġڲìܡҲѷ˶塣˵˵ԬϱϵԬҰİ׺Ͱڲﷴ

ϵʲôأǳ˵ڽйתУƶ޶͡޷Ƶ֮£һпˡϵƵɡš֮һȺһͷͷ֮µλε֯ʱڵĴͣϵҵΣΡ(磺ϵϵֱϵϵѧϵͨϵоϵϹϵԼ񵳵ϵϵɽϵ̫ϵϵCCϵϵϵŵȵȣйĹɡëɡɡ˰ҰϵҰϵĻϵеʮһʦʮ˾ҲγɸԳ³ΪͷͷġľϵǾ֮ϸ˵ֻ֮ȥһйϵʴǵſԿȫ)

ëϯ˵úãеɡϷ˵øãӲᵳͱȻӪ˽С͡¹λǣƲϵС塯һԱ»һ԰ѳСţų켺á½ϵ˳˵԰ײԡȨãʱ򡯣˵С˰ѳŵľγڡⲻֻΪȻĺᣬڵѧ硢ս磬ʫ顢ӣ⡣ǣ걻ӵνţҲԱŮҲʲôհô潺ڻֵģ֫Ϲ۵ؤҲҲҪӣͷβ顭֮ڽתڵй˵ɣǲڵġΪƻ㶼иûаû㡣Ϊĸ棬ΪŰ棬桢棻ңιƽ£㶼áʶ塯԰ΪסʱΪŰ£ͲǷǣ෴ģǷ֮䣬ֻֻۣۣʶ塯ȥⱾӹεԣҲǵӸ԰ɡ˵޿СڳҲҲʥ̣֮ǵСڲе߿˸šΪŸ԰ɵ棬Υ֮Ժ󣬰ʡԾҲһȺ֯ӵһİɣʷϾǴԬıϵʼġϣ׸߼ס̨ϳϷϷӽõġʱܺ÷Ǹǣ÷ϵİף÷ǵİ˫Ϊ湲١

̨Ϸ̨ԭһġҶҪиסǵһʹڹսҪĹͷΪͻȻ죿˵ȫǽİףΪʲǫ̂壿ͳȥ˼ҵʧְ˵̨ûаûаףͲ̨ܵϷֻôԢˡ

Ԭ̨ϷݳҲȫ׵ġ˼꣬ҪǣһϷԬֻóϷƱˡ

ԬҰ

ѣЩһʷҶԸī̫࣬ΪʵҲǡڴɽСΪ߻䡣дˣҲ뵳ʷʷΥһȴǽйʷϣκܷϵľʵ

νϵԬҰİסֱܶʱġΪʱ磬ִĶ(ɽл)ʱûг֡۹ƶǰ֮棬طϵĻرƻǼЧԺëġһץĸ˶ƣԬܼ֮Ԭֻµϰ취ץץʵҲȫץ̫ǰΪȨӱ󳼵ҲֻйԹԵؽȨ󡢹ͬʱһͿĴ㣬ӵһԹѸ¶дͳԬҪһ֮ԬҲֻбͷܶӣ߼ϣʳ㼲ȱؼzԬҲֻпͷлȥ˵֣л۹ƶʹȻԺǾġ

۹˥ѽ죬Ԭ䰴ơٷ֮ٵĽȨǸõȴҲһ˿յա𣬻ҪگԬĳɽƽҡױԬ֮ˡȵܱƹȡȨͳԺͳȻǧδͳҲã֪Һһʹָϰףµ̨ϣǿԾɵǻҵ(ҵҲǾɾĿ֮һ֣ڼҲһӦ䣬ȻղͳҲ)ʵԬҪָϷǣҵѾãѷֱ𵯳ԵҪɵصͺѺȫˡ

ϵﷴ

ϵİ׵ҪЩأ֮Сվʱڿʼĳ쵼νɽѡˡԶΪסߣ顯պġɽ𩡯λ¡ҲһݳƳͳߣΪ볯ź(Ԫ)Ȼ˽Բ顣ҪǺų̫ʱԬĹ䣬ﰲδ켴ƲְҹȥʱԬĲԺУԭй͸ɣ෴һӵԬʿڡԶǸɵ䣬ܼ쳤ĸ򹲺֮мҲ쵼߽Է׷ȥԬ֮ѿ࣬Ȼֱ֮˺ԬҲ͵Ȼ֮ˡԬϵƻ޷ˡ

׵ﷴ͸ˡԬ֮ʵϱ(ʦ)ǹˡǹ˳ԬԼ֣֮⣬ܴյıνʿ䡢ͷˡʿֹ˽ԭھָߣȻһֱδʵȨԬʱʵѸϻ磬֮ˡμվͳʱʷڶᣬҳߡ-߶Ƚһʷϣ½ϳʷϣ࣬أʷƪ

(һ-һ)(һ-һһ)һһɲһˡԬĿ֮֮ԬΪǽ˽˰֮Уʱ˶һ֮Уġͳơ(ʦ)ԬıֻǶ䲿㡮רİϷȵˮǴߣαһ֮£֮ʱԬףҲ˶εĲʹںνϵͳУԺȫĵһŴ

ϣϷˣҲϻĲƷµı䱸ѧõһҵ£ڿ³ʵϰΪԬ£ΪλԬСվԪϡʱΪǰָӣܶǰʮˣλΪлĿԪѫ֮һʡԬ֮󣬶ΪԬʵ½ܳԬƽθʱ󡣵֮ͳʴȨ㳯ҰΪʱй֮һˡǹԬϿͳΪβ󲻵ȨεķСԶлĿԪѫԬ֮࣬ʵΪ˳֮£Ԭ֮Ǿǽ־ˣǴɷܿҲȻ޷Ԭ֮ģʹӡԭԬġү(˶)ݣʱ˶˳룬ʸΡԬԣ˶ȰԡɽΣ(һһ)µʽӡһϼͣԬεĹϵ˷չѵıԵīʾǱ뱱֮ǰϦ̸پԬѩĻ䣬ԬһϦΪܱ˵ҪɱΧϺԬϼˡΪ˱ļصذԬ飬԰Ԭ֮ģơԬεĹϵչֶӵزԬϵ֮ʧܣʷҶഽգ

اź

谺ͶĹ£ҲͬС졣谣ֱ(ӱ)ӼˡƶũϷ̨鳪ΪӾڴѧ;Уͬѧ;ٿƾ٣šٿڣ˻ؾУѧҵûȥձձƹ۲΢˱ԬѡΣճСվ֮人ۣ֮ͳڶºڡ󱻵ͳʽߣԬϿƱ֮һҲдˣԬڱ֮ͳλ˴졣θʱַ£ѫϾžͲ˴ΪսפϾӴ˵˽ܣΪϵķ⽮ģлϤԬиı塢ʵеƵıһ̽Ԭ˶ڡ֮˵Ϊ棬Ϊ´֪ƭ߲ѡ˶Ԭ֮ϧŪóҰ֪ʵ֮ԵƵĹ˽ε಻¡˳ϧ֮⣬޽ԬϽӰΪᡣ˶ԡ̫ӡԬ˶񣬷ڶΡ뾹ֱ˶Ϊاǹ߿˵Ԭͳ˻ʵۣĲاźˡ㢱ݡ̸Ԭ˶ءʷϡܵڶʮҳһһ

֮롢ζˣԬŹҲһԬϵĻʵۿ϶ˡͬʱչԬ̱ˣҲǶˡԪܾ֮֮⣬ǱϵˣòȻϾϵͳԬҲһӰġǻëϯ˵úã򲻵ûôҵһ£Ԭ̵ܻУԬڣƵ־ںף˭Ҳܺ˵ˡ

̸̸ɡƼҢǵ塣

ͷɵĲ

(һ˰˶-һһ)ϱˣͥ˵ǡʷ˵ƶΪˡѡʮҳš̫ţΪʮͿţֱʦ(ʱʮ)ʦΪһڣδܡо١ܵɳȥʱʱֵġʱѧá̷ͬѧʱΪǰһ꣬ʮ꣬ʮꡣʦͽʷеļѻ֮ӣƲд컯Ҳ˴˵Ǹũ֮ӣ˵ë󶫡һС֮ӣ²ࡣ󣬲ϺѧֶձһšعμƲų壬ٻձձʿѧУڣ뽯ͬ࣬һšҵʿѧУơڼܣΪԱ׫壬˵ͷɡʡʱйѧˣʮŶڶһ졣Ļʵѧʵ֮٣һعΪȡĶ

һšձѧɷ磬ڶ˷֮һ߼̹ٺͲı֮󣬱㱻Ѳ£ȥһסꡣڹֵһĹǵʽĸУĹ½Сѧܰˡ˵µݵУ˵ɸ߲ʵġɽ˵ܰɲǷǴܣľķʽԾ(ʱ֪ձʿѧУƱҵ)ʹݲɣҪμӸ̡ѧѲɸϳΪ˵ʱ˸㡮Ϊ֡ѹ˺ϵֳأԷ̲ɡʻ¼¡

̣ȴøΪʱƹܶ˳ѲɴȥˡϣֻڡϽáν̹٣˸ΰѧ-й֮£дһʯҲΪֲ֮;ġα¼Ҫǵһλʵʴ٩-й½ʮʮЭЭͳ(ó)ʮЭ˴ʿٱҵѧܣΪԼİסμĸĲɴǡ

֮΢ϵ

ǰѽԬİ֮УǲձѧģΪյ½ѧ̩붼ͬ˻ĻԱԵʡѧδͬ˻ᣬͻȴͬĹϵĪ˽ҲڻƵĹϵ̺ͬ˻ҲúܽʮЭȻһͳ(ų)ܴ(Ӫ)ǱڵʿѧУѧܣܴ֮һ϶ձʿѧУڿڱҵѧƼҢ(һ˰һ-һŶ)ƱȲ̴һ꣬ѧϣȴǱƸѧڹٽϣ(ó)Ǳ(Ӫ)Ķͷ˾Ǹʱձйٳǽ׼ɭϵģԲ̶ǿָʹģƶԲǱعؾġǰĸ˹ϵ

Ϣǵʱʵɣټȫɲ֮󣬲̱ΪȨ϶Ͼһһһʮʮ(¾)͢ˡȶӣ̶һ֧ƼҢ죬ͬ˻ԱΪǸɵıʹϹݡȿˣϲ̶ϾĸƼҢιݶ֮ǰĳֻǵССĹܴ(Ӫ)һϦ֮䣬ļĺĲ̶ƽƽº´ˣƶϳ١ѧĸм֮ϸ˵

½qٷ

ǲ̶֮ߵºֹ̲ڴҲ֮־һҲԭǸâȫټӸĺʦΪ꣬Ⱥ̧Σƴ£Ҳﺣڡʮ(һš)ġõ»١ʱԬΪı󳼣౻ָΪԱΪԬϿأѡ֮⡣ԬͼƵ֮ʱԬӱԼϰשһһĺ̫ءΪ½ܳԲһ֪谷ԱƣÿʮʱڴϣɺͳҪپģšѵ¾һϱϵ½ѧ֮ʿĺĿصľǲɡʦͽΪĸԬϲֵ֪ͶЧ֮ġʦͽΪĳǳӦ߶ڣ뿪ϡϺڽ(ʱν)أ٭ڽ㣬ؽɽˣһѵ̣Ϊ֮һȥϾӦĳ֮ͷ߽ӳȫ˾֮Ԭǰһ˵ĽڵõԬĬϵĸʡϣ֮ԭȱƼҢӳϢһ̡ȻԴϲʡȴССĲ֮ڵķ粨ʡڹ̲ҰļҲ˾ơӭͷͽˡְʡڣδ̽һߺȣ伣ƼҢصᣬҲͺƽӰˡ½ġʷѡʮռϸ˵Ļ䷲ʮһƪ֮࣬ɶߡڿŶΣǾͿ߱˵Ļˡ

η

ǵ(һһ)ļθĻʱصȴԬϲҪ棬෴ȴԸλ(½ܳıܳ)ԴΪԬδʼ߳ġǴԬĽǶȿǰŵɳϣֻĸһ򡯡θԬòȥ̷]ٻһİ轫ɣ̱ϾǸ˲šûǹˡûе̵֮£Ķʹ֮δʼйĘҲҵʱϵȷĺȲֲɾȻġսӡ(񵳲еԣ˼ȻµĹ˶ָӹ)½ˡ̾꣬˸һϲͨľֶ죬Թ̾ҪҸŮСڻǱ顣˭֪ڻԸӢ꽫ҲǺġɥĺΪŲɣǷΪӹҽ󣬶ʹһӢꣿʷ֮߱ҲǺ󻰡

֮ձϣһһʮʮգתʱʦͽԭƻɲɴƼҢû϶һְȻͳʵɲ޸練ԬӣؽΪݵأԬջʵ֮ġǲװжѿϵƣԷǸꡣ֮ƽѷǰ֮ƹܴ(Ӫ)ֻᣬֻǺͨĲӷǵһ̶֮ӡ粻֮࣬˵ֽԬпУ֪أϳԾӣʩǾ粽ˡΪ˲ڸĵ籨УԼ֮ϴԣ಻ҲԴ˲ӵΪ˾ѹ£ԬҲΪǢ

ʱⷴԬʿ֮Ҿ(֮ձ½ʿѧУͬѧ)ƼҢ֮ʮ¶ʮյԬҪȡƣ̳ͷɻȵʮˡԬڶʮСʱ֮ڹ𸲡ʱδԭơ̡ڶʮټȺڴᣬͨȫ϶ȺѶʱ׶жӽͷʾһʰһȫԵķԬ壬ͷʽչˡʷϲμͬϸ顿

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ڶҾͳʣ֮ţĸ֧ӡųֱſͷΡս·Ƕ㣬һʦ֮ʱ;бʵɢ±вһա¼֮УҡֱϣΪ񵳾֮мߣָʤʵʱģһѧ֮ڣźٽԱΪ㡣⻤սٶͶʴ֣ſСŹǡ(ų)ˡ

ʹ¹źѧʦﲻһϢСųأ˵ǸְҵˣԵھ·ΪһҪԬʵۣ˵СŹǡʲôʵ۲ʵۣͲͣ˾Ҫ̾ˡǻеġСŹǡʱսĹ뵱ʱԬ֮еġСŹǡ˼ҲġŹǡ˼ˣ֮µġŹ桯(ԲȦõСͨԲ棬Ź棬ٵСʿʱŹǵСĴ)սʶΣͲӽˡһɹǿݣݵĶЩСŹǡСŹ桯ɶͣɶƣҲİдԴȰԻսξųϵĴսԣ̸ΪŹǵĹ¡ƣΪǲһʷ֪ģҲм֪Ļսʷ߿ɲʻ¼¡

Ҳ֧ӣƼҢָӣϻء

Ļս

һԬҲ￡žҢͷһ봨ʵǧ֮ڣǧɽԽ֮ѣ졣ԸɣԬսֻҪշ£̾ã޾ȱҲˣ᲻սҲ

ԭɷƻʦͽԶⶨ˵ġԭⱾڿ֮ȫ㳲һռĴȫʡȻٷĴȫɽϿֱԭ࣬ԬСԬһٴ塣ʦͽսԣԭ꣬˭֪һ(ռϵļƻ)δʵ֡ƻֻһкһ㶫УһԸⶩġѸ̧ͷлִУǲ(ҿ̨)ǧ䣬֮֮ɽΪݿҾǧñܵüԲɷĹؼƼҢĴԮ˭֪ϰѲ;֮󣬱һ֮һ֮á˵Ĺϵһˣ֮ʿһ͸Ϊˡ

ʷ֮֮ΪʦүעҲǴ¿˵ΪۡҲ̫ǻ֮УȻû˧Ϥáġߣ˴˲£ƽ֮νҲԺš½ˡϿ񣬶ԶʳԵ㣬ۿԬӦΪ֮£ʳ֮ʳҪͷϣδ̫ӡҪҽӼãͷ롣ǴӲߣq֮нգ֪ˮ˼ԴҪաϽڹ¡֮ʳɷмΪūдοۿԬΪȫ壬Ϊ˷Ҫɥ־СˣԿѣߣ˵˶ԣԣ֮һˡڽִйľʷϣһ֧ӣûϼأ֧֮ˡȻǺ³Ѯ±Ҳһ㶼ʦѡ᯴Ϊʦ˾ΪıͼȰĻͳһһԺѡƼҢΪȻˣεİ취ȻΪʱ½ƣͽͽлһΪʷǰġһδκãйʷͽ롮ԬʱĽ׶ˡ

ֻǾһߵӰΪΪӰεСӡ⻹ءƪƪͲܼ׷ˡ

ĭս˳ճ

ԲɵķʵǸĭս֮õ׶ԷҲˡ￡žҢ飬ԬˣϵܼĴ¡ĳҲˡǺκڵƣֺαڹأ˵(survival)ܼ˺ϽΪűЧԬںɱ񵳣ҪոʧأֻعԬ޷ôϵȫֻ֮м϶ν㲻ͼ(Ifyou cannotlick him,join him)֮νҲ»Ĵิˡ֮ߣ໥ɱܾˣһǴԬڴʱȫʧ¸ԹձԺãͬ죬ֲΪҪĻԬϱ޳Ī⣬ܣԬ˽ɽڴʱֺθԬأԳ²˫ڴϸսغϣ˽ͨԹںˡϺĳܷ԰֧ӲָԾʳѪŨˮкβأ

ʮȥˣսϷݡڱƽֱƽţٱ˸ĻŶá˵ͨڲ˵ͳ̨֮󣬼ս֣İɽսܡѳߡȴ޼ʹޡ¡ޣİܻʹļףǿ׷˵ġ֪ˣ֪ҲԬˡ

ӷԬɵǶβ

ԬƺԼеƣСˣҲȵڣһȻʶձĹǸĴ󣬵ŷս֮ʱŷɡʹ޷࣬һձڷԣҲ㹻ʹĻʵ֮λΪеġ˶α˳ʱ۸Ӱ죬޷ˡΨһĲֻ֮ϣơ

ıĹЧӦټй˴ʧˣҲ޷Ӧġ˵Ԭ̾ڴ⣬ʤ֮ʱ;İѵƽͣˡ¶ʮԬʽ֮ڸҪͳһλĽУ̯ʰԬϴʱǸԵĹ¼ҹ˺Ͷ򡣻ͳɼزйؾ£Щɵආʲôȵˣʮ̫Ķ֥ȣϲ̨̡ڰ࣬ǿڣһץͷ϶βˡҶʶ壬¶ʮգβıܳһµ¶ʮ˰󡣵츸³δѣ䣬ʡضҲӶϷʡڻԺ֮󣬶ԬҰ֮Ҫ󣬸ҡʮڷѫ֮£δʮʡɴϾʡЧฮԪ֣ȰϢݣǶ֮顣оأһԾŶġĸ硯ԬŮ谷ΪĽ㣬Ϊĸ磬Ԭѩ丸ġҲɣȰˣȫصȰˡˡˣ˵ĺ磬ҹ˥꣬οԴˡԬ֪գʸ֮΢Ϣ΢֮̾䣬̼˵ҡˡ˭޶ˣԬһȫֽɣйһòˡ

Ԭʷ֮ӢҲȻʷδһһƪһҳԬ֮顣֮ԲʼҲϸ֮ϵƪдרۡԬҹתУҵĵ֮һҲҹӼ߶ȣ뻯ĵ۹ƶȣҪתһӢԽģƽģƶ(Post Western Democracy)ת䣬֮ĥΪԬֵ֮һת͵ĿʱڣǸܳۡײܲ͵۵ĸԣͿ͹ʷչĹ켣ͶܲأͶձԬѣҲֻţ֤ۡ

ҰѻսڼĴ£иʱ£ԱһĿȻҲ(һһ)ʮʮ-Ԭܡƴʵ

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ʮһ-Ĵ⵹Ԭɾͣս

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ʮ-㽭ȶӳ

ʮթ谡ѫᡮͣ취˼

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ʮ-谵ȰԬҰ

һա㶼˾죻˾᯴ӣı

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ʮ-Ͼ顯谡ѫ߻ʮʡμ

ʮ-Ϻ

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һʧĵΡ


ڱ֮ĩƽľĳɼԽʮйִʷųҰʷϣؿ֮ķ׷ţڱȽʷѧķ֮£ҲһǶǵļ֡Ԭ˵ɣʼԺᣬ˵δһԬ֮顣ڳ͵ĽѧУҸ˶ԬϵۣҲ˵Ǵȫ̷񶨿ʼġǻУƼʹĵ֮˪ϦĿ˼ԶǧʷķվҲֻǼ׵֮һ֣ʥ֣֮˹֮գӲͬǶȹ֮ʥȴʵ䷴Ҳգ

߲ѧʷѧԬĳԣ֮ʮϡԬǸʲôأƲ²ʶ»ȻȻΪԬ֮ΪϧҲһΪܳһΪʿߡСڳ룬п飬˴֮֮ڣһ֮䣬һʧǧźޡһΪܲ٣һΪŰųˡ֮ʧ㣬ʵǸʤڵ£Σͺӵܷ𺣣ų赾ˮ֮Ԭ֮ʧ㣬ߣǸŵ²ƣҲΣִ֪ʶʵ֪ѲŰȣԬλ̫ӡ۸Ԭ˶ͷ·ӣʧһҲԬ̾Ϣ˵ʵǹҵĴ󲮸ԬϳƵۣ˶ȷǸؼ˶˽Ұ֮⣬С꾹Ժáг衯ƲƼңƶաһ.ôĶ֣֮Ҳ֮ȴԸԴʼͣеƣ꾹Ȼ˹Ϊ˼֮޳ıߣӣҲ֪ܽˣԬΪThinkTank󣬲ܺδȻʿΪιӦԭԻΪСڶ壬˶ѡһΰӵʷתУԬǲŵת͹еĸֿ͹һٰܲʧأ˼֮̾ 

ŵŵһ󶫷

ƪѼ֮Ԭ˹֮󣬸˹ƣ޸Լض˴ͳѡٷԼϼȿɴӣɴ޵ͳ֮ʵѾһˡ߾ֻһʹںһžˡν¾㱸ֻǷ硯벻󶫷磬̫ƽı˰ܷʹŵŵ( Professor Frank J. Goodnow 18591939 )ʱһƪڹ͡ĺۡһº÷ƾƣԬͳĶۡǶҪʵˡ

ŵŵôأʱױǴѧķѧԺѧĴˡѧѧȨҲִйʷҪɵʦ֮һĹάĲʿʦҹ֮󣬴ͳġʼִġ񷨡תͣԼģŷձʣ뵽ĹŵŵձкسۡкضѧжݲŵŵȷǸȨڴѧ˵ʡ( advisor )ְ֮ʤ죬ûû˵ġǸһѧʿĵʦתСй(עⲻѧ)ʣǾһˡҹ˵²ͬ⻰йӰ죬֮ڵġѧǰ׵ӽ쵶ӳʵʡζǾһˡ

֮飬ͨڻƽᡯ( Carnegie Ednowment for International Peace)Ľܶġʵʽˣһڸ̹Ĵӹά(18871985)ñ߹ĵǹ˵Ī(18811958)һڸУҮ³⽻ܳ˾ܳʱʮұߡάʱԬĻҪ飬ΪԬ֮ĸŶʮꡣԴѯϣǷǹĳĽˣ˹΢Ц𣬵Ҳûзϣֻ˵Ԭʵʱڻʢפʹˣδùܡء

У( Nicholas M. Butler )ʱǿڻϯݸûʷϣйƸĹʣҪǸܷͨרҡһȴҵѡͽĶоŵŵרҩۤŪͿˡֿۤҪоܣӦʵɹӢѧϰΪʲôŪ߰ķѧϰأشŹֵ⣬ǣ浽ľͲǡѧʵʵġζˡ 

ѧ.ѧ

ǰǰ׷ԭǸģʽͳԬʱ(ν)ΪͳԬŪȨڡʱԼ˰ͳƸΪڸơʱʵڸȽңֻӢˡӢǡܡǡܡӢʽġܡԭ䷨ʱʵõӦá˽ҪѧϰľֻиʽġܡˣʱйҪƸһλܷͨרˡμлʷоĵʮ˴ѧۻ¼ӡۤԬܷʹŵŵʮ(һ)¶ʮգ̨ݣҳһˡ

ߣʱƸܷרҵȨͳġƾ֡ڡᡯܷίԱᡣȲͳƣڸƵġԪԼԭνһҹ֮ġǵһηƾֵľֳũܳͷƾ֣ܷίԱĹϵǼҵġڶθǰԬڣԬ躹ޣƴʵϲȡǵ̬һԱרҵС£Խ֮СԲСѧԱƸ侫ͨר취ܷһԱɹʣܷඨˡİšͬӰӡԼԭ

ҹŹӦƸδְݶ޾Ȫӡִ۸ӵйΣ֮ӹŵŵյˡ

ŵŵ

ŵŵŦԼеĲ³ʮ꣬ʱڸĽʮꡣ֮ڣĿ԰Ŵ£һֻǰ(ʱĸУ԰ŦԼ߸ߵأɭïܣ¹ȺǸѧʥأյӣ)ĳǸ۲۵ʫ顢޳ǸķӣǧԪ(˰н)ʱһǧԪ乺ԼϽʮԪ棬ϸ߳ͱǷ֦ͷˣмۡԼ֮У֮¡רҵˮƽְҵ£ʷұ֮˵ǵһġ

ŵŵйǩԼʵڻȴֳΡϷһһյִﱱԬͳȻڻȫʱδһ꣬˫ϲšԼֽ˹ѧ( Johns Hopkins University )Ƹ飬ƸΪУ뱱ͬ⣬һһ·ְڻɿϻί˴ɹң֮һһļ֮㣬жݰΪʱܡ˹ڻȫʱ񣬲һءҵǣһأȴййĹؼʱ̡ԹĳѧȨλƬֻ֣йӰ񿣬޷Ƶˡ 

ͳƵı绤ʿ

Ͻ֮һһյִﱱʱֵνʱ(¶ʮ)ɽձϻϺ(¶ʮ)ܹģʡԬԬ£־ϱսһ֮ʱҵǣŵŵϱսеġݰݡȻĽվڱֿͳһߣϷĶζΪӦñѹĶˡ浵¸УյĶ˽ʾ̬ȣۤн¼

ٴӴѧҲΪʱɹԱƵĹᣬץȨ̫ڹСȨƽ⣻ΪԵʱʹеġʱԼƶ֮еġ̳ܷǲȡʽڸơϲΪȻΪйǸԴ࣬ӦǿҲ̳֮ܲ⣬йһݹܲݣйӦȡͳƣйͳȨϣӦóʱλͳ

һܲݵӢĸ壬ױǴѧͼԭ߷ڼ(һһ߶)ʱȡڽҴۡΪ׫дƪԭݲģ鿨̴(ŷֱΪ B342.511 C44  441)ѯ¸ˣԲ֪գΪ֮ʹ޲ѡҴ˸Լֽ˹ѧдһݣԺ⽻иӡU.S.Dept.of State Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1914pp.4251ɹġ

⣬ʹеģЩڹ֮ڣܷίԱĵˣƫ( partisan )̫ǲܷдڸԺ(̳ܷڰʮһ)ڹݻڼ䣬ǻҪίԱᡯԴйְȨ(¸)겻ϵļءһѡȨơһȨġơǸƽеġͳҲͱɸƤͼˡ(ǺȨУʱڵϯڹȨƤͼµ˴ίԱ)ΪȨ( Legislative Power )ַȨ( Executive Power )ĽƣҲʷǰģͲӦôڵġԬȻܹӰ죬ڡ̳ܷͨδ죬Ԭϱʮһɢ񵳣Ҳ̱֮ˡμۤ꽲ҳĩһ塿

߸עܷʷϣʡڱ׫дڼ䣬һֶٴͳŰҰŪ췭ظ߲ѧڸѧϵȤܷףӿͷ͸ٵסλ˧ɫĿ´ͳΪˣ͵ڵ͵îˡǽͳڴ֮ǰ˵Ѻα֤ܷ涨ӦܵҪ̨ʵ˰ͷβֻһ׮Ȩ֮ڣ˾Źᣬѹŵս˵ͷʮˮŰ֮󣬹ΪͳȨ̫ΪƽͳԽȨ˲ҶԤ㣬һ٣רżලͳ߼ԱĲΪļԺѧͷʹҽͷʹҽšʵ壬ҲǵСƽèèѧϵʵʶЧáҽʮҴ߷ԺͶ.ıѳ֡Ƕһʮͳ⽻ߣʹ֮Ρλ˧Ŵͳֺɫȣͱʷ׽˼顣͵ļˣԴΪڣͳ塢ʷȨޣҪȨάĺɫͳ飬ԭס˭֪Ϊ̾ݵ߷Ժ˹裬ԭ򣬾ʷͨʷһȨͳ飬ü¶ҲԼҵԪףȫý͵죬ɺͳԺͶƱͣȫעеһ˽֮ڣλĪݿǧŵıȫŮɢŶأҲ̫ɻˡ֮ҲȨʧζУ߻ħĹ󡣲һǵһǣǸٵټȨ϶ǲˡѧ Pragmatism (ʵ)֮ڵľ֡йƼʵĺʦʵδ͸ҲʵһҪиС͡ĻƶΪʼܸ㡮һһεĸĸ١֮ϣŰеĶûж͵ķΪǾҪйĻͷˡĿǰʱ£˵ҹ꣬ѧڣת͹У׮ɵСڽ֮֮Ӱ죬ģĿһ Andrew Sullivan Going Down Screaming The New York Times Magazine. Oct. 11 1998. pp. 46ff. 

˵ŵŵڻһأֵй̳ͳڸ֮ʱҲԬͳ񵳰ε֮ʱŽڵʱ֣Ҳͱͳı绤( defender )ȻͳƵԬͳڸƵǹ񵳣ⳡϱսУڹ񵳺׹񵳵ſŵŵȻı㱻Ԭġħ绤ʿԬϺԬϺȻҲͱͳ(ͺĵ)ۡмᡯڶθ֮Ԭƶһϵеı䷨ƣƪµġͳѡٷɢѵֹͣԱְȨ̳ܷʱԼ䲼ԼʵһԺơϳڸơ͡ͳϮơȶߵƶϵۣ޾ԵӰ죬ҲǱԬΪڵģһԺơԼİ䲼УΪοءһһ·Լֽ˹ѧУְͬʮһʮϯŦԼеѧᣬ˵( Keynote speech )ʱԵʱйĸΪ⣬ԡлԼ(Լ)Ƴ籸뽲ȫļҳũ壬ԭά˽ӢԭοѧԺһһ꿯ժҪʮһ¶ʮգŦԼʱ Dr. Goodnow Speaks on Birth of Chinese Republic at Dinner of Academy of Political Science.)

