
٣һԴϣȨ߻ԭ浥λӭҵ;                          
ڣ鱻롶йƬͼѼйƬͼѼڱ󣬻ӭɢ  
ۣصַhttps://www.bannedbook.org  ǽhttps://git.io/jww                                  




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֣Jung Chang

ǡJon Halliday


֣һĴ˱ĸũ񡢳ҽɰ͵繤һͶĴѧϵҵУ̡һ߰ѧӢһ߾Լ˴ѧרѧһŰ˾ʿѧλйִһλӢʿѧλй½ˡ׶شѧǷѧԺν̡

һžһ꣬Դ裺йŮ˵Ĺ¡棬ΪӢʷϷС˵鼮ѡΪʮ鼮֮һʮ֣ȫһǧᡣºɷŵĴǡë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡棬ѳʮְ汾ҵϳ񣬱Ϊһ项


?ڰĶ֣ңʷѧҡҵӢţѧְ׶شѧѧԺ֣ͨķᡣ

 


1927ꡫ1934ë󶫵Ļ


 


· 193410¡193510£-


 


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Ӱͼ۵Ľһйٿߴ󡹵ĵطλϣë󶫵һι˵ͷΡɼϵҤ

 


ȫ᡹ַ


ӰŶȫóйĵطëŤתƵġȫ᡹øᱴʥĸһ꽨ɣϱغ־ռáñë

 


ë󶫾ɾ


Ӱë󶫵סëھӡλũĸëϴ·



 


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?ӰƫƧġ԰󹵡ðķһáй˸濪λ⣬ûʹùԭëһסլԱߡ 

 


԰󹵡Ҥ


ëڡ԰󹵡ľҤй쵼Ҳ˵Ϊ֪һйʷʱëŮګסҤǽϣŶʮǰ۲ޡëסҤеţֱͨһܵصʱܵɽһߡеġھӡǡӰ硹ʱڹѺǧйɲ 



 


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ë󶫵ĶӡĪ˹ƳרΪ쵼ŮѧУߴĳӰӢ롣ǽë񣬱дţΪʤܶ֯꣡

 


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һ£ձͶ˹Ҫëǰ뽯ʯ̸СëʹնߣӰͬȥ죬½ʯڰɵնܶܵԻˡķˡɯ?ǶMartha Gellhornԡë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡һ˵Ҫٻ-׷ܵĺǡһн 



 


ӽЪ


սʼͣЪëľ֮ʱëЪңëĵӽӰǽ״ԡһˡݳ

 


ʯڽ


صĽʯһľ뿪й½ǰϦһλصáǰñΪӽ 



 


йӽϾ


йӽϾʵ龰·߹ȺԵúĮй֯ˡһӭġ¼ƬƬɷӰʦ㡣



 


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˹ʮϣëվ˹֮ԣһľʮĪ˹ơë״ηգëĴвֻΪף٣Ҫ˹סëڽ´Ҫ˹ʩ˹ֵǶ쵼ڲϣë󶫺ްǽڵɹ쵼ǰͶ˹ëкԪ˧ëҺǷʦܡʦΪë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡һ˹ëϵṩ˴Ϣ 



 


ιţ


ë󶫴죬һһ캮ضιģţëҷǷʦܡë˹Χ˹ֶģ˹ӰͼƬṩ



 


˹׷


һ¾գ찲Ź㳡Ϊ˹־׷ᡣй쵼վ˹·ʱμӴ˹涨ļһ׼Ц


                               


 
 
 


 
 
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֣Jung ChangһĴ˱ĸũ񡢳ҽɰ͵繤һͶĴѧϵҵУ̡һ߰ѧӢһ߾Լ˴ѧרѧһŰ˶ʿѧλйִһλӢʿѧλй½ˡ׶شѧǷѧԺν̡

һžһ꣬Դ裺йŮ˵Ĺ¡棬ΪӢʷϷС˵鼮ѡΪʮ鼮֮һʮ֣ȫһǧᡣºɷJon HallidayĴǡë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡棬ѳʮְ汾ҵϳ񣬱Ϊһ顱

ǡJon HallidayڰĶ֣ңʷѧҡҵӢţѧְ׶شѧѧԺ֣ͨķᡣ

                               


 
 
 


 
 
İ


 
裺йŮ˵Ĺ¡;ʮԺҺҵǡJon Hallidayȷдë󶫵ͷִй˵û˱ë󶫸ҪʹȥĽ죬ȻйǻΪйͳߣһʲôˣ֪֮١ʵë󶫣֮С

̽⿪ëգǱǿĳ岻ݴǵθС

ǵдּˡֱ顱ǡԱоݡ߱ȥѼʷϡ˹½ܵĵ̡桱Ĵ󺣣й½ʮֵڶйʷϼ¼ĸ鿯Ǿ򡰽𡱵ĿɽСӢֵĿڱ档ǲĹĵݣеĴδ⿪Ź

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һʷϵ飬Ҫдͨ׶ϲֲֿʧʵ׼ȷʵǧѡҺдڣ󲿷־ͻⷽ档

ӢԭйԴϸעͣƪϵֻ÷뿪ųվhttp://www.open.com.hkеĳԶʮףǵϰߣܴһЩʷС

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Ӣǡŵġë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡İ棬ۣڻĶߵ£ۿų༭棬ھëȥʮǰϦ̨ۡŦԼͬС

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İָӢİ淭ɣԭŸйϢ׹͵Ŀɶԡ

ַΪдëʮ֮ϡף߱أëѡë¡֪ˡ֤߼Ҫͳ⽻ʮǰ䡣ЩУǰ伾ǰͳءӢǰ˹ʷ³ѩķ롢ѧγȡë߹ԱʮϡëҪͬµ߹ԱҲʹͬʱ˹ǡ¡ӢٸԵȶʮ˸ݣȡδŵʷϣϽĿ֤

ȫʮ£İ߰ҳԴռʮҳ͸ëһıթ̲Σֶ۹ۣ뾫ĬչֹйʮľĻӶд˱ߵʷ

ƷӢİ桶MAO: The Unknown Story20056³нʮֵѳͽİ汾ҵĳŷ۽ԡMAOкܸߵۣǰ۶ΪһдйִʷıըӢΪԽ˹ȥͬഫǡʱܿơⱾԭӵӢժҪͳϣ򵽷õĵ¹÷˶Angela MerkelƼMAOʾëǱбıʯֶ׿˽ܸMick JaggerƼⱾ飬Ǳ˺ǰϷͳǡMAOĶߡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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ʮϸ΢ĲɷúͶԵϵо֮ϣⲿΰĴϵͳشݻë󶫵Դڵȫ֧ṩ˴µķ֣ټıʣ⽫ʹΪȫ˶顣

ŦԼʱ˼Nicholas Kristofǰפվվר

Դֵġ衷ûԻͳɹ֮һֱԴͷŵĹë󶫵ĺΰоɹǸедйִʷȴֵõģȻһбըЧӦ

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̾ΪֹϸסַĹ£ëȻ־˵ħִδУһ˰֣ʾĲΪ֪Ĺ¡鼮עܸıʷⲿ齫ıʷ

ÿʱ٣George WaldenӢ⽻٣йר

ǰĳɹרƱɱ顢õ˽ȣĿԿж۵ʷڻܼоɹ粨׳ǵһʵϸڵйħδǡ

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ɡ͸Simon Sebag Montefioreʷѧ

ĹǾ޴ģԽǰͬഫǡ

÷ Jonathan Mirskyߣйר

ȫµҰ̻ë󶫶ÿһ׶Ρһ˲ľ˾

˶ǺMichael Yahuda׶ؾѧԺй

ⱾԴȷḻֹ㷺аҪֵĶ˹ҿס۾йë󶫵ʹǲ֪

յѶ

˹˹Max HastingsʷѧңӢҪֽǰ

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ʱܿɵ¡ĪɭDonald Morrison







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01 ߳ɽ





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ĸ׺

ΨһһΪ֪ë󶫣ĸ׵ĺգһһ곤ɳĸȥǰϦʱʮë󶫣һ˴硣ܵܣԴũװ


 



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Ϊĸ״Тë󶫣ң븸ףòҶܵڳɳһһʮһʮա

  


 
18931911ꡡ117

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ɽ幫ﳤ۾ٶ໧˼ҡֲ衢ˮ 긴һճϢûй·Ҳûͨĺͨ Ϣ˶ʮͳҶʵۺʹ̫һݱĴ£Ҳûܴë¹뿪ɽ˵ġ

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󲻾ãݲȥǮԳµծ񣬼Ǯծؼ˷˰׺Ӫд㣬ͷԣϵ˸ĵأΪ֮һ

ݲ˺ڼéݶǮ¾İѲݶ߶ǽءڵʱϡĶԴֻЩľӣľҾ߲ľľľʡһªɫʵĴϣë󶫳

ëǵӣȴǵһġΪزۣëĸ׵ݷ𣬻˹իëȡ󶫡ʮë׳ʱͶΪһı󶫣ʩڶܵһ˾һʱǷֱȡ

ëĸףһִδ˵顣ĸºͿݣӲѵëë̳ԲԲӡ촽ͳԳֵëһ̸̸ʱʮֶݣ˵Сʱĸ׵ţᣬֽĸŷҲŷֱʮʱԵ

ëǡĸס꣬ŽΪͷ⣬˾ ĸԼӿһ˾ġɵļңëЩɵũʱڰŽߵͲݷţҲʼʶ֣䣬͵·ߣëԿ顣ë˵ʮ־Щӡ

һ꣬ëɽѧѧǽ˽ӣҾҪγ̡µĹ鲻ǺӶ˵ģֻ̻رëг˵ļͬѧǵѧϰù鱾ܱУĬдʱëʵĹĻʹдһֺ¡ʫʡ鷨Ⱥãһյ͵Ʒİϣһ͵ҹΪйͳߣټޱȵĴһ飬̸дɢŸʷʡֻʫڵȨɥʧʫ⡣

ëʦĹϵôáʮʱѧУߣ˵ʦҪֱ̣ ˽ľǿ̶ܽίסҸĸ׶֮֮ײܡͻݲѧöѧϣܸʣëġֶˣԾѧһͿ

ͶëҲһũҲˡݲöŲɻԼҪҲҪհ졣ë̲סʹëëǺ޸סĻһ꣬ëչȫ汨ʱһͨеĥʽʽܺڵȺ˫۱ݺݵšһšۣһصذͷëԺ˵סҪҲʽ

ʵëûܸŰҲߡ裬㶥˵곤Ӧöɡһ죬˵泳ë˵׵ãһ¼ŭҡһžҳߡĸ׷ȰһȥҲ׷һȥܵһߣв˵߽һҾҪˮҸ׾һΣë£Ц˵ĽۣǶʧȥӣǵ㡣㣬ȡʤ

޿κεĸ׶ëֻһǮһ꣬ë뿪ĸ˽ӺݲܾΪѧѣʮëֻóΪȫũ񡣵ëܿҵ취ũ»ص磬ǽܸ׵İŽ顣ݲҪëεһ֮ë˸ϱԼֶŮʹëꡣëѧ

ëʮꡣޣ˳ϡëû˿飬ֻһǸ˹ŵEdgar Snowǵꡣë˵ʮʱ򣬸ĸȢһʮŮӣҴûкһҺҲһֱûСҲΪҵӣʱҲû뵽ëûἰǽһȥˡ

ëһԡԡȤʮ㣬ƺһӺǳڲѡʹëΪǿҷߡڡŮʿ˸⡷һǼҵдļͥ֯ĸŮ־йȻĸŮ־ȫಢǿ顯йĸĸǼǿԼŮ

һλʮҪ뿪ɽسǵ׵ȥѧͽëԼĴ㡣ѿ˶ʮ幫һʽѧáʱ·Ѵ͸ɽɽͣëƾƶȷϳˣɵĽϵûˣȡ֮ʽѧãһĶѧʷ ġЩѧëũҺ߳塢ⲿĴ

ʮҶѻƬսйָĸľޱ䡣Ƴ׸ı⣬·ʼ޽ִҵʼ˰죬ڣֽҲһγ档 ѧɳȥѧϰѧ󿼲塣һ꣬͢ˡ ܷ١ʵܡ

ëļڵʱǧ˿ڣǸĸʡ֮һȻڵأͨĺغһ꣬ʡ᳤ɳΪ̲˸ʿʽѧ񣬵ë˵ʱѾһٶˣйκһط࣬кüŮѧУ

ëصĶɽߵСѧáѧס޷ѹëǰæ˵׸µǮɽʹë۽󿪡ӿαء١˵ôۡ¬ֿϵ˵СҲһۼȥˣһλձѧĽʦѧǹСӡëǵλʦǳձ裬ףձնսдɳľʤ

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ͨëº̸أֱһŶףëֻᵽũ񼸴Ρ

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һŶ°꣬ë빲Ե󣬿ʼʹáũǡ޲׼ۣǴѡ

ë˵ɽһն׵ũӢйʷѧ߷ѾĻȥҲҲλڵ˿ë˵ʹӰһܿɡһŶһ꣬ëڳɳʱϼġлյռм˵ʳر࣬ÿڰ ϡƤǣ紵Ķ࣬Сʩľ塮ײġҲʩ ˡëʱд¶ԼġһҲûᣬûκμ¡

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ҪѧܾǮʮëֻý˺ʡһʦʦѧУѧѣʱйڽĽ

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ķΧëγĵ¹ۡʮʱëڵ¹ѧݶFriedrich PaulsenѧԭSystem der Ethik뱾ϣ˴עЩעëֱԲرĵ¹Щһ

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ʱëҪҷĹѡһһ£ʦѧУҵ

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ëȻǴߣʼΪй¶ڳɳһƷ½ڸհӰش־꡷ıΪйĺ࣬ºžͿ˽V. I. Leninն¡ʱ𣬹ʱǮ꡷ë꡷ƷͬʱҲһ顢־

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19201925ꡡ2631 

빲ԵͬʱëҲǰʦõŮۡëС꣬Ϊĵڶӡ

һһڳɳһ԰ʫĴ²øѧȥձӢ¹һȥʮ꣬˼ҵĸװ󣬴С׸еĿ۳һȸ󷽵Ĺ㡣һһ괺죬״ӹŷ޵ʽѧʱҲͬһò˵ ڵʱټŵĿ۳ֱط⣬ѧǴΪ㵹

۵ĸëͷԣӰ˼Ƴʿ˵֣ӣëѲ̺ɭ˲ţǰԶ󣬾Ծȹѣȹضӡһһ꣬ȥν̣ëһεʱסҡ ʱʮ꣬ëʮġ꣬ëϲȴûӦԼʮ߰ʱҶڽҲԼļ⣬ҷһʽĽ飬Ϊȥ󰮣׶ұȻҪʧȥʵʥĲ˼߼ϵİģҺˣܹ㡣һǡõĻԱҵ̬ȳȫޡ

һŶһ£ȥպëڶεͬ۳ϦദڰëдˣҶĸˣȻѹΪǵõ˽ѣҲʮֱˡ

ҲˣõһˣʮֵİԴ£ռǣҾͰûϣͬ飬ΪҲҪ˼ҵıȻҾʾ϶ȨǙ]ȻҾȥϣ󡭡

һֵŮû¶Ƿֿˣ͸׵ѻسɳ˽̻ѧУǿİ飬д

һֱŸңʾİ⣬һˣһλѣ֪εѣθҡΪҷǳ

ҵĶǻɹġԴȫ˽ҵ⣬ӴһʶҾΪĸ׶֮⣬ΪģţһȥˣҵĸҲˣһҪȥ

ëسɳ˳¡ëסµʦС۳ȥԸ¹ҹǻûн顣ë飬ԸԼһŶʮһ¶ʮѵһҾ÷ڻƶȵµŮֻһǿšԲԸǿŵġëĴɡܻͬˡ˵û޳ҵİ취ҡһ˵ͬˡѾ˵ġ

һҹˣë޷˯дסˡ

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Իҽ 뼫ƾ һ Դ˲Ҳɡ

ʫ˿ۣͬޡҹҵǽľ䣬ܱھӱԹ˵ѧУйأʦӲѧУҹë£͸ɴѹظˣӴ˿˽ʦѧУ޵

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۰ëͬסһŶǽ˻顪ȻûκʽļʱɵĽʽΪݣµĹҵǼƶûй㷺ŮĽֻ˵ĺ͸顣

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۲ǾʽŮͳҪɷһֻ۱һֻۡʵǸŮȨߣд۾ΪŮȨһƪŮһˡ ҲһˡǣҪŮƽȣԲ˼Ұ Ʒ

ëǶӣĪ˹ƼӽйĻʼѵһ֧йӣ֯һӴ鱨ɢйУϺ ݶм

һŶһգµĪ˹ƴˡһƶ˹Nikolsky һǺ֣ںӡȺܹһͽϺ ٿһ󡱡Ϻ߸ţÿÿԪ䵱÷ѡɳ߸֮һëˡԪСѧʦĹˡëһνӻĪ˹Ƶ

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ڡһë󶫺˵ûʲôӡ󡣸ЩԴеĴȣǸʡˣʱܶװģǴŴͳĳŵźڲЬҲûнԼֻ

ʮգһλİ˴ķӣ϶Ǹ̽뿪ƵСǼϺϡĪ˹ƴΪעĿûǰ

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¶ϺʱԶ¬η˵˼ҵǮҪ˼ߡÿ˶жְҵɴȥԸΪְҵ˵Ҫ֧䣬ѿйҲԸαһҪʷϵʱһڲ֣ʱƢӣˤ롣ָȡĴºǡɽǱܵڷȥ

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ĵӲϢҹԼաҵʵ̫ˡ

ѧԱ˵Ҫн־רĹܿ࣬ѧһĹӡ֮ࡱϲͶëȻ˵ҪĻ˵ʵ֧ˡ

һԾְҵңǮְȫˣʼΪֹֻžڴʱγһϰߣͨﵩ飬ϲ𴲡褵У˷ܵ˵ϺغϺרŵԼǳ򲡼պãûش󸺵ÿʹ࣬ڸȱ죻⿴Ҫ飬ʴС˼֡š

һŶһʮ£ԼļңӶˡڳɳǱߣһһƬ˵أݺǰɽ¡ˮˮ˱ˮˮ

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ߺϣëĵһȨӮˡë쵼£ϵûίԱᣬֻëǾ׼ʱϺ򱨸档

ëһҪ֯ᡣΪ͹ûʲôͬ飬ũһһŶʮһдţԹԼΪ಻ԣȻ˵ҿй岢ֻжˡһŶһʮ£ӽ紦İԴúдŸˣҪëȥú мصëһνӽˡֻ˼ˣȥ幤 ֱʼǣë˵֯͹һĪչ벻κΰ취

ڳɳ׿гЧ͹֯ߣưһŶ׳˶ĺ͹ᣬڳɳǧоǧ롣һŶһ쵼չʱ漴ͷǵıȫȻ󲨡˺ɱǵʡԺΪʲôû׽ë󶫣Իش˵ëûв

Ȼë֯͹ͷչԱϲйһŶ¿ڶδûëë˹ŵμӣ˿ĵص㣬Ҳκͬ־δᡱ©ëǲܵģ֯ܣϻͨһϵҪ飬빲ʡ

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ϵġίԱᡱҲ³ʱëϵ쵼ѽһˡ ϵʮԱ󲿷ֲëչġίԱ ë￪ᣬˡʱһ֮⣬޷ԣëϯ˵ϵѾԼ䣬Լ磬ʱϺھͻûγ硣ڴίسëڽھѾͬרˡ

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񵳽꣬ʱʱͳɽﵱͳûþͱλվȨԬԼųڱ֮⡣һ֯Ʒȡ֮ʧܺն˹ϵ

նҲ߸ʱڰΪйɹŴйָȥΧɴ˶⡣նϣһ׽˵Ȩй̫Сɲ£Ī˹Ʊ̽˲ͬĵطرϣڡҵ˶ҪնӳɹšֻɽҪն Ȼ˵ɹŶնԽɣAdolf Joffe˵ն ӦԽɸĪ˹ƣǾڿפ

ΪɽҪնӣƷΪͬնӼռɣնռظе½Խʮһ±Ī˹ƣ ǵһʦȡ½˵ֻǧйˣܽκε ҪնһֱĴ׸ɶȨ

ǡǵˡԽɼصǺűҪۡ಻ǶīԪ൱ڲֵͬĽ¬ѵһвֵǻǶ¬𣿡ﻹռϷغĹ㶫ʡնԷ˽װ չξһŶ˾飺ȫֹ֧񵳡Ǯɹʻ ֧˹֣Joseph Stalinǩģ˹ִʱʼйעй

Ī˹֪ɽԼ̣öˣһ Ī˹ϣйӹڲɽΪʲôй ˹һڲ˵Ī˹ƣǲܹط ͨйصͬ־ܵط

¶ڵļй쵼Լ񵳣ǹ񵳲޳ɹ壬ɽֻǸֶεġͣ޷Ȩֻǡ˷ѶѪ޲׼Ѫ

ٷ֣ǰë롣ëϼ˹񵳡ǰѲ̺ɭһȵĹͽ򹲲ʱԹ˵ȫڹ񵳵ĹĿںʱ޳ֻë

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񵳺նںȫԮṩԮʹëϣһΪĪ˹ƸйṩǮά£S. L. VilleפϺ £صرĪ˹ƣëǸͬ־ë飬Э¶㴦ճͨţļڿʱ¼ĺ ǩ֡ѧų£ëҲӢǩT. T. Maoͳ֮һĪ˹ҪǮΪǹս𽥵ǵĿ֧Ҳˡ

Ī˹Ƶļ£й˼˹񵳡һŶ£ܸɵı͢Mikhail Borodin˹ֵйܹɽĹʡ͢ʸĸңī硢Ӣ㼣 áΰһʹҲܱΰ̬ݽ ӣ־֯ľԶ

ּ͢˹񵳡һŶһ£ݹڹٿһȫᣬë󶫵й˷ǳԾֻоŰ˵йӵ ƳԱĹռһҪְ

Ī˹¹ͶʱǮѵ񵳾ӣһֲٰҾУΪѵ١У齭һСϣʮ ȫģʽʣ๲̹ѧԱɻڴ ˰£񵳴չڹ㶫Ļء

ëΪִίԱʮίԱ֮һڹϺִв һꡣ䣬ë齨˹񵳺֧ǹ֧֮һëľΪ񵳹ٳϯĻ顣

ëڹ̺ɭԹ˵ںϣǵ֯ʧȥ˼е塣еⶼɹ񵳵ʡɹʡίԱһִŵ͹֯ߵҲ˵ëʱԶڹ񵳡Ĺ˶

йˣĪ˹ƵĴҲëëıӻʱѾ뿪й Ȼë͢ϵëҲСĪ˹ƵйһҪڹڹһҪԼĶԣǸ񵳲һˡëʲôһŶʮգĪ˹ƴ֣Sergei Dalinά˹д˵йë󶫣Ǹְˣ˵ĻֱʹëȻȷ˵񵳹ȥǡҲ޲׼ĵӦóһ֧ѾдŸҪǻˡ

ëС塱㡱ȵȡų֣һ ŶٿġĴ󡱴Ҳûһߣ׵ػ֮£ëԵˣ˴ݡʱסһ˵ëĲǡ˼ϵĲԼ¡ʱһڲŴһΡ˺ëһΪࡣ

Ĵ󡱼ٿëѡֻ뿪ϺغϡںҲûеְλһŶգصɽݣЯʮ๫飬˵ǻؼʱڹѾˣ˳裬ʮһ꣬ɽΨһĹޡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
04 ڵĴ



λҪԱ



ę̈λҪԱ

һŶѽʯĶӽȥ1˹ְѽΪʮ꣬ʹʯйԻضӡ

һȫսн2ⳡȫս˹ȨëйĻᡣӢӰʦ Cecil Beaton ƾ£佫¶Ϣ

ʹëΪĵĺϽ3̨ԺϰָΪأͳ࣬ݰãùԷޡ

4һİ꣬ëԼͳ˧Ķʮ񵳾֮ʦͽս鵱Զ˾ʱ˳ơʤΪ־㡣


 


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ʯǰң˧ѧë󶫺󵼵ѧһʮٳֽʯ±䡹ʹڱԵйһԾΪҪҰ 

 


 
19251927ꡡ3133 

ëɽһǰ˸¡ڳɳΪܵڶë֡ʮĳɳϹ֯չʾȻ졣ëûвμӣܶʱڼҴơ

ڵȻط̳߲̳᲻ˡһŶ£ɽȥΡëʶϺʱһϵΪʶëĲŸɡ

ëʮ꣬ǹӡʫ־ĦռǸӣɰ֮˵ŮһصİӡҲ쵱屬ʱڼһͼɱڵ峯سдΪ쵼֮һɽǰһֱǩʱڲࡣʹɽ̳˵ݡλȷ׽͢һµĹˡ

ǹڵع㶫ˣ׸ееϢǺ̤йڴϱۣ¶ʵס齭ͣ֡ڲΪĵطίԱǡں첼 ΧĻ£ѶƻӡǸͥڿͥ

ɽһëôȥݴ̽ϢҲ̡£λһȶë׼Լȥݡóһ ʼɽһ֧֯󲿷ǹ֧

񵳵Ҫǡ򵹵۹塱ëĹҲΧ⡣ũûʲôϵûܻũʲôȤʱëһĺضʮյռдëһһ弯ˣһʮʱϡë˵ҪؼȥЪ˵˥˵̫ˣ˶˯šҲɶߣ˾Ͷߣ·ʱڰ;оԽԽ߲ƣ뼫ˣ͵Ъˡ¶ʮգëټũ ֧Ļᣬͬ־ֻһλδûδܿһ죬գëͬ־δδɡ