ȻĳҲһټ֣йĽ( advice )ǴӴѧģͳ(ͺĵ)ġѧȤҪֻǹŹʶԡͳơ͡뼯ȨơĴΪʵе·ʹλȨڣйδʵ۵ġˡڳٶԹܵй̳ʶ˱޹ľйĳףɵ򣬼԰Ρ䱻ߣԵңٿĪģƪνڹۡˡ 

ƺͺӢԭ

ԭŵŵһһµڶʱֵնʮһȫԬѲ⻼磣ϢֻͷΪ壬Ρ뼯ȨĹŵŵʣȻʱԬͳ𽵹Źʾ顮̳ܷΪ⣬ʱеĹ壬һ֮ӣΪԬϱˣԼйǰ;֮οⱾǹĳڶ֮ǰ׼ҵΪ£˾չѧΪԬͳһƪ£Ա֪¼רΪԬͳ׫дġܼԹԬϸ˲οġĺΪԬΪۡвǿڹơýΪͱȵ֯еƵġﰲᡯʥˡԬϵƲɣѶų֮Ҳɶִܻʣʹͷƺϴ̳Ҳǻ;ƽһܱʣǰԭڹϳԼֽ˹ѧУ֮ʱ֮¡ԭ˹ٴѧУѷ֮£͵ŵŵΪͳѡˣѷһҲҹУԬƵ֮ۡɱʹϺҲ֮֡

߿սڼѧ֮ʱ˼һŵŵ֮ۡԭԼࡣսʱ޴ѧδԸսѧڹϼĴڸױǴѧ֮˽ϸ֮һԼֽ˹ѧУ˼Ӱ̤ЬԺɵȴһӡ Foreign Relations 1915.pp,5358ԭ뱾У֮ĿéҲոԭһһȫԸϻ࣬ʵ¼ҳһۤ꽲ǣΪ¼ɹοһʷӦԭҲ 

мʽĹͷƣڷǳмʽͷ

ŵŵƪģڽʷҵУ˵Ƿ͸ˡڿʷң粻ŵ¡һ(ѹ)ڱ£Ҳƪġۡ¡һ࣬лʷڶ࣬һ£һŰ꣬лְ棬ҳһĩΡʵӷѧʷʵĽǶͷƪ̫ۡѧ( political naivety )ǸҪؿڣдƪΪŰ¡ѧģǸûڵǷʱ̡Ƿ֮أ͹Ƿǵı׼Ͳˡǽ˹ģһƪʷۡҲ֮

Ҫ֮ǹĳΪƶȱҲҲ޾֮ԡ߶֮ȺǷ֮ҲԹ( Republicanism )˵ɣ֮֮Чߡʵֻѡ֮־ֻڶһʵй֮Ҳֻ⣬֮ȱͳʷѵ֮塣Կ;Ӣ֮ԿԪѫ֮ʢδ.ݽܻۼǻΪ֮һζɴʼعΪ֮ߣżȻ̴ڱȻҲԱعϡź񣬽Ǵ󿪣ӲΪԹʹ徹һɲ䣬ΪҲǹ֮ھҲ

ٿ(һ߰˾)ֱ(һһ߰)֮ನԭȻ֮ͳԹѡӦ˵岻ʺϷҲԹʱ֮࣬Ƶӡƶøһİ𣬽ڶͣ㣬ԭ졢ֶ֮ѹָͣơֱһߡ֮շս׶ݵУ۹˽ڽ񡣹֪ڹѧУ䣬ʵδһҲ

ֳ֮أڰ֮ͳζεڶ֮Ӱ죬ʽī硢͢³͹ȻȱĻᾭõȹ˻ɣ徹ʱɹͷȨȻȨͳ֮ǿͳΣʱలʮ֮ãȻ˹ǿһ޹̶̳ˣȺ۲ȨŪȫңӡرٳīĶߵ( porfirioDiza )Ϊͳͳīʮ(һһһ)ల¡Ȼڵ֮ʱû̳ˣŪȺ۲һ֮ͳˣīͲɸˡԹ˵һ㹲廭ɣø˶õĹͷȨɴʵеר֮ΪҲΪרиϷͳ¡̼ݣСϷͳƽӰࣻרƵĹͷȨһϹͷˣڶСͷֲܽӰҲ߰ԿսǰļȨҵı֣˹ֺ˹ɽ˹ֿɷ򡢱ǣͺ³ѩëǰ桢ֱ롢˰ͷɣСƽǰĺҫͽ񡭡Թͷ˵仭ɸٹͣɴ࿪ơΪмʽĹͷ( Hereditary Autocracy ר)ʵԶȷǳмʽĹͷ( NonHereditary Autocracy ˶)ҪҲ

Ӣɹ͸ٵ

ŽΪٳӢʷϵʵϳơӢʵµһԶʮҶӢͷһΡλ쵼װӢԪ飬ֽп( Oliver Cromwell 15991658)ĸһٰӢһϡˡǻϳԹ󡢶ȻͷԴ֮ǾͽӢ͹ٿӢ͹ͳʱʽƽ( Protector )ڴӢ͹ﵱ˾ͳ(һľũһ)϶ಡҪˣȴûӰˡʷϵһѡͳͳˣνӰ࣬ʷȴҲӡ˼ͳճɴͳѧϰֲԼĶζ( Richard Cromwell 16261712ԭ)Сͳ˭֪ζ˽Ӣ͹Ҳ̨壬С˰δλ㱻ˡΰӢһѽڵԱǣΪͲϴӢ飬ǡ١ĺá飬ȫͬ˵ã˰ѷ̫һӢ( King Charles 163016591685)Ӣ͹ҲٶȱɴӢ۹ˣڽĿǰλȵǰܽҵҪӢˡƵӢͲ繲͵īأԹŽ˵ƹԭǰûɶʰˡĿǰйĽĻΡӦԾΪˡй壬ӦŵȨӦִǰӢһԺƣƴ(limited representation)ΪˣΪйĿǰ޽ѡҲԱӦɿѡʿ̽ѡ֮

ǱϸŸƪ֮ĳ֮˷ԣΪ֮д( abstract )ԾĶߡ֮ȱһѧߣӴѧĽǶȶԶƴ󵨷ԡ϶йʷ֪֮˳ʵйо(䷨)ʧܵĽĵйͣҲֻأûгʧܡʱҪᡮ硯ӹţ

ʹˣǣǽһؿȥʮԼĹԬëˡӢ쵼֮£ηչʷʵҲܲİ棬λĹͷʵҲǸдƱͼԤԼءԱ˵ƪ£޴ãֻдǸ΢ʱͻᱻúˡְҵпĵطΪԼĿģ֮ġŵŵ˵ǣ͵Ƹʣȱ¾ͱԻɡͲơˡĵط

϶ԬͳʱҲ飺Ǿת(Ӹ˶ãתר)룺(һ)ҪȫϿɣзԵĶҳ֣()ǿձйķתû飻()ҪʵܵľƻȱһҲ㣬йǷõ֪֮ӡ֮й⣬ÿйԼȥรҲֻǽһ㺣յ۰ˡ 

ﰲᡯǸʲô

֮һƪԵĿջƴȵȵǣȴ񵽼ëͳĻʽ𹫿ĵ˶ˡǸȫƶ˶ġﰲᡯһһʮգȵ˷֯ģʵԡƪԬڸıʱ˾|֮ģ·˽Լȵȵﶯ֮ʱ಻Ԭ֮Ԭ֮Ϊ򼴳ȵ֮߻Ҳ

ʷƲ⣬Ǵ¿˵ԬĹڶθҲڶնʮһŵĸ߳ڣҲûֹͣ׫ܾȹۡһһѮִʵģƪȻǳڵ֮߶Ԭ֮⣬ʱڹŵŵġֵ֮ۡǰҲ(׫µ)Ԭ֮󣬴ΪͣԮ顮ݲšƳɽԳ֮ʱйĳķأ˿Ծȵѧغкŵŵ߶֪Ƶףžùŵŵӿ䷽ԬͳʿĹ֮£( naively )ϵˡˣҪʼįºɲգʵʱġԶغСֻŵŵһҲλձιкس۵͸ˡԸԬϵءǣձȥɻԬԳơ⳼ء(һ̨棬ԬԹǡҳ)

ŵŵưͳԻ

Ԭˣ쵼ĵıΪͻնֻĹ裬ٳδҹȵͬ(նʮһǩ¶ʮգжǡͼԼǩ)ֵ֮ϷԬʲʹ񣬾ҪŹдһƪȽϹ;ƣӵģ˿ͲϸѰˡ϶ΪʱܣƳ˹֮ͷϷżȻҲ

ϺһǾͽҿɴ˶ˡ˴ӱϿ֯ﰲɹŵŵġǱˡΪãѶ֮һڰʮдߣ˵ࣻȡԬ׼漴ڡӢİ( Peking Gazetta )¶ԭģǵùŵŵ죬Է˶ĿѴڹ͡ѴȫŵŵʣдߣʹҲȻԼֽ˹ѧѧˣУµ״æ뻪Уȥ¥գ(𡮻)ͱɹŹʡܾȹĴˡ

߸עŵŵ뻪֮ǰйαī˾ԭǵʱýͷţǰ˾ʮ֮ԭرѶã»ȪѰٲסϹˣʱפʹݣʮע⡣ԻԺҲܱꡣЩԱã㿰ģ߿ɲʹݴĽ(J. V. A. MacMurray )һһշԺ֮ߺܱӡһһForeign Relations( China )pp.4853. 

˶ı

ﰲ֮ʽƳ(һһ)¶ʮա漴£ȫԱּ˵ֻо壬߸й֮顣ר̸ѧ֮Ƿǣ¸Ų漰¶ĳﰲԱֻˣý壬һ޹صʱۼң֮Ϊﰲӡ˹ȡعΪ³ϸʦࡢƺ͡Ϊ£ȵġܾȹۡҲڰ¶ʮʽϽڴаѹŵŵۼԾԻϵԾθʣԻ֮ΪǿͲʺй飬ʵΪлΨһ֮ѡơﰲҲѹԭ뺺δɾڡ

ӻСˣ

ӡڴͳйʷϣԭ͡͡˿һǶһ㳯ʿǹĹ񢡢ѧԽְ۵İ֮(䷴ʲô廢ʲôĴҪ)һ֪γԩͳɾġӡΪԻ¹κͣȺҲ⶷ȡӡΪ֪ġ˵ʱΪһ³ݵ̷ͬȡӡ͸˲֪ˡĿǰ֯ﰲȵλ֣ʸҲӡ֮أ綪ﰲĸ̸֯˶µ֮˰ΪӣҲ̫֡ΪʱԹʧΪߣ洦Сʽһ˵ĩ½СѧʱҰһƬɹ֮ȫʧȫµһƬðܻÿÿ̾Ϣ˵˵ֲأֲأʻ¼һڣĩΡ

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Ϊβ壿

ʵⱲתˣƵġš͡һһ̾ϢǧǧϾ֮ԣɽ֮һǶһڹɳƺͬѧԱ̾Ϣ˵ѧԼİ˵ëϯµѧ߸ӵǿġڵ½ϱǸȤ⣬Ϊʲô()ʵ۹õ(طеġıơ)Ҳɾ֮ءգ

һŹѣǱһǿνתˡйǸǧ괫ͳǶһᱻִĻɣν⽨ƣҲδȫһǧ겻ϸĸ( sociopolitical entity )һǴ˼ڵֵս( challenge )𽥱֮ʱϱԫ֮ҲЩ鱦ƽ𣬺ֻʯԷ١ҵǣһĸңǡһθߡһЩϱԫݻ֮󣬶ʮ㣬״(ʵϹһ)ΪһϺʽĦ¥̾Ϳʵ䷴¾δʾѲȺ¶޽ͷصߺУܺȺھҪԹţˡȻգȻգ

ȫܿѰˣ˽ջؿ֪һµ֮ɲ£һʺԼĶͣϸĽʵ겻ΪĿһǱҪ˵ʷϿˡϿʵգжͣйʶʼ̫ƽҲˣǾͿ˽ЩҪԬʵ۵ġ⽨࡯ȻԡӡͷΣҡУʵҲǵȺڻʵҪġֻǡ˼ˮйִʷ֮򡮹塯ġʱѾǸı䲻˵ġ͹ʵڡǲܵͷġ㣬ʷ޷ıģⳡʹǱⲻ˵ģʱӤҪģֻǡӡΪʱ磬ˣΪԶ壬ҪָƣǾʹشˡ 

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عޡƺ͡ԭͬ˻ǸɣǰΪ͸ӵ﹫ೢҡһ䣬ӵԬƵۣҲǶԹʧ˼ĽӪ֮ӹˣδɫĿ֮ΪСҲϸʦ࣬ʱǵʱѧ̩ɽʿ֡ϸΪʱһ֮ѧУԪࡢ֮֮ǰҲѧĵλѶ࣬ڽĻƪУԵ֮ӰʵδҲ˵ϱԬƵۣ֮ﰲΪΪ֮δ֮׿ϡȻ϶Ե˵޷Уɶۡʧܺ಻Բ߰ȫҲ

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롢£Ĭϡַ

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߸עԬԷ˵ԣ汾࣬Ҳǡ׾ƪԱȽϸӽԭĵŹư汾ֱӵԬ֮ܽʵʱĲ֮ʽΪҲŹŸ塮šӡйЭ̻ȫίԱʷоίԱ࡮ʷѡһһŰ꣬йʷҳһ¼ơʷϡԬȻʮĹ£ġʮꡯ壬йԬҸ¡

Ԭⷬ˵ýϷҲΪ棬˾Ҳҥ˵ԬͳʵۡԬҲ˵Ҫڲ壬ҪʵۣҪ׶ȥԢʹ¡˵и׶ѧԹԱ˶ӣơĵʱ⽻ܵҲפʹݣҲ֮򻪸ܱԬ׹Ϊй俹ߡȻݷ谽Լ鱨ķԬͳ޳Ƶ֮Ҳ˭֪ԬĳѪδɣ׵ΪȴһسΪʵⲻʹ̾鱨ȷҲΪԬͷĸŶԬܵԬҵļͥʦ⣬Ԭȴƭǿ̣벻أʵΪѧķԷֻԬì˼룬ӳìΪǵƭΪҲʵۡǺεȴ£Ԭʵۡشԭţĸɲı̬ҲһĬϣһ߷ϵġ˹ԬΪαҲĬ棬Ǽ١ʵ涼ʵ󡭡ѣ˼ңԭţԲűֳĬϡַϵìΪ֪ǺѣʵǸģǳɷˣ첻ܡһϲһԾ塣

һϲһԾ

Ԭϲϲǣ˶һһ£ڳﰲ߶֮£δȫУҰԭһաﰲԭʼƻǣֱӷʡѲʹͨԺ˾ϹԱĹŵŵģ־Ը飬ͶԹͶƱֽ븲޳ɸ񣬲ٸʡѡɴ뼯ᣬơȻʡٸĸ磬ֱѩƬ£Աܸǧ˼ᡢ̬ȰԱгԪ顢Ա֮⣬ʿʿڱ½顢顢롢ԵȵȣȿֺŰȰ߼ֱǡ

ʡ͵ط򣬳谡ѫȶԱ֮⣬ʱδѮ(¶֮ǰ)зԱ֥ù⡢ءáó塢hƼҢܼɽŻ֥ȵȣνʮŽȰͨ硣ƶˡ

Ȱ籨Ǿ͸Ǹˡδպ̻֮ṤᣬԱʢ١ȵȳⱾǵȸʡݰ֮󣬼ı壬ʩСʱۼӵԬǴ󱦡ȻﰲԭڼΪ֯жڷξݣ˸Ĳɡ顯ʽɸʡָɴ֯飬ı壬ԺԺִСȻ֯ʱԺھһڼϡﰲٶȱͨ취ԡԸš֮ʽ֮ʡ֮ɸʡþʿͽѡΡǸʡþʿΪʡͷĸʡӴȹ㣬ҲһȻڶԴϲԴ˹Ըֱ֮֯ԸšؤԸšŮԸţŮԸţȻӳ¡һԺԺԸƣɹ͸ľӵԬͳΪл۹ʵۡԺԸȻӯ棬Ʊ֯顯˳⣬ֿճ־ã಻㣬ɡʿڱ֯ȫ确ԸϻᡯԴ֮֮飬֮ʣԴ˳ﰲʷˣʮѮΪЭᡯû˳ʷԸƵ콵ɾѳ㡢˲ŶʢġȫԸϻᡯһ֮ӡμ˶ʼĩǡԬϵǡѡڡҳŶ塿

ƴ־

ʷĩ֮̾Ĵ棬ʵһ硢־磬ͱ硣ʮؿϿ֮У˴򴬷֡䱯ڴߺ߹̾һԭĻתУⲻ˵ʷ˺תей޶ͣ޹ʶ޷ͳ޷״̬֮£һȻǧĻͳŹͱָһСͺ;ͷŪúӷҡЩ˷˵ľ˺ͣҲһЩǷ֮šһƶȡϹĹЩ˲Ľ䣬һ޷ǾǺȺ֮ˡ

˶˵ɣǾһͶֵȣ֯һ˰СͼţӭһشԬ־ӹšΪǵĸġԭһ˲˲ţʱδ£Ѹ˶ĺ֮Ū÷ӿųƻԱˣֻ鼰ȫﰲȴʼδһδС顣һлȵͣԬּ֮˶ѱһʱ򣬲Ժ༱ȾָһΪȫԸϻᡯԭ֮ӣΪʮ̫ȻԸ徿ܸı䡮塯˳ּ֯顯ԾΪᡯɸʡҵֱѡйͶƱı乲͹ΪܡԹټʱټΪ͵ͶƱԾ塣㣬ʡҵ(˶ѧͨ塯)һһʮѮͶƱϣȫһǧŰپʮˣͶͬƱһ޳(ı乲)Ϊܹ塯ݴˣʮʮһգԺɸԺΣ꣬Ԭͳϡƴ顯ƴԬĳΪл۹ʵۣ˳ӦǴλԶɾµķŬǴ󹦸ˡ

йԬ˶ֱӺͼӵʷ˵ġȽȫѡɲԬͳεĿ̨ҳһũһľţ죬Ԭѡ(һһһһ)ҳһ𩤩һġ𡣡

Ԭ

ȫƴߵĻǱƴߵİҵôأϽԬʵ۵ȤʼͷǳŨ񣻵Ǹ̳Ϻ꣬ḻ֪أԡ˶ʵնϼ֮֮飬ǾǡһϲһԾ塯Ͻнϲǳּ߶࣬ã˶ӿۼָ֮䡣һʮǰţнգòϲ֮ҲԬϱϾǸḻϹţ£ʵϲͬ

ԬЩʲôأ֪ԬͳԭëϯǰҲǸǹ˳ȨߡһµԼǹ˿סԬĽɽǹ˴µġµĹ𡢷谡ѫԳɷ档ۣ˽ġ˵ʵۣάָͳλҲҪʱʱɫĩƪѽԬıϵͳһǲѧġϵѽβ󲻵顮ģšڶСվ챱ұϵĺ˿ã뵽ѧˡ֮ǧټҪѲɴϵԭһʯһΪһҲԤλĵĲ̽(һ˰˶һһʱʮ)ԶؾȨ׸챱ϵΪˣʦͽҲ֪ԸмĳԬͳ쵼˽Ҳͱɹ񵳵֮ӵԬˡ

ԬԭǸμҵİšӳͷβǸ彭ɽڶΡ롢ű֮£ʦͽһһ˵ġ֮ 

ǿź;

Ԭϵڶ£»ĵ۹壬ձĳɵ۹֮ǿܲϣ˻ˮ㣬ţطң޷ӦˡйʷңڹĵʷңÿϲΪԬ˵Ԭ۹壬ѹΪԬйʷǸ򣬲ǹ֮⣬ʸҲʵƫʷߣعƽۣ֮ڵ۹廢޳ܵձ֮£Ԭ֮ŻѪõӦ¼( record )ֱȺȨءԴ֮ʣۣ֮ġ⡯(˵⻰ѧĵ)ƿսȴⱣʣԼëĿվȵлձԡɹź͵̨Ԭӡʷִʣܲ˼Ԭд⽻֮ǣҲηηβˡ

Ԭ֮£ΪáθʱԬ϶Թ֮ԸҺȻñߣŽ֮ʱǩ֣ʵоϵȻһ٣򹲺͸ƣٶϷʡ֮ԬҪñƽңһԬأԬ֪Ҳ

ϳɷ뷭

Ԭ֮ǣΪĿջ̫ȻԶУҲʼԥȵආ֪£֪ӵƵ˥ϳֱǰӲˣ֮ϳ˿ͣƵƵɷ(бܵıսγװɷԷ˾֮)Բ߰ȫԬͳעУϸ֮ϳ˿ںɷ٣ǲʮ֮Ҳ

ԬһɷǷһһաʱԺһƱӵʮ̫ţԤͰѼʵĻʵۺѡˣ뱦ۼˡȻڸͣ˵ͳлҪ˵ʿΪƶʮ̫ˮǴŴͳʽܾƴԵƵĲԺͳԪ飬֮Ե˶ǿɸһӡ˭ֻ֪ǺɷһΣѡʵ۲δ³Ҳʿ˵ΪлͳԬάֹ͹Ρűǿ˵ͳĸ壬γˣӦ缱٣ֶϰͳбִ֮Ϊˡϸβ͡˵ԸҪĹ壬ҲΪǡ̹˹ƣ֮⣬Ա֮취һһա֮羭һ顯򡮹ᡯһ֮Եۣ򡮱ͳҲδʼɿҲ

βϵʮҲʮԡȻ֮󣬾ȫᡯʡһǧŰپʮ֮Ʊı壬ƴԬΪл۹ʵۣ֮⡯ɲԺΪȫܴʮʮһգ֮Ԭͳʮʽӵл۹ĺܴʵˡ

Ԭ֮ʵۣ֮飬ͬһʧǧźޡųֻ꣬һ֮䡣(һžŰʮ¶ʮڱ) 



Ԭµ̯ӡ


ǰһٵ˵ʱϲͣ඼õ֮ıԵˡΪʱǸηתڡǰ(ǧʷĵ۹ƶ)ѻ٣(ǧƶ)δ졣һ㶼Ǻǰ󣬲֪ʵ֮߸šйÿɼйʯ϶롢ɭնԨһ̤һ֮׹ȵףǡԼų겻űŪϣȫҲ֮£ʬ֣˰ڡһʧǧź޵ԵӣԬˡϵ粻ļС֮ԣһ֮У˺飬սڽŪ׽⡢·֮ʱǡˡĻֵ֮ͳأڣֺ޴ΪԨ㣬ġй֪ʶ硯(The entire Chinese intelligentzia)FڵľӢʮˣ͸ëСȥ߳䡮ɡ̣أʵ˵ë󶫵Ǵӷҿʼġ֮ĴԾ塢ĸ˰һֱϵ˵찲ţǴӷҵĹЧӦйȨ֮йʷϳ֣һǧŹѧҲԴԾӡ򹫿˵그˴ȻĻڡ˧˵Բ֣ıԳ٣ѵĲ£ҲͬıͰԼǹˡԽʯʮ꣬Թԡ˧һˣ˵ͷԻɸҲйġǧŹձǵڲʱĹ񵳱ѺһͨŸҹأ

Сϰ

񵳰˵̨֮󣬲û¹Ｚگʽҳϰ۶˽ĵȨ֮Թʷ۹ǻϯֻǳм˽ҵĵȨȨҲм˽Ĵ󣬶󡣽Сβơ켺ȱδСʡ֮硣֮ͬ۰֮ˣŪ¡ȦȦСڱ˳˴½

ǽյϰֱС꣬һһǻͳǷΪ߻䣬ʵ̨̨־ֻһѣһգѸ̨Сɸʿ(̨ûʿ)кβã㽨ɽǸʷģǴӺʷѧĹ۵㣬ͨʷĴѧʦۻ𣬻ؿֵķչΪ̨ûʿκҪˣǿڵ֮࣬к˯أµģ֮һ̫ƽӺùЩиҰġСʷƵǣԼԬʢš߸ڵľ֮ǰ߸ǧڴɽСͬȥ£̫ԩˣ

ʵͳ̨彨ɸʿҲֻǸڡϣʵҲֻǺǰεĽһڻСȦȦϲġȨ͡࡯켺һϳȦźáҵǹ񵳱ǸаӢڵġ⡯̫ˣϲɱСĵѡͳҲζ

תеĳѡ

ӢŽһеѡˡҸԹۣԡԭˣ(һ)йʷӵתתͣת˽һˣйԱ̫ĳ(process)ǰ飬׽Եġ̨ݵǰС̨еѡˮƽҸ˿ѳյŦԼУ⵱ȻҲŲ㡣

߸עʮĩڱ㵽ŦԼ˹ʱеĺˡˡνˡ(Hispanics)ġ塯гвԱѡְɶİ˰졣Що˿Զߵġ˵Ĳˡ˽񣬵䱾ϣǹĻϻˮƽܵ͵޵ʽͽˮƽ֪ŦԼͺ˸Ϊ˽跨˴ǨŦԼΪ͹ΪǼѡƱһڡͳˡѡְıҲѸٸıˡŦԼȣ֥Ӹȴ֮ͿˣѱǣǻгͷǺ˲ܳˡͳӢʽϰ취Ҳвͨˡǽ˻ʷҹ̲´ƻƣʱ·ǿ͹۵ʵƤʱԺҲѽѷˡ΢صйֶͬٴͳڰ칫ڵ˽Ϊ⡣Ҫ֪гȴгڣͬ¼ûɶˡ֮ʮڴ۲ãҸ˾Ϊ̨յѡ񣬱ȽŦԼѡϸΪҲ

Ӣ֮ѡ̨ѡǻ۵ļֵ֡ǣμҵԶ˽ͶӵͷûеǾи߶ǻ۵ϰյ۾ȴѩġһѡֳģǺԹۣ治ܲΪǵǻۣڳ̾λնĺѡˣѹʽĵѡ찡Ὣͭھӡ亦İԼ֪Ҳ

µĿ

̨µĲǽҪ䣻Ͻܸ㼸ꣿµҲǹҪ䡣һйͨʷռҳµǴ½ʮں壬ͺǧȣҲҪ䣬ʹϽϹǵӢ(νʱӢ)ǾͲҲǶ⣬˿ӣɱ˷εˣǿղʿǵ˿ӣܲĿģЩѣǽȦڵǣй濴ǵ壬˵ǿµ֮ԴҪԵףǧܼԹĴǽǡۡĹĴ䣬ġ͹ۡ״ڣȫ¡ʵϣ̨˶֮Ҳǽһ֮ѭĹϵǿƫҲ

Ⱥǻʤǻ

ں쳯񡯣Ѿһӡѹʫ޽˵úãӹ黯ѾˡŪһƬ£Ǿͬڹ棬ѪŨˮ޹ͬ£Ϊ֮ĻҲһȻСĽͷȫ֣ɣϵΣǰ;ޡڴ˽Ҫؿڣ̨ѡֵĳ졢ţӦļǻۣͬ졣

ǵǰҵĸСɲʿعѡίһ·ӵţ߾ӵĻΪڡ𡯵ɲʿȰ䣬˵ΪҲСвŲ֮ҲҪϲ¥ֻҪеġʥ֮顯仯仯ʣμء벻̨һѡ֮Уȫѡܼıֳ˹֮μҡĺȣΪֺĸ֮ܣҲǴϣϡ

ٻؿɽ֮ʱճǺεƣһ֮УΪȫְɣѣҲΪ弯ǻۣڲֳ֪֮֮ǱҲգգԬʵɣСɵѣǼǧǹȥأʵ۲ģΪȫŻصȥأ

μҵ

Сʤѡһԭ()Ǿ̨ھεʵġ͡(politicians)μҡ(statesmanship)ľ硣Ӳźۼһ߱֡ϴͳѡʱ¹ӵı֣Ͳӡⲻǳİӣ̨˶Ľ߲ΣŻ߲εμı֪̾С˵дһֻдƬŵ֪ʮ֮СΪֻʣƬˡǰҾȰ֮˵ˮעٸˡѾ˶ʮˣɷأʦˮעоϵĳɾͣҸʿõҪһصĹɡʱĽô¡ҹŷ˵úãʱߣҡڽյĸ߿Ƽʱʱ䣬ʱͷԲ䡭ѣͲֹڡҡˡ

̨ѷ°

̨һѡ٣ǳɾС硣ʹಽμ֮;¿ջߣܻǰ⡣֮־̨Ҳд־ġ˼־ͳءǰʤѡˣ״ۣȻϵһȥⰡʧ֪Ƕ֮ıְ֪ѡԭ˵ǡʡûйͨá˵ˣֻһ롣֪ʡˡȫͶƱ⻹ǻᵱѡġͶƱԻôıʡˣͶʡİأΪ̨Ѳ̨ʿĿеġ̨Сˡ̨ǸĿԵĹʴС̨Ѳֻ֪ڽͷ˵ġ̨Ŀ֡°ˡ

ʱƲӢˣΪþС֮ϵӢˣĿ綹Ӣ֮Աǣ˵ӢֻǸС̷Ĺҡ(a nation of shopkeepers)ʮͳ꣬·ʮʱӢȷʵˡʱʮͣӢ߱磬ʶ㣬ѲǵġСˡˡʱͷԲ䣬Ϊ׶°ɣģͱӢ˻׽ȥˡ

֮½һʮϵˣϵĽƱǿ಻ҲֻԵŰɡĻԵͽԵСǣͲҪйˡһЩ˸鼫õġʡ塯ǸңӴ½Ǩ̨ȫԡŮ˹ǵֵӣȫԭסͺʹ½ϵĺ˲һˣš˵ǵƤǲһ̨Ӧöʵ(ɽ͸Сл塯)ԭǸĴ¯(Multi-racial Melting Pot)ʷΰʫˡͨĵ̫ףͲǸʵڵġ塯ڽִʷϸڶײë󶫵Ĵ󡮼Ǹ塣ɽҲˣգ󻹲˹񵳵лĹ֣Ϊʲôһ㣿ڸС߸ѳʿ߲ȡҲ

˭Ԭ

ԹٷʷͷԬԬ꣬ѹ˶θƽ˹񵳵֮ǺεƣôƣӦ黳ȣúõΪΪ¡֮ͼȴҪаģʵۡһ֮ˤ¸ǡѣԬΪʧܣʧܵôңǱСɴˣҲѣԬһ֮ΪȫҲ

Ҫ֪ԬڳƵ֮ǰлԭǸͳһĹҰҲǸԼԦȫԬͳһպ֪ʶ֮Զǰͳ֮ٲڵʱɽ֮¡ɽʱνˡҲĸв͡ǰƪоθڼ䣬(ʱΪ϶)ӵ롢ʹڮҾ췴ͨ硣ʱ˭ܹϣ֮󣬲̡커һԬ˭֮أǧǣǵԬһ֮У˶ӵȦףҪʵһʧ㣬ų겻ȴʹǵĹ壬ҲϵٲľⴿǸʷϵġżȻԬ֮ʵۣԭһ֮ɶʷıȻأ񼪶ڴ˶δս֮ʹ˼ʹ׶δս¼棬ٳЩ֤˵żȻıʷķ

Ȼ΢ⷴ

ڲͬ׾ؽ˵Ӻ۽ǶйʷķչȻԵģǾǵתͣǹˮ˭Ҳı䲻˵ĴƣǸʷġȻǧ꣬ǽйǸΡйκ˶޷񶨵ġŤתġ

ǣ΢۵ʷѧ۲죬̫ͨƽ֮ĳӣÿ׶ζǷ޳ġ׽ġͲơ(Ԭ)ѡǾԲŵġ(ë)רٸʮꡯ()Eоٲ¼Ͳʸ¼¼ءЩ޳׽С׶ȴı䲻ˡˮȨ¡רơݼĴơһʷĿ͹ʵڡͣȻͻʱĳ飬ڱʷ塢Ԭı磬ʱ֪ʶʹ޷ܷ򣬶߻ͷ·Ľ

֮ĩ۹ͣվɽʮۣ֮Ͽ֮ǧ£СԬʵۡͳëϯϻʡҫͳǻԣĽͷС磬ǿջЦİ硭򸡣ҳһƬǧｭһУúòڴϵĲٶߣ̲˹أɵüأԼĹ£ʷȴܺԡһһڻ̸̸Ԭʵ۵ĺ֢

ӽϺƶȡƶȵƲƶ

ԬѡǷ֮߱µ̯ӣܹʰ֢δˣȫɾ͸ųԿˡ

߲ѧڲͬ׾һ˵Ǹǧʷĵ۹ĹƣǸõƶȡ(Best System)ͬʱĻȣȴǸϺõƶȡ(Better System)Ǹеƶȡ(Functional System)ӳǧ֮ãû

еƶȣںδأｻһ¡ҹػʺԺ󣬱ȻżȻؽΪãʹǵġṹ(Socio political Structure)߽һǿᡯ(State Stronger Than Society)еģʽģʽ⣬ǿάֳȶ⡣ȶĹؼϵĽӰƣҲǼ̳ơ⣬ǻۼӻˣǵѡˡơ(עⲻŮ)ܹһʮ϶©ʷϴƽϼ¼ƶȣΪκĻҲ

֮ʱ󳼣ҧһԭ򣬲϶ߣ¹֮ʵʱ󳼶ЧңҲѣǶһ˲ԶμҲΪǵһȶΪ츣ҲҹŴν͡ӡͳ֪ͣţƤѡӲǸеƶȡԼԲϵĸĽҲڹŴʷܺйƽƽֻи۹ˡ۹ⷽȥġ۹ʮʵۣжʮŸɱѣȻ˵л۹еĲǸϺõƶȡ

Ӵ˿ڶĴ۹ڶ⣬ַѣ㷪裬̾ݡҹĵ۹μңԴҲʵİţܷδȻ֮ΡΪˣڵĩ֮⣬һ꣬δ̫⡣㿴ǰʮ꣬˹ûоأ˵˼Ƿ⽨飬ɽ

󣬴۹Ĳݸϰգܵиƽпɰпɸ棬бϣйƽһǴͳ۹״̬֮£Ȧɵ֮ĻʮͳνӴʱǬ¡й˫Ǹж̳Ҳʮ֮ĩ˫Ͼ֮£ǰ˲ĻƶȣͱתˡתУδʯˡû׼ѭ(Ԭ)ͷתĪ֪ʣѾֻڣͷӪ(ë)ʳ󲻻ΪǣΪˡ

Ԭ̯ӱ´

ëϯĳɰ빦ʱ˵Ԭµĺ֢ȫԱУˡʮ꣬ûʲôԬһŪþأתڵıˡתУ˵ƶȻûн(Ҫʱ⣬)ɵƶɻ֮һ¾ɽڣӡ

߲ѧ಻Ҷңô֮ܵģҲôв²ɵתͽʷҲǸ²ɵתͽŵĸȾСҲдЩ󵨵ļ֮ġΪȨ̫߳²㡣дԬϵÿ估δȫ޵ʱԲ˼·֮֮ѼѣʮŽԻ٣ż걨Уɾض֮Ծв޿֮ʮǰ֮ձһƪھԾܽԬµ̯ӣڱʱ´δѣ̫δҲ˽ƪԲбиӡһݣĳֲܲƪ򸴿֮Ϊ׾ƪ֮¼ڷҲ(һžŰʮʮգڱ)

¼ط֮о

ԭʮһ(һĶ)ʮʮռʮյ桮ձɨѧ(һ)еξ 

һ˵ΪҹھʱȫΪרһȨһˡ֮ȫӾһ֮Ϊϣ˿ȨȻҹʷʵвȻߡ

ҹ˼Դ硣սʱӱ˵Ϊ֮Ϊᡣͳν׼˵꣬񣿹񣬺оԿΪλǧרʱ౩Ȼһ״̬µľܲҹר֮Ȼ޼ҡͳιйǧרƾδáһιرƶȾҹƶи߶ȵξһۺĵطαˡҹжĵطΣʼͳһڣģطϷ⽨ÿغʼʽȷȻ̣ģ־⸲𣬶˳֮س̣ط֮ģ˴ɡ

˼ȵ춨ʵĵطƶȣյйطƶȣδ䷶롣ʺ֮طʿɳΪйط֮͡һϸоƶȣ֪䴴֮֮ֵ֮ط֮ξΪɫ֮ʮµƶδɡ()ͤĵط弶 

֮طΪʵơط֮ελΪأС֮ϸΪ۾֮ҲʮԻͤͤгʮ۹ߣ˹Ϊͤʱһ֮ͤҲ֮ͤʵΪ֮֯Сλͤ칫ͤˣһר˾ͤ칫֮£˾ԿŻȣԻͤһͤάΰߣԻǼ֮طҲͤȨɳ֡߰塯(ί״)ͤСͤũϾʱϰ¡ͤڸСᡯԱ֮۵£֮ͤ档ڽͨרʱʵΪ衣֮ͤƶʵΪط֮֯Сλͤάһͤḣ֮ʵΡ

ʮͤԻ硯оߵگΪһΪϡְһ̻֮١ķһˣ£ո˰١衯һˣϰѲǸʵת˾֮֮ͤΪάΰӡ˾ģϴ󣬹֮¡ǽƾߵۿ֮֮٣Ի١ٽԳѡҲ

֮طελΪء֮سԻԻس֮()ǧʯʯس֮ʯʯΪ١Сةξһˡİʯʯȡة˾£ξְͳ⸴л֮ѣ֮ߵۿߣԡϡѡϡТ㩡Ա(ԻίԱ)ˡνТ֮˳ҲΪ֮֮ʦҲ֮ѡߵۿߣةξΪ֮Ȼϵͬȵλͥȿ̣ʧؼලΪһ֮֯

ֱڿֱ̫Ӹ𡣸ضѲȣƽ֮ʡϽ㡣һ֮ͬһ΢俤̫֮ٷְģ֮ةฮһ֮ƴȨ̫һˣֱ̫ةฺ̫רһȨȣ̫֮ϵԹТʵС޹ߣΪǧʯ֮ԡ̫ѡةƼӲ̫֮سʱټܲߡҲߣΪ֮ԭСݡ(βܲ)ߣȻǳơ̫רһĩǲɡʦϡƲ(α)ةฮʷְÿﶬ֮һϲ֧֮Ǯڴ˾ũʿ̫֮ά磬νñ֮䲻Ҳ

̫ټСةһˣܹܰţٷ̫֮͹ɿةܣȻ̫ظ֯ΪӴ֮Ա֮޹ڶ֮áܡһר˾֮Ϊר̫ظ֮ߡ֮εʧ֮ڶ裬ɡʡ֮ʳп̫ʱѲУרصεʧ

߼עŭ޶ʵĹ¡ϲصξس鷳ŷɻˣ˰Ѷʰһ١ȻֵٶȥʫԨسӲ졣سӦٷʾϹسɣ˵Ϊ嶷СҲٶȥë󶫼ЦǸСٲԸĳϾšϾӵСǶʡڴ½ʱС졯ʱСӲ졯Ƕǵ¼ȥԴȻ˵ʲô񲻳԰ײԡҲڹµĵطСٰݶʡЩ졢Ӳ졢ǣȻҲڣӦñүƨɵС

һ֮˾ɡܡ˾֮˾һ̷֮һ֮ΰɡܡ˾֮ڵάһƸʿ֯ܡר̫عʣεʧǽ̫ѡαпʿ֮רְֲ㸺ͳ֮Իܡ༴̫֮ĻҲɿةͳ֮ʿة̫أʵʸ༴ίԱ˵֮ĻųҲ

һ֮ѵȱȶǧʯ֮ξ˾֮ʮʼ֮׳ǼҲʮΪ׳׳ɿξܾѵÿũϾʱ֮£̫ͬСԡ־Ȥֱ֮ͬʩԡᳵĹ١ʿ֮ͬѵˮ֮С¥֮ѵͳɿξ˾̫֮ؼڶʱʸ񡣹ʿةʵһ䱸߿ξְ֮٣Ի˾ߡʿξ˾ѵ˾άһΰ̽ʡ֮˾Ҽʦ˾ְ֮Ҳ()ر 

ƿ̫̫ԱТ֮ʿΪ֮ͳν֮ȻˣǱ˲ΪԹ̫سһʱΪΡϴֱʩˡ̫һΪΣרɱ֮Ȩ٣ΪΡȨأλȡΪˣ಻ҰɱΣʹ̫ò֮Ҳ

ǹһ֮ƴȨʲ̫һˣط̫֮һˡһ̫֮һӡ֮ط֮أר̫һˡ֮طΪʹʹ֮Ʒ()̫أʯȻȨأרѴ̫̾عʧΪ£̫йһְǡگݡʼʡʹȨޣԽνگһǿںңլǿڱѡǧʯگ飬еƣ()˽گգΪ飻ǧʯɱˡŭ飬ϲ̰ſ̱ԪΪɽʯѣԡǧʯѡƽͳ磻ǧʯӵܣƣΪࣻǧʯԶ±ȣǿͨл¸񡾼ǰ.ٹٹʦע

Թ۴Ϊר̫أⲻ١ʷԽ޴ңΧʴʷ졮緡(ڶǧʯ)̫ѡ֮Ȩʲ̫أ书ޣСܡʡΪ֮̫Բ̡ܴʱÿ̫ؼԲٲʵȡʴʷע̫أ޸Ԥط֮ס

Ҵʷ޶һɱΣ뿤̫˽˼Ӵܣⷢ˶Թھٴ̲ʵҲʷʱѲȡ⣻ÿ긴ʱѲУԱп߶ڴҲʷרΪ̫ضãһʷ֮׻༴ɾһ̫֮죬֮ʹʼЧҲ

ʺ֮ȨӡȻٽ־Ȳʯʯ֮СٶרԵǧʯ֮⽮Ϊ£ʹְȨʱ֮ҵҵд̾ٲʵ֮λȨְרҲ֪ͤ֡¼ٽ׵ְͣרϻӬʴʷģ²ӱܣԹʺԵط֮һʷ֮Ϊϡ

볯͢ʱǲԱѲп伲࣬Բʷ֮㡣Ϊ֮طƶȡ()Ȩ˸ 

оطƶȣ֪䴴֮걸֮ԶӡȻ̲شҲƶ֮̿ɲ֮㣬Ȼط֮ԭ򣬼ƶ֮ƣߡ˽Т˵ƶȣ԰֮ǰ.Ԫ۱߲͡ã֮зΣӺݵľͷΣʺΪʱ鱲׳Ծ¡ʱ֮Ͽᣬؿ͡ʺʱ֮ηΪٳªϰ΢

֮Է.֮䣬зĹϵߺѷ£಻طѣ˴֮䣬޾ϵϵԹʾӸλÿελɫūţڷܹȡóΪ£Ϊܣзɫж衣ߣʧ侴ҵȺ֮ĳ޹ѣܷĹЧܡԹʹ֮ϵǻ蹵Ұ֮ʿÿӴΪη;㡣ΪС֮ӡ

ȻϣȻ֮ĹϵһԡΪ͸١֮зĹϵ֮⣬ԡάϵ֮ţְͬʦ̬֮볤ʦҾദ޺֮ŶϰһǴͣΪС䴦֮λ֮ܰأҲԹۼةฮ֮ة࣬ʦ񣬰¼ݡةţơ롯ա١й˾߾Աة࣬ةװ֮ղԩʾʵ߼ˣڸ˸֮ϡʹĸɢġ֪ҲΪʥͣ޹żһѿ֮裬֮ʿӲΪη;ФվȻ֮Ϊӡ

ةฮˣ̫޴ӡǹ̫سһƸؿΪﱦΪʿΪӦ֮Ա֮Ϊ½ʱ֮ʺ̫֮ƸҲֱͬλ֮ʿ֮ٸ߶Ϊ٣֮ͬĽơҲһ֮ˮ֮ҲԹʹٸ֮ڼһ֮֮άϵԷΪ飬߲߲ݲ֡ʧ֮Ϊٳӭ֮ʽӡ

Ҫ֮뷨໥Ϊãβͣ಻ᣬ£֮޽Ȼ֮蹵ҲԹưԡ֮ͣ޽ݲ֮ϰ֮ᣬ಻Ҳ˷罥ǣԨ֮̾ӡ

ߣط֮ص㣬主֮ҲԹ̫ܲһٲȻΨҶӡȻƷǱ˲Ϊ̫ܣɱʿ֮俤ǲأ̫ɡةͳΪĻųʰ̫ΪΡԱ˲̫ĻԡԱΡĿ֮һ֮ʵ̫֮ͬظܡΪһ֮ҲҸѧר֮ʿ顮ܡ̫鿤֮ʧֱһרίԱᣬ̫֮ʻأ̫صάϵϵ뢻ƣҡʺĵطܵú֮ʧҲ

ิǣȳ٣νϡТ㩡ߣһߵ֮ʿةξ̣εʧ಻һҲ຺֮ص㣬Ҹӡ()Ϊ 

һعҹƶ֮ظĪơǧ꣬ٷطְ֮Բ֮롣ҺϮƣʧԭߡǺ֮ϮҲеȡʽߡģ⣬ʧ֮ߣӡ

Թۺ֮ʵطΣ̫سһ뼴רһ֮Ȩѡٽ֮𣬶ʿϽ֮;רɱ֮ȨһдȨһٲȻһʵۡȻ֮꣬׾٣Ȼߣʵڼƶȣƶ֮÷Ҳʷطʵ䳬ȻƣרԾٲ쿤̫Ϊ£ƶɣԷЧܣ໥ǣ֮

֮޽Ȼ蹵֮ء翤٣ȿ֮Σ֮ලΪʵ֮ΪĲԱ졢Ķ壬һ֮ʧн飬಻֮նܱݴ¡֮֮طƣһȽϣ֪ʧҲ̫һΪ֮ԭأɡĻ໥ʵطȲʧ಻˽ŶõȮҲ

άϵƶȣΪ˶Ϊˣ֮μֱܳӺŵ硣һΪ͸١ߣ֮֮ʦλȨضưߣΪ֮Ϊ֮ҾദԾΪѹţ޺ٳ֮ªϰԹʿһ٣ʿ֮΢ۣܲʧԹʵλС£һΡ֪֮ʿÿΪ֮ƥȻһβǨߪΪأһܴߣԴ˹ʡഫνΡΪ̸ߣʷר֮Ҳۺ֮γϣһζԹߣ޿Ȼ

֮ʢ֮ʵΪ֮طΪ֮νͷؽᣬʵ򺺴֣ڵͷ֣֮ط֯ȴ翪֮ȺҲ(СΪ) 




սŦ  ݺᡡ


йִʷҵһʱڣӦþνʱˣʱʵǴԬ֮ʽʼġΪڵǰԬµıһԺȫطͷĿ޹ҷͣеġҰȻҲᵳӪ˽ڴһͳĹ֮ڣݺأٻЩǡǵԬһǲٽŦȫԱݺᣬйִʷʽһνʱڡˡҲǱ׾䷳һٽ˵ҹʷϵڶδתͣӵתȥܷǱȻģ䶯ģڸС׶еı䶯żȻģ׽ģͷ޳ġżȻֵľ׶ΣǸܱ׼˵

νߣһˣӵأһ(һһʡһأһǡһһ硢һ)ϣǹҾһֵĵλʵʵȨϣǸԼΪĶйĴͳʷͨΪйִʷϣһ˾ͽˡִʣƺձ˴WarlordġԾдСĿͳʮռʡԳϵʱʱȡùԪ׵ĵλ￡صȵȽҲһģɽɽ½͢½ºͺʱɽĺءĴ桢½ʢŵȵҲǾСģеֻǹʮˣռ򲻹һС򣬵Ҳ˰ΪκηԼССʵۡ

Ļ¼˵Щطͷո½Ƹߡ½顢Ǳֿ̩͢Ŵ硢õȵȣǹ϶ģԷΪξ˾ʦóǹٵģԳΪ˾ͳӪȣӱһسؿǮǡʮ¡ЩǵڹʡڣС߻ʱڰռ֪һЩСǵиڻκֵġ˾С򳤣һֻӵǹʮˡ̯˰һΰ֮áϼеسڶʱԴվ֮ģһ²һ£˶ҲŲʣϼҲ⡣˴˺ˮˮల£ȻƽʱҲЩòϵϼسȥȥκȴڱ֮һǣ̨̫Ӱ죬һƲȴġء˵κֲǸʵۡ

ѧӢ۲۳͵ĸң굱ӡʱҲǸڶطաѡ֡󣬲űа˹ܴ(Ӫ)Ժųóʦ˾Ԫ˧ΪڶͳεĵϺءռĵ̣Զŷʷʥ۹࣬Ȼȫһ˵ĹԪףȻֻͳΡʡС¾۷ϵר¡

˵ط֮γɣһǿĵ۹֮ڣһʧأʷνٽŦһ⵽ףȫٳ״̬ػƻ(̫ƽʱط״̬Ⱥ۲ʱİܵʵ)γɴСطݵľˡЩҲһȫǻˡũ˻壬£ӡЩ(ɽ)ʿ֯װҲδȫǻ¡ʼݣռ沢(־ϵĻ)Ұļһٳ˻¹ԭ𽥼沢Ľճǿ֮֮սй־ٴδӺϾñط֣־ñغˡѭڹŴйˣڽйˣתڵйˡҹִʷϣԬķѣëǰͳһѭܱ׼

Ԭʡʡһ

ҽԬʡĶʡһ¡ʾйʱڣȫĻΧ֡ڰ֣ġߣǣʺӡһӣһӣĸݹ滭Ȼٷɱÿ˫ҪΧţԶġۡݵأⷢչһءһʡĸԶȻʡΣʡʡʡʮʡˣɺڰӪ𣻽ëһۡԬ󣬵طΪĶʡķ䣬ݵ֣ܲԺľսǸ֣ܲսȥģЩطͷӳʮʮ֮áϸͳʵķϵֱʮ(һһ)ġһˡſʼɽɽ¾ɹϵϴƼҢơ¬һֱӳйϯ½Ȩڵĸ߸ڣڵֱ룬ҲиݵҰģʦδСƽڿ롮ȶĿǰĵĽµҲǹҷѣؼйǶԽƶȣûģŻͷԬѹ·һ͸һʱԭʼֲͼ߿һ֪ʱݱ䣬ҲͲ밴ͼˡ

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мΪ߸ȹ飬ʱý屨ɵģֻöʷ֪ӣϸ˵̫мˡɶδ£ȥְٲıԴˡǭΪĴʡĴʡȲ𴨡ǭ𲢣飬ɶӱǧʲӻϡǭΧʡꬱɱ벻ƣֻóϼȳʵΪĴԴĴɻ⡣ʡСɱʱΪʡ֮ʿսˣѧǨɳƺʱʡ߾ΪĻԡ񲻿Ц˹ʱ죬֮Ҳ֪ϲߣĳʡĳʡҲٿh֮ӳ涽Ĺ°ɡhҲ˴󻩡hβ̷֮]˳룬ҲֻóϼȳʵԴ棬棬ɱ棬Ҳͱʡӡʵϣ񵳱ҲǴ(Ժ㪳)˻(ǡ̷]ϼȥ)ʼġ

Ծսʷ޷˵ġֻԾСӣͿɾһ׸ˡǼȫӰ켰Ĵ¼ţֱϵʵϱǡʮ֮иרСԵררϸ֮ûжҲСľ͸ݸֱ֮ˡ

֮΢ʷѧǶȣȥо(Case Study)Сͨԣͺ̺Ӻ˵𣿿Ӻʷѧȥ֮ͨҲɶ֮ˡ֮һ֮ѣͨԵġ֮ٽŦݣݺ᣻Ͼñط֣־ñغϣŽһҲգգ

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ҹĻתУһתתûīΪƣȨһУȨ˾ͿԺΪˡκǸСɱ֮ȨͿɱˡǸ޷ľʱȤĹ˵ġִݳƷΪɣĸûרأڵʡ֣޹·ά豸ǺأǵǶӪʿ򣬴ӽ߲ϔEȥġêˣƿûˣ̥ûˣٔE²½ȥ

ЩִܵĴʱصشϺá顯ءЩӢѡ֣ʱǵƯǿˣ˽׽ǹеĲ¡벻ĳĳΣ׺˲Ϊ˽ͬİжδ̣鱼ȫ£һʱΪѻء

ЩƵС£ǹάʡѧȵԪϣ֮µ׿ڸҵģеҲǱ֮䣬࡮͡߸ӵܡתʵ¡֮˾Ǩݵġ̸顯ɿӡԼһ۰צԸ࣬Ϊʱļ֤ˡ

طлرƵĳƲ

һй̶̬ͳĺơ۹ìܣ𽥷չļȶƶȣԤͽǰ˵ġرơӺ峯Ĺ涨Ǳ˲ΪĿأǱ˲ΪĿ(ɲ)ڡһϣбͨǱʡ˲ΪʡȴģΥ֮󣬴һرƼЧʱĵطرܡһ£ͻܹɽǾͲ޷ˡصĴصȥϣƵڡǱˣΪĹ涨֮£Զ磬һҲͻţȥʹˡ

˵ЩıɡԺ͵άָ¹ϣܱ֤ȫȻ˼ʮ󹬼ͬʱ˼ٸӢδ˸ĶСƣ顢Ӿϰ˽ҽʦʿ˾ôɲһܲëأһС͡ƣ丽ƶȣΪƻ񣬶Ǳ˴ϵġϾҪìܣҡνתڡһѸֱ˴ìܵƶȣһתתʹתͬķĦͼˡ

Եתһʽ˵ɣڳаѻʵתͳôڼУȨȨҲ֮ٵġ㲻ֻڡСѻʵɱˡˣСǧǧСʵۣɽͲˡʵθףͥҲΪθеĻʵֻһͥеĻʵۣǧҲҪΪǧСʵۣһԹԣǾͷǼʮꡢ겻Ϊˡֻһӡٿνᣬ֪Ļƽ١ϣҲǸ԰еĻʵۡλСʵԿҪö

ҰЩ١(conceptualize)һ£ǿ˵ͳйҲǸĵᡯ(amulti-centered society)ÿ֮УСʵۣС͢

߸עʵıҲС͢ǵС֮͢УСС͢ءҾСС͢еĻʵۡĳͳСС͢õļȲǡҲǡ͡ضνҷڹĴС͢ģǾֻеȵйŵʱ˵ˡǻعġսǰں(J. Edgar Hoover, 1895-1924-1972)쵼µ(FBI)ҲǸ˽Сֻ͢ûС͢ذˡ

ЩС͢Ϊƻ񣬶Ҫڵĵڣܺƽ棬˴ల£ڽжͺͱȽϰᡣнϺöеĹ͸٣ƶϵķϰߡξôﵽСľ磬Ĳ˼ңԸգݺءʹţ͹ţҲѾչˮ㡣иƽᣬһ棬ϵĸƶȺͷϰߣйͳģǿ뼯Ȩƣʿũ̵Ϳӳȥˡһ꣬ǧ꣬ûбϵı䶯غĴͳ۹ˡӵݣνṹʼδҲҲë˵ġǧطʵˡ

Ϊʵ

˵˵̳ŪҲķǿɫɡй⽻ֵļ˵ëϯк̫̫ܶġ顯Word for Word/Kissinger TranscriptsThe New York Times, Jan. 10, Sec. 4, p.7.Ǳ·м顿ʵֻһЩûŮѣʲô̫̫ҲʹˣҲֻëϯãϯǻͳ㲻ҲҲǸת͵⡣ëϯʱתڣȥ(빫檵Ԭʱ)δԶԻڰн֮ʱѽӽתĩڣٶȼӿ죬ִ߶ȨҲԻ£˾ԶʧȥˡҲǶԷѧһ֤

ǰУɭҲëϯ˵ûΪ⽻һλŮ֮⣬˭಻֪ҲëϯͳŮȤΣæ˵ҲҡЦԲ˵ѡУĲңҲʵɭδ˵ʵFBIı棬ɭҲиƯйŮѣСҲٹ˽ģȥءûëϯҲ

ڿֶٴͳ⣬ѺòʣҾ˵ǸԚĵˡŮϵ֮ǨƤģԽս㡮Ⱥ顯(Communal Marriage)ӽһŮֶвʧΪһGood BoyҲŦԼ洦Уͬɫֲֶϣ򸾣δҲֶ֮ңڵҡ֪İ׹׸ʱ֮ǰ֮ͳҲ־ͳǧ顣ߵĸУ-ɭԭǸBad Boyڶսڼ䣬ͳŷʱ˾Ůͬ־మҪ㿷ȥӢŮΪ˾Ъţѵ֮Ի(Ike,)㽫Ҫͳأ飿ѵʼֹ˺Ȼͳ

ֶƤͳ֮ңûЪʱʱȽ˰׹˵ĵط(ԪĻ)͵ýɫꡣΪһϿŵȨĿţһ㶼صġģġй䷨ٶȡԿѡšȺ׶Σͳأ񲻻գ

ΰմ½ȫǮĳ̶ȣѳǵ߻ǿڿʲôĸ֣ʲô׶ΡͰѴ½ϵ󺣹⡭E׽ȥȨȴһһҲءµѻһڡɯ˵ѽ־ͽŮˡƶȵĵѧҲ˵ѽ־ͽбءֶƤͳŵƤʽصȦڣȻһòŮƤͶͱƤͰ׹ɣͷìˡڲ֪֮У˷ʷѧʵ󣬸ԬʵۣһһʧǧźޣȡʵҲֻһ׮Ʊǿʱ־簡̨ƱϷʷ治ʱΪ֮Ҳ

ת͵м׶

֮йͨʷϣϾñط֣־ñغϵ·ѭ֮ǰҪием׶ΡڽִйǴԬſʼľսˡһսʮ꣬ټϸִ֣ˣйҲͷ־ñغˡԬ֮󣬾ʱ˹ƣʱڡڴ½ϺеĴСǧϡʮĸݼ澮ʣëˣƴһ

ëʤʲ׼ʷŵĹƣһǿݣǧͷ(Ծʱǧ)ʹ֪ҲEdgar SnowOther Side of the Riverⳡƽ٣˵ͷǴԬһ֮ʼġԬǰйԭǸͳһйԬҲǸԼԦȫʵۣйҲѣԼҲᱩ䣬ˣתڵһϵìܣòѪķʽƽתͣлʷҲһʷˡ

ƣԷ˷֮ûоУֻأӹŵ񣬶һģʷҪԼĵ·ǿкƽ򸴺ԣֻϣʷҼ¼֮(ֶĴ)úͺ;нͺˡҳӾ壬ǹҳӣ壬֮κΣ

ìص̯

˵ͷǰ֮ԬʰԬµ̯ӣǷǶβɵġʰ֮ĵһҪǽӰ˵⡣ʱԽӰҰġʵҲΪйѫ(ԵƵĹѫ)ʵǷ谡ǷϵĽӰȴڡ޾ݡԬµġʯҡû֣ƾ¾ԼӰ࣬Ҳ޷ݡΨһϣǱɵŽᡣȫ֧ԮӰ࣬ڷ롢κ֮£ɵʵȫ޵еġԬʵδɣͳʸҲѱȡԭȰŵĸͳȻҲ֮ȥȻһдͷ֮ͳȻҲ޿ɽ֮ͶһԾŶˡǷڵȨıϵУǶεͷž(Ǻʯʷֵ˹)βͻϡһ֮󣬶ξ͹ɸͳԪ顮δͳˡߣΡġԼ죣Ԫ֮ԼҮ˵⡮֣ǱУҡĹţϵĺġǿ¿ɾɣ²ɵġһʹʱȫеʵ(Լ)ɸȡ裬Դϲ