ûϱë֯Ը˵ũ˶һŶһʮնԱ͢˵භȻҪ⵽ʧܡеĵط֯ʶֵũ쵼ͬԸԣĵжôأǵ֯⵽ƻ ⡣Щũ񲻽ΪΪǵǡ˵֯ͲᷢκѲҡ

ʱڳɳ쵼ئ˶ķ۴СҮ³ѧҽѧ ԺԺפɳ¹ݵı˵ʡӵһŶʮĶ쵼˵ë󶫣Ǵ˵ҪĹߡëֵһγĵȻëûв쵼ЩУΪëҲ

£ʡ﷢ģҪ׽ë󶫡ɽ˳˽̧ȥɳëη򽲺ã̧˭˵ҽëĵϱ˵ŷָ˼׽ͬ־ͬ־ûڼңֻЩǮ¡ۺëļ˶ûܵ˺

ëҪȥˡ뿪ɳǰϦ潭ɢչδʫƪӥգǳף˪쾺ɡʲãأ˭

ëʮ㣬Ҫײãصĳ

ë󶫺ܻῴˡĲ֡ëһݣ͸һҪְƼԼ񵳵ˡܱëࡣ񵳵ڶȫڼëΪʸίԱίԱ֮һڶٿʱëëڹڷҡֱϣ˹ؼáձֻȨͷӣ̫ Ĺͱ㱻ȥ

ëԼҹعʢڴʱֵһҩ ëʧߣƣþˡѰҩķ߸˼Ტۡ

һŶʮһ£ëһζũʾȤһŵ עойũ⡱ʮһգ񵳵һϵ ½ũһº󣬹񵳵ġйũ񡷴дƪƵ¡ȤëУĪ˹Ƹշ˽ָʾʮ£Ī˹ƶй ǲעũǿ飺ռ˿ھųɵũȥأ֪Ϊʲ ôйĸǵļȫûпǵũһ˶еľĪ˹㷺ռũ塣ڹж

ǻΪëйũʵϣ һŶ¾͸йֻаռй˿ڴũ񣬼Сũ˶йȡʤȫߵũ⡣Ҫ йзԷ⽨ũظëһ׳ֱ̬ȣʹһЩ˶ΪǸëĴһŶĪ˹Ʊ˵ëȻĻũӦ÷׼·ߣƶũм䲻ʲôΪʿӦϵȵȡ

ëĪ˹Ƶķı˹۵㡣û뵽ȴ鷳ëŬʹùġ׼ԸũΪСʲ׼ѹũ޲׼Խʶ̬˵Щֻڡʱᡱ йֻǡ⽨ᡱйĹʵʱ˸־Сݡ ʮչˣͷһ˹֡ũר֣M. Volin 淢һƪǼ£ָëʣһ۾ͿԿһԵĴ󣺰ë˵йѾɵ˸һʱ׶Ρ

ë¡ѧ塱򵥻ҪëĻҲ̫Զë˵й˿ڣһŶ˿ͳǧ

ҿ۶Թ񵳲ôҪһŶ£֧ë³Ĺũ˶ίԱίԱ񵳹ũ˶ϰϰ ǰ˳ʰġֻʱʮëʼũ˶£ϰѵũĶߣȥ֯ũЭᣬ˷ԸˡŹ񵳾ռϣºũ˺ҵؿչˡ

ǹ񵳱һվĿɨطƷǧ๫;ϣ񵳾Сڳɳ˸ ݣָӹ񵳵֧ũЭᣬʽ𡣶̶̼£һũ嶼 ũЭᣬṹһӴˡ

ʱսʱʱѽʮ꣬һһҲʮΣǶûиıеṹǴսĵطϰվɡڣڹ񵳸նʽܹˡףһƬңС£ëΪ ũ˶쵼˱硰ָһС

ʱĳɳǶͯȥţǿǿ ס衱ǡFrere JacquesĶ衣ڽͷ һŷ޷ֽĸñӣڱνֵͷϣΪ

ʮ¶ʮգ˾ۼڳɳõƳëݽë˲Сʱ˵ڻǴ򵹵ʱҪһڹ 򵹵۹𣬼Ϣӹũʵʱ򡣡ëͬġȣBoris FreyeĶˣº˾˵ëĽԡ̫ºһ㡣

ëº͹۵ĺѲʱ˾ޱ䡣ë˵δɳ֮ȣԵȫվڵľɷԼɳ޷𸲴⣬ֱںסʮȫıҵ̬ȡʮ쵽׷ʲôѲӺдġũ˶챨桷Կëϲϲңϲ̣ҵҡһֶδͳβĪӰ졣

ëũЭˣνġƦӡЩǰν̤ЬƤģЮɡӵģеģ̳ӵģǮҵӵģ֮ܶһдǰΪʿǿˡȨũЭᣨũЭ ֮¼ũЭŪɺ׵Ķˡ˶غӡĻЩطʮĶҲӵĽ𡱡ǡڵأ̤һֻšС ̵Ҳ̤ȥһ׽˴ñ硭֮ΪΪ һзһֲֿ󡣡

ëƦǺϲŪƷȷ˵ñ磬ִʹһθñӵģӴɨˡһũ ׽һԽҪñӣ ֲȥٴ֪ҪñӣÿڼҷĲ£Բ

ë˵һִδеʹ족õúܣõúܣ

ëһڣʹһ˴һġҪϵְڡȷʵռʮضǧũ֮С

ѲУũЭë˵˱ëô졣ë˵ѣˡ֮󣬸˱

ëѲǰũ쵼ԼЩ˵ˡëǷˣ˵ͳԷ£ǻ滭廨ÿ ũ嶼һʱڵĿֲ󡱡ũ쵼˼ִ֣ë

ëġũ˶챨桷һҲûἰũصҪ⣺ءԴûбʾ˿Ȥ

ëҰǴȴṹıնģʽëǴģʽǴԸ˽ȥĪ˹⵽ ڹʵ־ϵһηġ桷ëȻʶ̬ ģģֱȴ岻ıϡ¶ĹˣȻ壬һ˵ɱ˾ͻðɣҪֹʵնʽĹߣëȴǡԣйڰëϳ쵼Ȧӵ֮½һŶ£ëٴγΪίԱֻǡ򲹡

ëʱ汱Ĺסڳ人ٲȻǹũܹ ˣ人ʼѵũԱͰѱɢѵ ̲УһݽũЭζԸ𡱣ǿ ӲģŽͶ䣬ñСߡػش

ëƳ£ũӣ˹񵳾ӵǿҷԡ¶򹲲ʱ˵аٷ֮ʮںϡ˶ũ ġ𡯱̬ȡټͥزƲûգǵݱ̷ܵʿĻؼҵһǮҲᱻûաǷָһԼļͥѡ

൱Ͳն·ǵķŭһŶ񵳡ϴﵽ߳ʮо֮һйԱ֮һ ׹ģвܹԱδԹȨ𼫴á ũ屩ҪĪ˹ƵĿƾѣĪ˹Ƶ֡йѡ ʱһǧ׶һ£ʹߵԼ˵ĹͷһŶգͻϮʹݣѵļ֤ȷرйͼı߸ļ¶йܹϵ й쵼ȸʮԱסʹݵķСȲñɱ

ʹѳļȫֽΪתأ߸ƻģ֮󣬼ŭ˹ۣҲǿ񵳲òԼĵλȫԸҪ ǮйҲвսȫΪ߸ƻһ֣Ʒйܡ 񵳲ıԼʧȥģҪģǿ᲻ϧһֱ֧Ȩ

ǣһץסжˣǹ񵳾˾ʯʮգ빲ѣʼ嵳䷢ͨһپʮˣ ͢ΪףëҲС

ʯë󶫴꣬һ˰㽭ʡһ̼ͥձѧ £ǸְҵˣϳȻ׽ĽӲ顣һŶ꣬Ϊ ɽĴӪıŷʱ϶ڹͬǺ׽µķʹ˷գر𷴸Ҫй ֳɲͬĽ׼׼

ʯЩһҲûй˵෴أ͢ӡǷǳѺã顱˶˵֧֣Ϊ񵳵ڶڸʵɫʣΪǱزٵԮ ͬʱɫ׼ѣһŶ°һЩ˴ӹؼְλ ϸȥ·󣬳ԾʿʼǸɵʯάԼSolovyovʮոL. M. Karakhanд˵ʹžǨͽ ʯԱӮʱ׼λһ󣬱͢ʯ

ʯˡǱһ߸ļͷ棬ˡжϺｯµĲԴ칤򣬹ٶˡϺ¶ˡϺйסĵط ˺塢УϺǴڵ״йĴʡ

ʯϺɱ˺󲻾ãҲ򽯣ʮ人ֹӴˣʯΪ䣬Ȩ˶ʮֱ꣬һľ걻ë󶫸ϵ̨塣

һŶĴֹ֮ڼëһʱ֪Ǻáһ˳Ļƺ¥дʫʼڹԪĻƺ¥ǹŽʫϲӽĵطƴ򫡶ƺ¥ʫ˵

ѳ˻ƺȥ˵ؿƺ¥ƺһȥǧؿơԺ󡰻ƺסһȥƺ˵ëڹеĽΪСë¥ǡçԲԡʱ򡣡ƺ֪ȥëʵԼǰ;ʫѾϣĳ˸ߣ

ëŬסȥõúܣũЭᱩʮո人쵼ˣëͬ־棬ũЭиϻڰѳ֣ǼȲ֪ʲôҲ֪ʲôֻɱ˷ŻĹëһûãڲ߻ѣһ屩ڹëֻͬ֡

ƽһΣë˵ԴвǰġоգԹ̧ɳȻܵݡڲͬˡգ¶һӱͷڹһװɱ˲Ժ󣬵Ͷɱ˹ֻҪ˸淢ǹͿܱץɱͷеĴݾ壬еĿеĺںţеĳʸ衷ֽϵĴ⣬ Ϊɱֳƿ족

ʱëѿ׼һܰȫķʽˣδչͼйΪԼ¡һŶζʮëϲꡣ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
05 ձװ



ձ



һ£ĺɫӪӰë󶫣һŶ꡸ձĲߡëĵӺںһ

  


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ë󶫺ĵӺ䣬һӰ䲻ëĮ䡢˱ëڸû뿪ëȥ˺Ĵھѵķ¶ȹ

  
 
19271928ꡡ3334 

һŶ½ʯ干ʼʱ˹ָճΪķֹͷƶԻߡҪйӺ͸ݵأԱǹй

ǹӶȨ˹һһ깲ʳʱΪй뵽ˡ񵳺ʱĪ˹йԱ񵳾跨ʯ干 ˹йϴӹ񵳾ﾡ飬Լװ

˹ȣBeso Lominadzeй¡վ鱨־ֳJan BerzinйίԱᡱϯϣKliment Voroshilovд˵йҪǽҪжվ鱨ԱйӦʽҩƷ鱨ͬʱĻо¹ʣҲӽ˶йԱľѵ

Ī˹ƵĵһƻǰĶϷȥȻｨݵءͬʱĪ˹ָʾϺũЭʡб

ë󶫾˫޳·ֵġߡ˵ȨǹȡõġݱԡǹȨʱĪ˹Ƹճй¶㣬ѹ񵳷ѹﵽͷϣͬǹϵеסյξֺίԱëҪ뻻ͻ볷ͳġҪԼǹӣԼĵ̣ʹԼʵλԱĪ˹ҪȨԼҲǰȫ÷ʽ

ǣëûһǹһĪ˹Ҳû¡ëҪӵоӣ뿿ֶΡ

һŶģйҪװפϲһ֧˵ľӡһգʿM. F. Kumaninֱָ£йµ֧ܶ֯б䡣ǡϲ塱ҲйġڡǴ಻֪ǣ˹ֵĻ˵жǡʵ⣬ȫȫĹʵ⡱塱漴£ٹĸۿͷͦȥ׼

ë֧ӵһץ֡ԤƵо·߽ӽϣëڰ³뽨飬ڼеĺձУȥ㣬Ҫ·ϲ岿иһţƼũռϵİաëΪԿҪȥũ㱩ԱΪڣϣڳһ֧װߡ

׼ëϱ顣ȫʡ쵼Լʮڳɳ¹ݿᡣëûǰѻسɳ סҡҪֻøĵڶ졣ݵʱʡίı棺ʮգ˲ȫΨһδʮգë¶棬Һȴ˵ȥ㡰ũ顱ȥˡ

ëٵԭ򲻿ɸˣҪһȣϲĲǷпܵϣҪǲܣͲȥϸ㡰ˡ

ϲĲ뿪ϲ죬ӱȥ֮һҩҲһ롣¸ߴʮȣȵȣʿûˮȣֻúˮȺȥ 䣬ֻƴͷƵϡ

ǣë¹ʱ˸һٰʮȴת䣬ҪȡԼϱƻëǣӦСΧӦüоɳ ʱʡίı˵СΧıƻ󶫳֮ᡣ

Ҫϸ㱩һëҲɳ,ΪóǸ֧ɫװԴɳΪǴߡ֧װһ֧ԭũ˵ĻԾӣһ֧Դú󵹱նʧҵĿ󹤺Ϳ󾯣һ֧ԭפ人Ĳӣȥμϲûϡһǧˡ

ëԸԳصָЩӵġǰίǣܺʡί쵼ëûܹκξѵǰָӹ٣ΪĪ˹ƱȨָʾֳѰֹۺ飬ֳɳ߻ˡëĻ¶ʮո￴ĳͬ־ˡ棬ѵйʵйũά֮Ծɡй͹ѵһһꡭ Ǵ˿Ӧо桢ʡũȨȨȽ裬 ѸٵȡȫʤɵĽܹѵںʵС

ʮһգë뿪¹ݣ˵ǵȥûȥʮһԼõӣ죬ëһĴڳɳһٹļСٷ˵ë֧еһ֧ͭĳʱëϵеĺγˣ ˵ëûȥͭġʮգ֧黹ûеɳëʹҪǲȥˣ˱ĵ֧ӶļС

һȫڳɳĺʡί֮⣬ֻʮȡ ¹ݵҲMaier˵һС˵ɳܵıӡĪ˹Ƴ֮ΪЦƺûʶëǰعĴɳΪĶǵԼϡ

ⳡʷġ塱ȫ綼Ϊë쵼ũ壬ëũҲԴڴˡëһ񻰣 ˹ŵɫĹ¡ʵϣⲻһũ壬ݺʡίļ˵⡰һ򵥵ľжûƶũȡصĸ񳱣ȡũԴ˴αȤûСߣę̈

ļԶ볤ɳûߵϵ£ʡί޷ֱָӡëѼƻ֧ӵĿĵأȥһʮľɽɽλӱ߽磬ʡֶ޳Īˡֺúĳû֮ءλɽԬĲţǰѧǰǲ÷졣ռʮ˿ڵش󲿷֣˰ëҪǵĵù Լĸݵء

ëҪɽǼ׾ٵ¡ûеȷָʾڵˡëһ̯ƻΣļټָӹٿǰҵмǰϤˣѹҵ֮һǺγγֻëȡġκ˵ëҪһλڻ᳡ϱİȫԣҺڻ᳡ϴѽѽһһһһúָӹǶͬɽǿëΪëΨһڳĵĴ

򾮸ɽнһ·ϣëӰĳϵһʦĴ硣ʼٱʶëΪϰգҪǿǹ ëȥɽʱҶˣǲμӸΪˡ ëԵҪǷģ˵ǡɫɽһ֣ ɽҲ֮·

ˣǡӱëߵȥֻ׼ǹ֪߱ǿκ˵ָӹٶˣȥϺ룬 ԺͶ˹񵳡ʵƣӣӣӪǿҵȳζеһ·ߵĲݴҲˡں鵽ﾮɽʱֻʣˣëΪûбĳ·ǳΪëҵİףδԭĻǡ

ʮ³ë˾ɽ£һȥԬĲţɽëֻ˼ˣԬġԬڻص˶ʮˣһë˲࣬ӭȥһ߽ɱëë£ྐྵӣԻȲ̸ë˵ֻǹ·ҪȥϲĶ顣Ԭͬëס£ʱܡ

ëĶϢȥΧļشҽᣬëһֻŲ˾ɽ

ĸ£ëΪԬǵһ˱µһšһŶʮգëĶ鹥سǡһβμָսȻֻڶɽԶۿëֱǰߡëٿ˴ᡱ 칦߳ǴسſĿ˵¶ʮһգ ٿũѧ˴ᣬ᳡˴ɱſľܣľ׮ǣϱڰſͱˡëίԱڻϽ ëڡũ˶챨桷ϸڵϲۿɱˡ

Դëɽ˴ᡱ˵һ֣ɱ˳档ף촨غɫȨʱëд˸ֽ֣ϯ̨Եľϡһǡ뵱ũþͺãһǡնɱӣ²£ϼӵë֮󣬡𡱹μᱻϼӵش

йǹ֮ë״ëһ̵Ĵͳ֮ ִġ֯ῴɱˣȥС֯ʹÿֲ һĪġԬԼҲסˡëԶ̡ܴǸʰ·磬ëɽկĵһѽΡ

ëһɽȥɳʡίȡϵëԶסɽ֣סظ糩ͨϵ칤ͽˡʱϺյһϵйڡ塱ı档ǲῴë󶫲ж̨δɴ˲ӡָëϺᡣë֪вҲԸ뿪ĵ̣ɴװӡһŶʮһʮգëξּʡί

ҪëȨʮʮһպʡίëȷ˼صĴ󡱣ʡίӦһͬ־ǰȥټͬ־۲ɴ쵳֯ڱҪʱһ¸׵Ĺͬ־ε

ëָӲӣΪûеȨ鲻ġ֪ɻıָʾһں󣬺ʡίһ򾡡ëĶȫ֪Ѿʸ

ֱһŶµĵһλʹ߲Ž뾮ɽȡǰίëĵְ񡣵ǣëһߣħһɡֻţҲһԼȥë˵ʦȨĻ

ë󶫵ġɽկһĸݵءƽԭʢסͲ裬һʳɽɼïܣļŨƣӡҰϻȥȥɽ߷žŰپʮ幫ߣȴܶͣѹҲܡŨŨĹľ ֻСǱͨʡش

ëľӿڵҽΪԻë߶˵Ⱥʲô˼ǾáƶǮˡ桱 Ͼɽսʿ˵ϻС򡯡Ʊ

ëĻǱϵţȫԡëˡơ

˺ǡĺһΡʱٴץʮˣѺʵŮýȥȣ ˺úͰѹϴʯͷʹøֶ̡

ٱ֪ǵʽû˶ԸǾ١ һŶʮ£ҪָӹٳºھɽĲͼѲӴߡëѶ׷ϣѳºץڴë˵һμصΣʧȥӡ֧ӵĶ̶̼Уеľָӹٶˡ

ëʱʱԼİΣʼƾʩһ˲ӡ ڲͬĵطкüӣӰȫǶϸѡӵĺӶݣи󴰣ںǽжС·ͨɽԺ;УӪֻʱ ëסҲаȫڡ

ëھɽҪסլ֮һλɽéƺͨһʱԳɽһİ˽¥ݶһʵİ˽εľͷȥһԲɹߡլԭڵصҽһҲҽģСʢҩꡱλɽ´СլԵ˵žɽյĻԻ͡һŷ޽ʽʯͷһʽԲȣһʽ¥ݶߴܳƵܽǡ һ˽εĴŶһ

ë˾ҲУԭһǧƽ߻԰ԺΪԲصѧ¥ȫˮһ࣬ѧë֮ѧУšҽַáҲáĻᣬ Ҫط

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ʯ干󣬹Աͻӿʼĸĸˣ 类ͶɽԬĲǸѣͻϮ˳͸ԬĲ˾ɽԬ˵ĺѣһ֧ëɪǹ

ëˣһۿԬĲҲٳɣëķ롣 ë˵طԡڳתսУ÷롣

һŶë䡰顱ˡûоʽֻԬ̫̫ǰ˷ʢϯʱë뿪ۺӻĸ¡ëֻдһţ˵˽żڸɴ˿ۡ

۶ëĸǿȵİֻ൱ǿؼ޸ëһŮڳǧȻڶĽߡʮë̫󡱣 ǡһʻţϡëӢõĵܵһ׷ߣ˵ҸɩӣҰɡѡëΪһŮǸҪһϵı

ëĹϵò˲лëܽһͬǰ·˲ԱסԺĵطëرҪֿߡ

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ЩָĶȨȨʧܸաë󶫵ľɽ˶档 ëǿȷӣҪúͺլʱֹǣ˵յԼܡɱ˵ȻҪɱɱԼҲվסš

ϾɽʱĪ˹Ѿֹͣɱߡϲá塱 ʶһߴñǡä塱ɱ塱Ī˹˵ֲϵͳëΪıϡëľʹ»Ī˹Ƶ ëʹŭʱ˹ؽйиಽˣԼ⣬ùɹʱĪ˹ԶйֱָӡʹݵͼȨġ塱бץйֹرһϵ¹ݣʧȥ⽻йĻᡣ

ëʱûκεְλ۴дŸ룬Ҫһ쵼ĹϽɽһرίԱᣬδ׼졢ëʦë¶ٴθдš𸲣ëָٿᡱԼǡ

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ëҪȨţܽͨԱţϺǧ͵Ī˹ƣ¶ʮյ˹ֵİ칫йڿ󡱣صĪ˹ƽ⣬Ψһһٿᡣ˹ְһٶйܵأԶأķѾʵĪ˹ƣйڴжߡ

˹ֵй·ɹϯ֣Nikolai BukharinᴫһǾŸСʱƨɶľˡëݹһ򲻵ѣ뿪ĵ̡

󡱳ǵܶ±棬˵ëĶ顰һЩʡ˼ëָӡ˶ëģǺܿΪйװҪ쵼ˡȷʵëɹпķֹսԵˡ˹¾սӼй쵼ʱ˵սԾ齨ġ󡱴ܵѵľ¼ƻҲƶе˹ֱԸйṩļٳ

˹ֿë󶫡ëоӣиݵأϵԱй֪Ҳߡ Ȼë˹ֺ˹򹲲˵ģëǸµˡңô˹а취ë벻벻Ī˹ƣ뿪ˣֻһ

ǣëҪȫ㡣ʮһ£֪ͨ³ǰίëǣϽëǰί֮֯ίԱᣬΪǡë󶫵ʷϣǸʷԵʱ̡ë뵳£Ī˹£Ī˹Ҫɶɶȫʤ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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ԴӺﾮɽԺξʹıˡΪΨһԴ ȫظߵĴСʲ׼ũСҲڱ֮С Դƻ֮ûע⵽⣬ûע⵽ÿֻŵΣȫƲ漤ҵı

ëߺ󣬹񵳾ӹ˾ɽëʱµ˱Ա͵طɲıǹɨ׽סģʸǻʹĲпᣬݵʱı棺ˣȺɱˡ һȺڲʮӶԷɵĳޡ

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ԬಿӽɽѲǵĺۿ˵ۿȺڶǵжܷУԬĲӣ򱶼ӰڹͳľɽˣȻϲˡ˴ѸС׼ס

ë뿪ɽʱδһۻعˣһ˿ꡣ²Ŵ󲽣ǿЦ죬Ī˹ȫ̽Ҫһ뿪ɽվ鱨ֳ͸й׷Pavel MifᣬëԮǵһмصĪ˹ר۸ëԮëԺգ϶˵ǡߡ

ë׷ᣬһսµӱɱͷһڳɳϡվУëȴµȨ 뿪ɽڣȡرΪǵľίµľָȨһȨԼ

룬ëֲֻµȨдһһݱ棬м͸Լúθһָʾ¶ʮգд뽫һƻָʾǡӦжηָʾδľ鰸ǳȷǻԾĽܡգдԺÿһŸǣÿ¸һű档ëֺ룬ϣȨһһϺ֪õϿɡ

ûзëҲûë״ûôǿȨҲóıһʱ

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سǵĹóëָʾȱ׽Ȼɱʬ嵹һðϣԱվëָʬ˴Ͻʬ屻̧νʾڡΪƶȾѵһѻΪƽء

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¶ʮգëĵڸҾдᣬë⣬ͶƱѡ١ë󶫱ѡǰίǣɳΣػָȨëв˵װɢǰίһıԵֵĶҲ׼ڻǰëеĸе

ëϿʼػսҪʧȥȨƻȶȡɫݵصطί쵼Ȩ¿ٵĸݵأǹռĵģ һٶʮ˿ںһ֧طӡëë쵼˵ȻѡںˣϣطЩ¡ûʶëĶ

ëڵ뿪˺ܲӺͼšһ˵뿪ҳʱǵҲˣʱһ ЩӡһСֱίڵݵ ëģίǵӻǸëˣëȥ֮ǰͽ׼ٿһεᡣëĴδὨίüıѸǰŰ嵽ؼְλϡëûȨί鸣ʡί쵼

ʮգʮۼ󣬻鰴֪ͨڶ쿪ĻڶûпĻݻı棺ëȥ¸顱 ȥһ֮áڿĻˣëǸɣʹ᳡Ϻķʱ̫ࡱʮʮֹӳʮ֮áëʱ䣬ʹڡѡ ίǰò뿪Ȼỹڲʹؿţ񵳴ˣ᲻ܼȥڶʮǰĻˡ޽ջᡱ

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˷ëǿͷʱǳŭʱͶ˵ǡʧܡڶһлʱëһѪϴ

ڿʱѾֳëĿ־塣ı˵ϡٷԡëͬ־ˣۼң˺ܴҪǵϼʡίǣεǣͨʧ䣬ʡίǰָֹѾֹһηδҲ֣ؼʱ̣ᰴëҪĪضϵ

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Щëӡ͸ܶʩܺ⽻̨ϷǸǿ;ִߡʵ壬ϧŤ˸

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ܴȥϺйճ¹ˮ˳Ϊš˵Դ߶۾һŶĪ˹ƿйʱܵ˹ֽӼڻϳǣһҪ档йĿ˸񲪾Ī˹ָ齨ģָӰɱӡ

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ʵë֮ǰѾֳԸһһϸУҪȫʶָҵĴԼཫڵһϵͳ ش󡣡꣬ڵȫϣһȻԸŰġëӡ˵ܣͬ־ȻӦôƨɣҲҪڹоǷڹиĴ󡣡һĸԸš

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Ī˹֧ëиԭ˹ֵͷĻLeon Trotsky˹ԺӰĻйһСȺ׷ߣȡ¶֧֡˹ֵĳ¶׳ɡƣĸϹϵëߡ