ҿʱϷķɣԭԺ᯴ӡ½͢ƼҢġһҪָԬܸ˵ԪԼͱԬϽɢ˵ԪᡣӶԬ֮ƶȡһлָԪģʽԭĸͳԪ飬ʽΪͳ踱ͳ̳УϷ֮ã

ԪԼȻ֮ڷоݣȴΪԴͶԬӪ֮ѱɸȫް׵Ĺ¼ҹˡελȫƾԼΪϣֻҪ¾ԼһָЧǷĽӰˡ¾ԼǷԻָȻǸؼ¾Լ̬ȣҲǸϲġ·ǸȨĶͳɷǸȴԮεĹᣬԿεġڸ󡯡

ʱҲìء֮ι䣬ԭԬԶƣָͳλ֮󣬸ݡԼεġԼǸȡͳơʱܷԼ䣬ͱȻҪڽĴͳԪ飬˶֮ҲϷ᯴ӡĵ˵Ҫ󣬻ָԼԼǸȡڸơܷԶȻܺãǻָԼ͵ͬʱָԹռԪɹᡣݱϵȥľ飬֮ڣɺУƤ񣬿ɣͷѪɲǸöԸŰһŹͷʹɫġԶζ¾ԼҲȡᡣûһϺҪܷ֯ӵõĹᡣǺνᡯ·ˡҲϵ(һϵ)ʧܵĹؼڡ

̸ɫĹ

Ƕ(ǰԬһ)һϣûһרĵӣڹܴɣʵ;飬ȴΪĽëöɹƶȵı仯һһġһ졣Ķǽ϶θһëĶڽ֮ˡＫطʽëø㵽ıԵֳ˽Сƽһĸ￪šʷһһչģɡ󡯣ҲɡȡǼõġʱЦʧʱˣдʷˣһһĽɡİᣬġϵɶأʱֻһᣬǵʱ˵ĿǰģܶԹΪʲô̸ɫ䣿

ǰЩ½ʱʱЩ˰޺ݵȫУűȽ̨ԺֵöءԶһ˵ɡ̨ԺĴֻ֣ܡֿȭȭߡ˰޺еĻ³Ͻöడʱûԭӱʡϰõġľߡ̨(ʯ)ī(ͭ)ëʡ̨īмī֭ˮһϵġһ֦ëʣӸͭñҲǸССķڡһ֮ڣ̨īСڰ˰ٸ֮࣬һ޺ҰԱľߡɡߡɣī֭꣬ǻˣ֪ѧˣǲġ㾡ȥҲʱйι۵ߺ⼮۹ʿŮǵ̨īжĪĽġڵĹԱҲľˣ˰Ѱ˰ֻ̨īУ˿ף˿ϣԲ߰ȫڹеļдϣЩ߾Դ˷˵йԱΪôƢķ˵й˶ϲPork֬ࡣһ˵֬࣬ƢԹڲŴͣơеĶ׾ˣΪ߰ʷϵļëƤ¼ʷˡѣҲ΢ʷѧһҶ֪СڱƪīУҸҲһ׫ģһڿţǵһεڿĻ͡ɣΪŵֶٵĺɫ⣬ǹལҲڶԾ֮СһӴ˰ʮĻʷߣĻеʷпˣ(һ)һףʵΣֻĲΡԺڵеıءǴ԰Ϳʼʽһء䱾ĩйѧõѧأЧĪЦŮͷϪɴƶȣǾĥɫƶȣһһܵӣԴӼ׹ᵽҹҹᵽȥġʩЧ򭣬ǲǵһԸأЩ׳أԾͺѧˣӲѻţǷأ()ȻѧģˣյɫСձϺ̨壬Ƿܽǵʵʵأʹܽ⣬ǷǸΨһķϺõķأ̨ѡ٣ۿǧϯǷӦأ½÷չʵ̶ȣǷҲ編أ編ƣǷг·أǰɦ飬⡣ƶȣҪͨʵʵ֮ܰϣĿǰģʽΪĥһԼƶԪӦǧ򲻿ɿ

Ԫ̳

֮۶εìܣ뱱֮󣬾Ԫ鸱ͳм̡δͳ

ǰ֮м̡ĸöġ(һ-һ)ʿʱʡܶԬʱ䣬ͳơǱɵʱһŵĴšҺ̳Ϻꡣĸ־˵һ԰ȫʵ˽ܣԴϲΪϲδΡҾͿԸȡ裬ʱˡ

ظһ¡Ϸķ˵ȻָǡԪԼָԪԼͳʧҵľɹԱ˰޺ֿãȥݺˡǾɣ衢ζ˵ҲǸгǶͳԹᣬ濪˶¾ԼҲȡᣬϷɼȻָֻԼҲ޿޲ˡ

ʱҰķ谣׵ġҲе㡣ΪԼҲ֪ͳʵڷ޾ݡμȲԸΪ˵ϷķҲƱطԵס˶ΣͳշҲҲʧΪһѡԷһ³룬Ҳ⣬ʾԵӵ

ȻȫʵɶһӵҲѸٵĻָˡ

ͳһɨ

ȫһӵУԪͳ(һһ)ľְΪлڶʽͳͬʱĹΪڸԭְڸ顣ҲǶĸԸġΪȫʵɼȻϿˡԪԼԼԪνԭġʵ࡯ڸ󡯵ƣȨʵڸһ֮֡(һ-һСʮ)Ǹݵ¹Ѫ࣬õľˣȻҲȡȻȨҲϣӮøʵɵһ֧֡Ҫ֯һݸɸϵġڸ󡯣ԭеĴϵڸ󡣴һڸ¶ʮգͳɰ¼䡮ָ˵Ĺ׷ϣڻ¡

¸ζһ򷴶ĹϵҲݣԪͳĸŹƣȻرչˡ

߸עŹŮŴŮʿֶݡ׾ȡϵΪ󡣽Ҫ˵ĺᡢѡ׾ȡϵŮʿߣڶС½Эġʷϡϵͬʷϣʮѵáʵϣɹֵۣù²ɼҲ

һϽġоϵʹͶãȻҲͱɹ֮ڣϵӵϵˡΪʹ߶Ը·ʵķƣҽĹؼڱеλô(ڸԱʱ䶯ͣвף±ֻԾؼеĴλãΪ꣬Թο)

ͳԪ(δγɵϵΪϵ֮ıԵ)

ͳ鳤(ԭ԰ɣ)

(ϵΪϵ)

Ժ鳤(εĸ)

⽻ܳ(ϵɽСͬ)

ܳ(ϵ԰䣬ı)

ܳ½(ʿԭ񵳣󸽶)

½ܳ()

ܳ赹(ɽСͬ磬)

˾ܳ(ϵº)

ܳԴ(ӽоϵҷԴԱ)

ͨܳӢ(ϵ)

ũܳŹ(Ԫĸ)

һڸֻǸơʱڸԱÿ²ͬ⽻ܳԭǣȻϵʡʡͨ練ԣأΪϲʵԣ½ΡԭְϵܳǽڵʱǸţȴ衢룬͹ϵһֵ֧ˣְǲα仯ǴһԭʼģʽɱģѰƴ˱Ϊ꣬Ա߰ͼݴ˵仯Ҳ

¾ףޡ

Ƕʷһ¸һԭʼ֪Ҫй񼪶ȫʵɹͬΪΡ࣬һģӢʽڸȴ޷Ӣʽ⡣ͳԺ֮䣬ԼԺ֮ģͨģ޹ģ¾(Ӣνpersonality clash)Ҳ޷֮֮˽ֻ֮ǳ̶Ȳͬѣⲻ̶֮ͬĹ֮УҪӢãй˾ڹдʮ꣬ǷĿ֮й֪ʶһ£δвԾʼСգͷѪġǶᶨʿ˹£Ҳһ幫ʽġˣֻ˵һӸԣ츳ˣϵģĻͳˣѰνסҲҪ⽴ζϴɾ߾Ϊ겻Ϊ

ٿӢˣǵĳܺ(Team Work)(Self-government)Ӣһ𣬾֯ôҹͬƵĹ˾(Company)֯ŵ(Self-ruled Community)ǻǸ㲻򸴺ԡ˵ǵ˼ʹϵһմһͻǾֻжǹ˴ɱͷ(ҿʯë󶫺)ӢӢ壬ҲΪȨһʱ򣬵ڶѽѷ֣ҲʱǾܶƽȵĺͬ˴֣ԹںãҰͬ£ͬϾܷܷ֮£ҶǹĶǵĶĿͣǣļ飬Ļӣƽ͵ķƤ¡ˣӦطʼ仵ʤ޷Ҳ

ӢĶƵΣȴǴһͻ̰۷߿ʼġڵڶͳǵ˹ʱ(President John Adams,1797-1801)̰ۺУܸѷҲ֯ţԵơҪ̰۴һ̰̰Ҳ̰ߴҷ֣Ҳ֣ƽ⣬Ҳ̰ۣҲֲߣ£ͱһƵˡʷҹϣʵǴ̰۷(Spoils System)ʼġǽմ򿪵ӣⳡĲ֮ҵؽ֮СֻⳡĲĳ룬ȴһλ굴ͳڽʼģҲ̫ͳˡĻǷΣ޷죬Ǹ㲻ġ

̸һαȽʷѧ֮ٿԬ֡ǸڸԪֻǸǧйʷϣɡ֮⣬δйʲôءԪǸȴԸ֮Ըڱϵ֮˵״СѲǰҲԬͳɸԬһʱͳСȴΪͳꡯˡΪйʷʵ۵ĵأѣҪ˵þٹ񶼲Ϊ죬׮ϴԹҪĳʱء

֮Σʱά÷ȣ鳤ĳǸСʲǿˡԲǣ֮£ǸֺͳڣȻҲָʹͷСһٵıԹ֮£ͳҲԹ˵ʲôڸ󣬼ֱ鳤ĵĿ֮վñʣʹܳҲ˽ȥ¾ףһķιֻһ׮粨ˡһǷں޷ιйޡˡֻп⡣йȦĵأҵͬ죬˿ˡֻпǹӳȨˡ

ڶڸģľޡΪ֮´ҵġǿʲôɫ

֮Ϊ֮

(һߡ-һ)ֱˣΪ谵ͬ硣Ȧͬϵ(ͽ̨νʡ²)Զĩӱֱ鳤ͳ䵱ʡ͢翪ʱＴƾΪԸųפίԱԪԱԭת񵳡йУ磬ڸֹᶷУ˵۲룬λӰݺص͡ڶ(һһ)֯䡮ڸʱ˱ΪܳܳУԭǸšȻ֪ĳǸʡ͵ƣҲ磬ͬʱҲҹáĳǳδͱȨܳˡ︦Σݺͣîһʮİ轫С()һ˨ͷ¿˾ɱˡҲСϼ

(һ˰ˡ-һŶ)ˡҲǸСӣһʮ㿼ȡţԲۣҲԬ(ʵĸ)һȥͶĻͶԬԬĵλ̫ˣʲϣͶΣΪʶϰ£ʿ١һֱǶεˡγ½Ѵ½γٰнͷӡڱо()֮󣬱ΪС졣СδǸһ٣ȴǿɣǵһĻų˲šԹڶڸʱߪСΪԺ鳤ʱʮ󥣬ղϾйϤСһִھʽٳνҲʱȫһ˵ĴܹܣеС죬ҲȨһʱСĸԣȲͳ²ķӡǸâĸɲš˶ȻǶһջȱ֣ͱʸ֮ĵ޺ͼɼġΪɱȴѳΪ½֮½ɵģĿǡΪ𡯡Ǻ󻰡

߸עһŶɽءˣֲܡʱʱǰ˼﹫ģϽ;дϵıǽʯУ(߰ʱڶı)ɽƳ籸ԽҲӡ󼫺á﹫ǰҲУΪѵõ˲ţʹ﹫ԽҲ࿴ʼнڹӪ֮ɻڴ˽֪֮ؽϺֶͬЯϳӵںΪΪͥʦ̾ġЦ˵ÿдŸңӴءսǰ׫дкѺԾձĳģҲǽ֮ġ϶Խ£֪Ϊߵ֮ꡣҲʷѵ֮ƹҲսǰڡԭսܣ̩ɽ顯ءɺϵı֮â̡֮ȥڣ̩ɽȥϷһǹɵԱ𡯡ϸԬ˶һУܵ̿أԸΪԼںĲɡ𣬿սڣ״Ժظ޹ɱкأ-Щ˵ĿʷٶСƹʣսڣѧƽ硯ļϷԣ١ɤӣȻ߽һλĸߴཱུһڴľƬӣЦ˵ǳúãҲúѽҲһΡEкٵ˵ʹ̨ƣسԹԣһٴ졢׳ζֱңҲҹƳޡлҪˡٵգѽ˵ҾΪʩ̡ڴĿУЦһŮﳤȥԭǹɱﴫλġŮ̿͡˧Ҳһ£ʦ̺ڼ䣬ձҲʵǰϹ¼˧˵ʱĶ˼ͷץǹУΪ𡣡˧ĸˣִйʷʷҪдˡ

ٻͷ˵˵СΪɶֳòÿأԭСΪУеͳзԣѸܳأҲΪֺͳڹ鳤ԽȨΪ绤ͳְ飬̻죬ʹѿǳµĸԺ֮Ͳʰˡ

ݺν

ϽڹԭǷ԰ɵ䣬ӵεоϵҡ־СΪνһֱڸ԰ǹͳҲʱзɽУڹ֮ȴҪù񵳵ĶԵκʹ֮ڸĪȤߣáʡᡯ(ҽһ̨)䱱ϵֱͬ磬Ͻ˵ϵ˼壬ӦԱ(ֱ)ΪܱһϷİ(ĳ)أ˵÷ҲΪ֮̾ѡʵϣϵ֮ΪֱϵһսһͣҲ伫εġ

йʷϣͱνݺҡʿ˵͡ŵءǣʷȡ̩Ҳ֮ء˶֮ȻҲһͳս(ٽһй)뻯Ϊѡⲻ֪ڹԺС첻صĸԺ֮ҲʹþıԣʮְǹҪһλԱҪͳӡͳʱȴܾ׼ڶʮͳЧ֮󣬽ն谣µͳҪܳڸλãݱ䶯

ڴͬʱĴߣ񵳼ԱڹΪ谾ѡͳμͶƱڻѡԸԳ(Ϊһİ굱ѡͳǰ֮һͳѡ)ͳϣԮԼԸͳפ人ǰ÷븱ͳ콭նӵرפϾһ衢֮ġԺ֮ͱ滯ˣԬϵľȨҲһΪˡҵĸܵҪͳ鳤ợȻҲǸ԰ɷӣڹ߶ΣҲʹһλԭǹ¼ҹ˵ͳ淢ùΪԮϱϵĵڶžͷ븱ͳͬԿλϵõĶˡ

Ƕʡ͵أһѴСͷӶأڶεļ֮£ڵطͷУͳڴӦְܳ(עⲻǡְ)ְ֮㷵ع԰䣬͸ĿŵԵΪְ־ˡڴͬʱͳΪĳҲҪεĸС죬ǹɡС֮󣬱ġһ򡮾ܡʱвͳ죬ҲͶ﹫ݣҹɵϦɧˡúǰǰܳһ̣Ͼбڷ븱ͳˡ˵λԭͬѣҲʹӴ˷Ŀɳˡ񲻴кߣ±ɣϵĹЧӦʲôֱ֮սֱ֮սսˡããҲӡ

֮Բ꣬һΪͨʷϸ˵λ͵֮ߣ˵һûзλ͵֮޷ôдĲսͻһһͳһĹңֵķˡ

ĩͷȥܾˣΪأѣʱɷȮйӢȨΪģʽأɣ֮ڣ˾ԭʽȨȴйʽͳȨˡȨıҪһҪ˾ٲõľȨν֮Ρƪǲһ̸εţƤ(Գ)Ի

ߣһ֮ƣԪԼˣԲΪ֮жߣⷨɶΪƣФߣ಻ⷨɶΪ񡣡ܾȹۡӡǰڶҳ

⻰ԭǱ֮ۡͼЦԼҲ׾Ҳһǿйһ㣬֮ΪҲʱˡ衢ĹľϱӡǻᳯҰӺͣ⻪ȣ齫֮⣬ĸСšҵ塢ѧйķʹ֮һûҲǾĬӣƽ͵룬ûҲҮҮ񲻹գ

ģʽʲô£

ڱ߱׫ƪڼ䣬ʱʱΪֵġʹ(Trial of the Century)ӽĿϡζͳֶٵĹȷǰѵһԺ(ԺͷԺ)ԭ죬ʹطͳϳ׹Ĳݡ緽ع͢áһҵĶȨȨսȫѧμķѧʷѧѧȨҲ룻ȫСý壬ǽëһ⡣ȫǧ񣬽̸飬Ҳ˵䣬Ŀڽһ׮ȫԵĹѧۡصµĿر״Ϊ˫ķѧʷѧѧѧѧѧȨ֮֮ʱĲɷʱʤʮ֮СǾʾסһС񣬺ͼͥѧļۣп죬˻ڡǲСӡνģʽ߾硣ȻǸĴС͵ӬӪƈɦŪ˵ĿӵͣǴ˵ǺǾ޷ˡ֮£صڱϾֺֻ̧ײĵԱǣԵ̫ԭʼˡĿǰ̨ķͣȣҲС(Baby Stuff)Ҳ

أǾͲܲĻ˵ˡֻ֪һ޹Ҳռȫ˿ڰٷ֮ʮŷ(European-Americans)ŷͨߣвٷ֮һҲ˴һְ˵壬ʵŷȫټϸ̫壬޵дϣγɵһ˵İ塣Ļϣмŷ(Ҳ)֯ϣֱȡᴫͳӢʷĴʼ-˹(Allen Nevins)ǰͳ˵Ӣϣκ嶼ΪԽ(The English-speaking people are politically superior to any other race.)ʵڲ̫Ӣ崵ţŷ޴񣬲γһ˵Ļ(Ŵйʢ)ڹϵŷϣҲڶεոˣʹΪΨһĳչҡƶȣǶӢεġ(Continuation)͡(Evolution)ֱ߷չġ֮ͯܵСߣǻߣӣǽաʹУˡ

ҹξͲȻˡǼȲǽǡתΡ(Transformation)͡(Westernization or Europeanization)авνʦ֮ѧΪ壬ѧΪáĻںϡ(Acculturation)ںϵĹУиƲм׶ΡҲ׶εĳڡ⡮׶Ρ(ǽøСƽ˼е)ɽľǡ֪סǡƻڽ衯()ʵĿҪ򵹿׼ҵꡯ(ƺ)ë󶫾ͼҪɽ(ȫ)ȻƾͲѧϰΣʮˡΪǡơҲҲ֮֮νѧΪ壬ѧΪáߣʵȴǣѧǡѧǡƤë(ȫ)֮ף֪Ⱦǵһ㡮ƤëҲѡΣͨʧܵĹؼˡ

ëϯԻ֪ʶ࣬û֪ʶǷԵҲë˵ѡͨ飻¥Ρ顣࣬أΣ彨裬û֪ʶˡë֮󣬾˵֮ڣһ鼮ҲûСʱȥһʱۣ׳׳档ʵëֺγգೢݶëġξѧʼǡҲֻȥԿط࣬벿㹻㹻ˡתڵִϯʮУҲǸ塣ʮйƨã

֮ҹִ˼ңӿȡë󶫣ǰ̫أƤë̫ᣬŪȨԣΪǣ󾡲ġɽȽƽ⣬˼Ҳ˵֮¡˲Ҫ(νδҲ)һҪɣгɹ֮أǷ֮Ȼ˶Ҫ֮ʱһƫɣҲҪ©ġСͳй˼ʷϣһĵλģǾ֪ʱƲתƶ֮͸ˡǸʱûиεκʱδǼȻ칲͡(ĺ)ֲܲ㣻ýͷöҲǱȻĽƱǿʷ߲ɺڹҲʱıδ

ҿԪϹ

ԬƪǶĹī޶ࡣΪһ׶ΣйȦڵҪìԬ֮䡣ԬصĶǹˣ̫Сˡ˵˷Ʊ£ʧࡣ﹫ǹ˱Ԭǹ˴ˣԬԹ᲻ڣԹ֮ڵĹҲһӡԭ֪й񵳼ԱһӵģǷͣҪǣԬҪùԼʱͳʽͳ֮Ͱѹ񵳼Աȫˡ񵳵ġһȥֻռĽḺ́ˡ

Ԭ˹Ĺ֮󣬱֯һùƤͼ¡ЦǣʱȥδԶϳʵ֮⣬ȽĹδڶֶƶȣȥֻӵġԺӵʵۣŪöųꡣʱֻϯܲãĽëߣΡҸﷴСֺθҳƱգѣԬʱ̫ëסִ죬δأͳԱˡԬʱδɸȨĵλдʷˣҲ˼ʱվˡڶʱͲͬˡ衢ζ˴ʱ൱òˡҪùԷΣҪñϵĵط裬ͲǡƤͼ¡ӵˡڵӦð˼ҽҽҵ׵ʱˡ

ǽйزȱһνơʵһ֮͡硣ֻǸģȻò󣬱ϾֵһƶȣƪԽ꾡ƪ֮Ϊķߣ㱸Ҳ(һžžһ¶ʮڱ) 



νϵʲô£


һͨʷڲͬ׾УһǿʷҺͶǸоͷʹģʵսһΡݸ˶ʷʮ̽Щ»սĴСͲǧˡǹ˴תģͣ͵ˡǽᵳΪᵳӪ˽ۺɢĺҪͷ˿֪ںסȥһѧɡѹʺѧʦġȨġлͨʷ׵ʮᣬйһ(к뱾)֪鲻顣Ҫѡ̲ģȥѧѧڿΣǾͱɲ֪ˡ

һȲĸ

ʵһսʷʱʮ(һһһŶ)ɲ飬ʷʮַֽ׶Σ಻٣һʮһΣ˳£

Ԭϵһһһһ

ϵһһһŶ

ֱϵȨһŶһŶ

ѧķϵ䣬һŶĩһŶ

ٰ飬ֱ𻮳ĸ飬һĿ鲣ĲʱȺ¼ǸĴ¼ǡ˵һǶֲʮսıʷˡһ˿ҡǰƪ׾װȲⲣܼˡװжף䲻ѣΪ߾ͱοһ£С

һսĸԲȦ

֮ĻսҲƳ򵥵ͼʮĻս˫෽ĸԲȦȦһԲȦͳһйƾսϱԲȦһΪ̫Ϊϱѣдһ̵Ķ˵ҲҲηϱ֮ܶͳ֮Ƕټһ£ΪηϱͳǶ벻ǣȷϱ֮ϱͣսˡԺսȴϴ(ǹ㶫νɽ𡯣㶫㶫¾ɽϷֳ)(ֱϵȴϵϵٴֱϵ)ƽеսˡɵǣĳϱԴսϱͬʱġٴϱ֣֮ǽʯʦʱˡԲȦķѣⳡսҲһĿȻġǰ±⣬ĵ꣬΢һ£ʹиԵӡ󣬾Ͳظˡ

ƪҪ۵ģڶ鲣͵ڶԲȦǶϵȨʼĩ

С

ǼԬģʷϣڶǿˡϵΪĵһѾ˺γɵģٵϵԬĸͷ(һһһŶ)йȨץڶεϵ֮֡ǶǺεˣ𣬶һأȵòױļͯ꣬ܵĽ򵥶ҪС

(һ婤һ)֥ȪǰպϷˡɽһ꣬Ƚʯʮꣻë󶫴ʮꡣڶεĵȨʱ˶֮ΪκϷʡĩ֮ΪϷҲϷǰʡڵءĩֻǸأҲй󣬻δһأյĺϷ֮⣬յķʶͳء

ϷҲĩսʱͳʵġϼҡ˺䣬ʿ͸߼죬̩ǺϷˡ游壬Ǹũģܱ(ʦ)Ļսĸ׶δģҲǸũ񣬿ǵʱμѳΪٻ֮ңǸСˡڼɶ֮귽꣬ͱʱפǨ游ͳ죬Ǩѧ游Ͷ֮£Ķ˰˽ӡʹҵĵ伮¸ʵĸκдܿһľʫġ̳ϣ￡ء顢ڲˣ޷ˡ

ǣʮʱ游ͻȻǸĸ˫Ҹͯ꣬Ҳһȥˡ̫ƽҺ׼нǼ΢ģϼ޺йѸ¶໴ĶҪҺԸֻлӪҲǶһ־ĥɡ

˫ʮھƻĹãã֮ʱ£ΪĸƣʸǺͺɸ󽫵֮£Ȼһ˰򴴰һʽġ䱸ѧá(䱸ѧá)ھƵĻпнĻʿΪУѧԱǽйתеĵһִ½ѧУμӿԣԵһΣ½Уʱνͬˡĸ߳ڡִйУʮ档Ļ½һЩ־꣬һʵʵִˡ

Уҵ֮󣬾һʵϰһ˰˰걻ѡǰ¹ѧ¹У졣ٱʱȽġ³(Krupp)ϰѧϰʹúά޵ʱ˵Ե϶ʮ꣬ӵ¹ѧɹʱͳΪʱйëǵġҲʷδеִˡ

һƵʽľ½ԶΪˡ̫Ҫˡһϣһ¡˵ԺżҪʳҩʱҪǷǡ¹졯ССİʿƥ飬ַǵƲơִйµ쵼ˣǶһҲĽʯë󶫶г񱡣ϵξ鵳Ե־ΪģʽëҲ³ʿ˵йǵ־Ͼ³ʿ¹˵ĺôǿɡʵعءؼɡЧʣŷ޴½ױߡκ壬䳤̡¹Ϊ˴ҲͶרУԡ塯(Aboslutism)ƫáѣǵġϽܡ͡ëϯءҲҲǵġִҲҲûɶϡɣǺ󻰡

ڶϴӵ¹ع֮ʱȴŲ˺һʱ䣬ʼѧáأǻûͷƪ򵥵˵Ȼ

½תͣں

׾ǰƪʮꡯ۹ҹִת͵Ĺ¡Ϊᴬڡԭʱ㡮ʦ֮ƶġĵһĿ꣬(Ҳ˵ǽִй㡮Ļʸɡ)ͬˡʱĺ£ͣеġˮʦȫȥչִºڵƪһᵽԲʮʱ䣬Ȼ޵еģ˵ʱԶǿһִ֧(ʵȻʱӢġԶӡ)ҵǣʻȴڹʺǸܡ顢ܵ͢ȴһ֦ºϣձȫûʹʮᴬڵ(ҲĻ)ǰ

ڹ꣬¶½ִҲûкءϽģ̡ܽ䱸ѧáǽִй½ת͵Ŀʼֻںˡԭ򣬵һǣʱйĽԭ˺ġס½ǵţڸĸڶǣʵս滴Ľ죬ӣּ½Ľ衣һǿҲ׿˷½ת˶ںˡ

˵һӵ¹ѧɹʱһʱȴ־졣Ϊ۹дִ½˲ţ޴ִ½ơʽѵĻعѧֻھƾӵġӪѧáȥѧõĵͼ̹ˡһΣǶһʺͰ׳˵ƾء(׾ʻ¼ڶ)ҲǱ߽ʮڵסתۡصˡӾתƣǳڵģҲʮּġɽνƻڽ衯ҲƲǡơ͸ڡˡ

½½ʦ˧

벻ĩ½ת͵⣬ȴձˣһ½ˡйʽ½ڼһۣձ˴ݿĻ֮йƵת⣬Ҳûзˡˣ½½Ҳ֮׹ء

ڵƪУϸܺ͢ڵ¼Աɸ߻֮£˾¾ʮؽԬСվ(һ˾)δ˼ʱҪѰе½רţ¾ӵ¹½ѧͱԬһȫգСվĸɲˡٮٮȺʿ䡢𡢷ˣҲͱԬ½½֧νܡˡ

ʸȭ֮Ԭ˱󳼣࣬˰ԭе½½Ϊ(ʦ)Ϊ۹ĵһִ֧Ĺ˵𡢷谵ȶֱΪͳ(ʦ)ԬԤЩγԼϵͳ˲ʱͳƻר(йƷϰ취󽯽ʯë󶫣һ·޶ʱϸ˵)ͲԼİˡ˭ֻ֪ԬһԸ뷨ԶĸҪȴǸء

ԭֻǵͳֻԬģѵŪü֮ʱԬ˸ĵ򣬽ָĵ򡣽أԬ֮оһǾֱյĲˡӴ˶ξͱԬһ֮µйִ׹ĵڶ˾٣ʵϵĸͳ˧ˡˣڹͬʱ֮(һš)㣬˽𣬰Ԭϡȱؼ֮УʱԸְţձ򣬶ȴԬģֻжĳһˡ

ԬϵʱĶ

(һһһ)͡θ(һһ)ʹεƣϲ¥һԬϵһƣҲʱԬڹһźۣ֮Է⽮֣ܶ򺺿ڣԬءصλãԶҲǸʱۻϱֳɣԬʾ֮£ɶεһֽȰ˵ͨ磬ʹҡһ䣬ΪȫлĿԪѫ֮һʵҲһ׮ջ

θսۣڸʷ˵ԬġΪڵʱУͺʷδʼ˵ʵСȫȨͳһһǧлͨʷУУȨҲ⡣ʱɽڵԪѫԸ֮װݣ಻ΪȻǲΣľȨʢȴΪθĶеˡ

ڶη̳ϣԬһֵıϵ½죬Էζ˸ΥԬ֮꣬ηγϵΪλŹԼԬֲʱ¡ĲΪǣơʱηһʱ޷¯ԬƻȴҲԼĵ˶׵ƻˡһƻ𣬲Ǳӷᣬ֯Ԭζ˽һܻʵۣδǻѱˡ

ĸ֣ǣΪ

ڡԬϵרƪᵽԬʱлԪѫơԬ֪ȥȡʱҲΪֻжʰо֣Ԭǰܣι䣬Ϊȫлĸͳ˧ˡԬϵǰƪ˴Ͳϸˡ

Ԭ굹ʩ֮ʱĳԬݣ֮˵ϴˢʾԬһ(꣬һһ)ֱɡȴͳԬһŵҳТˡԬϵ֮䣬˵٭ڵԬǰŹ棬ȻҲǸġɡܣһйͳʹȻϸʮ꣬Ϊ󣬹ȥԹȻһʹҪĻǣڶϵı衣ԿͨʷԬͳ֮ŴȳίԱ֮ɽ֮㡮ǡСƽ֮Ҫ̳֮֡Сһ֮裬Ҳ㼫ȨҪ棬ɱˡˣǾͶԶԬΪСˡǣԬ̿ɳ磬οë