һϵеĿʹĪ˹ƾΪëýʱĿëPravdaڡж·¼ؼļﱨëĴΣΪ䡱õ۸˹ͷϵһûκй쵼٣ ڡ

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ëĺøУʹͨɨȨ֮ϰһְҵ˵ȨְҵˣëǣëС¹۵㡱ƳһȨѡ٣ëǱѡġǴΪȡѡ١

ҪƽȵĺߣҪƽȡëϲʣⲻ⡣ھɽʱһ˳ëʿһɽ꣬ëں󷽡ڡëˡƽ塱ⶥñӣѹԹȨйڳΪȻ

뿪ʮë־Ϻ߳һ״ʡ·̦одաηʵѼƻ˴𰸣ȥ沢 
                               


 
 
 


 
 
07 ֮


 
19271930ꡡ3336 

һŶ꣬ʯϾ֮øؾȨԽͳһĹҾӡһǿֿһмʮμӵġԭսһĪ˹ƾⳡսйȫȨܶ뿪Ϻȥ۴£ȥϸϡʱǧ߰ˣɢڰ˸ʡΪʮëҪһһǧˡ

ߺйë󶫵ĺͬ硢ǰĽ֯͹Ī˹פϺƶһĲļƻҪȡһƬйĵشϲ人ʡᣬҪѺɫȨ׶人ëǹϲ

ʵʵë󶫺ܹ֮սҲûа취ڿЩСտʼëʾ칤˸һٰʮȴת䣬رԭʶĻᣬʹܹ沢»ͳĵʱйڶ

»ëС꣬ëҲԶĴδĺɫйǵһιҲ쵼ײжëֱʵߡΪĴëʹȥ

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ʮգëϺд˵ʮΣգʧ˵ϲɳȥԮӵϢ˵ëˣ˸ëҪԮëƲģҪȥϲɳ֮Сֻʲǰ

͵ĵ죬¶ʮգëϲһëԼͷĿǰίǡί˾»Ǹ˾Ϊ˵õ׼ëڶ캯Ϻ˵ĺϲΪٴɳ人еĺɫȨ׶ëٴɳ˵ǽҪ裬ŵ˵аառ쳤ɳݣ人Žٽȫܱë˵ָʾȡ人׼֯Ȩء

ʵëûжȡ人˼֪ܣٴɳҲܳɹһɳɹǳ䲻⣬ص׼¡»ҲǷԶɳëҪûҪϺͬϲԼ֮¡ڴĹУվ鱨йվվ˹Avgust GailisĪ˹ƣءĲëĶö࣬ëԹۡ

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سɳĹ񵳳ǼĺμûɧſۣΪûнκι»һɳμҲûڿйߡëɳμΪŭıʮ¶ʮմ˿ۺͳӰӢǰӢաμ·ֻҪëϵ۾ܾˡʮһʮ졣գϡձһɲıⱨѶë֮ǹĪƿ족 ޵ĶȻë

˺йĿڹʾʱ̡ǰЬ೤ۣ˾ġͥϷһ֧ëʡһƿīˮһдֵѺǩٲݲ˼⣬ëʣպīˮѺǩϻ˸ѺǩڵϡǴͳǩоķʽ ˰ĳ۰ǵĶ룬´һ־ ŵëǮ

ڶĺûףʮĿۣѺɳĽֵ·ϣһʿСܡ̳ڳ⣬һƬķء˿ǹ󣬰ЬӵԶԶģߵĻ׷

˻ȥ緹˵ûе߸ֻȥǹǿţڼʹУָش˶Ӳء

ǰѿ۵ʬ˻ع磬ݵĺϡӢͷˣһһëĴȥϺйµչˡ

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ҳ־һһ¶ʮдģڴǰ죬ʱ̡۳ëߺոһգ긴һ꣬дľӲᣬûб㣬˼ıʵġ-

-  һƪЩǿŸ׷ǵģĳЩ󣬼ǲʡԺűеıΪӡ

    

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ҲҪʹҲѹĸҲѹ С ֱˣįˣ̫ѹ ӱܣмӣܡ ʮյص ʹˣҵҲҪסʬ һһ°һ

ˣǰһĻһĻԺзڣԺҲٶ

һĻһĻأһǶ Ǻ˵ģܵõҵİǷǳӴ ڶңһĵ ͨҲ һգѵ˼ĺҸ㲻 Ǳ£ҲǺ£Ϊҿһ

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ģܲ ֻҪǺúõأҲҶΣ챣

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˵ˣǻ͵ԵʡûԱߣעģһ 

ʵڲ£̫ϲģ챣ҰաҪŬһֻҪÿ 

ܹ׬ʮԪԾͿԽлҪˣ 

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һû˯ ҲˣҪܵȥ ССְס

ҵһصһͷһͷС˭ò ҪˣҪ ܲܡ

˵ĸ֣ңҲ 氮ѽģһĴ𰸰



ĸмƪдܡһܡġһŶΪйѲԱȥɽëһëԵëûлšһŶ£ϡձµӱɱͷڳɳнϡ۲ԤУһܡд˷ţעûзȥͨƪĹ¼

һܣװһܣһߣȻһߣԶǿһҲҼį龰Уʱ޿̲ѰҵǺҵռһλͬһ 㣬ҲһһվҵҳĬţԸ⼸ˣ Īʧɢ˺ǣҺѾ񡪡ף˵Ҳ£ҿ˵һϲ¡ֻҵĸ׺ҵСǣеǣŵҷǳǰʹҰ˯ѵһ

۶ĺǡȻëκϣиһܡ иסëĴ񣺡ҾǡСǡиǣֻҪǵ常棬ǲڲǵģǵ常кİ ǵġʧһĸף߸һףǲһ常İԵֵסģǸİůĴȻǿϮһţһǷ񾭲֪ν⣬ܾҵľϣһҲţ ԲܲԤ

ӱֽϣ۲ʱëϢëΪˡɱ涫֮䣬Ҷ״ɱ֮񣬷ٻ֮ݡ쳣ȵȡҲб˵ëϳ˾ɽΧ֮У

۾ľëؼд֣ת棺һŶ³ һܣûзȥ


ǡԭĲ塳Ȱˣ  ҿ˵ˣ ӴӴ

ĵı룬ĽᾧƷįѽˣ ϣǣһϢ һģȥԭĲ塳Ȼٶ٣ ӴӴ


ãһܡˣ˵ëȥϺȥζܿëˣϲһܻţ

һܣӵţϲοʵһܴ۵ˣǿеĸ飬һʱһʱ񱩷һˣһЩʱȥˣ ƽġ

˼һӷɵëϣëҲȥϺȥϺ᲻᲻ȫδϺգҵԸĪϺҪ˺ǣģ̸ˡ

ʱһȥëȥϺëֻ롣ʸëдţı⡣⡰İûзȥһĻ˺ȥдһƪعˣ굽ʮ꡷¶ʮдɡȻüӷʽ ԼչֽϸëëİԱп

һͷдԼͯ꣺ ʱͬ࡭ÿϴ˯ЩӰɱɱҵԼʷʹ࣡ڻȫǵǸζҵĸ磬磬Сһȫ˽ǡΪʲôܹȥ׽С棬棬ȫһ֪ʹĶ

᲻ҵĸȥʹࡪʹࡪһǣҼֱûĿˣ

漴۸ëΪʲôμӹҺѰһʱͬ²ͬҼɺЩֻԼˣ²һ¡ʱ򣬴Լʮߡʱ򡣡

ʱëë˹ˡƪعβģҵһʱڣѧͷõһЩѿݵȷһµķ֣һҪţ ҴǰĹǴˣ

ɱɱɱֻΪʲôΪʲộΪʲôǣҲȥˣҪһҪһһգ

һ£һܡǹݺ档º󣬿Ҳ̳ëΧɳʱûκŬߣʵװ쵽۵ļҾëȥɳ·ϣëڳɳڡʹľ֮Ҳûȥ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
08 ëϯѪȾĶ


 
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һŶ뿪ɽԺëһʱȫ֧ӣë»Լ۾һֱžɽߵĽǵĸݵء

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-־쵼ĸӶ

µûëƵȨľͷѲԱ˵űʱŬɣ˼ɣЩС¸𡣡ëֻº˾ëĺ磬ʿ档

ʿһͰŮѺˡǺãëëԸк֮ܶԼڸı˵˵û֯Ƣ̫ˣ̬ȲáҲëһֺܳ᲻ֶεץȨץüҪְһ¹ëëĹߣëٶҪһ̲ɫ

ëһͷĵطٿɫġϯ顱ʱ䶨ڶʮաһٹ֪ͨëͰѿʱǰաȵʿץȨĽϵʱѾھսˡ

ʷϵġͷ顱ʵ˫ɡһһ͵Ľϯ顱Ȩëͳһ쵼ɫǰίǣɫط֯ԣίǣʼֻõһͼطְ ίĸά鳤

˵ȻëÿֲֶŻǡͷĸĽ쵼˱ɡĴͽԡǹСǵһյıëΪ˶ȨɱĹˡӴˣëʿɱͷвˡѲԱϺ˵ʱвĵطԴдСǹС Ļˡڵĳɫֲرõǡũ ʱ˹ֶũʱڡëƺɫũĸطָ ءǺɫ쵼Ƕظͥʵë˳ҲǸũ

йʱвԸ屨˽- ΪȨɱˣйڣëƺʼٸߡ

- ھɽأץسſĵһ칲ϯĸھ߸º󱻳ɱ

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ɫָʾ·־ͷˣеĵĸɲũëʿͳΡëԺ󣬰ѽ˵עǴΪ塱ϱũ񿪴ᣬӰũʤšʿʵϿĸѹƣҪϰաҪѹϵԼ طжԵ˲ѣӦάð졭

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ʱȺ鼤ߣǲվָìͷͬʱָëʿԼı棬ë˵ǵΣգ˺õ٣ɾ˵˷ԣʡǹС̫ˣ

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ʿȱְë󶫱ʧȥպɫ֡ɳͷҪ¿ƽҲǻġʮʮգڹ;иϺд˵ һǳصΣȫȫǸũ·쵼Ϊ AB Ÿũһ׸ĽһΣ

ʱë֪Ī˹ڶΪĺɫȨԡȻĪ˹ƳɱЩԹˣֲʹûٸҷ

ʮһѮëӺѲӼеɫģԱûӡ »﷢ AB ֯иǡɿٱǰί쵼Ҳ˵ͼëļ沢ʹʹ˿ˡ

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ë AB ţҪõ˽ؾš˱Ϊһ ѲԱдһݴ󲿷˲ֻδǰѵǳ¸ңսη

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лصӣͬ־ǡǳϡ棬ͬʱϲʱһɲоͬ־֮ޱϣǳֲţҶԸжʮգм𲿶ӣֱȳһͬ־ûҪӺë䣬ؾŸ˶Ȼߡڸϡ

ˡë󶫡Ĵڶڸ㳡ٿ˷ëʿᡣ磬֯˵ʮĸӽԶɢͨ棬ëëΪ˭ãǼ黫ʶǳŨӢ˼Խͬ־ֶΣͰƶȣԵһл۽ĳһֻҪ˭Ҫ޳ɣ֯ԸµΪѡëֶͬ־ ѵ֯Ϊϵͳ˹á֮ëƽյһжı֣Ѿһ䣬Ҳһ޲׼սߡʲά˵Աͨëʵۡ

ڳѲԱ׼ë˵ëʸӰ족˷Լ˽롣ѶܺȥϺ㱨뿴ǵıˣ˵ëıɱĸɲƻ֯˵ëǷġŴζǰίָʾŴԸЩνʵⲻִУͨٷӡ¼ȥͬ־ ΪѡŴŵë󶫹Ȼ֮

ǣعµܶѭĪ˹Ƶָʾȫë󶫳ۿҳϵԱˣԡëӡ˹˵ѶҵԱȷʵʵ˹˵ռϷ磬Ī˹Ҫݡµֵˣ˲ܳ¡ȻڵǿԱǡ޵ִֿСëҪװҲ˵Ī˹½˵ëȷġ

ë˵һ̱Ī˹֧ɱԵĹûиκΣĹˡ

Ī˹ƻѽ˵תëʾë⴦áЩѪɵżϣǼݹ׵Ĵ֣˻ë˼ǣɶĳĪ˹ƺ󣬽ëǿıʼʼӳСӺͽ˿۾ɵӡйرǴļͼң;̷ĥˣҲʤһļءʱй֯ëûʲô˹ϵֻĪ˹ƵıϢδΪëȺɲ֣˳á£һӣһĮֱء

ëѶк˵ĹٱǰǱѺںѲʾڡʱɲһ֯ۿ

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˾ȥһëϽºķ֮һ

йڵһδģϴԶԶ˹ֵĴϴⳡɱ컹ڣëֱ붯Ĳ̣ǽ

ǽɫҲѪȷСһ£Ĺһëëϳɳʱëǵѡ̨񣬳ǧ˱ʮٷƽյľǧʮˡһأ⼣߰ߵ˿ɱ˵غ裬ǣһνʾڡ־塢ʧʹйʡίڱȥҩʱֻڶ๲߼ɲӵ֮һһ»Ϊ׶ӵĹ

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ɱ AB ĸ±䣬ҲȫëһŪġͬ־ȫԼɱˣ

졢ûֽ֧ˡëıվ룬վĪ˹ƣϾζԾڵëҲ׼ʱ졢¹µ˾ʹ AB ţɱëԽĳ̵ҧ¡»վ鱨ֶŴԣܸ AB йϵ

ëҪЮ졢ҲմȾսѵѪд̵ġй١¡

졢ûëһԭһʮ¸±ʱ˹ڶֵĽʯҪԺеһΡΧˡ죬ĺˣͬëŸɿܻٵëθΧУûֹͣ AB šսļ϶Уëø׺ݣ˵ڱΪԸӡĵزոսϸ񵳾սˣеһսͱëĹִ

ëʯĳʹһֿʯЧսԣյɫ򣬴ƣ֮ëǹ񵳾ӲϤΣΪͨ㣬ظйͨϰʹ񵳾ӶˮëϰաҰʳ߲ôʯͷѾȻɽȥù񵳾ûʳˮԴ͹򵼡սԸϰմ࣬ǵļս

ëĲԲģ֮Чһָӹٺ˵ĲӾĵط񣬷һϴûʳûйư輡鱨һҲòʯҲռд˷֮ڴսǱõ֮ʶв֮ڣʵ飬Ϊ

ȻԺʤؼõģëսԣ˵İһΧ˸տʼĪ˹ƾͽ˾¹飬ƶսսϺίԱᣬ˸ˣرǵ¹ɡվ鱨ͷ鱨Ա»ѪRichard SorgeϺӹһٶԱĵṩ鱨֮һëδ׼֮ĽǹʵļʷĭAgnes Smedley磬Ϊ׼ȷ˹ṩձڵ¹պ󣬲Զ˻鱨 ձ˵Ľ̼¡

йҪͣǴ˽ʯϲӪĵ¹šһ˹գErich St?lznerĹʵ̫̫ɧ͵˹񵳵룬Ӫսϵ롣йڹ鱨ҲнܳļΪëĳɹ˹ףǮ׳ɾһλ

鱨ʹë׼ȷػ֪񵳾ӵжһʮʮգ ëȦרȾǧ񵳾סëǰһ͵֪֧ҪʲôʱԶɽϵȴѰʫ⡣δɢɽԼԼǧְ̫ˣľ˪ҰѪһغ졣սҲѪɽϴ졣񵳾Ӵ󲿷ͶָӹŻ˷²ëٿȺڴᣬŻʾڣںŰɱŻ趵ͷŻ趵⣡Ż趵ͷıһŰϣŽ˳񵳵ӪϲһСǸ˾

ⳡսʤʹʯĵһΧʧܸաëֻ֪ëġյ롱ǡյ롱Ǹϲ߽֮еġʤ̿սսɹĹؼ׼ȷ鱨ڷΧľΪ֪ʱëǵĹϵʲô̶أëҪĪ˹Ƹ˹

һһ£񵳾ӾеڶΧˡëʹͬġյ롱սԣͬ鱨Ԯʤˡ³ʯʮǰеΧˣëûôˡëʮָıսʹ޷鱨սƵһˣº󣬺ֻʣ¼ʮƽͷëþˣʯͻȻֹͣ׷ʹ򡪡һˡ±䱬

һһ꣬ձй¶ˡʯǣӦȰڡɨƽٶԸձʮգ׶ϾǽȥϲӪҪëСĸݵһʮӣձֶĳѧ˳ơ˧ûеֿʮΪʲôֿûʤձһʦˣǾ군ˡǾӵҲû˼ҵǿǾӵһж磬ܴʤֻ˵λսսǿԳҰжֿԣҪ˵ģһһûйӵʣǸձûӱȣձľúܡձʵǺá

󹫱һ߽ܿ˵һ仰Һ˵κҲ˵ڶߣҲֻߡ

ʮգʯϲʱձѾռ˶׸ҪСֻôҴڶʮ۷ϾΣûձսԭѧࣺ򣬲ѻʯձҲûйսû㹻йȫ̵ǲȡʳߡĲйĽڶ˿Լռɽձȡʱ䡣Ѱ˵ĸԤͬʱʹִϣпܻʤͬձս

ŽڣѡߡʮռдҹڹܴӴŽһ£δʼתΪ֮ҲʮһգϾ˹ƻϤͣȫ㡰ͳһսߡһ¶⡱йһڻؾʮй˵κ洫졢ëԸһ¶˵ǡЦֵҥԡƽǡܵ͵СйĿںǣ򵹹񵳣ձǣձ۹塱ǡװӵᷨԭĪ˹Ϊձַǽǰࡣ

ʷдйֵñȽʯսơͳһսߡһ¶⡱йҪΪʯܾⲻʵ

Ϊйʾϣͳһսߡʯں᧿Σ֮ʣֹͣ˵Χˣ˾ӡйǵԳ֮Σţһ֮лά͹ʮһգʮ¸ʮʽȻûκιҳ͹Ҳϣ ϾȫɹΨһҡ

֮ɼɢйĵشĺɫɣԥȣʢʱʮ塢ƽ˿һǧ򡣹֮ʱĺǸϡɵƽʮ˿ڣΪ׶

Ī˹ָëΪ֮ԣ൱ڡͳظһйϰߵͷΣִίԱϯëͬʱǡίԱϯЩְĵһëëȥලʺɫ֣Ϊ֪ëͼë֡ʺë㱨ëϲģһͺëϯë˵Ŀ죬ǵһǴ˵һ³˽һ˽֪Ĵʣëϯ 
                               


 
 
 


 
 
09 һɫй



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һһʮһйһ֮лά͹ë󶫣ҶΪϯëϯƺɴë飻ҷǣӢ˷¡ʱء


 


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һһʮһգлά͹쵼˾״λ顣Ϊë󶫣һһΪ¡ɫĹ֮һʼ



 


 
19311934ꡡ3740 

֮׶λڽʡϱ滷ɽĺȴũƷḻɼɡ㡢ݣơλҲ룺еʡϲԶٹ⣬޴·ͨзĶ͡ݣͨ

ɫһʷôɼˣʺϹᡣλλʽ˸̨ӣľ̵˼λ֮һ죬ǽǼͷýں첼ϵıȫ޲ߣԱһı׼ľʮӣ칫ĵطŵֶǴӶֱģʮֿڣʲôίԱ

ú濪㳡ЩϢĺ쳡㳡һשľṹļ̨¼֮áһǺϼ״һŴľ޴ӵǶʯͷСӵԶɫ޵Ĵã״ƺ˽ξñһž޴ĺǣͷס͹ĵеŷ޽ãǰҶÿǧˣһնھϯ̨ࡣ

쵼˵סլڵе˼ңλõбǰë׿ķ䣬õǽûдǰڶõأ촰ëΪ˲ɹ⣬¿һȴйڵذשԷӵɧš

ط˲ܽȥֻסžӡͨѶԱ⡢绰̨ܻҲ쵼ûʲôǻ϶˵ػҲѧҪʱñظɲˡ

һһʮһգ¡ʽף֮ĳƻǧ˱֯μУִͺĻѣǡͷ״ĵķűڣŸΣаӢ۹塱ģһȺġдšӡȡһֵͲ С飬ڴľ֮˿ϣȥǲɫı ë󶫺쵼վϯ̨ϣһӶӰָ·еȺ֡ںţ վ찲ų¥ϼİڵԤݡ

ëʱϵľĪ˹ȻˡϯҪߣΧһй쵼߾ָ£ְ ίԱϯܹѵϤҳϡ Ī˹ǹëίϯı⣬ֻëʮίԱ֮һ

ëϯиͷ˾ܶʮ´ϺǣëëʱǴǣڹƶͷߺϺɡʱ롱ĲţذܣҪְĪ˹ݵ֮ϴ´йϵҷ˸ܱ񵳴ǹСĹ鱨Ϊߡǡʵʩ赶ɱˡ֮Ƶġ-

-˵һ죬һܾɵ꣬ǵİ칫档˵֪ҷĵַԸȥҵǵϼ·һ鱦ε¥ϡץסҷҷһ¹⾰ȻʧˡһߣǲŻȻ򡱡

Ī˹Ƶָ£ó֯ܶѹ֮һ˹ģʽļȨᡣÿӶмʮƸίԱᣬ硰ίԱᡱίԱᡱûίԱᡱίԱᡱɫίԱᡱһ㡣ǴСͱ֯μӶͯţʮμȶӣ׳μӳ

ë󶫹۲쵽һУ˵һġǰϽĺеϰϰջû֯ôܡȡȨëһ׼ȨƵ޷졢ˮ©ܿԶ˹ֱֵܶõܵһ

й˸񲪣ʱα֣ĴʼˡëһÿֲߡͬǣëΪǸȨܸΪͳΡ

ܸյʱоë AB ŵȡ෴ʽ⡣˵ëרƾ˿ڹ̡ȺɿֲʵԿɵߣȥ෴ȫ󡱣AB šײɱˡ

һǿʼ󵨷ԹͳΣԱĻ˵ַͼ̧ͷҥԡܾʹùũеֽƱ ܶɱйͳξΣ²͸ıߣֿʼӽ෴Ⱥڴӡԭɫ־ʱɱġ

֮ϰǽǮʳۡʿԴȪΪ˴̣ΪάȨйøĿեȡũ֮һǱũ򡰸սծ Ϊ١Ůͷͷϵס۵Ҳһߡ˹ծǡ˻ծ˶Ĺծ˻еĲµ˵йծȹ񵳿˰񡣡

ʳҲһ˵ũؽ⣬ýá衱һ£ë󶫷ѵҪũԼʡʳãף衱Ĵû

Ӵ󶼱ȥ͹ͳʮ굽ʮʣ޼

ŮҪͶͳֻڴ󲿷ũǼϣҪΪ£ӡչԱϴ²¡ֹЬϻԼëʱΪŮܸ˸һصڸ˵󲿷Ůӡ

ϰյڼƻ֮ڡеĵطϰϢҲûУյǿᡣë˵ÿÿƽԼ죨λϼĿǺܺõϢʱ䡣

ˮ׼ûߡõҽԺԭ͡ݣʿģΪһϰտëסϲʱͰˣΪġҽԺë˺עؽʱԴ롣ȥɳްʱ ֺȵˮԳˮΪиɾˮãë˿ھҲմ⡣ھ˹ˮھˡʥأҪǼסëʩĶ¡ëĿͷ˴ȳûס ɲĴ޴˸֡

ëͨ˹ŵ棬ɫȨµġĳЩأڴﵽʶ̶ֳȣйκũȡõĳɼʵϣǰѧţΪ칫СѧΪѧУ ѧʶ֣ﵽƷĳ̶ȡ֯վڷڣЦӡ ȥЩԸμӺӱˡʮĺʱҲ򡰽׼ˡ ӵ̡

ë󶫶ȨҪ֮һһ¸һ조׼ˡġ˶ڰֻۣеũܱᣬëҪɲġũǽ͡ͽ۶ӵëǣ׼زƲҪûһɾʹ֮ƵͶ

ͳѾˣظѱڸɾˣΪ˴ɲòˡ ȫҡɨسšסڹˮţţţΪ׼ĴƾġʮĻУʱ㷺ãܹ˵ĵطѲţǽҡӰԺȵȡ

ë˶۹ȴǮʳӵʱͳƱϿԿʮУֻؽˡ͡ëµĿԶũѱեˡ

ٹ˶еһ׮šһ𸽽ĹΪȣȥһϢסչľҽϢһܴשƽǳࡣ߽ʱȴظеΪļҾ߲ûˣֻһ÷һʣ긾˺һ긾ˣСӣȫ·㲣ҴĸЯǹԱǳ֣Сŵÿ

ʱգ֪ͬڡһڹǰǵ̫ſ˵ҼҵͷǸˣҲ˵飬ΪʮĶӱڼءϰͷӺӶȥִֵȽʮԪǵһٶʮǮŮ˼ȫδȥǡǮˣͷԱҲɱˡ ڣǻǽٹ󣬷˶Ҫ׽ȥΡ˾ԱѽǷûгԣﻹٹأ֮ͬ飬˵乫Ҽͷʱ˵λչģȥ㡭 뿪һ쿪ۣǼ˾ԱѽҪȾǣ˵գ㲻סؿͷϱСҲſͷᡣ

Ӧ취ʲôҲûװæẦǡиҽΪת˵ʮ󣬵ٻصʱλҽѱɱҩҲûգҵĹѸ¶Ϊؤˡ һϵеı磬ʹ-

-Ļ¼һ۳档ëйϯΪʱļ֤ˣСΧڳⲿ¼ʵԡܻ¼ڴ½棬һžһʮʱش½ӡ

ëġ˶ҲΪйŻʿӢ족㹻ëͽҳǺ£ֻòξһŮɲľ²̶ɱΪëѲץѺ͵һĿʣ̶ɡëͬ־ǰ̹׽֯šУǷŵųѸ÷֯ȫԱˡȺڴᣬëڻ˲̶ɵ˵ķС ̵ȱڴ󣬡µʱ䣬ͳ񣬰Ҫһʵһʮ