лۣӵ̳дλ

Ԭ̳֮ʵΣԬĽӰˣӦΪԬ֮󣬱ϵľͷ֥ͣҾƵھԱͱϵķ⽮谡ѫפʮˣϺԺջ飬ԶΪȻѡһϮȺƴĻۣһһյĵҪϡΪ(ǡܡ)ϸھ˵ģ

Ԭ֮ʱδκֻһյĶϣ˼֣һԻҡˡΪ˭֪ҲԬᵽԼ֡ȻԬǰġԼԭһΪģҲϷԬҪάġԪԼһԬĳƣΪܷȨŵɽġԼԬϵᡮԼ֣಻ָ֪ҲڽӰ˵⣬ֻвԬڡʯҡеġκ̽ˡڽϣǷԬĳ֮˳ǣԪ顢

򷴶ԵƣΪԬޡԬǰⲻԸ̴֮ţԭΪ̫ӡԬ˶ҲԬڲʱ֪˶ΪİԶԬʬδСʱ֮ڣεĹԺڹڸƼϵԱʮ(˽)ҪϻۼδͳβܾڻǰЯ֮ĸͬŹƣ׸踮ƴϹԱʾΪ¼ݣ֮ԪڴҲͽƴˡŹ踮Աϵ(ŵĴġĸϵʱȨУƹϵĵ͡Ҫ˽Ȼһ)һ˷عԺڹԺУξӵıϵԱһ¼ּδͳǶβɡǣѱִͷ󺹣СʱýΧơ

߸עһϾܾ۵Ĺ£ݵģֵһʷ֮⣬֮ɿʷϣǱڡϵľгȸϵ졣ͳ죬ԭһ֧ƽڱס沮ƽΰԱִڱѧϵҪԱ֣֮ҾƵݹϵҾԭ־󣬽ʿں̫˴٣ԺҾƣСԭΪϷʵţ̡ΪͯƸΪҼʦȸ̱ѧѧ澴ʫģһ֮飬ΪŮ׼ҡμԡҼҿζ֮ãƼڣ˻ձѧعѧؿƽʿ˫ؿƼʸˣ;ͨĩҪְʶɹ䣬ԺʱҾƳܳĩ顣ȨеڵʱȨһʱϵ֮УΪһһĸԱʱƹʣȷĴϢ(ǡСϢ)ϵ£в֪ߡ꼴ʷ񱡣ӳţʷɿʷ֮ʼ±Ҳ(ƪʷϣױǴڱ֮˴վŴıΪͳʱʷ

ϵ²桢һ֮ʷϴ飬һһһŶˡ¾ʷ顣)

ϵǺֹ

˵ͷᶥԻ͵ĴԱġϵǺֹǵıҪΪƣȥŽԶϱĿͷʲôϵȵȣ˵˲֪Ҳǰʷϸӽͣ⻭㡣ʱʮһͣȻڱ󣬱տڱ󣬶Լڹͣһ߾Ͳ֪ˡ

ν󡯣ԭĩƣνֱܶ󳼡ܶ͡󳼡ʼġ࣬ʡӵʵȨķ⽮Խӽֱܵܶ汱󳼣Ϊĩس£δְȨһʱΪ۹ʵࡣ±ֱܶϻʱڲޡۡԬδҪְ

Ԭһšһ׳δְ̫ǰһ(һš)λȨ࣬˿ԼԦ˰Ԭξ󳼣ȥʵȨͬţԬδ죬ֻȱؼԬڱڣѳɡε׹ֹԬڱڵ(𡢷谡)ԬԬӦگְԭбڵףϺзһʱ֮Ǻ̳νϵԭʼˡ

ԬͳΪһ˶ϵĴߣľͿʼˡȼԬģ֧ĸʡֵĳԱѡĸʡ͹ԱЩ˶ǿʵͬ·ˡ۹ʱǽƣԭǺ͹񵳺ġɽѡлһʱͳйɡ

ϱֳɣԬϴΪʱͳϰףͺܶԭǸԱֱͣΪԵ֯СɡԺʿͳƣСٸ()СͻֻϣԱڸ͹ȨʵԬ֮յʱȫͽͨеʿڱΪ׵ϡͨϵһЩԭǸͱʵɽϴСɳԱͳԪ飬Ҳ𽥵ԬΪϵˡ

ģӵԬƵ۵ġﰲᡯĳԱߣһ󲿷ΪϸԱҲʱҲǱϵͷˡǵ׵һͷͷȣܶܣ˹һ߾Ϳ˽⵽걱ϵ֮˰ɣ

ȵ³ġ񵳡Ϊеһ󵳣õʱ쵳˻ٵ쵳ϣΪӦ񵳵ʱϵĵɽ־֯ڸ󡯵ʵ䣬ΪνʡΪǵķԵ֮£ҲಽӵԬΪԬϱϵϸҲ˵ǱϵΧɣоϵѧϵҲǱΧԬϳƵʱҲ뻤ӪԵƣԬһԪԼɹһʱ㸴Ⱦɽͣ䡮оϵ(ԭܷоᡯ)ӵУΪϱϵ»顣

شҲڶθԬȻѣĹ񵳣ȴȻϷڣμƱѡԬΪʽͳ߹֮롣ȻȥĹ񵳣ȴҲѡϿʼ֯䡮л(һһ)ͻ˶õͼʱɵԱ䡮ŷоᡯ(оŷ޴ս)ΪԿԬɹָϹԱҫ㡢Դ̩ۮˣڱѧϵֱϵһ֧˶ıϵԵ͡

ҿۮ(һ˰ˡһ)θʱͷ­м۵ԬͨҪ֮һʱμѧϵ뱱ɺڱڸ󡯵ġΪйʱĹԪء(μƪѧϵ̽Դԭڡ̳ؿڡѧʮڡ)

߸עۮǹҳӢʿ˵ܣʯ֡θǶ⡢Ԭм۵ͨԬͨЩְҵңַ׷׷ͼı̳ٳ·ݻۮŮʿң˵ʱ˻عı·а취ġ׷ǰ׶¡û취ġֻ¹ȥɽʱȻģۮڡа취ġһȺȥ׶ۮڱеԭǴӲμӡѧϵϵͳµĺˡԵ󡣵׹񵳵ϱʹֱС꽫֮ƵֱϵͷѡڶΡֱսʱ(һŶ)顮ꡯʦռ챱ֱϵȨ̨ͳ￱ȥְֱϵڸάװǱӣۮ˷֯ڸ󡯣һĹԪס˼Ʒ˵ġа취ġʵɣһԱһֱȰͬʷߺͶʷߣʷ¼ʷԡʱ(present-mindedness)ˡƷ˵סа취û취Ĺ۲죬˵һʱĻڹ˸ԵȨɽɹʱˣ޴ԤҲ۹еĹ㶫Ԫ˧ֻһζϷѣΪа취ġˣмһҲ

ʮ֮󣬰ѷͻۮӪΡ򡯵Ļ˵ܺ˹άʱ˴ЦеӢ˫˵벻̫̫ʱҲǸaccomplice()˵Ʒ˵ʱǻװһλߵأ΢Ц˵ں˵ʱڸױǴѧμӿʷƻʱ˵ЦȴĹͬҲʱμ˵Ц

֮ͣҡҡλΣ׷׺Ϻϣһ֯ٶɡ˶ͨʷ֪ȥҪ֮ϸ֦ĩڣרˡԱ߲ǳҲͰŨɰҳϡֽۣ֮ϣܰһ˽⣬νϵͳĸͺˡ

Ԭ֮

ʹԿϵȥ֪йǿξ¼ţԬϵʩƵ֮ǰһǿԾգʹΪġȨ̫̫ǿȨΪһʧǧźޣٽŦȫ̱ĪΪ

Ԭʧ㣬䲻ң޶żʮ֮ڿսڼĴ֮ͬ곢Ϊģʮ󡯣ΪǰŴδ󶼿ԸõȫͬĿˡֻ󵱺һ̫ˣ޷ͷǹʷ飬ĳųˡ

ԬҲˡԬϷһĴ󣬶ĻᣬֻһΣʵ۵Ĵ󣬷̫ˣ޷ͷͺĳһųˡԬϱǰǣСҡģԡˡȻԬ˶Ҳڵйʱ֪Ƿ˹ԣҲĳӦþĶ񸾳赾ˡ޳Ԭˣһʿܳһʱ֮ӢҲңôһԴޡӣڲգݳʷߡ֮ͺʷΪɲգ

½ϵĽϯڴ䡮Եιº١ʵҿ֮ѵԵιӦޣҲ룬ֳɵļҽ̲ҪȴƫҪʷëĶ֮˵ģЩڶиɱɱ˵ľªϰһʧ㣬Ԭϵͬ³ʥ飬Ϊ£ԣɲգɲգ

٭СλᣬȻֵĻתͺڣǰ־ɳǣҪȫ۵쵼ǵӢƼӹȰʹǲصԬ޲źá⵱Ȼ֮ԡһл

ܷ

ʱԬλٻͷ̸̸Ԫ顢һԬĽӰˣǶΡתڡЩɶã

˵˵Ԫ(һĩһŶ)λϡ顯蹫ལЦϺν߯⡯ģһλĳߣˡʵԪҲȷʵһԱȻλĹԪϺȴƫҪ˵лġ(Դ)

ǰƪѽˮʦѧñҵ¹ѧعڶԶ콢͡󶫹սʱڹ׽Ϸ񡣹׳ûʱȫʿѳԪӾˮѲ

úϻؼУת¾ʱǨЭͳ(ó)ʱĸˣֻһ¾еС䣬б޽С֮ƵЭͳǸȴĵþģ˱вȣθ쵼塣Ԭϱţ̨Ϸ¡лϾĳʱͳ۹θͳȥԬǨѡΪԬ֮ͳȴܱϡԼ֣ӵر̾人Ϊлһ򣬶Ԭͳ֮Ρ

ַչˣҲ𽥰ѸӪͶԬΪϵϾӵɽĸСν䡯ԸȨˣԷࡣǰƪ˸뷴ʼ֪ԭ

ڡθڼ䣬ѹѹΪԬϵǰ֮䡣ȻԪ鵱ʱΪһ֮¡ȻǱϵԬͳݻУġԬƽ(Ҿհε㶫)֮󣬽߹룬ԶΪӲʩԶʹ踱ͳϣڱְԴѾԬ֮࣬ͬԬϳƵʱԸͳ֮𣬱Ԭл۹֮߾λġԬʵ۶ԭӰˣԿںëϯ踱ͳвܷɣӴλܷġͺ϶ֶܳӦԺܻʵơ

δʱر߷ʹԬʹ޲ѡʱһһ䣬λǿ˶ܼζˣһһʵֵƵƣԬϵǻδɣŹۣ»϶ˣ޿ΡټϷȮϣ̬Ȳ»ʱ־룬˲ɷᣬɽˮӣ򣿣

ƣԴ

׾Ԭϵǰϸ֮ƪֻ¹֪£ǰƪͨʷ򻯶ĩ֮ѡͨʷƷһǳɣͷߣʵΪ١;ӣִ֮æµ֮һϰߡʵʷѧĲʿԺʿмλдԣܰ˾¹ͷϸһգܴͷ𣬶ȡ裬;֮ͨʷڹؼ½ڣ䱾ĩ֮;ӵĶ߶δ̶֪һͷˮ֪֮Ҳ

˵ͷԬ϶֮ϦԱһ½ͼԶۼ֮ƴлԪ̳дͳڶϴʱ֮ǫѷһʷңԼ֮Ϊ֮ӵ裬ڻ֮ѣ˽֮Ϊк֮Ժ֮ݻ֮ѸͶԬԷʣ͵ʴףҲǾȡ

ֻ˸Ժӹ壬δѡʷѰܣ֮ǽʼٸߡţԿ˼Ԭδ£ƳˮνԺ֮Уӵ𣬻áһǸ٣жϡɽݣΣŪһҴӴ˷ѣδϡЧӦֱڽգȻţ֮ݻδҲ

оʷĴͳۣ˭ԻȻԭδɺѧʷѲ¾׵΢ʷѧʷı壬ΥѧķˡΪʷ۵һ档˵ƱǿĳʷƣʥҲҲ¾ףΪʷȫǾǡʷ塯ʷѧˡ

ʷϿ֮Уҹ֣ʹǵ׻֮󣬻ʵɽۣ֮׹۲콭ƣǵ¥ͨϿʻݵģ粻ƪΣͬʿŮϸ֮

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ϵȨķչ롮սľ()


ƪᵽԬλӰԪ顢ܿľƳˮá˶һ֮ڰѸͳһйŪһΪЧӦֱ(һ)޷ϡ˵ףΪʲôǶһأΪʲô˶֢ĹЧӦϵԶأһʷҶֲ֣ΪֻȨ޷ľʱһɾȨⲻ˵ģɶϡأǶĹЧӦҶҲͺˣΪˡ

ǣʱȻˣǶʷľ飬ǵ׵ʱǰˣǵ׹ĺ󱲣ںʱҲ˰Կս(һ˾)ǰɣպսı붷͡䷨(һ˾Ű)ʱĵۺ֮Ķζصöأ

ٿʱ֮ڵ֮֮CC֮֮£֮С׼ء

ٿԳΪΰȷĹڵν·߶㷳ϸ˵ǵȨ֮ë֮ë֮¶ǵë֮Թԣǻ˵ã϶Ͼ֮ġȨЩСȣСգ

Чʱ۶²ʶ»Ȼʮйʷģĵʷңֱ飬Ϊ߻䣬ǾԷϲ˵ġԵʵɣר֡أȺªйˡ(һ)͡ˣͷ˼ˡ

ǣҲרŰֻ˳ԼͬʵνȽЩһˣҲªءӢʿ˶ʷ׼ģʽɣ֪ǳʵ࡯Ϸ˶꣬ųһ˰ꡮٸʼ˼Ҹʵ࣬˺ü꣬Ÿһలƶأָָ١Աɱ󳼣̬ٳͷء˼أֻ˼Ľ˼ҳªĿʼΪǰ˳ªˡǸƶתͱеӱȽʷѧĽǶǵĳɼ֮ĸԺ̫֮أ

ˣҪ֪תй⣬ǻĸԴ

ִй

Ҫ֪йĸ⣬ӺʷѧĽǶشд

һִʽġת⡯תʲôأԻӵרƵƶ(Monarchical Totalitarianism)תεĹƶ(Parliamentarian Republicanism)ԭҪתͣڷת˶ʵ綫ǿıĵԭӰĽҪתͣʷļ¼йغ䷨֮һת͵ľ飬ΪʱϲԲɡıʱͣת͵ġڡʱάֹйרʽƶѱƻܹάֹйġƺʽƶȻûʵڴ¾ɽ棬Ʋ֮ʱûάְƶȣ޷ˡⲻ˵⣬ƶת͵⣬Ҳ˵νʷϿ⡣ʷϿ֮УǵĴӣϽʱⲻڻˮдתοꣿ͸˸ԭٰһ£У֮γɾͺˡ

ڶ꣬ҲʱɺϣһͳʽġĳҲ¾һĲ͸ΪӣѶ֢ҩˡĳʲôأˡͨ׵ʷѧǡ塯˵ģϾñط֣־ñغϡˡë˵ǧƶȡʷ¼ġƶȡ˥䡮ԡġֻͨάҪĳˡĩĳڡʱϳ͢õףѾʹûִĸҪҲҪԶĸĳˡ

ойʷѹʷġѧɡͰѭ(Dynastic Cycles)Լĳĳĳ򣬱޹˵ġϾñط֣־ñغϡˡ޹Ȥġʱ(𩤶ˡ)һֺϳ򣬳ʮһ꣬һɷֵϵġϱʱ֡һ˱ȽϸӵġԻġ̣ͬһֺϳӳʮ(һߩ˾)֮ã֮ġʮƶȽϵֻ֡ʮ(šߩ)ͻָͳһˡ

һΣţġֺϡ̣Ԭ֮(һһ)𣬵֮(һľ)ΪֹйʷϣķֺϹ̣ȻĻתͺͳ뷢߸ʹ࣬ΪʱҲֻʮ꣬ǱȽ϶̵һˡȻϿʱգҲڡ֡״̬֮¡̸ġϡΪһ»һʱҪȥء

ҩ

ǾͲ֪йʷϺϾñط֣Ǵ˻־ñغǲҷٴָʷľǣйͳġĳ۲˵ġѭǴһ˵ĵרơһҩġֺϳ򡯣ٻתһͬĵרƣ«ձƣͷ³һʩСǰѭ¾֮ѭǰ󣬴ɶϱǰɶơʮǰ󣬴ƳγǰѺԼӸĽ««׻ˡһЩåũ壬ƽ𿪹֮Ҳģף츣

ǣڽִйġת˶Ͳǵĸĳ򳯴ѭˡƶȵתͣһĳơ˶ҪһʽġרƵĴͳתһִʽһתתġִĳƵת˶ǧͷˡ

ˣйĳϹ˵ë󶫵ʱ(һľũһ)ӦúĿʢ²ë֮ȴ³Ŀʢɹʺ֮ġ޷ʱߣҲҪԭǴͳĿ֮ҽҽֻҪҩҽһֲë֮Ҫҽߣڴͳĸĳë֮⣬Ҫҽһһʱִ̲ѵĴͳӹҽҩũҽõУǿ֪Ϊ֪ģҩʯͶˡл첡ûбëжҲ󰡣

ָԪԼξγ

ԹٿζڳЩɶӣԬ֮󣬱λӰࡣˣһͳ()һ()˵Ĺϵν綨ֻνԪԼ֮еļʮˡ粻Ϊ֮νԺףǻðԬʱܷϰһ£˵

ԭ֮󣬸֯ʱǱΪСͳơȵɽͳλԬʱΪֹԬ϶רƣ־ͳƣĲɷʽġڸơνΪ׵ķίԱᣬִʣһҹ֮һܷЧġлʱԼݰԺͨʱͳԪʮһգ䲼ʩУΪлĵһ󷨡йʷϺպġԪԼ

ԬɽΪڶΡʱͳʱⲿԪԼҲͳķɻԼ涨лһ֡ڸơͳֻǸְλͼԬ϶õƣܿı㱻ԬתˡʱлĵһڸԬѡ񵳵µԱɽСͬ硢ѩǣļСֻڸĸ͹ҹڶȥ߾ͱԬͳӥȮˡ

ĵһ֮ʽ³Ĺ񵳣ѡдʤ˹еĶ귽ʮĶҰĲνʣԤԼġԪԼ֯ڸ󡯣벻˶ɱ֮ڡΰĹЧӦ֮£Ԭ˫£Դǹ˳Ȩ³лҲ޷ͳ֮ˡ

ɽġθ(һһ)Ԭƽ֮ԬʽͳһֽţϳǸʵСڸơġԪԼ(һһ)һգа䲼һʵСͳơġԼˣ¸ӣǰƪ˵ؾͲ׸ˡ

Ԭϱ֮ϱͳһȫ죬ϷĻδͳԪ飬ָֻԪԼ͡ᡯΪϱָͳһҪҵʱιĶ𣬶¾Լ֮ѡ޳ɼǰԼֱԬ֮²Ƕ֮ȻԼʵСڸơڸĶ֮Ҳļ֡ε֧֮£εͷϳԬϵԼоɵġԪԼˡ

ȷǡڸơҲǡͳơ

ԪԼԭʵСڸơģϵʱڣȴɸȷǡڸơҲǡͳơķţҲǵʱ֮ڣϵԴˣأԭ֮棬ʵڸƵӦɹеĶĵ֯νڸ󡯡̾ǣλָȨĹᣬԭѲƲȴû󣬸ûԴڸĵ

̾ǣλֳɵĸڹҲûԼ֮ҲмӵصСϵΪεӥȮЩԳơкϵСӵԭƣӰ̫Сˣ첻˶Ҫ󣬾ͷɣ˲żüõĹ񵳽Ĳˡ

ߣԼͳǸǰ֮ȥйͳйʷϳ׵ۺ֮⣬мԪأԪλԪѫܸ׵ۺأǶεϼЩӵоʵϷĸɺͻȺۣҲҪͱϵȨЩϷʵܣ͸ˡ

Цǣ⽨ͳϷҲûаԼ˾ϰߣҲΪԪϼӦʵȨĴͳ˶ϵֻиǿɡִͷԣӹߵѡԪԼɻȥͳڹʱָʹһˣλ鳤Ҳͱɷɵʸ֮ġͳϵǰϳԺɡҲ׾ǰƪ˵()֮Ĺؼˡ

֮תڵıʵǸιεͷΪɵĲʱԱѡҲԴġˣĸŹɩҲӦ˳ζڸֿȵܳˡΪ֮âе֮Ϊ̣֮޿Ҳ

ߣεϼ֮£й񵳼͢½Σͳ赹ͷֱζڸ⽻ܳܳͺܳˡĸΡֹҴμŷսٽծйծ϶ñһ⽻ߣԱ֮ʱЩоصλĸԱڲͬɣֳ˫ҳ(doubleloyalty)⣬ϱְҪɹ¼ҹˣһ˵Ժȥ˰ˡ

ʵһ߿Ϊ˵¡ЦǵĶʵֻǸʵĹ¡ţںսĸ߳ڣ񵳼ϵԱϴְƵλԾǿָõĶܣһ˵Ժȥ칫˰أͳΪλϾĹԺֻʣһˣһݵģְһ²ϵ췴Ǹ٣һ󴮵ʹʹѡҪЩǰʰоֵĻƹ¡ʱɡ

˵ڱζ˶˾ӣнڲ١ʶɷġѵõξ䣬ףЧӦδϢߣҲʼٸߡأ˵ˣʵʱʵתͳڣйδתеƶţͷǳ©ˡ

Կλνڸ󡯵ڸڹŽʷϣиڸ֮ڣ⽻ͺҪԱɷ(opposition)䵱أֻ֮жһˣǴƽϼ¼ˣȷڸƣҲͳƵĻ֮£˭ҲŪϹƱǿʷҾͲܺλ൱ɾϾˡ

޵ĵͳ

֮лߣȻ֪(naive)Ϊʲôλ÷βɣǾ͵˵ʵĸԴˡεǽԵʱϵѳֵĵطӰ֮ϡЩүִƣطˡǶʷߣǶ˵Ǹʱǡʱ𣿵ȷʱйȨھ֣֮ǲиɢ֯šڣرĶǣ붼ǶΪȺ׵ʵҪҲνɵ£⽨µãʹǶԶʦհǶεǱˡ

ʵ˵Ǹ޵һֱϽľӣ޿̾ݵĵ(ڶɽɽ᯴)޹̶ľ룬ӢƵɡ࡯֮⣬ڸû̶ĲԴʱάֱΰľԺԱнã޷ʱţҪй񵳼Ĳܳ½ȥĴ(½)һ̶п(֮񵳺֮)ϵֱԬ²ԭ䷴֮ͳġʱ֮սձţǶҪձɽӶᣬϵ֮Ϊձãձַ֧йսߣձڡԭıóԺ(½)

ӱϿڱ֮ڵλȻ˴ԪΪ׵ķɣӵˡԪĴ󣬱Σۿڱ֮ڱɸ¼ҹˣ;Ȼְһʹһ֮ѣȺѱ䣬мܲˣֻ֮ززһپһѫ١־磬˺ڡϵеıĳΪϵ£Ǻ󻰡

ԷV.Sֹ

ϵȨȻǵط֧֣ЩطʲôأҲ³һµıҪ

ϽǲᵽͳйиϾñط֣־ñغϵġڡ𣿺Ͼñط־ͱȻٽŦͳɨءһڽִйνСˡ

Ҫ֪һĹң۵ƻΣܵиάᰲķͳʵ˵йνת˶Ҳ˵ǴһϵġάᰲľɷͳתһµġִġȽϺ·ͳ

ʼԺǧڴͳйάᰲľɷͳʲôأһë¼ȷعϻǾǡ¼ϼȫ롯ʮˡëϯӹֳָľ̸ֻ֮滹һ䣺Ӹˡ˼Ҳ˼˵ڰˡʵʮ˸֣ǧרƶȣҲëϯ̵ġƶȡ(ʼƶ)ľ֮ڣҲά־йġƶȡϷͳ˴ִתʷĹ۵⣬ë֮ƶȡϷͳν⽨ˡ

ΪʲôأΪΪתĿִ꣬Σ˭˭ƶȡҲиʮ־Ǿǣ¸ְأ˴˷ֹ¡ȽƹطĹϵ˵ģͺйʽġ¼ϼʮ˸֣ƶȫһˡǣһνơȫδͳΥҪȫѧ֮겻ΪҲʱһʱѧҸɼȲֲֹ(½)ܲͷѪŪá塯أ

ˣѣƶȡɷͳεķ⽨ͲȴйһǧꡢЧʵƶȡǼȻ㲻ƶŪ޷죬ȫңǾͷ籣ЧʵƶΪˡҲϰգԹ塯ǰ½ĳЩصйˣڻëϯʱĵˡ

ҲǡʷϿУˮۣˣʱʱҪˮҪԭˡҲν֢ˡ֮ûƶȿѭά־й¼ϼġƶȡѾˣֹġƶȡûн֮һ˸񣬲ǴСΪΪ˽޷ƽˡѻ˵ˣ֮ⲻýûʲôѽˡ

ٽŦִ

׾ǰԬϵУᵽԪ䣬Ԭ͹֮ҲڴˣǸԭеġƶȡûˣεĹξ׵ġƶȡԬϴ˵֮ţԸأҾ͸ǹ˳Ȩˡǹ˱Ԭǹ˴ˣԬ˫ͶҪָʼʵϰ취ˡҰֻܿ˵ԬڳĸʮˡԬϸ˶֮ǰҲȷˣйڱҲĻָ˶ڵİ˲ͶģֻõƱгȥƱ⣬ˡ

Ԭ֮ͿΣҪۡʵۡ󱲽ʯëһĴͻֻ㡮()()ͳѣԬǸ֮ܳء£ϵйܲҪȵFĳ֣ҲǸǿ֮ˡһͿһʱҪԼۼʷϿҪˮǰ֮̾

Ԭ̣ԾһҲûˡ¼ȲϼȫҲ룬ҲһˡйŴʷ棬ٽŦһǧ꣬ϰڡǿᡯĹһٽŦȫ̱һ̱ף͵Ȼͱɷ衢ˡ

ܹҷġ

Ȼھ֮¹ӣҲͿ԰ѡ¸ˡʲôأٽŦ͵Ȼƶ̱֮£ͳʾΪְҵˣ䲿Ϊ˽У¼ϼȫ岻룬벻һˣȫܹҷԼԹҷΥϰжװ٣۴СǾˡ

߼Уʱ֪ũС˸ڻκ֡ġκ졯ӵǹʮˣΪһ֮ڵʱУԭһͼ(սmilitia)Сӳ벻һξսУϼˣͱһġ졯ˡ򡢳˰ԸȫҲԵӵָˣ½ĵطȨҡȲҡҲԸǿӹ죬Ȼأɱ֮ȨСʵۡǱ׼һϸˡ

ЩСϸʼһءһʡľѫ￡ڡأӵʮ򣬾ݵʡ䶽ʡʹѲʹѳԪ˧ͳЩûеƤɾݵӢ飬ɽһЩʧȥ̵ĵĴʳ⵹꣬ǼȲϼҲ룬ܷԼԵ֣ԲҲ

ִ￣СκֵģСͬ͵ľݵʱогɼרͱ߸˵ļ㣬ʮ֮(һһһŶ)ǧңͳʵǹܹ°򡣿йǧСĻս֮£û֣ҲǸ漣(μ¾־ĹֱʮʷԼ²桢һ࡮һᣬҳһһ)

˱ƪνϵȨҲƯ־սĴ֮ϵһֻɶƶƴϽΪʵĶˣȴûֱĲӺֱϽĵ̡ͷ谶ȴǱϵԪϣʡȴֱ˵֮£𽥱ɵͬϵǺġϵֱ͡ϵԴˡΪǰ()ˣֱ(ӱ)Ҳ(ϵ˵)ֱϵƵıʲôҲͲԿˡ

Ժ͹ͷ

ǵò֮ǰ˹Сƽ֮ĳһϣ˵йܲȨΡΪȨʵǡͬʱ໥Ч̫йϲʩУơʱѧҶⰵЦСƽ̫ϡëǸ϶ɶСȨСƽ϶򲻶ɶСƺ⡯

ʵ˹Ǹʷѧڣ̨лʷסۡȫȷˡԬ֮ҪʵۣҪвͨһֱϵͰѸһ㣬ҲΪǡƶȣйʵв֮ͨ¡

иɱߣͷԭ˾֮ȨҲԺָǡԺǡԺģʵֻǡͷԺ͹ᣬѡǰѡԺһֱɸţһɶ꣬йֻǸͷѸҳһţĸͷĻˣӣ֮ѧҲ

սսйͳսʱƯĿںžҪǿKͷǵȵйһȨϿںţרһˡϽҲΪйҪٸʽΣʮҪ˵̨ŪˮȣҲҪȰˮͳȥˮ̫ƽҲ̨ʽëĽˣһǰ꣬ǻ˵ʷչˣ򸴺ԡ

֮йֱĿǰΪֹʵһҲԣֻйʩеɫѣԭ޴Ҳʷľ飬ϽĻδʼûеҲԿƪ̸֮ؼ⡮ۡй޷ʵеʵƱǿϾĶˡ֮Ҳ 




ϵȨķչ롮սľ()


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һǿ(Parliamentary Government)ԭҹִʷϣת˶ռĿꡣתͳڣȴǸ޷ʩеƣһЦĴźäǰ˰޺ԱҲΪڸģĸ߼ţأ

˰޺֮Уȴûһ޺йϰͶƱѡġԭǸʡ֮ڣԸйĸɺ(ϱʵ)һЩصΪѡԱ֯ĸŵͷͷ໥Эپʡصֻʡ(Ҳѡ)͸ʡֱָɳģûѡϸ˵Ҳϼ֮еȻ֮ʿ˵ġ˲ǵʱλ޺ȴǸ𽥸õνסκβ֮ʿ()һͶ룬Ϊʱãͻһͬ죬ݵıزİ͡

ӵ˶ƴ󣬶λ»ǸнƽΪǧԪԵʱ㹻һǧϵĵȣͬĻڵʱݳصй֮κһʡǸشŵ롣⣬ÿλʱ߸Сϯѡĸ߶ɽ亣ζ᣻ơѻƬĲĳ͸Ǽҳ㷹ˡ뵱ʱƲйڵƶ࣬δ̫ˡʵϣ뵱ʱ̰۸׾ţһ֮ѡȴͳνײУһżţĴأߣԱҲûжˣʲô¹򡯡ʱֲ֮⣬ǻ飬ΪʱʱвҲʱܶԱҲǳáԺζãϵߺţΪȻ걱ĺס߼潵ġ˴ͬǹԱ˵֮ʿҲֲ֡ʱӵıѧĿѧ(ѧԺ)йĴ˺͡ҳ¶ڣҲǰ˴ͬĳͣǽйĻת˶ĳ۲Ϊءøմ½ϵĿ˴ͬ㲻ײ䡯ء(ڵ֮ģμţһŲ̋棬ýıۣҳһ)

ʣΣڽȽȫƣ֮йأԻȽƶȣ꣬ϵʵһһչĽٳɰ࣬㶫ʩЧ򭣬һ죬ôأףʱգʮһˣҿ̨ΣǷдĽأ½ΪޣηҲһء

֮йУҪױ죬ٻҪ͵Ŀĥءǰǵϱͣ˼أɣͳЦˡ

߸עҵĺѣʷȨ񷨡԰ڣʷϣΪԱǵʱѡʸ(Լռȫ˿ڰٷ֮һ)ѡѡٳġ(ǰ飬£ڡ)±λŽڳճϱеˡݱ߸ġʷûһνԱǾѡƱѡġҲҸţʷֲʷ֮Եʡ

ߣսԼҲѡʸˡһߩİ꣬ۿҲѡƱѡġѡĺѡˣҪѡĵǲѡʡأϾĴСʱ½ִѡϺϾӦģˡ⿪һκϺѡίʿ̸͸˵Ϻμѡ٣ûпͷǲܵѡġȻߣǵʱķ䣬ɹ񵳸ϵ鶨ˡѡֻڸõкԼͬ־ȥѡϵһѡ񣬹ϵҲ⿪ʱִCCϵפϺѡҪԱûϵͷκξѡߣѵðˡϺˣ꣬Ǿ͸̸ˡ

߱뿪½֮ǰҲĸʡյһ༭ͼߣŵѡٹ£ҲǱѾġ˴̸˵Ĺ۲죬ͱǰϱֻǾáƱǿʷѵǽִйĻת˶Ƿֽ׶ǰġʱδƲ޷УϵڻˮеˣԶ

ҿԱڹжɣܻߺջߵ(￻ѡ)ڹʱȻɶûˣǾѡΪѡٲƽ̧ײĿɡʱ̧ײĿûˣ᲻ֵҲûˡʷϿеĻˮƣسãԶʵ֮һ

ɽҲܻ߰

ʱս˫йʹõĽԪ⽻ƣӹͰ빫ĳ͡Ӷõȵȣɴܻ¸ǧٹֵġʷС˵Ȥϸļ¼֮ĶǣͲڸĦ˹̽ˡǣһʥ͵ɽҲǵ۹µܺˡΪս˼Ҳչ¹ܷ͵˵ĳ͡Ȼʵֻյһˣһ򣬱˴ˣбˣǸɰ

Ϊսɽ˵¹Ĵͣڵʱ˿ģ񵳵ĵʷңԴҲ΢ĿѣܵϸȴǸ֮աһֱս󣬵¹ҵȫپͨʷʿԸϸķģʼ׵ġ

ʿսѧ¹̨ϸоԺйʷоꡣӴ㷺ʢաڴ֣֮࣬Ҳϸ۽ʷ̨ʷݶ档ʷˣʱĵԪϻƼ½ƹҲΪΪʮѵõһʷϡǿɿʷϣ͸洦

ҲѶϸ̸ڵо¹ԭɽ֮ĿΪˣɽʵߣ֮ΪΪ˲ǲбһʷҶΪĿ̫󣬲ܾСԱ˴ĳθɼûҲˣ˻ɣɵ¹ֱ͸һսͷ᯴ˡȻҮҮдĿˡ

еĶߣ׾ˣѰΪһʥͣĻ¸أ֪ɽһλ˽ĸߡŵӲҲ˵ֻҪ޿С³ҲʱˣҲΪ޵£ԳɹΪ¡Ϊȡĳɹ²Ϊһѧ˵бءǽִңܶ඼ǷΪġȻҲɽ֮Ҳ

ʱ˵ĹʻʣԵԪ֮ڵʱйŻ˵ҿйսνսӰġƽȥ˵ɡ

һʮ°ڱ

Σǰ

Ҳתⲻ˵ɣֲ²ɵֵͣ¾֮Զ¾̡֮ǰƪ֮ͣ֯ĸִСͲ֮࣬ԺԱҳĺΪһ任

ԬʱνڸʢһʱΪȡ󡯣󡯣СɳԱ˷׷׽ˣٵ쵳ֱγġ񵳡ӵԬġǰ顣֮䷢ִ֮ʱ˵֫忹֮ңڽ̨֮Ժ˹ʱȥδԶԱʹõľߣëʺ̨ڱۼʱɣī֭Ľ֮߾ͷѪɸˡԺֻ֮ʯʯڰ칫ϣҡˡʷΪСС̨ҲŹ΢ʷѧС

Ҫ̨֪ʵеУһЩ֫忹ֻǴ½εŴѡһУûɶϡҲ̨壬ǰͳͳҪйˡѪҺӣǵصĹձˣҲͺܲˡ½ϵϽ֮ԼߣѣУе̨ͽ̨ѡٵҲͬ׿־ġ½̫ҲҲ

˵ģֻ꣬ıɽ֮һǡθʵΣС͸ȤˡԬʱҪμѡͳ֯ڸ󣬳աҪٵ쵳С˶ƴ󣬽մǵεʱͳڸѡ綨αɸСȦȦԱȡʵȨʵ󵳾ͲС֮ˡ֮Ȥͼ֯Сϵ֯Сջξֲˡ

Ϲָ֮ϵġ񵳡͡ήˡǰߵĹǸ䡮ܷȶᡯ͡ѧᡯ(ϾȨСѧϵʼ)һС֯Աڵʱŵ¼УʵʲμӣӰ졣һЩ׺ĹԱȻϳʲô®ɡ԰ɡֲ͡һС֮֯ԭųơеһ󵳡ġ񵳡ǱһЩһЩС֯ˡ

ϵġҲͬĵˡǸɾӢ쵼֮£Ԭʱʹڵϵġоϵ(Ϊ)ͨ͡ϵ(ԭʿڱΪףѳ˲ͨУԬϹŵ)ϣҲ֯һʵۺġܷоᡯˣָ˵ġϹᡯͱоܷΪŶ̱ӵսˡ[μһţйСʷ(¼)һҳһ]

̾ǣ㳸ص㲻ڸ񣬶ԸϵıΪΪϵǡѡѡģûжѡ⡣ǼȲκ׼Ҳκ塣ݣʹԸϵ˽ΪˡҲͰ߼ΣͱͼİˡʵϣСƽͽڸģӢʽΣǻɣйʽ߻ħġΡ

ںʷѧԶ֮ǰθΪйеĿ͹ʵڡлڵл񹲺͹ɼһ͵ߣ(ĸʱڣ˰)ŻͷѰΣˡ

Ϲָ

̸̸ͷ֮һĹɡԬμ֮䣬ʱͺϷģǻָԪԼ͡ϹᡯڵʱʥޱȵģǶ֪νϹᣬҲҹִʷϣһֻ᲻ɢģû̶ڵҲԺԱ˰ʮˡԪ֮䣬ʡѡĴ(һһ)°ʽְġʷϺųơһʽᡯԭǵһ󵳣νʱô˵һ֯ڸ󣬶ɱ֮ġ

ɡΰġθ(һһļ)ȻԬѣԬԹеһ󵳵ĹȴݣΪҪõʱĹᣬѡлһʽͳѡ˲ʮʮʽְ֮󣬹ڽܣƳһлʷϡһܷν̳ܷⲿܷдʽʩʱԬڹҸԱˡİʮԱԱ֤ͬʮһձԬʧȥ˿ķνᡯͱɢˡԬֽͳλǸݡԪԼѡģԪԼǸʩСڸơԼεġͳơìܣҪ޸Լ⼮ܷʵĹ֮£ԬƳһʺġԼһһһչʩСôߣʵˡ

ȵԬʵۼδɣȡƻͷͳʱԬָֻʹġԼԬϻָԼʱιġԬ֮Ϸɵļ֡εͬ⣬ԼٶȱϳԪԼ͡ϹᡯҲ֮(һһ)µװ³ָ̻ˡκܸӵĹ£ϸƪֻΪۻһ£԰˵Ϲָľ

սʼģ

ڶصƤ򣬾ǡսˡ

νսߣһһ£ŷ޵ĵ°Ӣ۹֮䣬ȻһսݱɡһսһսȻŷޣΪս˫ǰɫ۹壬ͱȻǣ浽սǷ޵ֳˡйʱǽսĴֳغͰֳأձʱӢͬ˹ձҲѧģѧģ˸ڰ׵ġ㽶۹塯ӢһЭԼԵսվȻԶŷȥսҹɽ뵺ĵ¹ؿսˡռ˽ൺĵ¹أйɽ뵺ҲռˡŷǿϾ֮ʱйʮһҪ󡯣Ҫйɴձֳأǰ

ŷս֮ʱҹҰǶŷսСоȤ֪ʶӺͣҲͷйӦձһȥսˡокͱ۵ĵڣŷսת磬¹һһ£󣬸УΪЭԼĺʹӦʵνǱͧߡһֱӰĶóˡ

ʱĶŷߣƫ֧ԮЭԼġֻڵṫ̫һʱάʵ¹ǱͧһֱϮ֮һһգ¹սˡȻսˣͳѷҲиɣԼйһͬսйһйλӦأڱ֮Уȫ֮ϣͷйսʵˡ

ս״

ʱŲսǹ𣬺סϵȫ֮ڲս䶯ȻͲ֮ˡʱΪףӵεԭоϵӰͣҲȫͣΪսйаһࣺ

սԺЭԼŷսеʤʮԣйӦòμЭԼڽĹʺͻϣȡʤʵȨ

й۵ɽ뵺Ϊձ־ս󣬳м̵¹ɽֳض֮йҪձջɽ뵺ͷǲμսͻ᲻ɡҪμӽĺͻᣬĿǰսΪսʤʵΪҲ

ߣйս֮󣬲ؿջص°µȹйغһвƲͣԵ°µȹĸԲսΪڣҪ󻺸ЭԼӢȹĸǧϡɻʼսйɳ˻Ҫȫͣһǰ;ޣĪɡ

нߣڶεйսսɳ˻ӱڹľΪ˰գծ֮ԶԣμսйаһģԶŽ룬̲սʵϣΪŲսͣȫԸõĸԣڲսҲ¶šսҲɿվڶ֮ͳͬˡԪԷԲսأ˵ˣƳˮС֮ãұط֮ѳΪתй̳Ĺʽ(ʱ)ҪĻǣʱһλͽӵ䡣ȴ䱻õμֵʱոջָƵϹᣬ͹֮еĶ(Ϲ񵳸ϵ)ʱҰϵɽԼʱ̾ʡʵɣԭԡ϶ƼҢ᯴㶫½͢ҲԲսǵӰ֮£һЩѧҲԲսڱйʾӵ跴ΡһйǷӦòս⣬ɣ൱Ҳ֮һΪˡλԭʵͳڸʵһӵ֮£ҲͶˡսİˡ(ڲսۺ۵ԭʼļѡ¼ҳžš)

սɺأ˵ҲǴġɽ˵ɣվһҵһսԭһɫ۹ֳصսܵ۹֮йʲôμǵ۹֮ķսأ

ߣһҿй֮׽Ǹɹ⡣ҵ;ʵ·ȥˡڡδɹ(ɽͷ)Ū塣Ŀǰйĵ֮Ǵ򵹾ɸԬȥ̾ɣȫ£Ҫӵ׳ȥμŷս᱾ĩɽͷԲսˡɽʱڹģ׺֮£ѧ磬Ӱˡ

ϸʡľͷΪҲԲսأǾ͸ˡʵȴǱϵһʵ壬ǡսߡΪʱһ֮ǰڷԬƵġսڼ(һһ)ǳΰ˱ϵĿƣĳϱεͷԬȥȻ˸ʵۣȻϵƱıʣȴǻδҩҲԭֶ͸ΪӽȻްڹ񵳣ԭԪһҲĵԾӣԱϵľɼ޼֮ۼɱϵԲսԷʣԷսΪڣӵ跴εĿģҲ˳µˡ

۲ֹԱ֮սߣʵϵϵ֮רǲս֮Ҳйս񣬶ʵڷǹּκ֮£ʹϵ̨ɹԱ֯ڸսԭڻҲ

һԱ֮ҲǡתڡĿɱ֮ˡʵɶҪΪڣ޹صƤ򣬴ȨѡĻ˵ĺãڴҶȻʱĻ뵽ʲô冪

ܡսƤ

ӻֻ֣˽˸ͲͬˣȨλ֮һ±طƶߣƤȥҪǳˡ̨̳ĻңҲƺͳйءĵߵԬνë֮᣻˽εĹǣȻҲڴˡ

Ӵ˵εʱĹƤȥֿ˶ڸȻ󲨣ʹ֮е̱ף´ң̸ɫ䡣Ƥ򣬵һǡܡڶǡս

̸̸ܣǰ˵εǣߵ룬ȤƶܷΪֻʵȨܷԼãƹͷ֯ڸʹηʵЧǽйĸ취һ룬ԬʱԬ׵ķˡʱǾͼˡˣϹָ֮󣬹񵳵ľӢеһ֯ġȶᡯȥˡľӢǵġܷоᡯıǻ˵ƺǴҪˡ

һȥˣǻͷȥν˶йƺֻЦһ(ҿʮ滹ִܷеĲ£Ͳض˵)ͽ²ͬˡڵĹȴɷн¡ͳʱξͱʾ֧֣Ƕ֮µʡͣǾʹнģҪѹˡ

ǹϾ˶ƴĻϵֻһЩʽ˺ͣһ鵳ԶᷢȺΪŰֻñ¾СǮýͷʧҵؤŮ֯νšЦķʽΧᣬķЧǾͶǹԸˡϹᣬڱѫǹ˽ɢˡ

ӡ޷졯ë

ǰ֮ζ˵Ĺϵν綨ֻԪԼϵļʮˡһǸԺ죬⼸ʮֵ壬ʣ˭()ȷأʹȨ(Ժ)ˣ˭ǿ(˾)أʹԸӹҵķɣÿʩʹضķ()ѽһǷëˣ

ʵ˵ѣκȽķιңϹ֣ëġЩǼʮ꣬ĳɾͣһҲëϯ񹲺͹ڼ䣬л񹲺͹һҲûСһ޷ҪתɷëִƹңͷһһϦ֮ˡȫ̰߸ӵܣҪ䷨©Ϊ˽ˣĿǰ쵼йΪɣ½ѸٵִˣΪʵҪҲǷԺ֣ëˡëķȺУ˵ȴûɶзأѧвҪԾķΣڽգһγ·أο֮ǰ(㶫зһˣǰĳɰ޴רѧԺãȻжɡзˣ򲻳ְְŦԼձһʮա)

꣬ë󶫵޷ʤһǵʱйķҲûм̸()ҲǸ㲻Ϲ(Ϊͳĺ飬ͲɶСˡΪ˾ǡԱԳơ鷨ˡΪˣҲ˸ڻˡ)

Ȼʱ֮ڣҲ࡮˲ˡ()ݡάˣֻǾţһëһëҪǣţǾǻˡЩֱʮͣʮë󶫡Сƽգ͡źڣ͸ǻʯͷˡʯľֻëϯ˵ġ¼ϼȫ롯ˡʹǧԡʱ˼תǿҵĽ׶ءһжǺèèģģһأˣǾ֪ϾѸԺֵ֮ˮȣ͸ˡ

ĿУߣΪ׫дĸġˡĺҸһԪף¼ϼϼӡӡȫƤͼ£ֻӡأ

ڶε۹鳤֪УйʱʵСԪԼڸƣȫءͳֻǸƿ¸ŹԺأ鳤ͳָʹˡԭǸеһִԺϵӦǷֹ˫¡֮й˫Ĺϵ;ˡ˵ǵĹϵͱɲֹ¡ʵϣҲ޷ǵĸԺ֮ҲԶ޷ƽˡЧӦδѡ

Ļľð

й̳Ϲûʵıأʷҿ̨Ļ̨̨ǰвͬˡΪʷеʷϵҲֻǴͬСģǾα侭ðҲǵһսڼ䣬Ҳǹʹϵʷν⽻ĸ߳ڡĹ⽻һףе⽻һסһδսڼ䣬ҲʷϹʼԼΪïʢʱǺҵİ˶Ϊ֮Լع⣬ģԼ𣬶ԱȨɣӰ;֮¸Ǿ͸ǲڻˡ

ڲս֮ʱŷսжЭԼͬţйĲս񣬶ΪӡЭԼӢ˵ձѲμЭԼԵսˣй֮룬°޵˵ȫɨسˡйǸϴ֮ȴ޵Դ͹ԭϺгܲЭԼ֮㡣оձŷսڶǻˮ㣬ƲɶձΪӢԶó֮СΪó֮ƣƺձΪսط룬Ӣǿйս֮Ҫ

ͬ˹ĵ°˵йһԵ°ս˵йʮеһ⽻Ȩغеľʩ̾ͻΪСйˡ鱨ԱȫҪΪսʧȥɡ԰ҲʹȫɳרҺӰ⽻ңЮˣ(ʵҲǻ¸)սʿսסͷЧʲ˫йʵţ߻¸ˡ

άV.S

ḻ۲΢ĵĹάһģС£

ݹϻ䣬һγʹʱʷԬμ̡ݽߣٸнọ̀ܳ½ΣʹԾծԶѹءϷ֮ʹнѰٲ֮ſнծ֮ª棬ѹϢΪйծԪԼñȼü֣֮ŵ˽죬˹Ϊйٽծ֮ԽΪǰδ֮١ⲻ֪ڴ˻ڼ䣬˼ͻȻյɴˡǰļ硣ֹͣ棬עծϽӵ֮󣬷򸾽Ϊ֮ﲻѡ֮һͨ绰ֹһծ֮ǩ򱱾뾭Σڸе֮ݣƱ⶯ңǰ;ҲͲ롣

ϸʷʱʣǰʱڻԺȻ˼泯أ˵ǹԱʱȻǷɽ֮Ҳʹϣڴ˹˽ѵļзУԼԴأ˵ΪפʹڣһеԹΪءʱҵİҪԼ˽˼֮飬ͲӦԽˡʣʱͳһҲֱ֧ܳ½ΣҲǹԱμڸ𣿺ǻҪΣңأ˵⻰Ҳ˵ξծǷ֮ܳµġǽӵŮĸ磬ȻҲղѡ˹֮䲻ĹʱҲҸ̾ʱԵ֮±ط̸ԭ򣬲ֶεġȽҷԵãȻͬˡԵʱй֮ң಻רھҲ(μά¼İ棬һᣬҳһĩߡ) 



ӱ䵽ʹڼķŸӡ


ڱͶʮжΣҲйϱսĩڣǷԴڶġϵ˵һ֦ˡϵһŶڡڶֱսУһԶԪ¸(һ˵ǡһٶСġȫЭʷѡʮһʮҳ)ȡ˷ԡֱϵ꣬ˡ䡯(ʮإ)Ľ˲￣ݻġѡɻۮ֯ڸ󡯣ɡ

ͬʱؽġһľ˧ѧָ֮£ͻֱߣɽءػʵһΧڵеɽˡ˧ʲǧӶݣʹڶֱսΪϵȫʤ֮֡

ϵµġִ

Դ˷ϵء˧(ʱΡʡѲʹ)ʮһ³ƺ󣬲ǰϵ죬ʱסĶʱɽΡлʱִԺš

ʱԭǸ¼ҹˡϾ졣֮桢ʣֵáԷ롢Ŷ˹ʱִʵߡЮӡ˽ġϱδϣڸɹ֮£Υ䣬Ҳг˻һԸĴ㡣Ҳ֪ʵԶ֣֮ʷԭǷλġ꽫ڶε()ܺˡһֱ۽ڷӣԷΥίˡ

ͬε£ʮһإڱְʷǧ뾩񡣾ְ֮󣬶ִ㰴ԼһԸİţϷ泪ˡһҪ϶ñģʡʵɵıȨ϶ñԭǰͳԪ鷢ġйʱޱȨĵ߶ŷ϶ñбȨߣ򷴶֮һζȻǵõ֮½ġ볷ԭСġʡѲʹ(ԡƶʡ)Ρ߷ͿѶ졯

ŵ֧֣ҲΪ߷ͿѶ졯פݡڲԭΪ½ʹرھԷǣó½ʹλٷȥְͬʽʡ϶ñЧ΢ȻԱ֮ʡ٣һɳĳʡƺ󶽰졯任ҩȻ졯ڡִʱڣ롮ͷΣʹˡ

֮һ壬ġƺ顯ҪȫʵɣġԪڵȣʡݵȰˣȫԵġƺ顯(񵳵ġᡯ͹ġЭ)Ȼͨ飬Ƴһµġܷ򡮹ͬ졯һĶˣסʱִ˳ıɡִ򡮴ͳˡȻǶִһԸĴ㡣һŶʮһإվְһŶ¾һһġʱִ̣ôġ

ɽġš

Ϊġƺ顯ƺУûСġأ˸غͷţӹݵĴԪ˧ϣΪƽͳһ̹ǡ

һŶһɽϵԭǷ顣Ľ֮ۿס׶ĹʵҪء֣֮ʢǹ˵ɽԷǹλ֮ϣԷʱġʡһλԶΪʦĸЯҲ˳֮¡

Ÿ֮ɽϣҲԼ⡣ͤ()ɽԭΪѡ˵Ķѧ(Ʊ)ҲռĴӡһ롣鲻ͤҿɽ֮ɽͤΣʱΪǽǷ

ԭһŶꡮֱһսʱڴɾȫֻ֮ʱչɽȴڹͨԮǴʱɽʳ¾ġϡϵʦι֣ơΪɽ¾ַŪҶѱ䣬ڴͳɽ͵ܾС.﹫Ϊ֮Ǳڷſ־ɼΣɸС

һŶ£ֱڶսѼʱɽ㣬ָһЩϺзʲôӾԥعزսַ⡣ʱڹݵĸݵأΣһѱ۵Ӣ۹صĴ䱸ġšıɱݻٻҾУ˻УʯβܶȣһϦ£漱ʱ֮սȤŨΪǾ޿֮˼ҹҲҪˣҲҪˡԶŷ⡮עһ(﹫½)ȥߡһŶšʮ֮䣬ɽعصɣڵʱعµĻҽУǻ͸ڱķŸ۹УĻǹѵġʮµ״֮־ʡʱԶġġ(ġǵʱ˶ɽϰ߳ν)ҪġԷŵʱҲӭıϣԼġ

λȴһλ˽ļٵ˾ӡߡֱˡң򡮴ڡ׿Ȼȫ룬ȴǴġںġ˵ģӦԼСšġűǣ顱ϳƽԼ

ɽҪʲôġ顯أԪᡯԼڹݸġǳᡯ(һһ)ǡᡯ(һһ)ڸġƺ顯(һŶ)ֻġ顯(һ)(һ)Э(һľ)ᡯ(һߡ)ᡯ(һ)˼Ҳû巽ˣʷҲ֤һõ־硣

ڡϳƽԼ롣ʱݴ½ʡڹſɱǹЩս˵ľ(ɽˣһ)ҪƽԼµġʹ()͡ء(áձվ˵ۣغؽ硭)ءЩսʤߣҲҪЩطȥԺءϳƽԼɽŴһţͿģ

ǵʱʧ٣ҰܱڳеȨɺںš󻰡ߵӮȫȲɶΪӡʥˡ¡οɽȷǵʱй߲̳Ψһġִˡ(modern man)˽ҵʥͽ(saint)

²ʶ»Ȼ۾ѩġɽʱй֮ߣǾƥģȻߵ֮ʵʣҲȵġ˵һŶ(ʮ)Ϧ־ʮղ⣬ȫİϣǴһǿ룬ʵϣȷδӦеŸӶҲͲ̫ˡ

ءĸ

䡯ضʱֵĸȻͱɽʵʶ˩Ÿǡǹ˳ȨͳһйͳһĸǶڸ㡮ᡯ(һһ)ʱġ֮ĽӰڣ֮ءʵ֮󣬽ëĻǡͳһҹǧʷʲôƽͳһأС־ñغϡ󣬶ǡͳһĽأ

صʱĸǣرڻѹƷ飬ܲս֮Ȼнڹ۷ɽɽٻӾʡֱϵĲ̾ݻһԪһﴫȻ人һڱˡУϡѴϭҲʵϷһŶ괺ѭǰġ

˧Ȩ

η()µıƣԡ½бɽѡ֡ѧࡢ⿡޷εһÿ֮¸Ͻáɡšڱرȵȡӿվ˧ѧֱָӡжʮˡ

֮Уһ顮һ˾ѧΪ˾ԵóҲǵʱִͷԺĽŹΪ˾ֱս󣬷ٴࣻΪʦľΪšġһ˾Ϊפ˾פֱϽʦʮãһʦãڱãһš˧ѧεžų˾丱֮вڹꢸǧˡŵżҸӱ֮Ϥڴӡѧǡ˧ҲȨˡ

ڡ()פ˾֮ȷڣź(ѧֺ)˼(֮)֮䡯ʷ¼г롣ǡš֮˾֮ƣһŶ(ʮ)괺ͬҲ

ַ

ǵһŶ괺ؽ£־ʡʱ˧֧δáҪȻȶƱѸٷչеķġ

ڷϵμӺƾ죬ϵ֮Ŷ͵طַΪؾ١ڶֱս󣬶ʡϳ֮⣬һյĵ̱ǡȺر۳˷üɵطӣȺӶͳפڳе¡

ڶյֱʡ(ӱ)ڶֱ()˷ֱ죬פϽıĵطӷˡ

ԱϵĵƤɽˡһŶ£ڶɽڲ½ɽ졣

ڲ(һ˰һ-һ)ƶܹض(ɽȥıϰ)ıںձڶʡӡѧһЩµȶú򾭹аһϵֱ̣ϵǨضͶ˧˾ɽ졣ͳʵĳ֮⣬Ҳı˴ֱ³ʡطӣųơֱ³׶ʢʱӵʮϡȻλ֪ġ⽫֪Լжٱţӡ

һŶڲսڳս飬ԡ³˷˾壬ЮǰɻʹսܶͶ¬飬Ӿ¡š¬һŶֱϵԪռϾ¬鲢ϾһһЩɲ顮ڲΪ˾ʾѭ·һ·ȡݡռݣһŶһµռϺѭϽֱϵһﴫ(һ˰-һ)ڻ֮䡣ϵչˣ˵ڼʢˡȻ˴ϽԶպõڲʵ׹

˵ڲʤʦ֮ʣ۹ִͣɽ֣ʿǲȱڲΪʷϵġ׼ݲˡڲ³һֱ꣬ϲҰ(һŶ)֮󣬲űϳɽ󱻰׳жеʼһ³ɨĹ뺫صȦףձǹɱ

һŶڲ³ʱĸܲΡն졯һѡΪն졯ͳʳεķ

ռաϵʱʡЩ⣺ڼ(Ⱥʡر)ڣ³ϺϺֱնʡʵӰĸʡй֮

бʱķϵ̽йŷ޵ġʥ۹ŷ֮Ӣ¡¡塢ɡȡ˴ǿ֮ܺй֮ϵʱӵоʮˡ½վȫѵװԾٹ˫Ÿ֮Ȩ˿νǷ켫ˡ

ϵ֮ʱʷĹ֮һئҰ(һŶʮ)Ϻˡһʱٹڡѧ˵Ŀ궼ڡ򵹵۹塯ϺĸҲͳΪʸ֮ˡ⻪ţ˫ڴͷĦȭƵĽҪͷ˧ѧ˧֮ʮʷǧˣפϺʱйѧŲ˵Ӣ統֣뻦˧Ҫɾפԡ

˴йӽ磬۸ΣҲйʷϵĴ١ʱ˧귽ʮ壬ٰн绪ïΪҲʮɫʮ֮Уˮ

һǰŮ(άʿĴ)ĸ߼ϣСϷҲʶʣڡ±䡯зõĽŮʿûڷλáĲʱʮġ̡ܽУҲҪˣΣնˡǺ󻰡

ѱʷ

˵ͷʱ۷ϵεǿվǸһ֧Ļһש䡢¹ԭ˭¹׽ˣ˭ʵۡףڡʱͲˡ

֪Īӡѧϲ˾ȡ˵ǰǡ۲š޴ԡǡдԡ۲šǸԶȡܡҪԳศͺˡ

۲šߺΣˮ䰡Ӣۣ˵ơúҲ֮۲ţˡԡߣԡ٣רũΧеȵҲ֮öԼδʩβʶԶвҲ˹Ϊ˧֮ޡ˧ڿҪʡʡıˣԱױҮͽˡ򲻵ʡˣǿռʡһŶֱϷﴫȶȥˡʧ֮֮ϰպգûСԡëˡ

ߣԼδʩʶԼڲ⣬޷ͱһŶ궬ġ䵹ꡯ־硣

(һ˰˶-һŶ)ʮ(һŶ)ʮһإգͻȻѷųơľ򡮶ʱһһ졣꼻һ֣ܴɣԶʱԸڶȡŶ֮񵳵ݹ嵳һʷ£ҲᷢˡյйǣҲӡʷżȻԡɲգ

ѱôأ֮Ƿϵڲìܵı滯ϵڲìǵʱйڲìܵһ֡

ǷϵڱͳؽаʼʮǾͽһΰʥ۹۹֮ҲϵϵìĸšһаġԪɡࡢžݡˡԪԭһȺֺܣʶ֮޵ϴ֡Ǿǵĵ۹֮Ҫʵһ˲ʱǱһչġʿǵʱйʡձ(ֻԬĵϵǸ⡣Ԭʿ)ʿڵطеƣҲһʿɡڶʮ(һ˰-һŶ)ʿɱԪɣȴԪɣΪϵеĵȨɡڷ¼Ǹɣǡ½ѧԼáѵıҵҲγһǿġ½ɡ򡮽ɡһɵľԭǸУһһŰҵѧѧǡ˧ȫĸͳ˧ְ𷱶ֻ࣬ϲɫھУǵʵǳ½νý̹ٵĹˡˡ˾Ҳ˷