֮ÿӶʮСʱڣ뿪ӵ·иǮĹԱͼܣŲáʮëǮ·ûɹڴʾںɱݹ˵෿ˣذ෿Ҫɱͷ

ɱżʣΪëͳεһȺӡɱڹɲҲʮ־ˣʹٷڱϹǴ𣺡ɱǸɳܵķӣ

ëҲܲˣǧټˡͶ񵳣йҪ˵סظǣ񵳷ɻըëֻȫҡ

סںԵܵĻҪһЩеĻɲҲ֯ڳӣеĵطһ߼ˡйǰɵĸɲܲȥĺĵشڹ񵳽ںɫȨ񵳾ӱƽʱɴ˻Ŵ󵶳ìϮȴĺԸİգйİ취Ǽǿֲ˵ʱճºǻ䣺еء涨Ҳдסޣ緢˭ҽӴ˿ˣʲôˣҪͿ ͬɱͷ

شڵУ˿ȫ½ࡣй˿ͳƣһһһ꣬ݵΪйȫƵʮأΪйֿƵıԵأ˿ڼʮռ˿ڵİٷ֮ʮ ݵصļٷҲࡣ˿ڹ½ʮסЩش ˺ӣʮӦ-

-ëһŰ꣬жʮǧ˰ʮ˱ٷ׷Ϊʿսĺ෴ɱġ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
10 ӶʵȨʵȨ


 
19311934ꡡ3740 

֮ǰëһѵĸ߹١ëǰȻڳ磬Щ˲һס⽻˵ëˣУҪҸᶷǸ۴ñӣ˵ǡũ·ߡǸµë཭̳˵Դ˵˵һˡܶʱһοֻ飬ëվó˵ļʽλ֡ëûӣ롰١ͬǰͲãͬ⣬ëһһ˶ɽ

ɽ𸽽һʯͷɽ˷ĴʯһӳŨˮɼɰСëסֻӺһľִֿգ͸ʪëСϳĵ̦⣬ķдҶνʯϵѷ˵ĺëҲͬɥ

ż磬ëһѰʣԺֻƤӣװļʼǣʫԱëأ˼һô졣

߲ĻļԶʱëͬʱӰıֽ񵳵ıֽЩֽϳйԱѵ¡ʮʮһգϺ걨Ҫֽϳһ빲¡¡˵˵йĿǰȡֶ֮νչǣйΪձ֮ܶйٲ֮ء˵й·Ϊ񣬡˱֮ش˳ָ֮йϵܶĻ

¡αġֱ죬йҲ˵嵽˭αģΪʲôѡˣרѡܶΪʲô粻αα죬ƫƫȡëͷʱαǳɺ𣿶ңëʱϯ巢桰ҥѡ¡ɢϺֽ

ڹʹۣܵܵȨ⵽ɣܵĻ̻̲֪ǣܲܲɣⲻɺϣëڸܾë˾̬ķչԿëܵһܶƴӡ

ʱëҪǾȨʱùݳǲ£³ڳ¿߲ô졣ëһõ֪ͨߡưô꣬ͣߣ̾ȫʪ͸ҹͣ㣬˻᳡ָָӡͬǲûаѾȨȻͬ⳷Χݣ˵ݡȫȷġ

һͬչӱݵһƬëȥִ£ܶİ嶨ܾȥֻ֮һĶ֮ëߣëϴֱµĺһš

ܿԲ˶˵־һֵľȻëСǴʱܶʼ˳һĶëĿ־塣ëأҲһٰѡ¡Ϊͷϵһֱʮ֮ʡ

ëߵĺûڻ˵ȥ·ëͻȻıг̣෴ĶϺǰëֱͨһȳʵί벻òٴοᣬϿë·ߡëͬǴëĺ֮Ϊ˷ʱ䡣

¶ʮգëȡ˿ݳǡë׼سǱȥΪ˽˵Ŀġ

֮һǻøʱųУ죬ëƥͷһ̬¹ڳëռ˴Լűĸսѡǣ硰ģغġȪߣʮˡ۹߶ʮҡë׼ˣԽĪ˹ԽȻͬǺߵسľְʱĪ˹ϺĴأArthur EwertйëǸ֪Ⱥܸߵ䡱Ī˹ƷԽëְ

ݻʹëԾһ˽ơһųӴݿдŴ֣ëա·ͷɽŷëϯġɻ飬Ҳô˵飬ǽƱëĴļල°һɽȻëԱǰɽܷס⼸ˣû֪ëĵظԼ·

һ£ëʱʯʮ׼ĴΡΧˡꡰһˡձϺйӷֿձʱϺľĿޣ˵ԵͣսⳡһֱѮΣУйԵءʮգйͷϡս˵ǿղ˵ǵƵֱձ۹սǰᡱʯйϿգϺΣꡰȰڡ ߣֿʼɫݵء

յʯΧ˵鱨ëʲؽСëص˵Žٽġ;սԣȫǴġëܾ뿪ݣִ˽һ£ֱͼѹëԴˣŲò¶ʮնڸë˸䣬ڲòٹϷѿѵ˻ȥ·ǻøµĵս һ뽯ʯƲΪֹͺսëǣϾ㶫ֻаʮһˮڵĵط һټĶսء-

-¸ҵһһʮ¡䡱ĽʿǡϲΨһ䡣ǵĵʹı֮һˡָӼͬѲӴ󣬺ܿͺˣһҪ󡰵ȥѧϰй֪ܵĽڣ

ëָӶڼ䣬ܶڵʵû취Ī˹ȥ磬ëǡٷ֮ٵ塱ȫָʾ Ī˹ƻص˵εøëάëź͵λ

ȻĪ˹Ϊëǲɻȱģ˿пޡë޿֣ܶȻϺ󣬷ΪҪȨίԱΡ

¶ʮգܶӦëҪ󣬡ëί쵼ǲͬ⣬ҪλӸܡҳɰë˵һϯë¿ʵڲ֮°գë˺ί

ëĪ˹¶˾ȨһģʯȼбԱĶԥݵءĪ˹ָʾкЭ֧ԮëĺϽɳǣһֵоë˼طһǿоͣҪëӦϡ ë򱣳ֹ

Ѻϳԥ֮ʣһĿֵĪ˹ƵսӭͷëٴξִܾУҪɢӣܽ-

-ëźܴܽʯʮϣĪ˹ϡʱĪ˹ƵӴҪָ⽻ϵһŶΪж·¼йϽ ëΪ̬һ·һʮ¸

й쵼ΪǡΣյġëִܶ޿κεĻ˵ʤۡʴӡ

һʮ³ٿ֣ܶİ˸쵼˶ϯˡϴҶëķŭǴԴӻļԼһߡëָ𲻷жˡص쵼֯Ĵ󡱡ߡչ˴δй·߶ëͬˡ˹ȥǨͺƽ״̬ҪܶëǴ𻹻мԱϺ˵ܡڽв󶫴ȷЩطڻϺĲŵˣëΪŭɶѰزĪ˹ƴͬ⣬͸ 籨ëΪ̡ٲëָӺ鿪ëĵ

Ī˹Ƴ汣ëһõëľȨҪغ󷽡Ī˹άëĹ涨򲿶ʱֻ˵ëǡʱһйĪ˹յı˵ëغǡΪ

ڼ䣬ëθϺ籨Ī˹ƸԤĪ˹ƴȻҲëΪʹǵ籨תĪ˹ơĪ˹ƲͬëӣزòΪԼ绤˵ְԼǴľȶ֪

Ī˹ƶй˵ëǴģëֻƵȰ˵ë󶫵ķ磬ٴǿŬѺõȡܻ·ߡ Ƿʱë󶫵ӣҪؼɵĻëô죬Ī˹Ƶʮһ¶սʾ˹֡˹ֵëͬǱдΪʲôë߳Ī˹ЩǴëˣܶëĺͷϸꡣ

Ī˹ƵͦˣëʮʮѾ뿪Ҳ뿪˺ίһܶΡëһǺЩˣر𲻷Źܶ Ϊë˵ûϾͬ˳ëְȡëę̈һٶμ֡ʮΪܣձȷװڸձȹ̸УȴòһδָԼ״֮һ顣

ëܾȥ͡ݡȥˣҽõĽ̻ҽԺסլһ¥ıԭһеĻͽ йռԺдеСɽУ¥һȦľͷƽ̨¥ƽ̨磬ѼŽһȥÿŽҶӷʡ

ⴱڳë𿹺˾׷ᣬڹ񵳴ʱҪֿǳǰߣҪǶָʾҿζִУϾͲִС

һһ£ϺصĲʱй֯ѲκһܴڣԭǹΰĳɹԼйԱѱ䡣-ʮĲţ뵳ֻ꣬ˣй˹ŵĴԡܶ졢΢ҲɡĶġӢĶܺãѵ롣 ͻصǹϣΪö࣬ҲԶһԹΪйһ֡й쵼ǶëϵѶϡϢǨͷǳʧܹܾ£ܲ⣬ûеͷҰģӭиͷ˾ߡ

-ййʷϣйڴеʧܱĪعﵽǰ̨ͷϡ

žĶëȡжٽʯѹҪнֹҲٶëķӳ»˵ë衱£ëϲڶëֺݣҪ㲻а취ѹ㣬Žɲ

뿪ϺʱĪ˹ƴһٶëùϵĪ˹ë׷߿ӶЩˣСƽ̷֡ëôϱСȻֻ֪ʵëëĹû˿Ӱ졣⣬Ҳûвë˵İ취е˵ģʲô÷顱ʲôпᶷԴǶѣе˲û˶Դ󻹸Ҫְ

ŴëϵʹȫָӷΧˡǳسɹ״νдսԵսд彯ʯϵӽʦʹĵĴΧʧܸա

ʧ֮һòͬʱԸΣ£ձԾӶԽڽֱвŶƽձڶ˿Ȩ޹޹Ϊձ߶ٸ⣬޹ƮĽйҡ˹Ŀֺձʹձ½

ʤǰһ鱨ԱפװEduard LepinĪ˹ܾ¹ʣһλ¹£Otto Braun۽ëʱʾάдëᵽһǸķսĳɹ˵֪Ϻıߡ

ǰδеʤ̣ܶĵλͰȫжǿĪ˹ưǳɹߣëˣ뵽Ī˹ҲܣëԹĪ˹Ƶսԡ һ£Ҳˣ͡ݰĪ˹ƶ̬һëͬǡô˵Žëë󶫣Ǳ뾡Ŭȡ̺ͽ̬ȡ

ëϯ߲飬ֵҲ֣Ϣûë֪Ī˹ƶôסˣ׷ߣʮֹûʲôʱţë˵Ǻñһ£úܡ

ëʧˡһˡְλǡϯ йĪ˹׼°λӸѵʮ졣ΪëĲξʽίԱûܽйĺģǴֳƳίᣩ

Ī˹׼ĵûȫṫʱëܾϯ˵ǲˡ⽻˵ëȥˡ

ë֪ȻйĪ˹ƵĳﻹǼⲿ綼֪ëϯйģŰëϯëֻǼMikhail Kalininˣ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
11 ǰϦë󶫲㱻ӵ


 
19331934ꡡ3940 

һ£ʯʮеΧˡ£ձǩˡͣսЭĬձռ컪ƬأڳԸ

ʱΧ˹·ݡľΧסƽһƽȻͣﱤɺƽﱤﱤ֮ǹɷ»˵ʹСν桱

ڽװҲơʯƸ˵¹ѵӣر˵һս¾ķ롤ؽHans von Seeckt Ľ顣ԽʯĽйĪ˹ƶı𡣼Ȼе¹˰Ī˹Ƽǿ˶йĵ¹פϺǾר˹̹Manfred Stern˺սʱԿ²General Kleber硣 ʱйֳָӡ

йһ鵾иһķӣҪû±šǸӡע⣬ʱйָӡй쵼˸ṩһλ̫̫Ůǡ彡׳ƺ˲Ӧ˵·˿˵ʱŮͬ־Ը޸һ˵йˣ һֱҲʵĶ󡣡ҵӣòǰͯϱ֯϶Աʱȱʾɡ˼죬֪ͨ˵ǹй쵼ɲţǸҪ֯Ѿͬ顣ǿ֯˹ϵһֱá

ڶΰУǰͯϱ˸кӵķɫںڵģӽй˶ˡë󶫿Ц˵޷֤ʵնԽˡ

ҪõйһﲩšϺһһģʱơܾµĵڶܶҲƵë˵ģټ£ʱע⵽ǡׯϵ֡ Ī˹ʹ߸šܶҪãëȻ

һ괺죬ʯĽѾ¡Ī˹ƵĹʻй쵼ûа취ԸĵﱤߺռƵıﲿףݵصָ¶ʮգĪ˹˵ǰܲҪй׼롣һӵ籨뵽ǡӵë󶫡ʮգϺĪ˹ƣ˵ëҪĪ˹ơëûֻǲŵëΣ֮ʱңҪŽᡣ

Ī˹¾ջص硰ë;뾭ȫһβܻ۶Сֻڵʵû취ζΣյ£ǲͬĪ˹ơ

ëҲⱻ򷢵ҵܺãĶҲȥ˵һʧķӣë졣ëΪϯɫȨȻڣĪ˹޷Եġ

й߲˭ҲԸ¡ºܿ·һսǱץȥǹСëôëȥμйһ󡱵ĺԼйǰͷףȥ¶ֻ˲ٳԹ֮һ̯ӵĵڶԭǴûߡڵȥ£󱻴ϣûáʮ߷߲ƽ˵ʱҶΪžӲΣգԸ¡˵Ư˵Ǹ߼ɲӦð̧ߣΪڽʮ꣬Ӱ죬ֶ¡ˣ޷Ⱥڽ

˵ƯܶȻ׹ûʵĻ֮Աǡ ë֪ʹҲ̣ΪԶʱëȫԸòŵ˰¡

ëҪ취غڳĳڡʱȿǵͻƿߡë˾

쵼˶ͻȻٵëûʲôɣеģȥɽд״ʣĪ硣̤ɽδϣ羰߶á յزӰ칫Ҽסȥڴϸ죬Ը沿޸ļʱ޸һһСʱʱ䡱

£ҲͻȻëȥҲͻȻصͻƵıˣߣߡһ֧ǧ˵ĶǸ뿪ȥ̽·ë϶ʮӣ 顢ҽʦ͡һྯȥߵëŵǵָӲ೷Ӷɿһ֮ңִֻԽһδĳǶëɺӿסȥһֱסߡ

뿪ǰëҪıأǰ˻ɽĽƱȫš˽ؽɻƷֱһӣǲСĹʧⲻȫΥԼƶġɡ֮һġһнɻҪ鹫ֳëͷתĪ˹Ʒֵͷëѡ񡣹񵳾ӴˣƱɽûˣóš뾳ƱʱйǳȱǮһĪ˹ԮëһƸѩ̿ë򲩹ŵ˵һᵷҡͬˡȻŲͬҲУë͡ 뾳ڡ

Ϊ϶ҡڵǷ󡱵ϯӢָءй쵼Ψһ˽׼ˣԹԵؽ˭ҲԸɵ¡ ë߷ǳǡӢ˽ëһһ굽ʱëɱ AB ţʱ˵ëΪ˽Ȩ¾ˡëʹӢ

ָʹҧӢ AB šܶԹ˵˿ڹ˵Ӣ ABʱפʹ£Aleksandr PanyushkinصëӢָ ABֻξֵĸԤëûܸɵӢһʱӢҪëϳָӲ֮һëӢĳյӢʮ

Ӣ򲩹ǿҽ鲻ҪëߡдԵἰëһеȺҳϵĹ˵Ŀֲߡ˵ëŸɵԲСëһʱĽֻǳڲԵĿǣһлͻѺ͵һץ˵Ų֪Ϊرֹۣ˵ëúõ̸һΣë쵼ȨΣ

ëʱҲȷʵʼúñ֡ǰʱ룬ĲӲҪģ˵ָʾ졣һɲë˵Ϊزʱë˵㲻Ҫزȥάϯ

һ£ëΪ䡣һй쵼ֱͬеע⵽ëȫûСڰиʲôɻСġעɡ

ëʱʽ֪ͨߣ˽Ӻ䡣ӲĶСëˡëҲûмӡ

Сëһ£ǵĵڶӡһŮһŶ³ڸһƯķëŮʱ˸Цӣһõطųأһ仰䶺ˡû£øë뿪ңŮҡһ꣬ٻʱ˵ѾˡʼհŰɣȨһֱѰŮһŰȥǰãŶͷ

ĵˡСëӡʱ޲ѣѺиµú÷

Сëסҡ񵳾ռܰתˡûüӾˡһ£СëӴ䲻

ʤѲë󶫷˵ĺ䣬һҪҵСëѰСëµı硣úܶԲ㣬иģҵ һľʮһ£׷ѰĹУȥҵһк˵Сëĸ˵䡰ܵϾȥǲСëҪ㣬һǿǷͶ䣬ǿûҸΪĺӶŴë󶫵ص㡣ΪСë

ʱŮԱҲѰʧɢŮһλĶӣۣѺиĸȥëѺӵƬëϣë˵ëˣ˵ҲùܡҪ˵İ졣ûͬ⣬뺢Ļ񡣺˵䡰С ΪСëһﶼδƽ-

-ı粢ʱ˲Ҫ׼ӣʱҪʽʱӡ

־һһ¹ʱŵؾѣͰĶ һٿǮǮ˲ŸͺڽʱʹȻ ϣȻܡ͵Ǹ˼ȥǰˡ־ɷ򡳰ӱɽ԰ǸӺܺʮ죬ЦǸȡֽСţǸкܽ׳ʵʵģޣʺҲϡ ͰȥˡȥԺܣһ˷ˡǸȥʮˡǸʱҲҸҡʵ֪ˣû˵Ҳû ʱܣᣬҲ˼һοҺᣬҿ֪ˣҵǸ

ëûиӵҲû¶ˡбˣΪԼʱĺָӹٹڻ¼ؼë龰Ѯһ죬 оͼȻԱ棺ëϯˣæµͼܵǰë󶫴Աұҵİ칫Ϣʱɫƣ㲡ϯ𣿡شǵģȻã

ϴ̣˵άڴ˽൱ʱס

ëҵ֣Ͽ΢Ц˵Ǿɽͬ־ˣϣпʱ̸̸ˣпյʱ򣬱㵽ȥ

дԹ۲죬ë󶫾Ӵҳ⣬ûʲôйĸ߼ ûһǰ䳵ϡ֮Уǿ֪ġ

¼䣬յʮԪرӪѣһֻĸ㣬͵ë󶫴ΪҹʱʳƷҵϾʱȥ佫õĸϣë󶫺ܸˣľܺãʹسһٺ󣬱ϲس̸

̸ҹȥֵ£˵ʱͬԴ֣ܶڿֳ̱Ǽ¡

˵ë쵼Ҳ¶ƺ˸УȻ̾ڣɲǾɽͬ־ˣ˵ʱȻ¡ʱе΢ԣݻƣһյӫӫĶ͵ƣԵ÷ǳɥ

ɫȨıӵ𣬶ʹëᣬֻʧȨ

׼ˣʱǷűļڣӳȺֱֱ˵ıǿëűΣʮһȵĸգ˵踴ԭϿʹҲû뿪õҽͣش²տëʹëѸٿëҲë

Ժʮий쵼˵ҽһĻʱʮĸ߹Ǵͷëд˵ΣʱϣҲܾһëڸʾģ˷ǵȨɣ޴ӦԱë˵쵼̸۹ĽëĴɣҲɲͶʮ죬ҵˮϡ

һ긵ëʱڽʯӵĽ±ߴˣ׼Ҳڼ˱״̬½Сһսܺĳ룬Ҳսתƣ跨ӽƵĵԮǡͨһսꡣһŶ꣬վ鱨ֵԲͶפйƼ˵ ʹ취йŪ߾ȥ

Ŀ꼫˻ܣҲ֪£һ֧ǧ˵Ķ鱻෴ĸ㽭˵ĻӣԻϿŶӡй ˺ֻΪµĻ˵ûҪȥϿա ֧ٶൣӣһʮƷһ·ٱйԼ׷˲ϡٱʶǲԾ͸˵նָӹҲڹ벻ͨǵʹ壺СģĶǲܵ˵ġǾȫû

ǰһȫɲѡɿġҡͳͳܶǧɥȪвǹ񵳷²ںѧУνԱ̳ڷյɽô󵶰ͷȻһŰʬ߽ںõĴеýԼڿӣȻ

ִǹαֵԱеԼҲȨƷίľ֮һ뾳ǰķУˣܵɽиŮǵصũ񣬵ץסʳĲ֮ءҽǹְһӵԼ

һʮ£ڽʯı£йĵһɫȨϳռݵĽһܳɸţƣѻӳӰϼŸеʿ֯Ա˵صϰաǽһһʮкס۾ŷϣĺӶʯ̳ɵ·ϻɿڡкĸﾭӪһС꣬ǰë󶫴 AB ŵĸ߳бͷϰһкһȥ顣ʮǼʱó

ʮʮհ㣬ë󶫣ʧȣͷ룬ھĴӵ뿪ָӲδĳǶϸš㣬˶ʮһ񻰡 
                               


 
 
 


 
 
12 ֮һʯ߹


 
1934ꡡ40 

һʮ£ʼоֱֳһ»мǧ˵أëʮй쵼ԼıԱԱӴľӡ

нӡˢԪƱǧڼϡ󲿷Ǹǿģɹұֿܡά͸¶˵صĵӵĳԱǴ͸Ķӷųģе·Ͳˡ Ӣ࣬϶ͣؼһ һŵѾף̧أҪϽŲѡЩĲţ˯˾ҲѲǽŽˣƲһ ̤ŵؾ۵̣·뿪ݵԽԽԶеСˣʵҲǻȥҲܣٵƣ˲ˡ

ôĵﱤصķߡȻֵǣǾȫϰ

һء¼ǽʯĳУٵ⣬Ҳ̸кҪ·Ժһ˳ͨˡʯ֪Ľסʮգǰʮ죬Ժᡰһ桱̴̵սʵڽȥܾˣ㲻ܡ

ʮһ³ڶߡȻ༸ʮжװȴûܵĹһȻల¡һҪԸǺϾӣָӹǼĽμǰǹɱëǰۡȻμҲúȻͨ

ս¡ʯǵû𷣺μʮһʮΪ׷˾صĵߡں潭ûţֻˮɺӣûиǹֻɹ񵳷ɻըҪٺʲˡȻڶʮڳʮĽϿʼ죬춼ûܵɧšӶ԰ĵﱤȺͬ裬μľڸԹۣʯķɻͷֻ첻ըë󶫺йʮնɺӣʯûӡʮһգ˳ɹ潭

ֻʱһֱڡ罻ۡӪ۾񡱡ʱѯӵλãʵ̴̵Ľʯɷɻըɽ潭ж潭ĺУǧȻĶֻǳʱһ룬һء-μʮ¶շ籨˵ȫͨȫݡ˰м˽ܡ

-δˣ潭߱˴ɢ⣬ڵ潭ǰڵгеӡš;ʱеСս

ʣʯ˺йë󶫡

Ϊʲôҿ潭֮󽯽ʯĶѺϣϽݣȻĴʡڵʡһйĴϣռһƽ˿һڡĴģ˿ڶǧվɽ뻤ʹԹžСѣ족ʯʱսԼƻ ǰĴɽձսĴ󷽣˵ġ֮ݵء

⼸ʡʵǶӵиԵľӣ˰ĴʡֳɲͬġɴССľֱͳšʯҪͳһϣͱľӽȥЩʡܾǿн룬ս㲻ɱ⡣ϣ̡ǰѺϽЩʡȥʹЩʡľںºţòǡ֮ԱΪʡľ㲻е㹻в² ˵ǭʡΪǭǾͿԸȥרΪͼǭñãΪԾҲܲӭȥ޴ӽֹȥõĻᡣֻҪǾ¡Ρ¡õˣؿͳһ档ںʼ潭нĵ죬һʮһ¶ʮգʯͳһйͼطȨԡ

ʯһض

ʯߺҲǶ̬ϣǿھӸƹϵԶԸͱ˵ձƹϵҪĪڿйˡʯߺһܵĴ˽˶Ҫ˹ͷʾĶӾǽĳӣҲΨһӡ󣬽ƺڸȾԲɥʧ˶γȻİӼӼ̳ˡһǳͳڽӴͷҪ£޺ǶȵԸĸĲТνТ޺Ϊ󡱡йһ˵ĻӾȡĸεТлĻҪƷ£ӴΪ˸ġ

һŶ꣬ʮ꣬ȥѧʱڹһڸǣֹ֧񵳵˱ӵ⡣һǾ ȥ˺ܸˣż¾˳̡ȥӣĪ˹ڹڵĺɫˡ

ɫĪ˹ƴй޼֮ǶʮϰҶ񵳵ġʱɽΪҪն˹񵳵Ĵšйڼ񵳡һëĹԱڹ﹫һڹڵܹԱǹԱװѵ񵳡ѺһܹԱݷڹڹλΪę̈˺ͣʹκαļ˶μ穡Щɫ˵ʵòԲΪ֪

Ӿһˡʵйʼ֮һĪ˹ƵָһʼͲμйĻй쵼Ҳ֪˭һŶ½ʯϺ嵳ʱڶʮո˾˷籨籨ϳʽ˹ֱˣ˵ϺʹҼƽҲĹߣָʾӦ

õָʾǼڹڣֱһľŹͶйһڱֻΪͬߡ

һŶʮһ£ӰѽȥһŶ꣬ѧϰҪعĪ˹Ʋ׼ǿǴס˹ְʣȴǾԼԸع˹ϲʡȽ𡤵˹Eugene Dennis弪PeggyǵĶӵķTimʵġǷһ뿪ǰϦʸŬ˹ Dmitri ManuilskyãըµģµġŬ˹ǣܴķߣ˵ȥġ˲ûаѵķͻء