ڷ֮вʱΪȨλǵʽ˼вͬҪ֮ԪʿγһżţλȨ˼ҲȽϱأ򸯻Ƚᡢʵܵʱĳ确ʮ¸(һһ)͡?˶(һһ)ĳ弤ҲܴǷԻսͬʱԪɵľɾͳΣҲзСǹӰ󡣹ķ˺ѧȽӱྩѧҵȫͬѧãܡʱ롮ʡҹפʹɽĶʱ͢ڰԷϡĵе֧Ԯ͹ʹڷеĹʻҲѲܡ֣Թ䶼ʵĴ̼ǷֱϵġꡯԼڡ䡯ѸٷչȻҲʤĽȻ֪ڷյʵԶһǰֱϵ֮УҲӸꡮ̽ȡˡ֮һ֮Ԯ򻪱ɴҲ˹ʮһձ۲ٷٹϯϾů鶩ͬ˵Լ漴ʮһإշͨ磬ˡ

ذܵԭ

ķ꣬Ȼ(ֳĺ)޲ʿϵ꣬иۮΪıߣһֱ´ΪġӦ·Ÿĳɡġʱ빲ʹҹǾ˽֪ġ֮ѷһͷڳûбҪĴ䣻δ亦ˡҪ֧ԮҲ֧˻ˮ㡣

ʱΨһҹսձġضפ;ձ˱ϲŸӡȨȡᡣձ˸´йɫʵġޡձھù·ǵġפ;˾һΪͭǽڡ˧Ҳ;ʲвˡߣذܡ̫ˡδҪԭһŵĵϵЩͶƵطȺӵ۳ֱԼļ־ͺطӵȣȦ⣬̫֣ΪС

Ҳˣʮйĵ¹ĻǾġ⽨¡ͳ˧ԭżҵĸӱŸ䡮ԡ㣬ȴС۲šʿжʿ䡣ǽ˧ʿ֮䣬У䲻ףϻƫ֮ţɼɳԣȴҪ˧Է˧Ȼ˧Ƕķǡ˾֮ģʿ֮γۻأ

Թ绳־ɴ£ӦЧС˸㡮±䡯ĸɷ䲻⣬ٳͳ˧Ȼ칦򣬵׶죬Чİ취˲ͼƱϣһţճ־ãѾҪɢˡǹԭܹءȡȻʮإձܾ()ǣ˫˫ܷ֮ԭίҲʷ߱ˣɣ

ʸ֮

Ȼ򸾵ı磬֮ԷŸҲǸĴձ۲٣˧֮ٻعĿģԭҪλͽ飬ﴫġͻȻѱѷŸһ¼ƻȫŤתˡѱҲʹڲѺ۸Ϊ滯ȻѧЧܲ١ٶ֮ս(𩤶һ)پĹ(ٰܲԼʿ˹ź°֮δӲıȫٻ٣˵˹ʱҲ)½ʿ˽֤ȫٻ٣̣ȻľȡеĹıڱóκܲӣ൳ǧˣԳơľ˷(κȫЭʷѡʮ弭һҳ)

Ǿܹ֮ԷоĽ֮飬֮ڹԷͶ֮ʮ³ϡַս֮ʱӸ궫Ԯڹǽǣϵֱִٽֱʡĵ̣ռڡҲ۳ʱͻȻȡȺӡ̵ְʱȻֱݣĲԭɷϡ¡ڱ߶ЮҲֿȡ˹󣬷ĵĵһǷˡ

һŶżҸвʦٶءعԭѽκ֧䡮ľ˧ռݣֱָ

ʱŸӶԷǱس֮졣¸ʮˣָ˵ź̨˵һӣʱӶԷİ취֮⣬ϭɽֺڲġֱ³ϣظǲרʹ޺ãԼ人ɽӹȡʹ֮ܵС

ڷ֮ʱλķ£ޱ޽ͽӵλĶִ͸Ϊˡֻ֪ܡִš롢ɵľ֮¡һκһɶƣʧȥƽ⣬ҪҰˡ˶ִڹ񵳡ǰϦʵǸͷֺ(֮ټһԭ˹ʱ۹֯ġʹš)һλӵĹԪס

.һ˲Ұ찲Ѫ

ԭǡΨһһûй̶̵ҪλȫĴĴꡯΪȫ֪ġ꽫ȻɹһαһŶ׶ġ䡯ˡһȻ㵽ȫһŴ̩Ǳ̫Ҫˡе֮ǵõˣˡֻϾӡǶʸ̫ˡȻҪϷ泪ԸĿܣָӲԼֲԸԼܵආλһӡġ꽫Զִ롮ְְִ֡ο֡ο֪ڳϷֱֻһŶ괺̨ϷҲȥˡʹżҸӵĹѱз㳲¡꼸ѵڣĵر˳鴦澳ΨһԱ֮ϽˡȻǻӭ֮Ͼ˹֡˹ҲѿһŶ֮ĹϵҲ˹ˡ

ԮȻˣձԮţӢԮ⣬Ҳ͸ӻˡһйʷԭһ۹ǿڻʷαս۹Ҳʮʵġ

ڶ³ѮͧڴʱڴغԶˮ׷ڣһ⴩ߵսսһ۹ȫйսˡձ˾ȶԷף顣

ʮӢɱհ˴۹壬ԮԼڲ֮򱱾⽻ʮСʱ޵ġͨ뺡

ҵ۹أͬʱҲΪֺ÷ţȰ벿ֹͣס֮ǷܶεȰ滹ǴҪģҪȴǶ֮۹ͷΥȫ⡣ʱئҰѪδɣ۹ǿ벻̣ʱⷽŨ(Ҳǹ)ڻĵĵ»ԭ˶ļʱǹĵ¹ߣһХѧ˹˱һ

ʮ(һŶ)ʮ()ߵıѧǧ˼찲ǰ˸ᡯԷ˹ͨ뺡ҪѰ˹ʹϳй˺١Լǫࡢȵȹ֡һʱȺ鼤ХԺʱִֽţӳǹǹȺǰӺ壬ҡеѧʮˡһʮˡΪʷǰδеɱͽѧƽġ?һ˲Ұ

һɱˣȫΪ֮ڡֵ֪ҫ̴ְִ߸ҽΪȺ˶Ϊ()ɿ֮£ͨǫࡢ(һ˰˰-һŶߣʱαڼͼ)ʯȡǫ˱ʹݡͷ˺ϸӲ鳭ʹݵ

йʷϣѧˡˣǡˡɿ֮¡ʵȺ˶ǼߵģˡֻƲѡʱ֮˺Լ޷߰˹ʹǿġǶ֮ǹѧ֮࣬Ǿͻ֮ˡ

Сƽé®

׮?һ˲ҰֻǾսʷһҰһΡ޹غ֡ʱַ룬֪У˷ֱ򱱾ˡٲ㱱Ͽڣ׼ӴܡһǸɴʺ͹񵳵Ĺϵ滯

إյݵΪɽ¼ʼʱȴӦ֮͢ԼƽȪȥסδɴҪ˹ࡢˡ̷ƽɽӡεȵֿ⡣Ȱ˵֮£Ҳͬˡ

ڡй̨ϱݳԱǣǡš¡ᱳϲޡֻһйʷȴһӡйš𽥽롮ִתʷɱУмԵġ׶ԡݺһ׶εԱҪǰһ׶εģҪִǰһ׶εԱ粻ʱԼ(ɽ)ʱһ׶ΣҪʱʱġˡˣԡ塯(һһһ)Сתı׼ȵʮ׶νβʱ粻ת䩤ԶĻǱĩƱغڡﴫͬ۹ˡ벻һŶͶ·֮ʱȴʿж˹񵳡

ͱйʷϵһ½׶Ρ⡮½׶ΡУ鱾ûݵģϣʹϴг֮һ׶ˡ

мʺ͹Ǣ̸׵µͽ룬ǫһе˾Ī˹Ƴɽȥˡһϡʦһ·ֱ³ɳ人ƴ䡣λϾһ־ʮССƽȺʹԮʱҲһˡ

Ĵ.־

ͷĪ˹֮ʱµһһĽ¹롢֮Ԫȴֱ䡣ʱޱ޽ĶִȻľҪϵᱱǣڵķֱ֮ˡżҸʱıԶֱϵв֮ϣԶִΥ֮䣬Сͨϵ֮ӡΪϵؽʱα˾¹Ϥ¹¾ɱΪִежΡ䡯Ѷ롮¹ΪԱͷǰͳ￣Ը£ͨ޺ãϣͼܷŸӣȻԼܲɡ¹֪ԿʮȫʦϿڡȳڲѧֱ֮³˳룬ռ˱ҲΪʱһ׶ʱִ־硣һȥջʱ󡯣άڲ׹ǰ;Ҫءڣǰ߾ΰˡ

˫塢¼һٴ֮󣬱˴˾ԡոʱά֣Է֮˫Խ

ʱĲвȻǸݷ뷢Ī˹Ƶڷֱл֮£תԱ߱ɽɽˡ

Ժ̾ɽʮꡣԳҪɽɰձԱԱܻɽϵͳɡխ졯ʡɽɽǱҪʱ಻ʡʱҲˡȴҪҡ벿ʯصȲѮ̬ͬۿŹ̫ԭΪڵϦþѨȻֵһʱæңš˧漱Ը䣬ͬ

֮룬ԱҲ

֮ߣıǰһ֮𣻲ͼҲ

֮ߣΪȡ֮Ҳ

ˣš⡢֡룬Ĵ־죬ı»ΪѪUǧ飬Ūʬ֣Ҳ̶á

ʱĹҲڶ֣ǹأΪ쵼Ȩ˴˹ĶǡϵԺ衢ǸͷѪԺĹҲڴʱҶһʱлأϱ¡¡ʱйﻹǸҰ

ͳһԶ

⻪Ĵս֮ʱ֮ڱȽϿ顣ǰ֮桢Ͼǿ֮ĩ룬޶ࡣϿڣϼǧһֳսߣؾףʱնͷβնΣաʵϵһŶ괺Ӧ޺ãԼ(ȫʷѡʮһ˶ҳ)ƻַʱϷβͩԺĺϵ̣ͱǳԵˡ֪⣬Ͷ㣬˸ġҲβܵˡ

ɽλɽ(̫)ԭǸ۲ŴԵҰļҡԸάɽʡƱšһҲȷˡԶԸĹ⣬񵳺ձ˶ߡΪűɽϳֻǼԵ⡣ɽûõĵˣҲûõѵġˣҲ׷桮´硯Ϊž˾ġ֮ͬҲԺˡ

ڻǸ޸һˡݹ񵳡³·˼ֲͨ˼Ͽڵ֮صĵʧҲ޹غּˡ

ڳЩСս֮սͶ()ϱսͶ(ﴫ)ϱ(µԪ)ǱԼˡٿЩϡı߽ٽŦԭ֮ʱǾ㿳ɱ沢ưԡһԭһͳ³ԻƳԲǴ⡣һϷҹʷݳǧ꣬˴βһˡ

ʷչһŶ(ʮ)ʮʩϷͳһڡݹԽʯΪ׵ĹȨȨ򽥴ι鲢ڷŸӡ˫Ӻ硯һһзΪ־ñغϣҪйعһͳҪ˭ǿ˭˭˭ˡ

ʼĩ

һйֵı䶯̫ˡǰױǴѧλйʷϽڣ־дһСһŶ֮й˼ңţѼëƤŪ̫ϸˣд˶ʮ꣬ɲ˾ʵдֻϷİйѡ

ʱΪ󡯵ıǵı临಻ϲĹȻˣǳҲ˵

˵ϡ¹벿ΪֱƣһŶʮճ˱Ͽ֮ѧ漴ڲפԴ˱ǷϵˡȨھʱ֮ԭͬϷġȥгʱȰηϵȨסһЩǣҲͶԽȰؽפϺͳˡ

ȴԸʶȻͳԾإݰڡַָϿ֮սʱպ뾩ڽ֮䣬ɽۻڹϿ޹ʱ˧ʼ˧Էר֮ںйϣһŶʮչϿڡݡż¡

Ͽ֮սڸ߷ʱϷıҲǣһհ䲼Ա¾աʦإإ˷ڱսʷ͡š롮ʤš֮սʱǰߵָӹŷǰΪ֮

ʤŷսָӹٱϿսִµڱˡ˧ȴųˣͷڵ߸಻ֹġ桯

֮ܣʹɥʧȫҲɥʧսʿݺԭ˧Ӵһ겻Ӳءס硯ֻý׹ˡ

ڼȰܣ˼Ϫ°ϲɿڡݵһľս֮Ҳﴫλʡ˾

ڡﴫǷŸӵУ˫սͣʤаܣʱ֪£оΪʯ׻ܡڷϵ֮˧ӣҪԮԮΪڣӾ£ԥʡʧĵˡ

ʱﴫвܵУ֪ԱʮһѮϣԮ˧ԼΪ֣Ը˧αԼԭֱϵɾɽڲ򻪡ࡢ⿡ʮȫ֮֮ԻԶԿϷġͬʱȰΪȺ˧֮׳Ρ˾ﴫ(ʡ)ڲ(ֱ³)ɽ()֮

ʵ飬֮ɣʮһئְͨʮإƽڱش˴뾩ȻԹԪԾӡ֮ʢ䱸֮ϣǰδСרǰվֲʱǰžš찲šפڵ˳ؽ־ûɳ̵ءˮٲȻǰ̡ʱȸ游СסĿʢΪѧ꣬ӰΪұ֮Ҳ

̱

˾ޱ

һʮ(һŶ)˳طر¡·ڲָӡֱ³ѭǰ¼ռϾפϺﴫڰ׳ӦաǱָ֮ͬʱ뻦ǵʱ͡Ͷ̱ˡ

·ѧڶ¼ָӷʮѭ£ռ֣ݣ;ֱϵӲ鸽ߣԽеܵУĴɭϵķҲҪӴˡ

ڷ(ֱ³)ڶߴ֮뱱ġսڻԼϵڲ䲻սߡϵѧǡŷսȴʮּҵġ

һŶ£ԥ֮פꡢ۱ǡܼҿһߡʳġʮڡźŷʮȥˣȥź̸üɫ費ֹСӺңʮǰೢŴ(ŷھеĴº)̸פ֮սΪ䡮еһžСȻҲ˵ʱֱҿڣΪʲôأ˵ʱǸʿǰߣзĸ¡ǹܣĸطǳĶǲҿڡ

֮פ۱֮ս˰̡ŷʤ֣ѧ˾ʱѧ칫Ϸенŷһױš˵ӢʶӢۡǺúսټ(ŷ)ݸ֮ȥ꺺̸Ҳ֤ʵдˡҲɿʱս˫ľ

ʮУŷ̨壬ΥԼľ֮˧˻Ľ֮һЦ𡣵פһԩǰˡ

˧ΪԪ

˾صĵڶ١ЮӡˡʵϵġӡֻҪλ̬Ӯǿפʹšĳ(ʱıҪ)ͿλӡˡһŶգҲϷ񵳡干˶ƴ֮ʱżҸڱҲȡˡʹš֧֣һٰΧפʹݡѲ֮󣬴˹ʮˡԾУȵйԱʮд̡ѵõжϱɡֻı֤࡯磬Ӯ۹פʹһºȲɡڸʹ֧֮£رλΪлʽԪˡ

ʮԭڡȰʿȰ֮£ع֯лҳξ½Ԫ˧ԭڸάְ˸顮ڸ󡯣گ硣

йԪ֮ھְ֮ѭŵͳݰ̳졣Ԫ˧ף֮ʱʧ֣׹أΪǲ֮ףҲв㡣һСΪʱжĹάʮŦԼߣ

ڧ

سΡԪ˧֮󣬱ľйְܴͬʱһʱڳͻϵĹͳ췭ظ

ԭڱռ人ȡ൱ʤ֮󣬵в־Ϊ˾ȨأΪֹ˶ãӦ跨ƣ˷ˡİʸһŶ׶Ժ󣬴һɱɹ֮ǹԭڡӪ֮УϺһ֮ڽνšߣ֮תӵʹ񵳷ֳɣƳˮ𡣶˳Ϊ֮ɣΪ֮ɡһ⡣³ԭСɽ¼֮Թ˾ɺ³һʱ㷢֮ʼϺĽŸ԰ݳɡͷϵ칫Э֮£һݣ˷?һ±䡯֮干˶һʱͷ֮絳ݼӢһʱ㾡Ϻһؿ絳֮߼ˡ߼쵼ܶϺ༸ⲻ⡣˹һκ֮ɼȫ

Ͼ干£人Ϊ֮ɹ񵳣ΪϺԴ֮ԡֹ(¹)񵳼ȫתһչаһ֮ϲͼ֮ġ塯һŶ֮ݹ硯ʹУٳɻҽ顣

й֮ർ˹O˹֮ڡһŶ֮йڶǰС֮й֮й˹ɡO֮

ٽŦǹϡڹͳڣϵƹʯҰ̶Ѫսơŷֹšɱһ±䡣Թ˲ϾҲжˡжϣҲʹ˰̫ƽԪ˧

ɽƴ󡢸

һŶĹ̫ϾδԱᣬδ͸徢̴档ڣһŶ»صϾι˾ʵжα

ڶαʧȥͽŷǡҶͦȴ֧ɽ

һŶɲһΪ˾ھʮաʦԭԽ壬Чҹ񵳣ʲꃡһŶĵսܳϣ人֣ݰʦͼʯ֮ʱϡʮշǵȿ֣ݻ顯ӷ֣ݡ˾٣ʮնȥ뽯ʵȾСݻ顯˹ʱ֮սѼϣ˫ʦϾˣ¤աһŶ˾ְʱӵʮ򣬻ԭĳơڶžַ

ɽԭΪȰ֮һΰ˾ȻʢһŶǲʹԴϲԸΩһŶ괺Բұ̬ϽţʤĪҲѧ۱ǣ֣ݣɽȲԳơ˾ǲͽԶżҿڣǶֱռݡԭϱ·Ϊ˻ռ챱ڧ·ʦسսʼҲ

ѧ˹ʱڸԶ֡ѧ˻ʦΧݣڲ֮䡣ܼβ׷͵ʴףһʱԮˣȫʡҸǼΪϡݲʧɽɱѧ˵ڣİݡһʱ꣬ȫǽ١νĪڴˡسǽݾزö˹ڵ಻ЧһŶʮʮһŶһգһ£ʵǽ֮ޣ֮Сһս۾Ϊ֮ȲɡʵԮܷƽʱĿȫǩ˾ְαδɽΪ˾׳ǰѹѵڣвʤ˧Ҫ·ˡ

ʹ±

һŶ괺ʱԭ·ʦֱָ򡣺Ӧʡһšѭ·ϡڼΪվ裬ϲҰ֮⣬ֱ³δֱֿ(ӱ)ġڶžڽ֡ƽ·֮ƽ׳ʡļž֮һ(ԭǾɲϵձ)ѭ߱ϡֱȱ(ƽ)ɽ֮žѭǰ·ӹأͬԷ֮򱱾Χڴ˾⣬ȥ£ŸΨһĳ·ڱѷλͣʦˡ

ѧңһŶļ֣ݰʦʱ˧ֹͣսɱĿȾ̫ϰܻҲ̫ˡ֣ݵǳʱڳվһߣ˧ϸѯ֮£֮顣ѧʱʮ꣬ǸѪꡣλ˵Ĺ£ǱڵĩԾص֮ϸȫʦأսԲٴˡں֮ΧҲʵǽͶǳģҲĽ

ѧȰ֮£˧ҲʵһŶ¾ȫʦءһߣȴǰǼձ۹ˡʱձڸҶƣΪսԼֵ;·Ϊˡ·ȨһֱڱʽǩԼǸӲӡձҪʼաĥӲݡϡ֡

ձڻġضפ;ҶıǾ͸һ˩ҪȨʹԶйزǸʵĿܣǾɱŶѡ֮س֮ǰýձҪɵ۹ʵۡĴšҵԸӵ˧۲ԲӢۡʼղҰձı̫أһ֡ҡĺͿĩʹˣһˡȻ˵˧ڱרʱǰ̫רУö֮ƺƵؿ졣ˣձɱǾǲˡȻ峿ʱئ֣ʹһը˧Ӧѳˡ

ΪʦԶΪʦ

֮˵ڽйҲдսʷһҳ˳ĵĿģҲѻʹ±ǰ֮䣬ӵľսĹһˣʹһ߶Ծ֪ʼĩҲΪ?һ±䡯̳µʷıڷҡ

׾ƪߣǶԡһǣδʼ˼

ءҲȻؾԾǩ·ԼҲȻ䡮ס硯һ˵Ĳµжɱ֮ڲ֮³ߣȻϲҰǰೢվװֱ³ԿϾ֮Ҫ󡣴޿㴹ʷ

Թνߣ̲һŶۡҹʷķչйʵ伫ġ׶ԡ˴Ҳ׶εӢۺܣǸý׶εƷ׶и׶εͨԣ׶벻ФǴ˽׶ʥͣ˽׶(ʱ)ߣФҲʷߡֱ顯гɼһʹһҲ

ߣ(Ļй)䲻ͬʷչ֮ԡڡͨԡҹеġǿᡯ͡뼯ȨĵרƶȣغԽ㲻ǸáƶȣȻ಻ʧΪũҵСЧá(functional)ƶȣһǧ꣬˥ȻһƶִĹҵʧ䡮ЧáԹҹִ˶ҪĿ꣬һԱ֮ѰһЧáƶȣΪξð֮ߣ˶ѡ

ɽ֮ɡͬ˻ᡯ񵳡֮ƶȣʵΪΡȨ˾ͳơȵ֮ģʽҲһΪʦȻʮͳ(Ժ)֮йȴʵСģʽκˡͳҲᡯҲʮ֤꣬֯ꡮģʽйĳƲΡ(Warlordism)ߣһģʽƲ֢֮Ҳ

ɽʥ֮ʱҲ(һһ)Ժ󣬼ɹ֮¾򡯣󳹴򡯡֪йԶΪʦ޳ɾ͡ԴѰƶȵķת򡮶ģʽˡ

˵ɽʮйɡɾ͡ɽẒ̌ԶΪʦ֮ҲȻǰ֮йִ˶֮չġ׶ԡ׶и׶εĹף׶и׶εļޣɱ书һҲԶΪʦһҪ׶ΡҲҲֻһҪ׶Ρѡһ׶Ρһ˵֪īءʦʦϡʦʦ֮һ׶ΡУͱȻҪˣҪ½׶Ρĸˡ

Ȼʦ֮󣬺δӣʦ֮ɽںηδʷԸӣ(һžһ¶ʮڱ) 



ʷƪԲķͼ⡡


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սľϴϡ򱱣ԺֱַսսҲǳ˫ɶԣϱͬʱġͼͼǲʶ֣ҲһĿȻ

ԭϵϵ(԰жΪ)֮ʣµֱϵ(ֱӱΪϳԲ￡Ϊ䣬ν⡯)ͷϵ(ԷΪݵأءѧΪ)߲ȣΪֱսǡ⡯롮š֮˺üˡһ̣

һֱսһŶ(ʮһ)¡սӼ⼰βͷ׼㡣͵ʴףδɣͷѪ˻(ԭɹ)(ͼϲ)

ĲԷڳǸڴ¡¡֮ʱϵϵ(մƽĹ)Ӫ֮Ҳ£ɽͳ¾εʧʼһŶ(ʮһ)¡˷˹(¹ϵ˳ƶ)ͬʱؾݹݣʮձ㷢ڴɽͳ±ˡ

ǹУɽ׷ߣⲻ⣬ܾ磬С(¼)ι±Ḷ́ǰ뻪ĵһֱսͬʱһͬʱƽзչġս(ͬϡͼ)ʤԭǱҳ¡ƽзչսеʤߣֶ֮ҡԭ¾ȸ﹫˹ݣȴǵ껪()ʡĳУΪйСѡɽʧݣ񵳵˺ɢʡԨԴСȻ·Ӣŷһ³ݣˮ֮¡¾¾Уһһװ˶һŶ£ɽطִԭͳΪԪ˧δԪ˧عݵ֮ɽԭǵ껪ϡͳɡ(ø̨е)֣ĴƷڹ㶫һʡʹĳҪ𽥵ƵķŸӣҲҪȡϵĲһ´򵹻ѡ̾ݱֱϵ⡣ɽһЩСϵĸ䡮ͷŸ۴Ρء£߲̫ʵǶǵսеҪԱ(ͼ)

ߣ֮ɽתΪʤϸڡֱսУתΪʤҲƽзչһģһġԭ̾ݱֱϵ(ܡ)ڴܷϵ֮ʤݳһĻ￻ѡͳĳ(һŶ)ϵԾĻᡣȫһ֧֮£ϵϸһŶٶʴءֱϵȫʦӭʷϵġڶֱսˡ(ͼϲ)

ս־ڱصãսǰؽ¸ֱǰн죬λġ꽫顣ս֮ʱϺȻڳǰߡꡯʮ¶ʮջʦռ˱Ľ˲ͳǰ߸·ֱ֮һͿءڽ⣬Ժϡ(ͬ)Դ˻Ͷһʡ(ʡСֱΪɼȲֱ³ԥʡ)𽥱ɷϵ׵ˡ

ľսչˣɺ϶֣ɷֶϣͳ·Ӻ磬(Ľë)ľ档ǿšһ֮ǰ˫սڲ̱ܶӣһۡΪ˷ŲϧʩԴϻ֮ĿġһԸλؽнֱϵ֮࣬Ϊáһնս໯֮顣

ŵһݵɽʾãҲɽϹ̹ǡԷϵʡеĵʵйܺƽͳһ˭Ͳˡ

Եϸ鷲ǧֵġʮʷҲҲйʷСƽͳһҹʷһǹ˴أϵ֮ë󶫽ǹӳȨ

ɽԭҲšƽԡͳһһֱڸ׺ϣġ¾Ūˣɽ֡μӾսġŽ̡ҲָͳһйͨһΡʱڡ

ңʱϾӹݵԪ˧ȴӢ֮ءĴԪ˧ڹݵʿԪ˧ȴšʱ߳¾ԭʡʳСϵϣɡʯԹ御Ӣɽͬ־ĸʡʧ̷ܵ]Ǳǵɽϰסʯ˾˾ǵȵȣһ۲۵ľɾʳ棬ӵǼ١Ǿ͵˰裬̰İ潣󷢺ƣԪ˧ҲֲһģǶǴԪ˧Ĳ¡ŪŭԹ㶫ϰ޿֮ʱԪ˧ҪЩСڹءԣһΡ㶫˵ıʱΪʡˡ˵ģЩšĳ¾(ܰ)ȷġͽɽȻ˵ڵĹ㶫Եع㶫ϰ˵ȴһʡ˲˯ġȨʱ㶫ʡʵɽΪɽôϲʡʡϺзѹ㶫ŪԵʡ˴֮ԣ֪ʷҶʷġִӦʷʵΪ

ɽʱΪϷСͶ·»㡮ݹǶգ·Ǳƪּ֮ɽ󲻵ֻ÷תһŶܱ(Ρš)׶ȥ֪䲻ɶΪ֮ġƽͳһδɣȴ־⡣

ǻ˵ͷɽ粻϶׶㶫ֱ㲻ܷĽ϶ãسľ档ɽԽڹݣ򽯽ʯλҪһλʡԪϡ()ʵҲϺܷ֮ҡֱߣɰ֮ؼɽ֮ҲɽһʯץסȨšɨƽϡѹֹ(¹ϵ)ͳһ㡣ʵӣġһȻ󡮸Ľ˾ܱԭ͡˾һֱۡ˧һŶڻʹͱըлġҲʽ֮Ͼġʼȫһ³ΪйĺϷŽʱʮľս֮֡(ͼġ)

ϵĸԲȦͼ⣬ĿֻǰԬϱʮġսüĿҳϵͳһߺͱѧ򡮻սֱԾʱʷȴˡ⿴ͼʶֵķоʷֻǸ𲽣Ȼ𲽵֪ʶרҵʿѧʷʦΪʷ̲ģѾܡˡְ̹ѵγеĴѧʦܳϿҵ˵еĻƷء

⡮𲽡֪ʢиϲ¥ԸĶߺڣӦнݣѭ򽥽һǳġķͼˡ

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ֱϵĲ⵱Ȩʱ(һŶ𩤩һŶġ)

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λһס硢˽ơծԲԸУΪڣмڸߣգ˼дʷˣΪǡһҪʶ֮ΪҲ

˵ͷֱϵ(һŶ𩤩һŶ)ȴǹ˺ءɽҽˣ졣֮ΪߣΪǾǿͬʱҲȫΧĶ֮

һŶһףɽڹֲ߻ġս£רʹ(Maring)ˣɽ֮ߣɽ֡Ӣǣڳ䡮Ҳʳ֮ɽһŶϺԡݹʹظˡ

ֱ֮ϵ꣬йΧŲתġRľ£αں󣬶һĿȻ

һй鵳(һŶһ?)

Ŷǽ˷⣬ɽ(һŶ?)