һһɽ򽯽ʯǹйĺɫˡԴһһ¶ʮйפĪ ˹ƴųҲĪ˹Ƶϵˣľһࡣͷģװͬ־ҲòʵΪǿΣҽйĻϣϸǣȻӦж֮һǶϺΪʹʷĭŮʿĲ˵ʷǷָ ʾ벻ɿ˱ֹϵǮȻҪǮͬߴؼΪҪĿר̣ˡѾǹָʾ֪ͨй롣Ҳǵͬ־Ϊʲô ҲΪЩָʾֻҵĸɡ

˴Ī˹򽯽ʯ飬þѺҪţNoulens򸾡ʮʮյռУдǿͷšţ򸾡ԾǲաʯܾˡкͼڱϹǽǲܵ¡Ī˹Ƶڽ޴ţдԼĵģܱնɱͻˡ

ʮһ¶ʮдТ֮ڴأʮգ˼ĸУʵԼ˫Ҳʮʮգ䣬ˣʮһ³ҹλĸʹ޶ΡѺТ󡣡

ʯƴ˵Լʮ¶ʮյռ˵˼ڵѫҵǰʷʥͺܡҳʿÿ޺󣬶侫¼׿ǧΪ˶ˣ־δΪ䲻棬ձй֮һաˣԸ԰֮ǡ

ǣ˵ԼʮʮһյռдңԹܾңײܾТӲܾȣ䣬ܲ˺

Ǹ£ӵĶ־ⰵɱ־ǵΪðġʣعˣԺȥŷޡıֽ׮ɱΪɱһ˺鸾й˵ı֡鸾˵ǸݿŮɡйЭ־Ǳ񵳡硱ɱ

Уʯһ뷨𽥳죺ͬĪ˹ʽףй滻ؾԷΪĵĽʯ˵׮ײܵƣֻ΢ķʽȥҪֲǣʱһܷչСռ䡣֪֮սҪϣձձ޵У˹µձռййԴռǧﳤı߾йձձݽй˹ԶߵĺġһտսʯĪ˹һйձôʹпܱձ

Ҫйĸĵشһ԰ǡءڻԭϵ±һعϡй棬ʲôԴȻ˵رйϷѡġ࣬ҲаܰѺȦ

һ£ʡϯ˵֪۵ʵ֣ҪΪйŵ㡣۵ǰͬййǽʹ±ĺɫװ͸ݵҲС۵ĵʹССλ׳

Ǽ񵳾³٣ǢЭʼ󲻾ã±ѷչΪһƽʮ˿ڵĴݵءڰγȫкɫݵصͬʱ±һ֦㣬չ٣Ϊȫļҡ ͳ˹Franklin Rooseveltʹ߾Lauchlin Currie˵Ұѹ˴ӽȥ±ǵ͵ǧˣûȥǡ

ϵİ취֮һƾйĲӵĵ̨ͨѶΪǳñĵطнڳ;Уо籨ϱ룬ҾԵоһ֪ͷҲ˵Ҫ룬ֻ˵˵ѡ

ейౣŵ̨ϵĪ˹֮ϵˡʱϵҪϺ̨תʯڳǰϦƻϺ̨йؽͨѶŬδܳɹϺĵ̨ԱһȥͶ˹񵳡йɱְɱһҵ¹ҽԺĲϡ

ʯйӵĽʼģǰϦһͨ⽻;ʽҪͷžһ¶յռȷأؼ£ʽ档жʾΪĪ˹Щʲôй׵ͻΧͻΧʼʮѮԶǰߣܵһǧıȥˣһȥʮ졣

Ī˹ƶԽźᡣӽҪͷŶӵй潭뽯ĵﱤߣĪ˹ǿ˶ԾĿơʱũǽ๤ľɽػһµʮһ¼䣬ͻȻܼӡÿ˸ңҼһ̵ɶûСҾһ

ʮ³йһߣʯĪ˹ͷžҪ󡣿˸񲪵˸߾йҪҰͻȥԽʯ˵ӲԸعʯһ֮̾թαδѡһָо̩Ȼ ռд˼ѣһЦ֮ΪнҲʯĶǰȫģֻΪй¡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
13 ֮Ź



ڶŹ


ëڵڵĶ֡Ź⣨󣩣һ-ëӰšëʦë뷽跨ƻͳʵëԼĻ-˵ࡹŵĲӡŹⱾһӳӰ

 
 
19341935ꡡ4041 

ʮУʯѳĺݡ罯ԤģĽŻ˹ݾҡдȡݣԱϸʡΣġβ׷ĻᣬҪˣֲܾܾǰ˼룬쳣ҡڵʱ£Ҿִнʯʮʮգ˸ʦפʡʼ޻·ҵ˵ǡΪˡ

ŰѺĴϡض˺;ֻһļƻǰģʽӹĴȻٰѺϸϵ±ȥʱһ벻ˣëĴԭ򲢲ƻʯļƻΪ˸йڵȨ

ëһݾͻжҪȨڽзֻ롢ȡͬıĻرǰϲˡһǴºšɫڡ飬һǽְλ졣ëȶɹ̣£ǣΪԵһֲĻ

Ī˹ͬѧıĲſԽǳ˵䣬ʱʱųھ֮⡣˵šżҡҵʱоѾȨĵλܲ⡣ǵڳǰһ죬ͬ־̸ͬҰЩȫ̹ˡӴˣͬͬ־ӽҪͬͬ־סһ𡪡γëͬ־Ϊ׵ķ¡쵼ġӡ˼š

˼šһоͨڵϡ쵼ȨܡڼѵĳУǴ󶼱̧ߡëԼйߡӢëҫĵܣ㿴˵Һͼ飬һţһʺţ̧ߡͬΪҽǵġֵܣ̧ˣģɽ㣬̧ʡͲɻεĸǣϷĴ񣬲ɹ

ëߵĹԱ˵Сڵϣʲôҿ飬˲顣̧ܵ˵ӿɾûôˡ˵ɽʱ򵣼ԱֻϥǹУʱֱϥǹãɽһɽһ·Ѫ뺹

ëŵλʵͬڵıȨ·խʱһǰһ·ʱ̧ţǵͷһ˵һͷһϹ˽ɫӡܷͣЪǲŷڵϡ˼šǵĿǳź£ѾȨëȨ죬ΨһǴǡأξֺίԱΪʽίԱ˵λӶźˣǾҪξֻΪʲǫ̂

ˬͬˡһֱΪɥʧйĵһɫȨǳգžǹԼڿɱ

һһʮ嵽ʮգξίԱ쵼˵ȶʮˣڹݱǿᡣȥë˰ζڲϡ

йʷȷëڵ;λʵëûгΪ䣬ҲûбӵָȨȻĵһ֡Ψһˣ˾Ȩëġ˼šҪëӹܣûӦҪܶ߾׳ĵĸߡ-

-ϴ˲ûӵëɴһʵϿëȻ飬ɳͬı⣬㲻֧

ëϻһɰصͻƣڽ˾ߺġǴĪ˹һһϿɵǴԱڳ;ϣšܶ졢ơӢйפĪ˹ƴųԼķŹ⡣ϣëǴֻξֺίԱȨ˭Ǵǡ

ëǴǣʹֻԸ˾ܾ֡;ϵУͬıһ㿪Ȩˣֳڻ㴦оеľ⡣ʣµֻвŸܶëĲܴ򲩡Ҫдһ顱һǵһֵ£Ȩݡ齫ҪȫҪͽĪ˹ܶҪľϣ͵ܶ˵ɥʧǻ֮һšܶ򣨼£ͬ־ߵܽᡱܸë˺ˣҲͱˣжҲ󽵼

дܡظźұ־룬ʹëлǶŹһëǴռ˶һμ߷ֱǵĶ飬ëǴͬ־Ϊͬ־ľָϵİߡߡͷΣ´ǵҵëôһֻŲ˾쵼С

µǴŰΪξʽίԱҪǣں󣬶գλʡһСʡĴȡţйһȨľģëȥ̸ܶȥ˾֪ͨšź˵Ǹûû˵̸ʩ޾ѹѲλ

쵱һֲľǼ˸ġ䡱ıǵ˼ڣֱһʤ̣˶裬Ӵë󶫵Ǹ䲻ĵǷġǷĻˡ

ķǣɳĴȥͬڴŹ쵼ĺķЭͬսݵءһһʮգ뿪壬ĴнĴ山ߣӽƵɹš½Ǻϴͨıؾ֮·-ʮգ籨Ź⣬ҪǰϲӦ

-פϵĸµʱʢٱ˵йһظˡû漣˾ҪôĴˡʱǸ֪ĴͨնļƻҪʵˣʱ̸ݻٹһջˡǰ¹˹̹ƶ˼׳Ĵ˾ķṩɻڡװ˵װҲΪ;ܽ顣Ī˹йǰй߽վ鱨㣬ָֻйĵ̨ϵ

ë˵Ĵܽ˳ҪŹʦʱδϵһ֣һʦһֽϣëҲ͵Ļˡ

ŹʸϣһŶһйٿһǻϯʱë󶫻ۣҲû루һŶ뵳ëŹǰѡĪ˹նǴǡŹǹִίԱίԱס˺Щ꣬˹֡һһһ´Ī˹ƻع󣬱ȥĶԥһ죬Ѷԥ˸ӵƽءʮ˿ڡǧĴ͸ݵءʯϳԥ Ĵһֽµĸĸݵأһ֧˵Ĵ-

-Ź˳ɹ̶ܴΪһ̰ľͳ¡سҲС򾫰ӡϰգó壬һ·ߡķ֮ǰũ 壬Դķľָӹǰ۲й˧һ ķһ״Ӵ봨ʱǰ˵ʯҲû봨ĴӲǲҪǽæ˱Ÿ

ƾʵƾƾλŹڻʦ󶼼Կ϶йһѽΡ

ŹⲻᵱëĿܡëһҲΪȨɱ˲գۡĸݵҲɱ쵼ˣҲֹѶܺеı̵ееĻ񡣺ķָӹǰ˵Ź⡰෴켺ͳΡ

ôһڳëԳͷҪŹȨ˵Լɥڽ AB ʱͬʿ棬ŹɱġΪֹ ëԸĵ쵼˶Ϊɱ˶ΪȨɱˡëθšܶңҲŹͲôаˡëһûرܸŹʦ

ë޷ԽĴֻܸߡĴ߾ʼˣСҪһ֧βĵо֧оĴӣսëǺܣôͿԴ̫ĽڰѺڹݡ

ⳡս޵оûеںǰ棬ҸûɧźƶĴǰļƻУر˵β׷֮СӦѸ롱Ϊ߾¸ܶ˳ë

һ¶ʮգëһǵĵطëϣо鴫ΪѺ仨ˮëĲ𣬺ڱˮսĵλϣһխխϿȼˮļĳˮӡëվԶɽϣۿĶĲҰܣһ˱꣬ɽ·˱ȿֺǰϣԱ͸ŮƵ档˽׷µӿıһקס˦ӵ˱ŵѡΨһһηսӳԱ˽

ǧˣʮ֮һ֮սǳỊ̇һ֮ʧȶ潭ʱࡣй˵ë˺ʵǡǡ෴

ˮϺȥ X ҽеӵˡᲵǹڻˡƽݣҲ̲סջƢƣĹٱǱǵͬ־᫵ɽ·ϼѵС´ѩˣѩסܵɭֺϿȡϺƣԱʹʹҴ߼ʮԼ¡

ⳡΪëĴṩ˸ݡʱë˲ŵȨĶգ봨ƻϡʱѾĴˣΪˮǴϡָӹٶ޳ɼŹϡëϴֱҲͱһë֮սëֱĲȥȡֵ֧ʱְһӵĻ𶼹ϡǣȻë˵㡣

ٶɳˮӷعݡǧԱںߵɽʳҩڴһ-

-һǰԱϰռһǮǵ˿ŹĲһЩŮںɫͳܹĵейߣ ø鷿ľֿĥǡΪ棬еŮ޸˵ԸеˣйȨԺǱΪһӡһŰ꣬ʷѧҵʱЩʮϺʮһЬ᲻ô

ʮգռ塣ʯҪǺȥĴҪڹ㡣

ʦǰǣɷɻը˽ߣסšëϲΪʦǿܵǣڹվסš˸߲ҵë飺۹ͷԽ

ⳡʤ̵ףëԼŹĺķ籨ͷëǴǡëΪǰָӡһרΪëλӡëһ˾ְ

ëġʤ̡۲ء»صر˵šԱֻܶ࣬һάԭƣÿҲֻ塢ʮˣţÿġࡱ˵λųˣλӪڸŲŲıһϴһλΪİΣġľٻƿ˳˵ʣµĲѾˡǰʮҪӦþ˴Ӳ̣ΪҲܲˡ

ëΪڹݴȥҪٴѿ˹ݵգʦһҰսָԱǿҿ顣ֱʮմ򼱡籨ԴǿС

賿ٿ˰ֱ롢»ҰսָԱڵĶʮ˵Ļ飬սëڻȫҲ֧ëѿڶвְԡȥǰְָץס仰˵ӶɾͲɡëְǰָӴѡ»

ë֪ʧԣжҪؾȨϣȥܻܶǡ߾׳ëҪܵڶٿһλᣬһεĹؼǣҰսָԱ޷μӣѻظԵĲȥˡ

ëܽɴȡǰָӣ֮һµġšëܡɡܽˡëһãȲ»ӣְδʵȨɧ飬ʹԼӴھָܶƽƽ

ڶ쿪ᣬһаë˼졣»ǰָһְȡˣľҲƷ˵ľ˴ͨһʹ

šơę́ļ總³ೡ»ع¼̣ζҲ޹ơܻԪܡӦѸ뵱ǰ֮Сš˵ȫʮžҡ³ೡ֮С

ļؽʱԻǹӭ򣬺ܣһǧࡣܵشĶӵɹˮӣƻشϡ

ʯס˺ع֮·ºŹʦëӲٶɳˮǿعݡ˲ͨ˲ģһѰԡβ˫´˼߼ָԱζɣǰôԱܡ

ˣĶɳˮȥƵؼǵڡȦӣԽԽСеĵطΡƣ޽ơۿźԼͽΪһǡŹ֡ǡ޶Źĺķ뿪ݵǰӦȥδӣΪ˸Ȩ˺ëѡĶɳˮġ֮ʡ

ʯһҲȫסǻڴ˾ءڸʲôáΪ϶ĴԾƸ¶շĴĳ죬ʵͳһĴĴҵȥˡҪȡСݵġơ ǰƣ޷סǣֱߡ

ŬҪëϽĴɷɷɻըʹڹ㡣ͬʱؽĴ߾ĲӵڸëûϽȥĴëź෴ķ򡪡Ϸȥ㲻ڸʲô һȲǲûڹͣشӹԱˡ

ϵĺը£ÿ켱оġʮߵȥԽԽƣˡɻϷɹʱǼ򵥵·һҲ˲ǰûж塣ڴ˯ʱҪըѶѣҪߣҷǡÿ춼вȥȻмǧ˲ξ-ٶˡ

-ݵϰշǳƶǧʿ

μоУòʣµҽеҽԺҲɢˡԱӴ˼òơӵˡը⣬˵ĽŻΪЬ켲ߣ˸Ⱦһŵؾʹ쳣

ҪǽĴϣȫؾЩѡžž֤ڹݾ¹ڽʱžŵǧضڽ޷£ֻȥĴǷ֣һССս⣬ûǵ鷳 ǾȻڹ컯¡شϴҡڵߣһͣϢǺü졣

ë󶫵ġ֮ʡҲӴʹࡣ桰ɲоǶս֮󣬺ưôʮɳ˵ܣһݷ¡Сʱ˸Ůëĵĸӣ һʮաֻڰɳͣһ죬ðѺ¡Ҫ̧·ʱӰŮһﱧȻźӣһԪõѻƬȥ˼Ůȡ֣䲻סᣬҡҡͷ˵ٲˡȻӵụ̂º󣬺ӻŧþزˡ

ȨеһҪѰĺӣδҹŮߵĵ˵·ŮӣûʲôӣҲ˵ʲôطʲô˼ҡһŰ꣬ȥһ꣬ĸɲȥ̸УͻȻðһ䣺ĸĸطСӣ㻹ǲǵã

ʱëû䣬ͬһо·ˣ Ӷˣëֻͷ˵öԡ

ëĮѹġ˵ëһ仰ʹ˺ëԱŮ˵Ϊʲôأ㿴䣬ӾĸµôףѶûдþˡʵϣ·̡иŮоٲһߵӪءڶ죬˿˯ĵݶϣŵݣ۵ؿţĸ·ˡһĺˮʱ˹ȥսһļ̌ߡȫͷӵ˷ӷʱʹڵϴ˷˷վһߴͷŷ˵оϹã £ٴνٵͷϣ񵳵ķɻըˣһɥѮһܵлһƬﾡͷ֣ɵúܵͣԱüսһСЪȻǹɨը£һʱ첲ȺɣѪҺؽһ̲̲ɫཬ

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µϣϣûһĿĵأ˶ʣĶȥϲ֪ƻǽĴͬŹϣԶսԷǱϿ ڵгȴƻֱۡԹѲϿģë 󶫡쵼ָӻУ£ֱšдţҪëָȨ»̱ŹʦΪ˽֧ëĴ죬Ҳëǳ¼ǵһ죬带졳ͻȻ̸ͨٴ򽻵һΣ˵ëƺսսĽΪ˺ȫûšӦáλľָӹ١

ëͬı߱ԴΪŭһΣͬУᵽʱü˵š˵ڸıëвëĴҪͲôˡëͬʱ£֪ϲõĹӢŵߣʹǵԳϦദ

ѮйϽǵʡëͣͣöԸ˵صˣսѾ鷳ݵûġһô죿ë˵Ҫ򶫼ϡ·񵳴ѹ·һǱǷֳԽϡ

ëָʾŭҰսָԱǡ¶ʮգӵĵ죬ֱ籨˵Ӧԭսԡɹɳ봨ǰ׼ķϡ»Ҳʾͬ

ëҲϲȥˡ¶ʮգתĴнһ̤ĵ·ǰ̹;һƬ˰ͷ·ͣһ󿨳ȴűɻ񡱣װŶʮʮ֮һľϸͼӴزҶȡҩȻҪôǽʯҪôϵְ֣취ߴٺ뿪ϣȥĴĴ߽ɳʱɿڳǶţ޵ֿؽ˺ʳǮ

ɽɳҹֻ˰صĶɿڴʯľӴڸɻڿֻ죬鷳˵ӡǲӬˣ̫һкüʮ򣬱ȷɻᡱ

ȻĴΪ˱ŹʦëԸǰߣҪ͵ؽݵءɺȥΧ뽭߲ԶĻǡѹлǺӻƣ ʮ͵ļʵǽؾƴسǣѳǽķһյʹʱʧȥڻɱ˼ʮ׹ʿԷ˸ͨ籨šʯͣˣֿʼըأҽҩëǲܵģûȥ˱

شʧʹ޿ֱ̡ëźߵһ·ر˵߹ҡΪѹƬˣëҪټ顣

ʮڻһʲٿëõغԼȨŭ֮ϰ취»ñӣ˵㡱˵ֱȨֱҪ磬ë𣺡㻹Ǹޣ㶮ʲôֱ𲻹ëֻòƤ˼ΪԼȨλе Ҳûëñӡ

Ҫë쵱ǹʹŲҲë˵İ죬ȻĲ˵ǿذë˼˽ۣáġġñӡ»ͱķëˡֻгĬëԷͬСɣڧѵͺëȻվȨëԲȡ»֮ǣһͰѡͬĻƿ˳ڸɲϺһ١֪ìͷǶ»ġֻǡ»ֱӵСĳëһӡ

ëҲܴòջ˴ȷͬ⡰ϣͬķϡëһ˽ĸ£ʧҲͳǧ๫

ëȻŹʦ֪һ񶷱ز⡣׼ⳡȨ ҪһĵλõĪ˹Ͽɡڵ̨ϵûлָµףëŵùĳȥƼǴǣֽëڴĪ˹ƣƵı澭ϸù⺬ǣĪ˹ӡëʽξֻϣƾٵġ

ȥŹϣнĴʱǵɺӡ͵ɽУѮϲɽѩļˣܲӴ ʯʹˮ޷񡣺ֻһţţʮͳҶĴͨصҪһΰĵţȫһһߣ߶࣬ʮִӶŸŵףÿһңľ档




ɶš

ɺϵšɶšǳӢʷʫĴʵϣϸûд̡ 

 


ɶšǺӢʷʫĴȲHarrison
SalisburyġThe Long Marchһһ棬Ȼš
˹ŵһɷëԺдšǳؼʱ̡

ľһˣӰߵֻʣ¹ڶͷ˵һǹǣĺһŰ׾صء˭뵽ᷢƵͼӹϹأǺȴƫƫˡͷһսʿǹˮڶҲȥˣǵ˰úӵŰϣŰ忪ʼȼʱԼжʮսʿ˫ֺϥǰ һһӽ˵Ļǹء

ʵŸûս¶ʮյʱûй񵳾Ӱءӹ񵳾ӵĴ籨Կ˵ŵĹ񵳶ʮľȫɽţʵפ򶨳ǣԶĻƺһ פ򶨵ǲòóաǰϦþ뿪ˣȥ ʮĿ򶨡רԱյͨҲáпǸ򶨡ʱͨѶûһݽẈֻ̂ᵽȥŵ·ϣ뿪֮мСս

ͷӵűʱָӲŲԶӶ԰޹񵳾򶨳Ǵڡ˴ͽһλŮ￪꣬ںڵűߣסҡһžλŮǾʮ䣬ͷʮǽһڣһǹشȥȻš ʱûд򡱡

еľǱ𺦣вȥġʮ̫̫ǵúϰյŰȥţе˼ҽ˱Ĺײĸӣϰոȥ졣ֻһʣ¹йȨĵӰˮǧɽʱ

ʱûһŵĶʮսʿ¶չźÿ˵һװһֱ֧ʡһһ˫ӡûһˡ

ʱҲûܶľԱ˵һƥں˺żʹŵָӹ䣺ûʧ˵ûʱʣһûУǣһûС

ɺϻ˸񻰣ǿɴɺӡʮ幫İ˳ ɿڿûڣһڣڹƤ¡ ͬһ-

-һ꣬һλӢ»ɺӵ¡ί˵ǺǰˣҲǲˡǹôӡɳ潭ڽҼǲˣǵ˵ںս֮²һǡɥţ·˺Ƿʵľʮ˶˵Ǻʱʧ޵ŰͻȻ۶ϣʧȥġ

񵳲ܣƾƣҲúɡ

ɶšϵ鹹СƽһŰ˶ͳأJimmy Carter ĹҰȫʲн˹Zbigniew Brzezinski׿˵ֻΪҪǾӵսʵûдʲô̡

ëһʮһղйšŹֻٹˡŹͷ֮Ųɢӵġѩɽɽ֣˸˵ëɽǸںǸص㲢ûлѩֻǺ쳣̹ǵķ紵żѩĶϮûжĺƣĹٱһ㸺Ѻһ·ɽȵĵطˣֻÿǰˮֵֺԽǧ๫ߵĸɽؼ޷ϡĸԭƴ ˾ͳˡܷ࣬еҲվ

ëѩɽûܣԼ߹ģһľߵûľԱɡ

ŹɽǱߵŻӭԤһѼʣΡ衢 Ьࡢë̺׵ȵȡëй쵼յʳƷ¿ëرģ˳иҽʿһں¶ʮգŹ죬ͱɭ֣ߴëȻ̨й֧ĺʹ˻ʦ

֮գʯϾԺԺݷʹĪDmitri BogomolovݷĿ̸ձԻ£ʱ׶Աʹ˵žۡǽʯŸ˹֣ Ѿ֧ˣͷҵĶӰɣʹȻ׼شǲ谭ع֪ԼҪ

ȻʯûҪضӣͳһʡĿꡣݾұȴְһǮˡʡϯƸʯʱرùϵսҪĴɽȫ̿ơë봨֮󣬽·ٻ죬Ĵ˺ü£ְ˿ĴʡδսĻء

ëҲʷһ󲽡ǰ£֮䣬йʵȨˡȻ˼ٵһ򣬵ûйϵؽ׳󡪡ֻҪĪ˹Ƶ֧ԮĪ˹ֻй롣 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
14 ֮Ī˹֮·