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ǰ֮ġһֻʮꡣһʮʮȴĻֳĴΣÿ;ÿһһһϵȨʱ£

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һ⣬˴ӣδ㵽һǿԲأһŶ֮йʲôħأ̸ɡҿϾʲôϵֱϵϵ¾ɹϵϵϵϵϵϵȵȶ϶Ĵڴءһ¹ϵͷͷ(ָ߰׫ʻ¼)߱˾дʮ֣ǰ벿ءһŶã»ɼʮְɡ

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ֻԺΪһŶɡɡ(Ϻİ)оϵͨϵѧϵ(ϴŵĴ󻤷һ)ǻ

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ڡԬϵ(һһһŶ)ȻҲսͣ(θ͡ս)⻼Ӿ(ʮһ)εͼٻάָһͳľ棻ûзһԬһ(һһ)йͿʼˡ

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ˣͳһйͼɸԲȦ﹫ġսԲȦһˡ(ͼһ)

Ρսǰʮ£δʲôϱս˫Ӫ֮ڣԷѣ

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ϱзѣȫԵĻսͣսˡϱؾֱﷴһһȴ졮ս(regional civil wars)

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һ˵Ԭʷʱյġһ֮ʷʵһΧԬʷĴתġץסԬһеΪȻ˳ϣһ׶εʷ½ӡҿ

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һĴһܼסлͷ(һһһ)ǡԬϵһһײ֪ʶôصƥȥҲСġйרҡˡ

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ΪʵʵʷѧѵһλУоҲΪСԬϵʷʵںÿһչǧԵġҵ(Term Paper)Եġ˶ʿġ(MA Thesis)ʮԵġʿġ(Doctoral Dissertation)ǡʿ󡯵ר⣬Ǿ̶ûˡ

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һνӰ(ΪͳΪ)ս𡢸ԺȨ(һһ.һһ.)۸ʧܡϡ칲͡ϳԼ(һһ..)ݳΡ(һһ.һ)ġݹϵ(һһ.)塢˶(һһ.)ϣսϵսܡɽ(һŶ.)ߡֱսϵսܡҰ(һŶ.)

ڱȨֻ꣬Ȼ鸴ӰԶһս(μӵһսԵս)Ԫ顢ɽսֳԺ֮طӵη裬ѫ뾩⣬ɢԼϳͳٵ־硣ϻؾѫ칲͡ҪѡᣬɽϷġ˶ʱ¹Ϊ֧ɽս˽ɽ(ʵհ)Ϊܻѡɽú˵ʮλԱȥݿǳᡯ뱱ͥ񣬸һľ档һĹʮ꣬ûнϣأ

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϶Ϊսձͻʱ·Ťת˵ġ˶󲼶ʲάҲ֮Ѱܣ벻϶θõΪҲΣκһζдԵţȻڵһ֮٣ɷɼ򣬾γӡĹ¿ԳһԪ϶һҰǵľ£ͽһԪ⵱Ȩˡ 



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ͬ˻ᡯԭһš(ʮһ꣬)ļйڶ֯ĸͬˡ˹ʱйѧˡȻ̸࣬ȴһʱķС񣬸ĸҸҶΪ֮֯Ҫպɽ׶֮һ飬Ϊ˹ɽΪһšʮʽڶͬ˻ᡣ

Ȼͬ˻ᵱʱĴǡ²ָлƽȨԱһ·ߵĹͬȴֻǡ²ָлҲֻΪֹˣͬ˻Ȼйʷһ壬һˣܶĿʧҲˡ

νһڵʱĽͱһҵǸ塯ͳڸ󣬺Ժ͹ˡвʶμңݺصͣӦеᡯȥڲ֡һͬ˻㡮ˡͬˡνʡһʽͬ˻Ϊ񵳣Աڹԡִ̬ʱһΡƲϵԱ̫׵ȣ鵳ǰʵɱΪеЯڹ֮񵳶Կˡͬ˻ѷǹر⣬ȨҰ²

ٿΡΪ׵¹񵳣ڲҲϸѣγɼȽɡΪףŰѸеף뱱ɲ棻ȽνΪףΣͨᣬȨһԪǹ񵳵Ķˣνռͷɽܵˡǣ(һһ)¶ʮν̣Ź񵳾ٱԬ(νθ)֮󣬹ڼɣдʡɽձְʽĹ񵳣һΪĵġлڶʽ

ʱԹռĹѱԬɢҲ˷Ƿ֯Ƚ뼤ͬʱںˡɵȴвͬձԬإһҪʱȫ𶯣ȽӣͣԬԱ㱱ȫգֶΣϧձ繲ͬԸԬϡ

֮ͬԵɽΪлʱȽӶ಻ԸμӡĹ˵˲żüãһл飬֪˲ÿµеġ֪ʿֻɽΪʥġˣҶɽġΪǰͷɾ˵벻ԸμһֻӸ˵İ⽨ʽ֯ԭΪмνաʿϵֱаٷ֮ʮܾμӡԹ񵳵м˲ţԼȽһɡ

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ҫˣձ۴󷨿ƳϵϾԺԪѫԬ󣬶ҫԺȫԺίԱֱΪ˾ܳѧȡŶѧϵ켰ܳĵλݺֱϵоϵ֮䣬չͬϵύֱϵֱ֮ս

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ʣǽļ֣ǽȫ
ĿǰõķǽšңΡͨ޽ȼ֡ǽǰȫģͨѶǼܵģʱǽIPַؼϵͳ֪ڸʲôймǧ˷ǽҲͼֲˡ
ʣɱǽΪľô£
𣺷ǽľ򲡶߱壬˺ûԡй½ĳЩɱѷǽ϶Ϊľй¡иɱ󱨷ǽΪľ䲻˽йʵͻķǽ˺ڿ

طǽ4ַЧ
1ȥҳطǽ
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ַѡҪصķǽҼѡĿΪʼء
2ed2kطǽ
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ַѡҪصķǽơed2kͷӣѸ׻¿½ء
3ôʷǽվ
https://www.google.com/reader/view/feed/http://us.dongtaiwang.com/loc/glinks.xml
ַһLinkͿɽ붯̬һоͶԼܻơվİȫ֤⡱ľ棬վ
4Skypeȡǽ
Skype缶̬Skypeʺųṩ·ǽء裺
һȥhttp://download.skype.com/SkypeSetupFull.exeSkypeºúװעһʺŵ¼
ڶSkypedongtaiwang.comΪϵˡ
ڡϵˡбҵӵġ̬dongtaiwang.com㷢ϢϻԶظ·ǽصַ

ʣǽΰװʹã
šңΡͨ޽ɫҪװһ˫УԶһҳ˵ǽɹǽɹ˵һ̶ϱʱɷʰYouTubeFacebookTwitterڵһбվ

վƼǽɹſԷʣ
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˵̨http://www.ntdtv.com/ûŷû񣬡͸й½ŽȽĿ㳹׿干йࡣ
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http://www.newcenturynews.comԿ͹ۡΪרҵ׼򣬲κ֯ҵ֧䣬Ӯ˺߹㷺
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֮http://www.bjs.org/ɺƽ㡢Ӣʱ֣֪ʿеһԴٽйȨṫΪּ¿
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ǽע
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ÿ˷ǽܻһ⣬Ѿ˷ǽǴ򲻿κվڷǽû˳ģû˳û˳͹ػ⣬ǧæɾǽֽڢֲоõڢ֡٣´һǽŻ޽ϵĹرջ˳ť˳ͿˡڣĲ˵δ򿪣 - Internetѡ C ӣ㡰áΪLANʹôǰǷи̡о͵ȥ㡰ȷٵ㡰áԴʹôǰǷи̡о͵ȥȻһֱ㡰ȷС


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ԤеĽ졷һδε¼󣬲ŷԤصİأmp3أ
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ռࡷࣩأ
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ˮ֪𰸡飬ˮҲԡΨۣձΰĿѧʵ飬ؿأ
ed2k://|file|ˮ֪.flv|158351381|DA88CDF7EEE742180BBA0C4B32954B2F|h=R6E7LPWHBXZCDYXPHCMJQGOTQLW43N5W|/

ëйŴķԡ1969꺱ƵåԴ¶أ
ed2k://|file|ëھŴ.rmvb|3747587|8FCF0BC5316139DAF7C6CBA2C0463F35|h=BY4RJ4YG3DXGGA3ODEIZDU3INOCRSB4B|/
ֲħ-ë󶫡Ƭ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ֲħ.avi|365887488|D91CF24AE471EDF0CEED4537DA0193D1|h=45IQGUYHUFPISZTPVKWDUVZQLHLHYD6T|/
ֲħ-ë󶫡Ƭ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|ֲħ.chs.srt|98376|92140E080DDA760194F5623E936DA0D4|h=ZXFZVO6BSECIDRRWP774G4N4QHZPS22W|/
̸ëΪ֪Ĺ¡أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊ֪Ĺ.rmvb|74087167|FAD416B48CB0486BC29E5F46EE3DDFF8|h=LETNTEOUAWX5NLS4OHXU6IVOGF4PIT7K|/
Ŀë󶫡ܶϵȫ81ռë󶫡ܶΪ֪Ĺ»ɣmp3أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊ֪Ĺ.rmvb|74087167|FAD416B48CB0486BC29E5F46EE3DDFF8|h=LETNTEOUAWX5NLS4OHXU6IVOGF4PIT7K|/
˾ŵӵ̫ĸﾭ¼Ƭܷ桢޿ˡҪȼͥԱѧ۵ѧߣأ
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㡷ϼ1980귴˼ĸĽƬ䶷ǹѧ²ǥиĶӡȸŮʬбϾɱأ
ed2k://|file|㡷ϼ.rm|147054931|C904D278B5CC7D6FE9AABA53329110E8|h=RFINNV7THULNQVLY33TGB4RL2C3SI7CQ|/
㡷¼1980귴˼ĸĽƬ䶷ǹѧ²ǥиĶӡȸŮʬбϾɱأ
ed2k://|file|㡷¼.rm|158372007|A62665F542B576CF485E0DCF406C9B57|h=WHLXUZGX6ODSIGXBTRHN4A5QHYTDAG4N|/
ˡʷģξ߳ίֻнִѹֹȵȣأ
ed2k://|file|.mpg|774972660|4F5FEC377049EAF35EC2040344D58DAB|/
ۼߡΪһƵأ
ed2k://|file|ۼ.asx|10526179|BD9059027A23B29F8123E07B0095EEC0|h=SJF6NZBVSVKXS2LKNRX26WK5NBJEGPFV|/
йڶۣأ
ed2k://|file|йڶ.ram|25493478|AA92FF071BF92838CDB918F20EC83875|h=CILOGE4JG6XFYVKIOLOYPGPSMSVSDY6G|/
¼ұCNNר̸ġأ
ed2k://|file|¼ұCNNר.mp4|47544929|43BD22A40D2DE38225DB7F1CAE4447DD|h=HCQKPDEL3NXBC6QF73O4C2O7UPSJ5A7U|/
ϺĻأ
ed2k://|file|ϺĻ.rm|57737216|72B13CD83B499E8282D183A45A271967|h=HDB2XZK3F2QAH3FOH5HJOXZGAVQGR2QE|/

ĸЩ¶1ĵ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|1ĵ.avi|264773224|DAB3C0544CA7951BD1E65E75DF9CACA3|h=2BUIX5PYYR5T7YG2ZNNAKMZKZ32DYCOT|/
ĸЩ¶1ĵ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|1ĵ.ssa|31836|1201EFF757802A2F3AFF90D0BB9E24C2|h=NI7CSW5KKAILKEYAEJTEJNSCZCTLCOZD|/
ĸЩ¶2췴Ŀ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|2췴Ŀ.avi|347526000|9D8811BC21BA8293D68EA56612609533|h=VU6F6K5SOBRKZEYYPN7ADBNW3YBL772K|/
ĸЩ¶2췴Ŀ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|2췴Ŀ.ssa|25360|17FDA9B18FC05447635A7AE91B6FA232|h=C6HXIGC3BJVOCASFZBTMJ27LLYR346FQ|/
ĸЩ¶3·-ƶ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|3·-ƶ.avi|284482914|69B69FF3A85D92576E5DB23CD765789B|h=32YAVCZU72JTIJ5P45N7HTB3NWH6KERB|/
ĸЩ¶3·-ƶ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|3·-ƶ.ssa|21623|B185A6AB1F3142B489BCC746622559F0|h=VM34MYHWDEI2M5G6SH2A7U373OR5YQLV|/
ĸЩ¶4ĸ￪ŵ̥.avi أ
ed2k://|file|4ĸ￪ŵ̥.avi|268290782|C6DFC53A0FECD887D22047BF1BC4B0D2|h=KQHKZYEWQCUWCAOADAKTIIEPTKSI5ILE|/
ĸЩ¶4ĸ￪ŵ̥.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|4ĸ￪ŵ̥.ssa|22271|E23B22A612613CA42102C4DF61F9104D|h=M57JE7SPGKXKPTU77U6UGHVJZZOUMN2E|/

[й].ӣ.ˡ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|ӣ..avi|347918122|34D975AB497AF967E4A2095965CEBE08|h=MD74C54OZZM4TFRF4BKMH4H2L7W57IHJ|/
[й].ӣ.ˡ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|ӣ..ssa|30128|AB438F040764B02EA3E9B35B2C7A4337|h=777OBWRVKBK5PNZORX3B77M4WKVOR3CU|/
[й].01.ְ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|01.ְ.avi|290934834|CF793B4F388AAE052C645DC2D02ED554|h=QILDWVOONL25UDF653U7L4AWTBYKQTB7|/
[й].01.ְ.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|01.ְ.ssa|45681|223218EF62273BA71CFED57537CDC260|h=OYMRJNTXSBFOYHBSFRV7HMQGFZMXRDZ3|/
[й].02.ൺԺĹ¡.aviأ
ed2k://|file|02.ൺԺĹ.avi|321856842|69908D458231400EF5E631499EDA82C4|h=ZX5NVO5322S6UUVJLOSCDEJRNHUL3QHY|/
[й].02.ൺԺĹ¡.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|02.ൺԺĹ.srt|18445|FD904326E804838D1F0B85841A180ADB|h=CRQH2CH7DA3WSZRUJZKESYVWBR5Q47BG|/
[й].03.ˮΣ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|03.ˮΣ.mkv|728124060|7B6B553271C550CC861893EBF445D686|h=GG3BHQLOL7DUOKHEPB5WDNQ3GM6532DL|/
[й].03.ˮΣ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|03.ˮΣ.srt|21046|AC694457E88EEC1994EC199427326970|h=3QHQYE25IYZ443ORAI5CGKWZSC3SDF5A|/
[й].04..عս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|04..عս.avi|355059152|DD3A6B6634AB36EEA7676DA899897D93|h=B2SGTUV6FFMEQJH5BIO6UXXMBU4RDGCD|/
[й].04..عս.ssaĻأ
ed2k://|file|04..عս.ssa|42403|577AC3E154F3810AB3CE4E4D47E1E62E|h=ON55SVYFK6ZTJV3KZHVHSLNBHXWXSZU6|/
[й].05..ʥѰ.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|05..ʥѰ.mkv|314382640|ABF69FFC2F7A67BF6E57BF4A5EB76C28|h=OGO5W7MG6IPVXPPSQUIZHJ4ZKWWPGYM7|/
[й].05..ʥѰ.ssaĻأ
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[й].06.طɲʵ¼.aviأ
ed2k://|file|06.طɲʵ¼.avi|315361642|29FB774FAB1326A0AB577965743E46F7|h=UVPQAJQFPAGC5CDAE3VNXMYKGR5HQJXM|/
[й].06.طɲʵ¼.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|06.طɲʵ¼.srt|19540|245CBEACD5416D19D9F1441231778949|h=VWFDPGSMYDOHQASRN2IWXIYYMQWYAT5W|/
[й].07.޹̱֮.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|07.޹̱֮.mkv|319266878|B947D2E61E08A3EF7F8C1771A90BDA18|h=UI46QZSBWZIXGAJOPOC35HC4NVVX66ZW|/
[й].07.޹̱֮.srtĻأ
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[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.wmvأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.wmv|459859103|44210958C55DF1944B45DCAAB1AE341D|h=XMCL3ZQY67OQRB5I43DT2F57KGMKPVWJ|/
[й].08.꼶1.Сʵ۵ᡷ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|08.꼶1.Сʵ۵.srt|15652|722812614351782BA413E53A4AE714F0|h=DJEAI37MZT2W4XRZJH7HQ7HUSVP7GVCX|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.mkvأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.mkv|314688804|081DCDE4E2BC4EB1CDCB2F1184765024|h=FESWBM4CHBNRFYNLJGJQGUO4P2DAACIP|/
[й].09.Ϻʦ塷.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|09.Ϻʦ.srt|19224|E8C1C2F2C9F37ED56C701B57BEC89592|h=7BLMALX3HT7TLQ2UHQF36HVP2E4D7SOL|/
[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.mkvأ
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[й].10.ŭС.άȨȳ.srtĻأ
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[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.aviأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.avi|337910588|1B576638D83A2B3F2D47FC0238547C64|h=R2A7RUMBWPWJ7CL25LSAICMGGF3UFNOF|/
[й].11.˵ĳ.13˵ҽơ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|11.˵ĳ.srt|21954|978F5ACD4E41A7998818FCBC5101FA88|h=VDRXZJULSHQXZ6BN7WMSBOVUFFO3FW6I|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.aviأ
ed2k://|file|12.ջأ.ս.avi|518841436|FB7FE120EB1D5B3480D5F89B2FE45990|h=IGZK36UZR34OC2DAUCPVOF5YKVTDVE6C|/
[й].12.ջأ.ս.srtĻأ
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Ѳݽ_˭й_1_רƸ빲͸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-1-רƸ빲͸.rm|143563976|747038A4DE7FA26F0C814D7638C5B50B|/
Ѳݽ_˭й_2_⻼򹲺 أ
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Ѳݽ_˭й_3_սٿ أ
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Ѳݽ_˭й_4_ͲҰרƸ أ
ed2k://|file|˭й-4-ͲҰרƸ.rm|250039831|CD47CF0B2A0653756C980A8C915611FA|/
꡶˭йרãһأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõһ.rm|25610189|4D948FCC84BEC99543FFFD2D41C2A6C9|/
꡶˭йרãڶأ
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꡶˭йרãأ
ed2k://|file|˭йרõ.rm|25334804|2D4D98A800D867F7672B54388573707E|/
꡶ɽ빲ϣأ
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꡶ɽ빲£أ
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꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭£أ
ed2k://|file|l£.flv|156629559|2A65622DD96C12E8985A7CABB17CEBBE|h=FEN3MBHHY2B5RSKOKC5OCWWJNU2QIEMO|/
꡶˭˵ʧˣϣأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣУأ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣ£أ
ed2k://|file|˭˵ʧˣ£.flv|160273353|28724D273EABDB191107884CD6C592B6|h=YLCUGP2RSN5FMMAS3VO2C4L4WIRIQSSE|/
꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭Уأ
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꡶˭£أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡1йΪʲô<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡2߸ͳ<򹲺>أ
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꡶Ƭ-򹲺͡3˭Ĺ͹أ
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սʤʮ꣨ϣ˭սأ
ed2k://|file|˭.rm|106916155|6316D347300852ECEDA6A2972CD6E9DE|h=7I3PNSHWOTLDN3UOZWWNUWS56777MYOB|/
սʤʮ꣨£йսʲôأ
ed2k://|file|սʱйʲô.rm|97644121|127F421003AA7C23C82D27C12EE01F51|h=3DCJ5H3E3DDZVLFHE24MA3VVIOMQBHCJ|/
꡶<>ĵ롷ڱݴѧֻϵݽأ
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꡶˼徿ʲôأ
ed2k://|file|˼徿ʲô.rm|81904157|093A7B106505265A3DFBF122AA9E0A30|
ϵʴӢƪ,лأ
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ݽлŮأ
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ݽʴǰйǰйأ
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꡶׶̸·ѧأ
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ݽ̫ϣĻأ
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ݽ̫£Ļأ
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ݽй̨ǰ;أ
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꡶̨ͳһأ
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ݽйͳһԭ򡢵·ʱأ
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꡶йĸ￪Ÿйʲôأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼϣأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼ£أ
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꡶̸[]--Ӹأ
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ҷѷأ
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꡶йˡأ
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꡶ε˼άһսأ
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꡶ƭĲйˡأ
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δδأ
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δδԲϣأ
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δδԲ£أ
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δδأ
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δδ㻨أ
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δδ4851أ
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δδأ
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δδͶأ
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δδͯϣأ
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δδͯ£أ
ed2k://|file|ͯcd2.mp4|726702216|970CB9078035AF04055DF826FA83CAC6|h=W6MMWI6HTCVH2TX4JSVHR4LJLK5R6T6R|/
δδׯ̽һ𳪱֮衷أ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭϣأ
ed2k://|file|һƧˣϣ.mp4|586973931|AEEADD032FE088BEF88FB666EDC43486|h=INQO4VQIGG2XSD5A5LHKGZVA4BHBVAD6|/
δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭ£أ
ed2k://|file|һƧˣ£.mp4|701762871|53AC03C78CFE90638D966C002BD13379|h=4AGUBYJCLUT26JCDYTLL7TCUKZYUGLBS|/
δδ÷һƧˡأ
ed2k://|file|÷.mp4|198604170|E67401CF65ED14ECEF969B425DF65E0B|h=FHQM5HHOQGVGNWU3PM3BQXYQN5746IUT|/
δδCNN̸m4vأ
ed2k://|file|δδCnn̸.m4v|152383944|D818ECCA723FB38084595DA8323AABDC|h=QNATSONOZVEOBMIBWBL7MBUKYMDPVFFU|/
δδCNN̸.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|δδ̸.chs.srt|28863|833AA0306A0420C7CADC6AFCBADA9A53|h=RW44NDQLOTTQQ7O4VWX5OFQZVDP7CH6H|/
δδ졷16λý幤ߵĶԻݽѡأ
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δδϲ÷ںϰ̲ߵĲɷãأ
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δδ겻ԭʦ裩أ
ed2k://|file|겻.m4v|69872665|C8519AA19F027439785C4AEA06F41C77|h=3VRIIFMFGEKONJGUKGYLOWKRLQ4VACJZ|/
δδǡڰ̲أ
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δδкй2009¡˳īӰڵĽͣأ
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δδˡ20101016գ١Źɣأ
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δδʵδδҶԡհܺ߳ĸ׳¹ǫֽеĲɷãأ
ed2k://|file|ʵ.m4v|103224647|135AF716A26D97FBDF00A3C74EE75765|h=UM652LZTOX675TUXKGHCH2YSVYROR7XY|/
δδΣҰȫ2010122ŵ㣬δδ裩أ
ed2k://|file|ΣҰȫ.m4v|29803363|E7A97FD3E34798B6B8CF59C438E94A8A|h=F6EYRJF5D4KJKU6DO6THCRMS52JEY6XD|/

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Ҧأ
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顷أ
ed2k://|file|.rmvb|479633682|DC1573E195C632534C4D36F45F7130E2|h=MUNFENWC67U7FY6XYF7KICSU35XYS6FQ|/
Ϊʲô졷أ
ed2k://|file|Ϊʲô-.m4v|817489278|E8A4DDA59099848DC69857EC911EF498|h=BIC3YWFIHQI7WCYAXCORTKDLLGJX3OBJ|/
봨أ
ed2k://|file|.mkv|381357219|51EE296E2C7125B4CCD6499E75F8189F|/
ǵޡϣ봨أ
ed2k://|file|ǵޣϣ.wmv|112367347|8D42E6B329154326FE81F983A25721C7|h=IPMEVL2ETES2YPNBEANL34KVNZ2BGSZM|/
ǵޡ£봨أ
ed2k://|file|ǵޣ£.wmv|71371065|BA2201C187508EF9AE87023A8E88D99D|h=6NZWTBY7D36II2OFUHLRAQTLBAH6SJF5|/
ذ֮1̲άȨأ
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ذ֮2̲άȨأ
ed2k://|file|ذ֮.CD2.mp4|189072590|D34912914A1EABB9E12810DCC1C5D131|
̫ʯ1㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ1.avi|89237586|FB2B26B7538563B659370C450B61DDC0|/
̫ʯ2㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ2.mpg|176426881|3F0AD24E8BDB46329C5970EB35CC2B84|/
̫ʯ3㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ3.avi|112000438|3D52BAAF6A44EA46D77333380B768DAB|/
̫ʯ4㶫خ̫ʯѹѡ·أ
ed2k://|file|̫ʯ4.avi|180190082|B90595578758197821C381DF04C76748|/
г2008ѩִڼ㶫˻ؼҵĹ£أ
ed2k://|file|г.rar|148189757|0CFE50AC2515DB0B86B3319378BFF4BC|h=BC3D3QNUSHTXC6FQIFLMGFXVDEFHY5MC|/
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ƵΧۡΧޮܰɷãأ
ed2k://|file|ƵΧ.rar|134027140|D0CCBE7F011D342F1F31F197FDBDE40D|h=PCSOGAR6ML7BOC3KOY2CUEIQIQEKEMIJ|/
ϡޮԮ񱻿"Ѱ"ޮͥʵ¼أ
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Ƭϡأ
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ϲؼҡ80̲άȨʿϲϷöαץ"ƻ"1ͽ̣أ
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ڿաעڿļ¼Ƭأ
ed2k://|file|ڿ.mp4|278847268|CB9F1B1E5D36CB5B254AC6EF17A8A915|

ܡѰѵ꡷أ
ed2k://|file|Ѱѵ.avi|732690432|1A9602D2FB3C3373327D862903CB5661|h=QTAVAQO5Q2XF2OWHBCXQHY5QDGUBTV6L|/
ܡȥأ
ed2k://|file|ȥ.rmvb|220700183|CEE892555E43131B4A56DB258BBD89D9|/
ܡԶɽأ
ed2k://|file|Զɽ.rmvb|136404666|4F763F34D020B4F5AD45CDDA8C1A7067|/
ܡ𷿹أ
ed2k://|file|𷿹.mpg|190291444|D77BAB27C9D12F60723A55621EF84D9B|/

Գܵظ-סƪأ
ed2k://|file|Գܵظ-סƪ.mpg|378409948|E930F5AB2B1EC4C89486580672EECEFA|h=AHROFQWMDUEQVCTNSW7JEX67EC2CBQSV|/
Գܵظ-ƪأ
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硶·һ.ҵ˼أ
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硶·ڶ.ҵأ
ed2k://|file|_ҵ.wmv|337373188|55672CD3E3324FEA91FDDE70084B4295|h=Y2HOJL3YKPMOCXQSW452LTBILDFPCICU|/
жΡҵΡأ
ed2k://|file|ж.mpg|413946232|866C2F5FCE67908EDC0D11461DF01801|h=7QDM5HXRQ54XFPBPMGSJNRU3GDDT4JZF|/

ѷ򸾡ɳǵͽأ
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Ӧѳأ
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̨ׯϷô壩أ
ed2k://|file|ׯ.rm|53575746|B8B9FC666BDD8384803F8CF0CB92894E|/
Ϸáأ
ed2k://|file|Ϸ.avi|941473792|1E5AC9828F1DB5D01A6260C64B00A837|/
ʢĻ--ʮ֤ԡأ
ed2k://|file|Ļ--ʮ֤.rmvb|353195733|87CEEE8157983BF51072F6C3F6311DC1|/
б߹͸ũӪأ
ed2k://|file|б߹.avi|943431680|02F326FCDC98DB22594E8C52B4615069|
94½һ䡰쵼ߣ325288ѧأ
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񡷣ɽࣩأ
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ΪʲôǵУ˷棿أ
ed2k://|file|ΪʲôǵУ˷.mpg|69809416|D26B8EA5005DEA613BCFAA63A83C608F|
йĴ.aviأ
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йĴ.srtĻأ
ed2k://|file|йĴ.srt|57181|CE962E90524D8CB73D3739138462FAB5|h=OSUORHHS3RJVCQEFTJWHB7FHHFPIEDOP|/
˼¼֮1ٺ츮ݺᡷأ
ed2k://|file|˼¼1.ٺ츮ݺ.mp4|229279726|51EFB645D3CD5EC92573056D9A094810|h=BHAQ37IJEFTH65TQOC5FXYQZVE6GJJ5M|/
˼¼֮2˵滰أ
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˼¼֮3šأ
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˼¼֮4ɽ29أ
ed2k://|file|˼¼4.ɽ.mp4|339890637|31CCB9C7B99B3469D9F71F172940750B|h=2GPHGJUEADMZF2BTSIABMWDRGQR5VVC7|/
˼¼֮5봨ǰϦֶԲеأ
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һΪķƹ¡ȫƬ㣬ɵʿᷢУaviأ
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һΪķƹ¡ȫƬ㣬ɵʿᷢУsrtĻأ
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ѹһǿأ
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ά йġʧ㡱.aviأ
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ά йġʧ㡱.srtĻأ
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¡С䡷С͵Ĺ£ڹϻӰڴ󽱣أ
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¿衶𼧡ںʷɵӰ߽鵴󽱡أ
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ıš໪Ʒš㣬̶ܴԭԲʧΪıõƷأ
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ġˡԹԵķ˼ܶʱ򣬲Ǳ˵ײкǿ󣬶ԼԲУأ
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׳׳ݡӰƬ漰й˶ݣ޷й½ӳ׳׳ҲƬ⵽8ķأ
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лܽ򡷣й50ڵ70ڽ20ʷĻع˺̵ķ˼أ
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äһԵĹ£ֹʵӰܽأ
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󵱽ܡʡ4ͨһȺڵصķ˰¼ʿйأ
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ӰļڡӰƬ¼¼¼ƣأ
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Ӱ̫ƮӰƬ漰ݼйӾͷ.mkvأ
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Ӱ̫ƮӰƬ漰ݼйӾͷ.chsĻأ
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.ſ.ŵߴָ꣩漰ؿ⣬֮ӣ.aviأ
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.ſ.ŵߴָ꣩漰ؿ⣬֮ӣ.srtĻأ
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Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd1ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.aviأ
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Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd1ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.srtĻأ
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Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd2ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.aviأ
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Jon Avnetɫ䡷cd2ʾй͸߲Աĸܣй½.srtĻأ
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˹Ȩı-ո.srtĻأ
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ŷҰͼƻ-ǽġ.aviأ
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ŷҰͼƻ-ǽġ.srtĻأ
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ҵࡷ.aviأ
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ҵࡷ.srtĻأ
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կɱࡷaviأ
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կɱࡷssaĻأ
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