 
1935ꡡ41 

һ֧ʦʱëڱҵľءʣµһϿˣඪˣǹƽÿֻ֧ӵŹѵ˽¶˵ȥһˣȫⶼˣֻʣһͷ

ΪĶգŹͳµĺķԼĳֻˣˡǿ׳ѵǹȻһӦȫ֧ľá

ʵܣдŹ⡰ӴǺ˼ֹͣţԼϡϵԽĸɲĳʳÿԼʮ꣬Ӹ߸ߵģĿࡱҰĲëС

ëһֱĵʱ̵ˣøŹ⡰ΡˡŹ۴ʵǴӦòƵȨҲƾȨëóκλӡȥë̯ƣƺڲĵλǣëȴռϷ磬ΪǴǡ졢ܶšʱվһߡ

ûë͵˵һ֣úĴǵͷġܶһٳëëڲ˵Ǳę̈ģӦëŹ֡Ԫ˵ëϿʱûжëпڲų˵δ̫쵼˵ӡ֮Ͽ壬ǴΡ졢ܶŵģǼëվһ𡣽ŹǴﴦһĵơ

ΪжΣëڿһʵ˵ǹ񵳴ġǿĺķҲܹ񵳴ڽʯķ£ܵĴöࡣΪѹƺķġʦë˿ñӣָķǡ塱󡱡硱

ЩñӼŭ˺ķʼ״ķʣë󶫻쵼𣿡

ĸɲսʿҲ׷߿ࡣɲָ쵼ܣܡ֪ܵȥӦʹȫõϢսʿԹ;˲ԱȴҪսʿη̧ЩҪǺǵӡ

й쵼ӡǳŭ¡һλսʿʮ˵ظ˵˵ƽȣԼܣ硣С˵˵˴˵쵼ǡ˵׳࣬Ȼǲ·ûбǵԽǿࡣǹ·Զ¡ǿʶȻܷˡ

··صĴ¡ɲ˵ġġϵĸ߸ɣûһ̧ߵ쵼ûһ˵Ҳûһ෴öĵܷ򡢻ʿԱڳıȱȽǡ˸ɲ࣬սʿٵĵز

ΡĹУëֻŹһίϯְλίʱͬ衣Źⲻµ˼Ҫͳʺëܶ˫ֲ£ķ˵֧ƶĲԭһ磬ʼϰղ֧ô˿ڡԼ˵ڡʳδҲȥʹëӶᵱЦ ˹ŵ˵Ψһծ˹ŵ˵ëĬ

һлϮйĳռʱļأ;ʬ࣬ǵӱġ

ëȥŹʲôְλĵһλӸŹ⡣ëͬ⡣ԸŹȨȻõָŹ⡣ʵλȻҪڹ˳ǡָǹʮգŹⱻΪί˵ֱͳָӡһоӡ

³йƶսۼƻȫϣȵĺӡ䬺һȻǵ½нë󶫵Ļ˵ܵõϷɻڡ֧ӵ½ɻϵսжУë󶫵˸Źɹ֮·˦

սۼƻΪ֧Źӱϣһ֧·Ź´ǰ²ͳ죬߶ߵ·ӱϡ ëԼѡ벿·ߣֱ롢»Ҳ·졢ָӡ

Ź֧ӳ죬ëʼáʮգ巢籨Ź⣬ҪŲˣı·ߣ·ӰĺӼëһָ˸ոƶġսۼƻҪŹļȻıг̡

Źʮջص˵ѾڰӸһڼɹ£ƽ·򰢰ӱࡱ·Ǹδ֪·֪

ëƵŹʩѹڶ죬ξ˵Źߵ̫·ǴҶͬģڳˡ֮ͶѣߵֿСĵ·ǲʵģǼġ͹ʺϵ˵Ҫ󡱡

ë˻ƵǴҪŹĵΪŹߵ·һ̹;ȫܱ絽ߣȡϵë·ëҪŹߡ

ʱëҲ˽⵽ѡľӵ·ߣһƬնĴݵأҪһڡݵǻˮĵأһСģж׻ȥ̣סšӶ䣬һĿ һǱ꣬ľϡ٣ȡů¡µҹ Ҳ¡Щ࣬Ӻǧ๫ߵĸԭʹݵ紩Źëƨɺ潫ңΪҰҲǰĲӳԹ⣬ľҲǰĲꡣ

ڰξǴŹľ鷢źëŵ·ǰװһϲġʮʷһоֱܽǣ;̣κӣšȫߣͨ͸ʪӵ

һĻݵؿȥһ˵̱ɱķĺɫ˭Ҫʧ뿪խС̵̤أһڽ¶ѣ˱ȥǸŵصţֱҵΣС; ǹŻɫһкü׷ףֱʪѩꡣûӣû۾ҲľԡǶСƵĵ϶˯ë̺صĲñֽɡи͵磬ЩΨһķЩѲġƣƷ⻹ǰأ ˺ֿʼǵ

άݵʱûжԣ˾ͰƤԡǰĲӳ⣬ĲӿйͷʵûжԣͳԲݸƤҿһ̺Ӹżսʿǵӣ͸Ͽҿ̺뺰һߣϸһĸͬ־ֹͣ˺

Ӣ˵ öֲ֧סȥˡߵ塢죬ÿ糿ߣΧϼͬʬ塣һ·ûз죬ҲʼкˡʱҲ˲úߣʱϵÿָϿϲӡһֱ죬ҧͦˡ ڲݵҹȫһ̵硣ڰ죬߳˲ݵأ˴ׯȺڣţʹ̣дܲǸ˼ˡݵ߸ҹǳѵӡӣҾݷǴص˼䡣

ֻһʮӵСӹһҹסԠţʺΪǽԠţʺΪݶţʺڠţʺȼϵĻϿѣǲ˼ĺֻҴ߲ܵĺֱһžİռȫٷ֮ʮ塣

ëҪŹƽ̹Ĵתǰĥξֵ壬ëŹһ籨ҪѸ߰·һݵغ󷢵ĵ籨ëѳ·ɹӪĴҲࣺëͨӣ·࣬ĸڻ֮˲Աʲģ׿˻ëǻǰ

ëҪŹ˲Աضͳͳϣ˵ʹǡʵŵĶӱܿࡣëŹֻ÷ӣݵءһ󣬲ݵصζ̹ˡ¶գһˮĺǰë籨˵ʮͽ㣬Ųѣʳֻ졭ڼͽ㣬跨š

ڶ޷ӣǰëףʮ಻ͽͼšֻܳ죬ʮʦֻ죬̨ѾããݵأǰܣԱУ򵼣ʹˣȫϻذӡң ˣӰս֣ϴëǾܴǿӽˣŹسˡ

£һ¹ȥˡļڸԭø磬ŹһëҪľֹͣϵȴ괺졣ëʱʧĲ֮˻˽ŲѣоԱڰϡ ҡϲʲž

ŹƳٱϣëĪ˹ȡϵͼʵˡˣŹҪëڵ·Ҳֹͣ¸ϡھ°·ָǰ²ƣв¡졢¾Ź⡣ ëȻ£·еᱻߣһǡھ¾յʮյҹ˵Ź·˼Ӻ룬ǱҹѲӴߡ-Ӣǵڰҹ ѵġϳʣʲôĶȥ

˵Ҫѣһһߣһоʮ·һɽڣͣͬʱëŵùҶӢ߸ͨѶϵĶָ֣ӲľõͼҲ͵˳

-ϣúܺ죬Ƕ˵ġʮ˸ԺëڽϴΧ˵Źˡ롣һʮգëϴŹ ʱ֮ǰҲǴŹ⡰ѺָزС ë֮ĵ籨Ҳû¡ëһ¸Ī˹ƻָ̨ϵĪ˹ƵǴŵĵ籨Ҳû¡һ£ëĪ˹Ʊ濪ŹҲû¡һж֤Źû˺ë

ڴϣëĹؼͬ»ǰŷԹëָӣŹʦҲǶ£޶ԡëߣԭ򲻽ë룬ڱζŴͨΨһĳɹ֮·

ʮ峿졢λָӹһطë˲ˣˣõͼҲˡӪΧĲӱ棬ëһں˾ڣǹ׼κ׷𡣲ʾ´򲻴Ǿë˳ȥ

һӣķԶɽֺͬ־ǣҪ߱ߣϿͷѽָ߱£ҲӵǸԣ˵ŹڱҪʱ롱ʹ͵͵ߵĹٱһ˵Ǹķֵˣˡֲ̿Ųӡβ˵Ӷʿǿߣ¶ҡܡ

ʱëµĲӲǧëվ·ߣĬĬؿ߹۲»վԣʾ֧֡սʿ߼٣ѵëëڶڲǰ¶棬һȺڴϡ

ëһýʯ鷳Ϊ跨֪ͨȥֻһ֧Сӣںй롣Ȼߺ󼸸Сʱ񵳾֪Щ֪ЩӸëߣ֪εĽƣʮһգë죬ʯëͨĸʡʡϯݱ֮ë ֵȾڣƣ

ŹȻΪë͸¶񵳵ģڶëȷ籨˵ֵߺ󣬴γϡм֪»ܣעⷴɡ˻ܣкִɽжй֮ڵС

йʹëµһǧһ·˳硣ֻһӿڵɽһССսȻֻʮɡͻӿڡĴ̡ǣ˼ǹ⣬һûеˡӰһǣϱƽУĿǲۻйĵش

ķѵĴգڸϲĶ磬ëȥ±ëй֪±Ī˹ڳǰһվ͵Ҫչݵء

;ǲµĽɫ룬ɫԭϵ˳ũɳе԰⡣ÿ͵ĵ˰ѺӭٱǶٸһϴˮ裬˺˷򡢼⡢ӱɵζȡ

Ϊ˲ѵ˱ɵˣë󶫷ϸҪɡΥϴǻ񣬺ֹɱ⣬еǮҲܵ

ƵĽǺ񵳵籨˵һؾһǧսʿס

ëҪαšעԱδйӵܲıƿ˳ϻ±;Уӵһ·ϡαΪӺйϵɵӵ˻Ͷѱ䣬ǣֲȡпĳͷʩˡСظŲоµӶ⵽Ǵί˵дһо˺Զ·ͣӪȻƣѼӲҧǰߣֱҹʮһӸϵӪزŰ

һµ;ɵģëɥʧһˣӡڼ֮֡±ʱֻʣ²ǧˣǰ뿪ɽʱ൱ҡһλ˵ǡڷװõòӡûЬ࣬ܶձӰڽϣ˻ЬѾǸĵطˣǵ˻ʵһȺлӡ

ƶëǣŹëȳԺ롣Ȼһʮʮգë̤±ʱԶԶʧɥŹȣľǡһ֮ңĪ˹йĪĻ˵һѵӡʤա

ʮһѮһĵһλĪ˹ʹߵˡźƣӢֱ֡Ƥװɻɣ̲ͷװŸĪ˹ϵͨѶ룬жġźƻһѵıԱãĪ˹ƵߵͨѶ½ͨѶë

źƴ˹ֵĻͨɹšӽܾԮй׷սĿꡪͨԿʼж

ëʹ߳ƴʱĪ˹ƣʮʮ򹲲ëĻ㱨ʮһ£˾ϸĵĳƵı棬ëΪйþ䡱£컨׹Ĵ壬ëɺڭAnton Chekhovµ˹ᵫ־ǿطܶȻΪй䣺ë󶫡йĪ˹״ʽϿëΪй䡣

죬ʯԼʹĪǳʼ󽯵һμʹǩһձܾͬˡձʱй˼ڻ߶ʡζ˶Խ˵Ҫͬȡйϵʯ֡ͳʼ˳漴ܸĪ װ̸й򽻵ľ⣬õĴй

̸УʹҪͷŽʯĶӾ˵ҸǩЭ飬ŪúܺˣΪʲôҪסĶأΪʲôܷأ򲹳һ䣬˵ûõͬ⡱Ϊʯԡӡ֪ˣ֪⽻׾Բ˵ǽҪġ

˹Ȼסšʮꡣ£ɽػУʮ˵һԱFaina Vakhreva˻顣ʮ£ǵĵһӳΪëйĻüȥ 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
15 ־


 
19351936ꡡ4142 

δʮë󶫵ġҡйĻԭϣŻƺӡĻأֱ׳ĲˮиɵĹƣϿݰѿٹߡסլɽڽҤ

ȫʣµΨһ±־ġëʱǧëĻࡣڱͬǸӢۡص̣ϲú͸˵ĲƲΪ첻µزµġ¶Ƿǵıҡ

ë־ĸݵسʱһʮգԸ߲˵ڡ쵼ϲһȷѮܸݵصйַǰȥ෴ֵһ͸ձʯϷϵĺʮսǿʮǧİ٣־װǿûеֿ ǰ߱ȥ󷽣;е֪ҪʱԼ߽˰෿

йԱǴ־һ㡱˵ǡΪݵصķӵΪΪԵҳϣ֤˵֪ҪܣǽƻԴʹΡ־ųصĽ·⡣Ǽҳ㷹պ˿ͱһսѵĴֱͷϡ˱Ҵϰѫ˵Ҥһ˵ѾںãʱбΣա

ʱëˡһӢٲ߽ɫëֹͣɱˣʮһµͷ־ˣ෴Ϊش󡱣ܵ֡

ë˾ˣʹӹ±ݵʱһ벻ĵλǳѪȵ෴ʹ־սǴ𺦣ְȨë׾ٵذų쵼Ȧ֮⡣־ΪݵصĴʼˣָֻܵͼְһ±ɵĺʮ˾ëί־ûԹԣ̬֧ëȨҪܺսҲġ

ë־Ϊľ޴ͳΡëҲ־Ǳ䡣ë֪йҪӱϼեʳǮʿ͹߱ؽ𱾵˵ķĸɲΪ뵱ǧ˿Ƶϵ׳ΪЩĴͷˡëҪ־취ȥݵĵ쵼˲ͬ

±ãëʵдͨվսԷ롣ëļƻǶɻƺӣԣɽʡȥбпܽݵأȥǹɹű߽硣

һ¿ʼһй˵ȥձʵһձҲûձ˵ıҲûմëЩӶЩȿɹţͱʯľӸϻ˻ƺⳡ̶̵;У־ȥʮꡣй˵սϣǰһϸڶ˵Ǳıɱġ

ʮգڻƺӶɿй˵һͦ˵Ļǹɨĺʱࡣ־ûڽĺҲûĽϣٹһСɽԶս һͦǹͦǹҲ̫ˣڳһȫ෴ķ ͻȻһת˸䣬ôһӵٹ׼׼־ϣȷʹǹѻֺա

־еʱԣһαֵԱᣬʱغĽƱһľԱԼ־еоԱȥҽҽʱȫֹͣ˺Ҳ˵־ʱֻһˡ̫ʹ˻־ǱԱɱġɱαֹҪ֣ɿġ׳ɵľԱͨҲŵˡǰ߾ڱͼʱʱ Աġ침ڼƻʱĵҲߵľԱ

־ǰһϵ¼ʾҪë󶫵˼ǰ죬ëʮ˾Ժֱڱָӡζţ־һ汨ֱӶëԺë־ΪһֱųġίԱᡱίԱ ȫƽ¾߻ᱻӢ۶Դµ˲ŭ췴ʮ죬ë־ȥģȥĵͱˡ

־ʱû׿塣˵Ҫ׿һۣܶϯȰ˵ɩӣ岻ã˸ѹûԺ׿ˣʱѾáһëӰйɲرҪݵصȶҪ־֡Ϊ־¡عʽѱظΪ־أëױʣ˵־ġӢ⡱

йʷϣ־Ψһһǰߵĸݵ䡣±ֶļȺ󱻴£ɭ³ Ҳ˵ë±ڣصָӹٶսں޽С

ˣǱڵĶë췴ı䲻ڡȻ±йһЩСģвйȨëǰȫ±סʮһꡣ 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
16 ±֮ʼѧȡ֮




 
19351936ꡡ4142 

һʮë󶫳ϵ±ʱĿǴͨ ʯҪǰѺĵط񽻸ǰ˧ѧ˧˾ëפٹ

ëԮͨطһɹţһ½˧ʮפͨط·ϡ

˧ķɻʻԱɶࣨRoyal Leonard˧ҵһ۵ӡܲãԲԲģԣ㣬ϲӲǾͳѡ

ѧĸһŶ±ը-ѧ˳˽ʯפֱһһձ֣ʮ򶫱ڡʯһϵҪְλҲͽϵܣʮ꣬˵ѽס

-ʷ˵ձ˸ɵ£˹鱨ƣɱ˹ɺɱĻİ͢Naum Eitingon֯ģȻŪձ˸һ

˧ľþ¡Ƿ͵¹ܺͣͳߣйʱȡʯĴڣɹȡǿ֧֣ںϵһ꣬ʧȥ˧ʧȥȺӣȡ̴ְȥŷޡﲨҪȥ Ұĵ˾ܾ뾳˹ֲϲ˧ǰ˧ոƵж·˹ִΪŭɱֶһ̡˧ҲԷ˹൱ģīᣨBenito Mussoliniһҹϵ׽һ£Ī˹ͨйһԡ˧Ϊࡱ

ѧһίΪйġĪ˹ƶ̬ȴ䡣ֵǮˡʹйúһЩ԰йͨʹĪĪ˹ƵıԿë󶫵±ڣ⽻پͿʼ˧

ʱѧƵƵϺϾȥˡϣСӡװȥŮѡɶһ죬˧ѷɻŷɣ һ֧ϣסķ괰ǰɹǷɵĵط뷹ֻʮߣĺѴû졣˧һŮסǱݸġһž꣬ʮѧ˵ˣ˵ЦϺиŮѣǸʱ򣬴ƴҵжǶΪŮȥȥˡʵǵϺ̸ȥˡ

ݱʹĪ˹Ƶı棺ѧ˱ʾĸйͬˣձսϣĪ˹֧Ҫʯ̨ձսֻйͳ˧Щѧȡ֮

˧Ҳձս˹֮õ£ʯΪֹ˧˹ֱ̬ѧ

ʯǲձ̬֪ӮǾձƳپսʱ䡣ȫϣձͷ޵Źйʵнʯ汾ġġ

˹־һ㡣ϣձйĪ˹йĴ˼Ķվսǣ˹ֲ˧䲻˧ͳȫйһմսһйսֻձйΣա

Ī˹ûֱ˵ܾѧ෴أѧһؿǵļĿŰй⽻ҪѧֱӸйϵѧеΪפϾʹڣ̸ͬ¡˧й֮ ̸һһ¶ʮ״ο

ֻסѧëȴͬˣ̨ѧëĳ·йһӾͻΪصëĻѧëָʾ̸дũѧʾ֧ȡʯ ڡĻϣҷԸ붫ϡµ;ӣëũʾϯ˾ 䡲ѧΡëʾáеҷа취 ëʲô˧áеأȻǰʾĪ˹֧˧

һ£ѧϣĪ˹̸ֱСһ£һֱرյŴˡйؿ֮ԱϺѧܲѧëĶסңмƻȥ ѧ˻ȥ

һ걻ǹɱëӱϺСİ󲻾þͲˡӢΪܻУѧڶ֮⽻ѣ߳ѹŹϵչǵĶǰ޶кáʱ͵ܳȥڽͷˡԺ󣬿Ӱë˼ǡʱӢǳ˵е˯﷭ʳͷ

ЩУë󶫶ԶǲŲʡĪ˹ǽȥרΪŮѧУѧ˹ԹëĶһ£ëûʲô

ѧһ飬ͬĪ˹̸Сһֱͬ˴򽻵ʹߣԻëĶӵȥһо˵г̰ȫˣΪĪ˹ʡһ鷳һ÷ѣëĶһ·İȫһ¶ʮգŴëĶӡķȳ 뿪йǰĪ˹Ƹ˧ǿڰȡǩ֤˧֪ǣĪ˹ѹĴ뾳

ͬ£㶫ʡַһսԿ嵹ëȰѧץסᣬϣҲһѳȥ ëҪѴйֳȥһɹšйξ˵¼䶩ԼǸйߣǿǡˡͬˡ

ѧȤĪ˹ҲһѮйĪ˹֮ĵ̨ϵж϶ʮº½ڸʵĵһ籨УëҪĪ˹֧Ī˹Ҫÿëļƻݵ˹˹ֺܲˡҪܶȫ濪սסձйҪһķѡʹձлɳ˵й

ëĵ籨󲻾ã£ĵսʧܡۼҵطκηйľٶ˹ٴοʯΨһŽȫյˡʮգĪ˹Ƹйתĵ籨йֹͣѽʯˣ籨˵ѽʯձͬǲȷġǱŬֹ֮ͣĵжΪͬзձĶһзڿҵ˹Ҫйֽ֧ʯй䡣

Ī˹йϸ̸кëòܡй뽯Ĵھ³ʼ̸СʯڳһͬĪ˹̸йƹϵĪ˹ҪֱӸй̸йĵλ

ѧȫڹȻΪĪ˹֧ȡʹĪ˵ϣйĵ˻õ֧֡ʱʹߺ߹ĻþëأյĪ˹ưʮתԵĵ籨ҶӢȥס˧ģҪΪйʯ̸оΪ߸ı䣬йĪ˹Ʒŵ߲䡣

˹һֽ֧ʯ䣬һ׳һ³ʼɹ˾йëĻɻڡڵǹԿջ ǹŵȵȡԱ֡ʮʮյ棺û Ҫô࣬ûзɻڡˣվ鱨ֹϽġһ˾һʮṩ˾ͣθ˻ÿ Ρʮٶ֡׼йĲǹĿ빩ձսһࡣ

ʮ£йʼжҪڽɱ߾һɳĮݵȥʱë±ľӸ֧飬һ֧ŹĺķһǰëʩıʹǴڴظԭսһ롣-

-ݶܵĶ˹ëһľն˹ֵʹ׸˵ڼ˲ĵλΪӵŹǰԵ侲תΣΪࡱŹĲӡë󶫵ⷬڬҲرΪʲôĴ

Źëһġ롱Ѿ̨֪Լëĵ֮䡣ǰ˵šܼᡣ˵ǲˣ ±׼ŹûнδëٴĲӣȻʰ

һ֧ǰʦǺɡѲ˵ָĺ죬ʯ߽ݵظϵ±ݵһһҲѪȵϴ˵ظɲڡ෴ɱˡֻһ෴СɱһˡڻŵļŮͬ־ΪʱɱɱеģɱŮ ģˣŮɱŻġڻһһӵڳ׹ǡ Ҵ߻˵еɱװϵϴʯͷˣ ŵũ񲻸ҳ㣬ΪĶʬˮɫ

֧ʦë˰һǰĶʮ֧Ӵɱ߾£رǰ档ʯҲ䵽йСʮ¶ʮգԶս

ѧѵλѽսƻ͵͵ߺҲֽͶ£޷æִܲнһڲ󲿱񵳾 ѹ±ݵأͨƻ洵

ëĪ˹ҪǮʮҪ족ϼʮͨת޷⡣Եֻкڶ쿪ʼѩˣʿǻõĵ²ЬҤҲסǰָԱ»סһһ߸ߡ߿˵ɳĮϣҴɳһ˽ëҲ޷ʡᵽСǱͻеסһ䳱ʪҤµˮдһԱŽȥЫҧһڡŴȾĺӵҴܣеĴè˯ʱǴֵظϣβɨɨȥ

ʱѧһȡĻᡣ½ʯȥȥſԽٳֽʯȳĽй˹ּܻѳѺϡǳĲѧ϶ġ˵˭ѧѧǸѧСġѧȻһΣֻҪɢ֣һΣҪϱ̻ġ

ѧëĴҶӢ׼򡱣ġ䡱롣ʮ¶ʮգҶӢԴ籨ëפ˵վ鱨֪˼зAleksandr Titov¶˵ҶӢѧһʮһ۹׽⡣Ǹ£Ҷ뿪رë˧ġ ƻ

ëĪ˹һƻ֪˹ֲϲ˹ڱκʱ䶼Ҫʯʮһ¶ʮգ¹ձǩ˷Լʹٶܵеľ棬ձɹϱǵƶԼĵ죬 ˹ֽǼGeorgi DimitrovйߣӵͳһҪһ쵼ȫϿ 

ë֪Լڸ˹ֶŸɣС׽ж־롣׽ǰѧ籨ҪҶӢҪ´ַּ̣ˡëסҶӢţһѧҶѶͬʱëѧ׽籨ʾйʯ̸̸ãΪҪ̫ǾսƽԲԭòëѧӡǣֻܸ˧Ī˹Ƴ֧˧

ʮգʯٴεԼİȫûκرĲá סĻأмʮԼŸԺӶѧ˰ء˧ָ׽˴ȥһʯҶˡ

ʮʮ賿ʯٳ֡ÿ٣·ǹϡѧİٶ˽סأֿ塣ܽɽһѨﱻץסֻ˯£ЬˣˡһԽǽӵӱʯܻʵǺˡ

׽жʼʱ˧ë󶫷˷ݵ籨ëѾˡͷһ仰ǣ֮Ŀѱ֡˵Ҫ仰ײ˵ѧҪѽʯأԼëĪ˹֧ϡһѽΡ׽ʲôȽյġɡΪ˿աʵʱָ׽ʱԶսѾʼԶսǵһͳһ쵼սʱѽʯץǰһָ綫ĳ³ϴγͱļλҪ뽫Ҳˣ˵ΪҪգǰ˶Ϲɵϡ˧ֱ˵ٳֽʯࡱ ëӵ˧籨ʱЦǺǵض˵รȥ˯ɣкϢ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
17 ±֮ĩëɱ


 
1936 ꡡ42 

׽Ϣй쵼ȺëҤһƬڡëЦ ЦһһҪһ£ʯһȥйͻȨգ ǾĪ˹Ʋֵľûᡣ

ʵ籨УëĪ˹ƾ룺ǡôԮйĨǵĪ˹׼ɱʿɲԡҪϾ⽯ʯСڹĴǵ͵̡ëĿ˹ìܣװҲ׽֮˵Ī˹Ʊ֤йڲԡ

Ī˹ƣë뷽跨Ҫѧɱʮʮ׽̸˧籨˵Խʱ֮Ϊϡͬʱ⽻¶Żܶȥѧ̸йƺһʡȥĿ˵ѧɱܵëĵһ籨еĻǶԽֶΡ

йܲٹҪ죬ëѧɷɻӰܶӰʱѧУһɻΪ˹Ķ˧ɷɻʮգëʾܶȥĪ˹֧Ļʷܵãݺ档

ѧʱҪĲй˽´Ī˹ƵĹ֧֡ʮգҪֽϢIzvestiaͷ濯£ǿǴ˵Ϊձ񣬲Һֽ֧ʯٳֽ֮ڣѧĪ˹ƭйãˣˡ

һطǳ˧ܾܶëҪȥɷɻܵɵ籨һ֮ëֻʮվֱȥһ˧ʮʩӰɷɻʮ絽ʩӲ죬С¡ּ½ܡ

ܵӰʱûзɻŶصģֻ϶ĳһҹѧһӻ𶼷йܶϡëʮղòδ籨ѧ򵽷ʩ⣬ʩسǲ治ڷʩȺʩóóǡ

ѧ侲⡪ŽΪҪйĺй֮ãΪ˧ΧһȺؼй֮£ûǵϿɾͷŲ˽뿪Σա

˧ɶݷɻȥܡѩɶһӵǹˣɵۣǰķɻǵǹ׽ŪǣרɡʱأתͷȥЩˣһ־ڳӣһֶŸӷ£ֱ֡

ѧϺһҲûУͦ磬˳˵ȰɱʱҲװͬ⡣ë˵ͬս׶βɱΧǰֶΡ

ΪʹһǰΪʵëϣϾսɺϾʮգҪľָӹػزƵͷ֮Ͼòһ㣬Ϊ˾ٶԺ˵ѻʯҲûаܷսʮգϾѧսɱǰըǽë»ȰѧϾȥ֮ҪϾ뾩¤ߣԶ֮սػزͻ¤ȡþʤ 仯˵ǡëŴսѧĺ·ʹòɱ

ë˶ɱ֮ʣ˹־ҪȽʮʮգ׽ĵڶ죬ԺϾټ죬˵֮£⴫빲йأ罯ȫΣգȫ֮ߺޣйƼձͬա˹żˡ

ʮҹǼĵ绰ˣ˹ִġ˹ʣйǲģϽǣǸձæǵ߻Ǽȶߡ˹ֽйפʴʽһ׼йĵ籨ݸ壬޳ɱ˹˵ʲôˣǲǸƻģ˵뷢籨ȥ֧ɱ

ʱڹʻûвɱģ˹ֵšͨŬ˹Ҳ֣ӵ˵ǵװѸץˣ

ֱ˵Ƿݵ籨ݸǸǰվ鱨ָжİͼArtur ArtuzovĽдġͼץǹˡǹǰд˷ѪԼ޹ؼһ˵ѪǱѪ˹ַŹһζƵëϣ˹д˵һپййǸѧ˷ǳܵѹϵѧյûиЭǺܿ¡Щ˵ëȲ֪ĵ籨ǼٻëȻĪ˹Ƶ

žʱ˹ֿʼë󶫸ձʲôϸ˹Ѿڻɡʼейͨ׽֮ѺһˡĻɵıҪձ¹ëĿڹ ëһѡڲϡʱָձϸӡɡ

ʮոë˷ĵ籨Ǵ׽˵һж͹ֻкڿͳһսߣձйԡ籨صǣйȡԺƽʽ¶˵йͷŽʯָȫλ

յ籨󣬾˵ëԸİ취װûյĪ˹磬ѧйξֶضܶҲûͨ ΪܴʱȥȰѧɱ·ϡ-ëŬҪ

-ëĪ˹ʮյĵ籨Ūˣȫ벻ʮҪĪ˹طⲻʵйĵշԱǣ籨벻ҪĪ˹طܵ졣οؼʱ̡ëʮջξ˵ָʾδ

ëڸĪ˹ΣյĶԿë˵Ժٵֵðա

ʵһ֪ûĪ˹̨ѧɱѽʯõʯˡйֻһ·ǷŽҸһߣĽΨһϣ׽ʹϡͽȥõĺøУʹˡһĲĶˡļ̳ͣ׼뿪̨壬һ԰ޡ

ʮʮգĪ˹ǴϢԺѧȥʯվŽĬĬᣬʹڡΡȥԺֻԽ˵ѾᵽΪ³çҪ跨ίԱؾʯҲܺϾʮնս󣬽˴ųȥϾ򲻿ɳͻֹͣըϾհˡʯףҪɣ ӵ̸ⲻ˵ġԼ̸ϾҲͬٳЭӣϾɽʯ˽档ζʮյ Ҳˡ

ʮգĪ˹ưëĺƽ±ĵ籨ַһ顣ë޷װûյκε籨ˣֻðѵ籨תܶҪָʯ֮ɡ

ëĿʱ˹ͬˡҪֹͣ˹ߡҼҪܶܲһС£ййһ֧Ǳˡ

ʮգܶġѧ̸˵йûʲô򽯽ʯתǽʯܾܡ˧ǳܣǾ߲ˡȻܾ

Ī˹֪ʲôնýܡʮ¶ʮʥǰҹŵĪ˹ƵĻʥ죬仰ʹ߽ܶʯҡ 仰ǣĪ˹ƽͷŽǵ֪˹һŵͬйҪϾֱȥ̸С

ܵǼ̵ģйӡĽףʹ˴Э顣սˡ

磬ʯ뿪ѧͬУԸȥ ʯһĥѣ졣ϾʱڱҵļеӭһҹƺǸӮҡǰѾԼɼһԸΪֹëķչûϵëֹ˵ģ˹㲻ġ ССйողűЯҪҰ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
18 ±



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̸Уйõһʮǧƽ˿ڵ¸׸ӰϾͬʱѸǧ

˹ֻڶԽʯò֮ͷŽգչξװǻƵ˵ԽʯĶӷйʮգʮһľڻصй븸žۡǰ˹Ը Ҳһвֵú˳ӣи򷢵籨˵еָʾԲɡ˺΍ȥؿ˸񲪵İ칫һζĪ˹Ʊҳϣҽϸִеļɡ

;˻𳵴ǵģǺй˸ͷӿǰհʮİӢʮİӰӵĪ˹ơëĶڰ˺üǩ֤Ϊ˲뷢ǩ֤ǵѧʹߣǵҲû±ѧʹǩ֤عëĶһĪ˹ơǸְдţƬëٻš

ëԶӵĮ෴ʯΪ˾þòһ£ȥ񵳵Ծһ򷴹ı͹ۡĪ˹̬Ϊйķչ˲ɹá

ڼ䣬õ㷺йҲԵúƿס׼˱ëԴëֳһʮĺˣյİߡ ҳë˵Ҫͬձ۹򵽵סԴʮһһճ棬һʱʱ䣬йյˣڶйӡҲú

ëԴ󲿷˹ŵͷëķʼǣëһһζϵͳ̸ԼƽЩ̸Ͷй쵼Ĳɷã˹ŵд˱ҫйRed Star Over ChinaȫΪй󣬰ѪܵĹȥĨȥ

˹ŵķëżȻëϺµһΪߣ һҽëѡ˹ŵˣΪӰĴ󱨡ĩʱ

Saturday Evening Post͡ŦԼȷ̳New York Herald Tribuneд£Ҳͬй˹ŵͬеҽ£George HatemҩŹʵľļëҽ˹ŵס¡

ëʵ׼һҪǡȫܡ֣¡ءξָ˹ŵⵥԤ˴𰸡ë˹ŵĹ¼бѶϢҲд鹹˹ŵһŲӷȫ̽ܡëй쵼ֱʡ̹סֱֱȥҪ  šǧӢĳ;У˼⣬ë󶫺ͨսʿһǲеġëڸйĪ˹ƵĹϵϲѺã˹ŵձƣʹΪ档

˹ŵдһжëϸϸĿָġʱӰӺףHelen Snow˵ٸҼĸ˭˭˭ҪǵĻҪˡôණ̷ˡ˹ŵڲᣬ෴˵ëûκҵĶ˹ŵ뱾֦Ҷ˵ëϡʵ

ҫйӢıһߡһ֮棬ӰëйĿй֯ģرѡ˸ɫǡ ʹ˾Ǳ͹Ե顣ⱾëԴ⣬˹ŵķʼǻһֵбҲиԵĿëӡǡ

˹ŵйв˾޴Ӱ죬ǧǧѪμйعĳԱйĸ˴ʱˡë˹ŵ˵´ˮ֮

˹ŵ֮µӡʯڽһ֮۵ְʱëйѾƯˡ

ëһԪӰһסʮꡣ죬ӰΰĳŶׯ϶Ĭһβĺ顣ųֵ˼ǡ찲ȴɳϢĳǽΧţɽϡӰǵĻһ ǧŲ㱦ɽŴС񣬺ƴɽǻɳӺӡƴʫʥŸ˵͹ĵ

ӰʶٵĻǹҵҪء׼ʯ͹˾Standard Oilڴ˿̽ʯʱ˺ЩסլɺӹܡռʿķһãйҪ齫ٿ൱ˣرǮˣš족ӣ˼ٴݡëѡһķӣλڳǱ߷˴壬ӭһɵձڡë󶫵һιʵӡ

ëϲʣסլװеغǽеůϲ˯ľ崲 ëӵкüסȻ˼μңסķӶšһй˸񲪵ĴԺ԰иǽΧţܵľţһȴĵطһܵס԰󹵡صɽɽ°ȥĵطëһҤӼӿС·һֱſڡ

סլһë԰󹵵ķиţֱͨһܵصԱʱܵɽһߡëҲܵصֱӵһõϯ̨߳ţٱ¶ΣաúëҤҪߵǰſüȴܰԶ۵סһѧƣȥáй˸Ա￪λ⣬ûùëҪǼ˻ܡ

ëʦܸǣסͨ԰󹵵Ǹϣҿס˲㵽ȥй쵼ҪëáȸҴкǺȥ ֻ±ص쵼˸߸ʱҾͰס˺üΡ˵У߸ڣʲôˣȥżȥˣֻһ˽ȥһԱԣҲߵëסĵط뾯ר˴׳һ˽ȥ

뵱סլ룬ɽ¡ һھΪϴ·첹ʦԼģӹ׺Ҳõ˵ĥӣǡëϯӰȫǶȿǡ˵

ʮˣë󶫵ûôȶһ꣬Ȼ䣬ЩʱƯŮӡë಻סˣҲϲ׷Ů˵ĸ߸˵ûֻάࡰʮ족

ë󶫿ϵģĶʮŮԱһӰ̳ǡʱװͷʹƫԶСǴΪ㵹˦˦ȥ㷢ǣ˵ġйŮֻӷ׵ްɴ˹ͷԱʭӡãúĻ˵ë͸С˴˹ŵ˺׳СΪëػеġߡ

СϵܵŮʷĭһλźŮȨߡܹʴҲëŮġ ëȻҵķϸϵɷáëдķʼǼĸ˹ŵ˹ŵΪ

òʷĭӰȳʷĭ˵ëڰԸѧ衣ûʲôָСŮҲ˵ëڳȦӡëܿˣڶ壬޵Ĵûᡣÿڶ֯ᣬ¶죬ڴǰĽӰ񷢷һ衣

೤ŮһȾܾ衣˹ŵĹ۲ǣţЩϵԱֱǲ֪߳ܡʵԼЩйǰ׳󡣲ΪһȤǿ裬Ǹ顣

ǶëŮˣ̡µһ䣬ʷiӣ㵨ʲ׼˯ʷĭȥڣֵͲëͷҴëľԱԱ߲֪롣ë˵ֻСģ䵱Ȼţת⣬ץͷëվһߡŶʷĭ۹ģȥͷʷĭȥڵء䳯ëţʲôˣʲôɷʲôԱͿŵ۹ӴңëоԱ䱧Ҳ ԱӲ̧ˣëһԲظںߡ

ʷĭȥС㲻뿪ӰҴëйʧ

ëҶ顣ȻԲնյкӣ̸ʲôɫ вԸëдĴʣ䣺˱һ֧˭ƣǧëɪȥë˵˵ЦЦһΣëᣬ㿴ǵӰһƫС͢ëҪٹŪͻȻֶ˵ᣬٹˣȻǸ͢Ǿ۴СԺѽٱЩ֣͡ 

ëʹ޿ˡǽʮ꣬ʮëĮġʹʹǣëڼѵĻﲻϻЦ˵ĸµһסҲëԺ˶νǵĵӣŮһڱЫӡҤһֻ꣬ˣʹֿա ĽȴûдͥȤëЩԼȴ빫ظŮ˺㡣й뿪ëͷʱٴȷ

йӰ˵ĸ߼ɲлȥơȡڵƬΪһʮ³ǰһŮӰ

Ī˹ʱֵ϶һϱ治ҪǰʶĪ˹ڴϴ˳Уһй˱һ־ĺ һкȡ˸ֽߡº󣬺ӵ÷ˡ 䱯ʹСǰĳϣþõᣬ͵͵غ֡

ӳʱдŸë˵˸кþëûлšˣëҲûзӦһ죬Ƿˣһ죬˵ĵͬһÿеĶƪӰݿţRoman Karmen дë󶫷ʼǡȻԱë͡ķˡ̤¹ҤСëķˡ̶̼֣һʹ﷭죬ͬ˷ҹȥʧߵëڸǳҹ¡ãյëһţǼϣúѧϰϽ ȻһӲĹٻʮĻԺͬ־ˡ

ëѾٻ飬ϣع꣬ͬһѻعʱӰر𷢵籨һʱӰŮûĸףëҲڱԺﳤӰаְӣ ûǵûиСкҲû˽ӣÿζޣҪְ֣ Ҫ裡Ҫؼңкڽʲôûаְͼҵĸ

Ժһζƽֲް˵˵ʱǸǹ¶ġ¶

꽿͵ĸߡطʱ§Ů΢ЦȪˮһǳ֣ĴҲе棺һ ͷȹӺ͸߸ƤЬӰİǣĶǻҰɿĿӣĲЬ֪ǣѾĽᡣԺУ侫𽥱һǻŭйڽͷϣԺĺǾĿ޺䱻ǿͽԺʱ˺ѷεغУŵĽӳȥһĬĹ

һ죬仹ûеʱë͸ˡǴϺŮԱӰܰѹҰƷҲζƤϣñţ¶⻬Ũܵĺڷ̬ˣεεģʱ˾¶Ůζ

һһ꣬Ǹջϰ壬ĸ檡ĸŮԳ˲ĽšСԸǿңְ־ƴ裬Ͱȥסְֵֽţҧĸ첲һĻսУʧȥ˰Сʱͬѧǵϲ׽ŪˡʮʱһڿˮʦϣѧУʮʱӼߣȥμӾϷӣշתϺΪСԱӰǷݲȶְҵһܹ͵ĵӰ˾ƸܲͬиĶӣǵӰˡ ȻҲһ棬ӰǰǹԱ

ܶ˵ע⡣ëݽʱǰţ۾ôģЩɰ⡣һ죬ϷԵëݵľ磬Ϸ̨һϡڶȥ£ҹ

ǳ˫ǰ¶ˣֵӰǷꡣѾĸ˽ͬӹϺСϳţϺ̲ɵʷΪȴͷľƾͼɱ۷зġ

ϺĴ̽࣬ͽʽӰ͸ǲ֪ˡ ͬ䡣ʱлɣһ˵ѧԺѧȫ⣬öţôŮˣе˹дšëедţԼ֡д⡣ģëϯϣ㲻Ҫͽ顣ֲã塢ӣϷˣӰ첢ãŮ

Ե֯˵໹иص⣺񵳵ļдˡ顱 ڹѵǻ˵ڼΪϷƣе˵˯ϺȵĵµӰ籨ʽëϯͬܲʡۺëд˷ţ˵顰Ե㶼áëӵźŭų˵ͽ飬˭ܵţڶڻϯ첻ڱ֮С

ëÿΪൣһʮһ´صӰñΪëĵ֣й˸ͷӡӰĻϣһװӡ󣺺ñӡƤѥǺڵģһھСʱӰԼΨһ⡣ƾݱȷʵڹ񵳼Щ£˳ë˼˽һ֯ۡ˵ʷף⡱ʵëʮһ֪ܶʷ⡣ںҪ͹ˡ

ëĵη˽о 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
19 ɫȫս


 
19371938ꡡ4344 

һգ¬±䱬µףձռ˻ҪУƽ򡣽ʯûжսһȫսʵвʳߵձʱҲûмƻս򻪱йڵء

ǣڵĹȫսһǧϵϺˡȲǽʯ˼Ҳձ˵˼ʱϺפǣݡһ ˡͣսЭзֻפСӡձԼǧ½սӡձڰеļƻǡ½½Ϻ

ŦԼʱNew York timesפ߰£Hallett Abendºдʱ߱ʱ˵ձ˽Ϻʵȫ෴ձ˲롢ҲûйƵڳλежжϺ̣Ǽȫû׼ʮգĲӻ֮Сʮˡյʱ㱻ɨȥˡ¿ôһļƻҪձսڻͼ˵ˣôһļƻûµ˭ļƻΪǽʯģʵ˹ֵġ

˹˵ձѸռȫǶĿǰвձȫܱżǧı߾߽˹ѾձͷŵˡڣһǱڹ񵳸߲ĺɫˣϺȫսձϽйأԶԶġ

˾нΪɫҪ׷ݵһŶ꣬ԮĻҾУ̹ʱҾУһĪ˹ƾﰲԼˡڻ¼˵ʱȫͬ鹲һߡĿΪɫ̹١ɫųܶμӹڡʾ֯󡱸ҪڹڣԴʵʱ˵й֤һ֧㣬ʹĹʮУиʹݣرװеϵ

¬±ൺľ𳤹УϷϾξ˾ҪְʱʼȰʯԶ뻪ϺսȷƵСΪǿʯûдӦϺйĹҵͽģ롰ƻϺϺԱ߾׶Ͼʯ׷ ʱѾѾӴϺΧߣԱ㲻ձ˽￪սµףձռƽִ籨ҪȷоձϺΪȷǰᡣʯĴǣЩ£ ȷˣʲôʱ򷢶ʱӦ

¾գһѡפϺŻĲӣձ½սӹٱһˣȻһйзƷڻſڣ ձȿļձ˵ıϣ»СС»ˣԡϺͻȻ漱Ϊɣʴʮ峿ռϺʮշϺվ𹥻ʯȥýҪš֡ƻͽƾһʱ֮ˡʮյ罯ڱʱԵпʼʱǰ´ܹʱڱһ-ʱ˵ɽֻ÷ӡѡһ·ѽɽ

-ͬһ죬йɻըձвϣʯûºը

ʮգԽֱ򱨽緢ȳձֻͻںբԲԽϮҡ˵ķϴѩոʧءڸǵ £һֱԸϺձ˴ĽʯòڵڶԤ ȫܹ

ʯʵǲԸʮգִͣвǣʮռʮգձԮӵȫսڲɱ⡣

ʯ¶ĴȫһٰʮʦʮͶսʮ˼⡣ⳡսش˽صĿվݻ˴󲿷ֵֻʯʮཨִװ ձҲдԼˡ

һȫ濪ս˹̴ģԮԱ֤ܴȥϾǩ˻ַԼʼйṩйʱֻ첽ǹһĪ˹ƸǧĴ𣬰̹ˡںһǧܷɻһ֧жӣ-¹ʣӵǺ˹ָսгĴ޿ɷ򽫾Vasili ChuikovйҪԴ

-һʮµһףǧԱйִս񣬻һǧձɻըձռ̨塣

ȫսʹĪ˹ϲ⽻άŵMaksim LitvinovԷķLon Blum˵ձйսеļˣϣսԽԽá

Ϊ˱λ׾޴ĺɫˣ˹ְѺֱϵʹĪװ漴ٻعڡ

ŭεĽʯȻŵʵ֣ս󲻾þͱְʯΪԴһʹһľ꽯̨ʱλڴ½

ȫսıë󶫴˺ôʯӦΪ̸ֹʼռܾúָӲȻϺܽʯͳһָӣܷʩֻᡰҪ󡱡йںϷˣڹ񵳵´汨ֽηҲͷš

ꡢȥǧйձֻսëйĻ᣺ʯȨëռ˴Ƭأһ֧һʮ˵Ĵ

սʼʱӵıʮһʱһ

ȫս֮˹йսйУܸʯκνڲա

ǧɡ·ʦ˾»Ǹ˾ڻеһ೤ʱµˣɡľӢ쵼Ѯ ·ʼɻƺӣ򼸰ٹɽǰͦʿҪձй쵼Ҳա

ë󶫲롣սйձ¹ξֳί˵աң־ձǽձ彯ʯĴûᡣθлձˡһѡ

ëûл뷴ձڴ彯ʯŹҲûа취ԶԸǿձϣǵߣһë˹ŵ˵ܶԶ̬Įģȡ̬ȡձȫййɽսԻأǻй񷴶ձߣӮöѺõĹϵأΪǻѡһ·ġ

սУë󶫵սԾǰйΪɽһ쵽ǰйӵĵ̡սëֺμսսֻڲλЭʯͬˡʵëϮҲָӹǵձӻ񵳾ǰƽʱվռءվ޷ǹȡģԶԶձĵֻܿߺʹУС͹ëˡռأëĲӴձɢĹ񵳾ӣʱץһѡ֮ëǳձǰĶռأձռأŰɰʯĹˡ

ëϸָӹǷ籨˵ҪԴݵΪԼдΪվϯɽʱëɽȫʡǵĸݵء

ëйĵƣձ¶ʮգ·սĵһǹֱָӵĲɽƽ͹أһսձһ֧ӵβ͡ȻǳС̣ҲսӣҾֱ˵󲿷ֵ˯Ͼǹ״Σڶ⣩ձˡҪëƽ͹֮սֱһһǹʱ򹲲ʱ˵ձӸ񵳾ӿսʱҲֹһͬվûнӵκδ𸲣ֻŴƽ͹һ̡

ëԴһ̡ǡ˽ʯæŹĵ̡أΪëƽ͹֮սųһ޴ʤ֤ȹ񵳸пաƽ͹ء˼֡Ȼƽ͹شձ಻һ٣йڿսǰڼдΨһһԾ߹ģֱ̡󱨸湲˵йֱ컹ⳡսеﶼֻⳡսᡱ

·˼Сʤ̣񵳲ӵİ֡Уëϳ⣬Ҫ·оռ̡ʮһѮһվ󷽵ĸݵسˣн켽һǧ˿ڣԶ¸ձ˾йëǸʱë˵ձʹй࿹ոݵأΪսʤ ձ¢ʱ˼£ҪлĻԸлձ

˹Ϊ˹᳹Ҫйձߣһʮһ£÷ɻйפʵĴͻӰǰ˹ټ˵ڵǿգսս

й쵼˸˹һ¡ʮξֻϣˡȴձһߵĴ·һҪʯйμӵĹ߾µֵͳһ쵼ëҪ·ܽʯָӣ֪˹ֵһζ֡

й쵼֪ëʵ뷨Ը䡣Ī˹ʱҪйߴεᣬΪࡰʮꡣξֻѡδߴ αˣëʵĹǵĵһα棬˵Ŀеë

Ȼëʱйʵϵ䣬Ī˹ҲϿֻûʽ̶ûиһֵơй߲УëҲ߱޿Ȩë浱ʱ˵ǻûй˹֣κ˹֣ǻɡ

ëʧȥ˶йġǴĿơعӢɽǴŸԱˣվëĶ档Ϊ׵УӢëŹëŸܶҲΪϣձ֧ߡ졢ơ

˵һĵ˹֣䶼ѣڿķֹĳϻú졪˵ҰĲҲһ޶ɷĴϴУйԱͽ̳Ȼ֣ʮţ֪ĻĪ˹ƵȨë˼в

˺ʮ꣬ëһʮ£ʱ߶λعȨ˳յǣһҲûʱһ£Ͼɱ ˹Ʊɱйƽͱľ˸ߴʮë󶫴ûжͬվɱʾκηŭ

Ͼʮʮʧݵġʯѳ人Ϊʱ׶ʮգȥйܶͲĸ֡ǸʯõĹϵйָԱҲȥ̣һʱ人ȡӰйġëڻذʱӰĵλشʵ ëû﷢˻˼£Ӱһͳ¡

ëһظй췢籨ֹԽʯΪ׵ľίԱָӣйҲھίԱڣҲμӾߡһ£˵·ܲݾ߶ɽϡëҪѲӴձҪӰʵϣձûпǹӰֻżըΡձҪоüֵܹսĵطԾܾأ˵ë鱨վ𶯣հ·ɻƺӣʦ±֮ëձ˵ĵëҪº»Ӱյһ籨ر˵Ƕ˱졢صתᶨ˵ȥ

Ϊֹëξڶµٴͷỹиԭһ£ëָʾ켽ݵδʯɣڹ񵳵Ȼ󲨣ʣսʲô˼սʤ󻹲ǹ£ 人й쵼˶ëʮߣΪë̫ͱˣ̫̼񵳡

ξֻϣ֧ٴȷڼٿġߴα档ξ־˵ҪվͱҪͳһɡͳһսƻͳһսжйӱ롰ͳ˧ίԱͳһָӡ黹˵죬ֻձ˹߹ɵȲͼ򵹹񵳡

ЩĪ˹ƵĿھҲëǲָ˹ֶģرʾܡȴձߣ籨·ָӹ˵ǵжӸ桱ͬʱëȡʩֹĪ˹Ʒʵʮξֻʱ԰ȫΪȥߵıʼǣʹһҪĪ˹Ƹ״Ҳûаֽ֤йҪȥʱëʱõݲ¡ʱ߹ʣëĿս߸û




ʮԪվ


ëʮԪ൱ڶİԪдǩվݣһ¶ʮաǰδëֱ֤ݣǡë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡һڹǼ򵵰зֵġ

 


վܲıŵV. V. AndrianovʱǰӰëһǮ൱ڽĲǧ-Ǯչձģ˹˵ӦʦʮʦëĴǼд󲿶ӡ˶ս˵ŬҪ񵳺ֻǹ񵳲Ը⡣Ϊ˱ʾյ飬ëձ˲򣬱ȹ񵳻״

-Ī˹ʱԹ˵ëϸҴ籨˵ǼǮҪǼÿ¼Ǯ

ëò˹ֻ̬ῴһĪ˹Եؽ˶̣ףʮ¸Ҫ﹫쵼µй

±˹־ͻëǡձϸڸë˴󶼱ץëĺڲһ˵й߼ ƷBoris Melnikovķչˡ˹ڿķֹƷ Ĺ鱨ƤǶ˹Osip PiatnitskyڹгëǡּšԱǹǰǣ֮һΪձ˸鱨ëָΪйڡɡ䡱йɡ˹˵ձ ƷƤǶ˹ԼһȺй鱨ԱǹС

ëǰ;Σķ 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
20 У򽯽ʯձ


 
19371940ꡡ4346 

ë󶫵Σûӹһ˵۾Ź⡣һգӰΪģֻΪę̈

Źڳëʦʱӵ۱ëֻвбһ򡣵¹ ëͳɹƻľӣϵĪ˹׿Ϊй䡣طʱŹǻģҲֻʣһ롣ëԲŹΪȻǴǣȻëһ

һʮºɹű߾ȥʱëŹĺķȷ棬ҪڽʯɱһѪ·ʧܺ󣬺ķһǧ˰˱ڻƺӱ˰Ϊ¾һ֧ʱĪ˹ѯйɲܸĵȥ½һ·һǧٹ󲿷̵ɳĮڼ˷׺˹Ҿë֪ǰϣץסĪ˹ƵĽ飬֧¾ȥǡ·

ë֧ϲմ졢²ŵصĹ¾ɳĮȥǷָʾʹǴһһĶսָԱǰ˵ǵǡƮ仯ˣ󳬳Ӧ޶ȡ·ʵ޷֧ȥ Ҫ󷵻Ӱëȴǡ͵ؼ֡һ¶ʮոǡܶһˣһѪ

ѮŹµ֧üȫûĺ⵽ɱһѪսһǧ˱񡣻ǰ²ǱࡣƬϿǻ֪ȴǵʲôˡǧŮսʿǿ飬ɱΪūжֻİµ½ ɻ˸ʳ̣ÿһꡣ

ӻ±·ٱԼϡʱӰ˾ĿһظɲζءķӸ౻񵳾׷·ߵǹʱ ȺܿĽӦǣ־лӭдǣȻǵͶ˵ͬ־ˣǵϢȥٰһһƭɽЩ˹ӵķˡ

ʱǲźءʼЦض˵ͬ־ѿںˣҪ񵳾ˡǹ𾢵ڣһһµȥ ĨĨϵĺ飬Ц˵һ㣬Щ񵳾ЩҲЦЦںˣǰһƽȥ߽ȥǻΪǿЦأȵʱ򣬲ŴУͬ־ǲǹ񵳾ѽģǲǹ񵳾ӣҪ

˵õ⣬˷ŭˣǳͬ־ôǾʹˡ̫ˣǵ

µ˴ʲôǵǹˣѵҸ˺ǹȥʱǸ֧ӳųҪôɵģų˵Ǹ߸ͬ־߸ͬ־ȻǷëϯֻϵëϯëϯ۸ɶ۾͸ɶ

·һûë󶫾ͶӰŹ֣˵·ʧǡŹ·ߡĽںķɲǰŹ⡣ëͼŹϳξֻ֣ΪĪ˹Ʋͬûеóѡ

ŹĻ˵ܾĥǡëںƶ桱ëסլøëסľԱһΣŹ⿴ѧУ ϷʱݡɡĽգι״ĺӡߵջ᳡ʱһȺ׽ŪҵĶӣëҲ֣Ц˵ŹĶӰĽգʺϲǡǡ߽ȥĿΣͽļ˺ǣ뿪᳡һһ˵Ұ̡޲硣

һ괺޿̵Ź⣬ץסë󶫴ĻᣬҪëգΪ¸ϯ뿪ӰȥĻƵ꣬񵳹Աһꡣϣһ񵳵ǰ人ȥܶš

ӢΪľĸ˾人һǴв޳ë˶ӰëĿ֮¡Ź⵽׸˵Щʲô йܡӰĪ˹Ƶı棬Ź人ʱͼѵ ᡱԿ϶Źϵëδ˵人ˣܵԭǣΪĪ˹Ʋͬ⡣ŹͶ·ֻա־ëʵֻӡ

Ź人̸һڣͶ˹񵳡ŸӰĻедţҪ人ʮĺҲë£ ȵȷŹûʲôΣŷ뿪ˡŹӾ人ʱ ܶҪתŹ⣺ҪԵ̫ˡܵġȰŹһȵй²ڹ񵳾ﰲһҲû͸¶Ļ¼ǧҳ֮ûй©Ļ˵ΪʲôҲûɣ񵳶ǳʧйȨ½˴Ͷӽ㶫ɽҽѧԺѧҽйˬͬˡһ߾Źʮʱڼô׶һԺǰһ꣬˻̡

ŹͶ˹񵳣ë˳Ͻľɲǰݹ鱨ͷӴҸʯı棬פ±ϵʵŵĺķٱٶԴˡܿᣬӦ취ȫΧ漴Ϥʱ߼ƴˡ µĿǣĪ˹·׼Ź⡣ʱ˹ֽڹʵϴëĺڲϼ浵ʮ˹ֻǡ£ë󶫱šˡ ëһ֪ЩϢֶԸһ

ëʱĪ˹ư顣ǰĪ˹ƵĵѶϵջָëθĪ˹ƴ籨Ҫȥˣʵǽ˰ɵĪ˹ ȥعйפʵĴһ£Źⱻ⵹ë鷵ĿǴһ乲ʶĵλ̬Ļ֮ǰȥǼڲŽᣬ׳һ仰 ⡰쵼ҪëΪ׵쵼½ë仰в˵λҲıйĿսߡ

µ׻صӰë˻ӰȫᣬȡҪָʾĴһȫỹǳǰġ֪ж١ҪָʾëûٿȫᴫйصΣʱ׶人վĽʱ̣ëȴҪᣬй쵼人 ½սͳͳٻأԶ뿹սӰҪᵽ人ȥëǿӲҾɽҲȥ籨в˵һкԼ

ֻھʮˡξֻϣ鴫˼ĻëžͰڡߴͷα֣˹ûеֿȫʮӰĴٿϯ̨ϵ£ϯ߰ѼĻظһ飬й߲Ī˹Ҫëǵ䡣

Ϊı꣬ëһҪְίϯëΪʮĵýŮɫ߷ֽĵҽƱҵ丸ëѡëڸ쵱֮׺˩סһõˡëϲýҲ֪˵رԾ˵

Ľ̿ʼˡڹҪŽᣬëҵˣëʼʩѻϳϵ˲ò뿪Ȼȱϯܡ󡱡ʱʯսʱ׶Ƶ죬ʮ¶ʮٿᣬʱȥμӡë󶫵ȵľһ졣

ȫйʷȫᣬ˽¡ڼ䣬人䣬ݱռйڵкĸݵҲܵΧ籨 »ٹ顣ëס½첻š

Ϊʱ䣬ëÿξίԱͬķԣһξ֣ һȫϡԼαڲ߾ʱ䡣ëˣݼȳҪ˯һ졣

ʮµǰëҪֶȲˣȺȥܶӢšǰߣëž͹ǣرָʯĻѳǰ෴Ҳͷϣʱ˸Ͳ

ͬʱëָıйĿսߡʱձԾ󷽲йĶ飬Ҳй񵳾ӣͬй̡йǱ񵳣ͳһս߸һС뿪֮ǰëͬһߣαƽʯΪΰ䡱Ҫȫ塰ĳӵίԱɫݵضҪ 쵼֮¡ȫͳһġÿһ֧ǹ׼ձߡë棺лվˣһ裬裬 ԣѹȵūλǸıˡ-

-лվˣ仰һľ깲йʱġй˴ӴվˣһëĻл岢һľվģһꡣһйëĻ˵ǡͳ˧ίԱͳһ쵼¡

һתëȷȫᣬʯʼǵˡйھҪ׼򵹽ʯװȡȨҪձԴĵڵкչҪʱ񵳾ӡëڿսеһȷʯȻͷŵˣսпԴսйս߸ıת۵㡣

ëµҪ֧Ǹйֵ档ȥնΣһŶһɯ?˿ȣLaisa Reysnerйһη¡ǸԶˣëй̨ΨһϣȫῪ꣬ ëȥľĻеӢľ

·ָ»ʱҲйҪչҪռĵطȥ񵳿սС»վëһߡָҲͬëսԡ

ëиǿʱĸ֣ԽƣյӰʱͷںţǵŵͬ־꣡ܿ쿴ë󶫵Զ֮ϣתͶëëίɿй˸񲪵ͷӣԼľԱҲһѡǿΪൣʹëԶס˵졣ë֮䣬һŦ

ӰĵطëڹΪͳսǸҪְλʵʵȨëϡʱӰͷⲽͷһԣ˼żꡣ

ëҹǴΪͬĪ˹ƵĹϵһɲ˵쵼˶кøУǵ˵ţ˽̬ȡëȱ ĵ˵֣óĿ˳ᢸıԶû˽ᡣ

ëΪս̵֮йӷſڵк̣ռϷ硣һһ£·ӿսʼʱǧ˷չʮˡ ľ쵼ҲΪˡһкݵؽ켽󵽶ǧ˿ڡйѳɳΪһ֧ӵй̵ǿʱսˣӰ侲й쵼ᵽë󶫵ĸһ£»Եë˵й˸ԶԤ±䣬ڴ±룬Ӣ䡱ܶҲóϷع˳ë

й׳ëëСĲ˹ֹ˸񵳾ӵװͻֻڻص޷ʱĪ˹Ʊ棬˵ȫǳ ΪһҪѹ⡣

ë֪ȡ˹֡һ괺˹ϲĵݿŵӰĵӰһëžͿһ˹ֵ̯ϡë˹ֵ飬 Ķ״ÿžģرͻϵ˹񡣾ƻΪ˹ףƣ˵˼ĺֻȥһطĪ˹ƣȥ˹֡ҤſΪͱʱëصĪ˹ʲôȻںڰгǸĬĬ̾ϢŹдë̸˹ͬ־ʱǶô鰡




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ëȷĪ˹Ϊ˵פĪ˹ƵĴ飬ʱȫʹߣһֱ룬һ׵ȥǹˡֱΪһɻձ£񵳾Ӱձˡ ֱֻȥĪ˹ƾȫļ˱֤ëǡйɿģоģԭ䡱ëû׼ǣҲʵǵ˵һЩĻ ֻ˵˱˵Ļ˵ܶǡƭӡǡɾ족Լˡ

һ£ëĴҲβע⵽һҲûȥҽԺҪǴĪ˹˵Ǹˡ ɵĻ֮һ˹ǰźʵڷ۾֮滹˵ǡߡĻӡˡںϹ쵼ά˶СشСӦųһ쵼λ֮⡣

ëĵʹܶʮס˿ķֹҽԺвɿǰЩʱˤ۶Ҹ첲ûӺãʱճҳתƣëʵˡĪ˹βǿëҪԣ˵йΪë뱻ѡΪǡĪ˹Ʊ֤йȻǡսһСȻͳһսߡϸйķչԱǿսʼʱ߱ʮǧˣӺ͵̶չŵ˵·ձ˴ǧٰʮŴδ̡

¸ܶͬеĪ˹ơëģΪǿ񱨸˵µսսǡġΪëҪءܶġ󹬡Ϊܶϼͣǰͬǡйĵˡ

ë󶫰˵С״лû˭ëĪ˹Ƹë 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
21 չϷй


 
19391940ꡡ4546 

һ¶ʮգɴ¹ǩַԼϷ˲˹ϣգAdolf HitlerĹгʹ޵ййĴʼ˳¶㡣۵йڹ񵳼Ρһµĺҹ֮࣬дһ׳ʫùŴ˵еĴ˹֣Ǵ˹֡Ƿǵĺ䣬ڰ顣귭֣ëᡣ

յԼǩͨԼĴšʯйܳΪһʹ˾ëȴǳˡëսеսԻϣ룬ʵֵĿܡ

µף˹ŵëԼǩķӦëǩ˶桱ֳأֳص桱 Щйָй棬ʲôأ˹ŵʣйİ ȡռʽë϶ش𸲣壬ֿǴڵġģʽëڴ-˹ҪǸձϷйëȻᵱϰڽɽͳߡ

-ëڲģʽԼ̸Ī˹ƵĲë籨˵ʼǵƻʵʱҴǽҪë󶫺йͬ־Ҫ ߷˹ŵ̸ΪѾΪƻ񡣡ëҲ˵©ˣӴ˲ٽӽ˹ŵֱչһҪ˹ŵʱطй

ڶ꣬ëΪͨշԼȡһ˷ܡڸйָ߲ʾ˵շԼ֤йʤڷΪ¹ռάʱëֿ˰һһΪĿܡʮһһո߼쵼˵ָʾ޵˵չϵĿеģйҪñȽϷʤĵλֻǼŬпܡëһǰǣձֹ񵳿йΡԳΪ磬Ρ㡰ϱ

ģʽձϷй˹ִʱйߡյԼǩʼ˸ձ̸Уйġ̸УйʵԽǿռԽ࣬ ˹ּۻ۵ĿռԽë󶫿׼չ˹ֵĺôһŵһ֮Ī˹ƵıڵԵת䣬ʼֱԲ̸۸ʯӵսյԼǩǰëǰѻ˵ǹҪййڣҩζʮ㣬һ¶ʮձ˵ սУʤһ㶼ǵġںӱǼǧˣɽһˡ

˹ûֹ෴أʵжʾ˶ëĬ׼˸йÿʮܶ뿪Ī˹ƻعʱëһµ̨רΪĪ˹ϵëʦܻͬĪ˹ƽ˷ǳɿĿ磬ֻëϯһȨʹáĵѶëϯԴȫ˭ģҲ

Լǩǰëʼͬձ鱨صĺĿǴʯ桢չй˺꣬ϵĶձפϺĸ¡߼鱨ԱҾӢһҾ˺һձפϺ¹ǩر֤ȷдţձܡԳ֤ѯձ¹ϵӰȥ鱨ɲһȻҾ˵̨ԱֱͬӰϵ̫󡱶ûʹá

˺ҾṩʯĿսйìܳͻԼǿĹϵ鱨Ӣ鱨ԱۡĻѶϢձЩ鱨ۺܸߣһձפʹ˵÷񡱡ձռʱҾר˰й鱨Աȫߡ˺Ҿ˵Щ˽һȥڵأ ѼǱߵ鱨һתϺǸƽ˶νƽ˶ձвйͶķ˶иġǽ˶ίԱᡱ˺֯ҪԱйȥġ

ձ˵ֱֱӵش񵳡һλʱй鱨Ա˵õ˵֣ˣ߽ˣĸԡͬ־ȥŴζô˵ȻֻںݣҲſӣ ڵ˵α֯Уĳǵͬ־ֱ֪ģϺƻŵ֯һڽձ˶ȹΧˣǵĵձ˵ĺ֮µĽ-

-ϣйûձսϾֻһվ鱨פӰ鳤Ī˹Ƶı˵һһйɽվϡ񵳾ӡ

˴ʯ⣬˺һʹձ˷ŹйҾܣձڻ鱨ӰѣڻͣһշûзӦ޽ڻУ˺ձ棨ͨձžıԿƳ״Ĭľ֤·ͨߵĳͨȫձ˶ľ䷢չһֻۣһֻۡձͨ裬ľҲɳ׳ձΪʲôҪйձʵĵܵҹʣձֻӵľ١ձΪй߱սҪԣֻܵҡձʼհѽʯΪҪˡ

һ괺ĴƬضй·˹ֵĬ£·ȫǧ񵳲ӣڻռ˾ơʱ¡»еҲӦôձˣȻ˵ȥһգ׼ģƻձߡëҪܲ׼ǰѲӵȥ̡·ƻֻա

ǲԸսġʱʯΪս⣬ȥ̸С;ëҪһӰǿߴ󡱡ӰûСߴ󡱵ӰӣҲȥλ·˾ҲزȥˣֻܴӰëǩԼָʾϣƤͼ¡

ëܶȥ졣ë涨йκ˸ʯϵҪͨӰתܡĪ˹ƺؼͨ·߬ëС

һ£ս˽ͷձսʱ׶ǿ˺ըɽǳΪϱըĳСµʱܵըλ̫ƽսձȫܵը֮һһϮǧƽȥվͬʱسƽ졣ձҪرյԽ·ҪӢرյ·Էй⽻ͨϾʵĽӼá⣬ǽеͨ½Ҫ¶ʮոʮգӢȺհ죨Ӣı·ֻ£죬ʧҪձź͵ĿҪŨʯйǰδеΣ

ë˵ֱ˹ŵ͸¶ϣǡָձˡһֱȥǣòԤ

Ȼߺͳ·»ô롣һѣｯʯЩѹڻһģ·սۣȡ˸֣Ŵս¶ʮգ·׼ڰʮ£Ѽƻε籨ë ëûлشëõַǡĬ񡱡εë޻Ͳٵȣڰ¶ʮն֡

֪ëⳡսʹΪ˽ʯй棬ձһǿ԰·ݵصɨԤȾͿǵһ㣬һ֮ϡ

Ŵսһ£ҪǴձӣƻͨҪսԾʩձս¼ƣ˴ϮȫҾ֮⣬ʧ󡱡Ӧɽľú⵽ƻٰϲܳúձòѽʯһʦͣȡͨϵ·

ŴսҪӰйʿرڱջըÿ಻ԵĹ񵳵ֽ׷·󹫱˵ǶձҥԹƵġĴ˲ǳҥ˵Ƿѻڧ𣿰ʵǿ ܶë籨˵ŴսӰ켫󣬽Ҳ˵áڴ˵ĴձֽǴšŴսΪëⲻС

ëŭѼһΪ·˳ش˵ձ˵ǡʹľȡ˱Ľѵı˶ԹʶӶȡΰʩߣʹΰЧõǰߡݵرѹһ룬˿ǧİ򽵵ǧ򡣵⻹ëԭ»ñؽݵأʱ·Ŵսǰʮˡ

ʹëǰŴս˽ʯĿԣҲͼԤĿܡ»սԲһ꿹սйӴΨһĴ ̣Ժﰤ

ձ˵ĴٽûʹʯͶ̨ëİ취ʱΪֹͣ𲢣ƻľӷֿפڲͬʱ·ڻѾռռĵطûʲô̺ôսĽƵ˳ĻУľ֮ءʯҪľ򣬱ϵ·ĵȥйռءһʮգʽһƻôǡʾҪľһڵλ

ëһڻؾ˽ʯҪĳ򣬸ҪʯǿиľһȫսͿܱʹµʱдëĴǣս˻Ԯйë̬ơ

ëĪ˹Ʒ籨ҪĪ˹ưش񵳡 ľûбƣʮ³ڻżһһǧ񵳲ӣ졣ʯһԣͬ¼һ鱩¶ִˣȫսֻʮʮٴ꣬ľһڱƵ涨

ëš뼤ŭʯٽչȫսܶ˵ʱͻᡰʯµҲͬձϷй

һ¡޵ˣȻûвȡжë㣬ʮһոܶĵ籨˵ʯµңǿ۸

ʮһգʮ¸ڣëĪ˹ƿǰǿҵؿ׼ս籨ëյ˲ͨļ򣬶ҼëڹڵҪ֧Ŭ˹صע˹ֺ͹ľ磨Semyon Timoshenkoë˵ļƻǡʮ򾫱ʯ󷽣򼸸ʤ̡һжΪԤԵȷˡ

ëεҪȫսԴƵ·չӽͬձ̸СëŵͬձԽʯйһ̨ܿܿģʽϷйͳʵ

ʱ⽻ĪзVyacheslav MolotovҪȥ֣ĿϣհĪ˹ƽսĪздйʯ йʵֹٺƽıҪΪʵһƽ׼ͬ¹һˣ޹ձĪзϣ˵Ǳ֮Ŀǰ־·ϣ͵¹Ҫáϣն²Ȥ

ձйʮ¶ݵշļʾձֻͬ⡰ɹź½ΪΧ˵˵û˵ձǡϡʡ¸йݵءи롰ԼйĿΪ ֻ¸˹ֵȻԶԶйӵеĵʹöࡣ

Ī˹޷ͬձЭ顣ζձȻܵͷ˹ֵĵ֮ȻǹסձëҲͲܴȫսʯľ¹ʴ޿ɷ˹Ϊʲôȥｯʯǰй

˹ִǰձߵε˩й

ʮһ¶ʮգķֹëĿǰʱҪȡʱ䣬ڻеӱϣ뽯ʯּۻۡԹؼ㲻ҪжͬʱĪ˹ͬëһʱʵʯ㣬ȫ£ѡսξͶڽʯͷϡ

ëļʧҲϣʯŵһǹͿԶ֡ǽʯϿľƵȥʯûж䡣ëó ۣٽǲܵġë󶫾һ־ƣʹʯֲò۶ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
22 ±䣺ë


 
19401941ꡡ4647 

ľίӢëв֮ʮǰֹëѪȱ AB ţë AB ŵĺ̨ëԤëҪŻȨë̬ȲģŪë

ӢܲһǧԱǧӣפ룬ԶƲʺʯƵĻɽ֮ࡣһʮ£ӢܲľΨһڳϵĲӡëѰٷ֮ʮĶ鶼ѵ˽ָӲë渺ӢϽľٷ֮ʮ

ëӢĹܲ͸ʯĲȥɱ¾ƽʯһǹʹ˹ͬȫս£ľȥѳø񵳣ë֮ڣëӢԱ

·һֱ˶˱ϣɿķͭ꣬һϷߣڳνϲ򽭶ɽʮʮգʯ涨Ӣ·Ϊһ񵳺ڲںḷ̌ӢȥսӢϼĹ񵳳ٹףͬ籨˵ձαϽΪʹþϲӣֱӲμӶԺ֮Ӧ׼򽭱ɣֻ׼ɽԭرɡ

ëû򽯱ʾ飬ʮգ׼·Ӣ˵ֱͬɽ

ǵڶ죬ëͻȻ籨ҪӢ߽ʯصط·ߣΪáһ·߸ı䣬ëû֪ͨʯʯΪӢᰴҪ һһһշ籨ľҶͦ·ߣ˵;񵳡ڻ

Ӣֽʯ֪·ѸģϽոʯ˷籨֪ͨ

ؼ籨ûʹｯʯԭëëֹйֱӸʯϵе綼뾭ܶתëӢĵ籨ѹ ˡ-Ӣ籨ֵСʱϵҹųΪʯӦõõı·ߵϢˣ;פĹ񵳾ҲӦýӵ·ˡ

-ëѹӢһչؼ籨ĸݣһʮոܶĵ籨˵ǰתҶ֧ġ½磬ʲδ𽻡ⲻ˵ë תӢĵ籨˵ëʮջǰһŰӢյĵ籨ܶʱӢӵĹѾڳһں

һյҹ꽻ӣӢһľ˹ʮפЩûеõӢҪ·֪ͨΪľƣͿ˻֮սй񵳽챻ʹľĹףͬӢĲӡ׼塱±䱬ˡ

ŵӢһһ籨ӰҪë񵳽ͣ𣬵ë޶˾գľָӲë̸ӢëŻص˵ʲôҲ֪ԺûеõӢĵ籨Ҷձ棬ҹ俪ճ̫ƽؼ䣬˺󼴲ˡ

һյգ񵳾ΧӢҵ죬ëûнӵӢĵ籨ЩӢĵ̨ϷȵĵѶ涼յˣëûյûյΪʲô跨ָϵҪʱ̣

ëĵ̨ƺڹؼʱ̺˼ϡ±ʱҲûյĪ˹ҪЭͷŽʯָûյӢȵһ籨ʣëΪľΧëҪʯǡĪ˹Ʋſ ׼ȫսͬʱҲһ˫񣬳Ӣĸ֮

յһ¾շëĵ籨ëĵ̨漣ػָˡʮգ ľܲë֧ҹ֮սѱɲȫ׼Ե뼰壬򽯡˽棬ԲϧȫвҪ˳ΧȡȻëԾһ

ʮ죬ӢԼʯ˷籨󽯳Χ籨ٴηëתëٴΰѹëܶ˵Ӣ籨ǰһ⡰˵ܽδת㴦

ʮһ䣬ܶ쿪ƻᣬף»ձꡣëľܲΧĵ籨ʱܶףϵݵ籨Ҳǽܶ񵳽ͣ𣬶ֻǷͨ

ʮëܡؽ棬ճΧë⽵Ƶԡԣáпɹ족Ļľܲѱġѱܶʮղ顣ʯѾǰһֹͣˡ

ʮһ죬ëͻȻԾܶȫԮӣ׼ٷѲв⣬Ʒ ʯͳ⡣һ¾ģҪĴȥ򵽵ס

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Ī˹Ƶ̬ȣëԤϵˣΪǳɥ̬£һʮһգĶд˷ѰţӢ ǰӵӢĳţţӢƬƬ

ǼεƬҶδܶǲ֪ ǳˣܻϲġΨһǽ飬ᣬȻѧѧϰ̸ЩΡҪ̸ģĿǰǱĶϰȻѧΪˣѧ֮ɵùѧΪȻѧΪ֮עѧֻпѧѧʣô

ëһӵƵģǺسУ˸СңëȻҪĶ̸ΣóĻʧƣߡ

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Ӣڽʯͣ˳ʮҹһɽ˯ʱٿǹٱͶԹӢӢϵĽͶ񵳡

Ӣոհѹ񵳵İΧȦʱë󶫾Ȳ巢飬 Ӣ±˵һ쵼ĽӰӢڼ飺˴ʧǷڼıڣд飬˻ɵġֱ죬±Ӣͽʯϡ

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˹ͳйϢһǹٷʿ˹ŵҪǺ½սӾٿѷEvans CarlsonѷйĻ룬˹ ı£תʿĿһλͳ˹ŵ֤ʵ˿ѷĿҲ˵ǿɿġ±ʱѷ죬ػʢȥ׿˹й˵

ӢûԮɸǽʯӢӢѹҲͲ޷𼪶Winston ChurchillὯʯΪܣ϶ӢڻǸвӢʹƶClark KerrֱԲضԽ˵ҪǴսӢֽ֧˭ġ±ʱ׶صĻ㱨ǿƫйҲ˵й˼Ҳֲܶһˡ

±Ī˹֯һƺƴķƽʯɱһľʵǧˡǧľɹӣԭѰΧȦת·ɹߵǽʯָ·һ·ȫûɧš

ʯûиľ壬ܲǵɢľ˵ӡѾľȫɱˡԽǣһ򲻿ϹйΧ߹񵳾ӵϢҲ׼ý屨Ƕ֪ʵʧ±ľöࡣ´սϢӰʿ͹ԮĳĬй⡣˵ǲҲǴ˲ʤˣαأԭǶΪ±ǿսΨһĴģսǹɱ޹Ĺˡ

Чǹġ죬ܻĺָܶëΨһ֪ˡëλԻˡɯǶMartha Gellhornʱʶܶģϰݵܵ¡˵Ҫٻ׷ܵĺǡɷErnest Hemingwayǰܿú׼Ĺ۵ʲôʲôò

ָ£й۶Ը˵鱨Ա˹ŵṩ˴й˵˹ŵŦԼȷ̳ϣһ仰ǣͻĵһƪɿı

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ʹЩһعܴӰ졣ǣЩֱʮһżաһһ꣬˹Ȱ˵£ûаЩ⹫֮ǣǵǲҪǴս

ǰ׹Ҫ±йػ鱨ĵڰæ˵һȨо½ۣ˵ǸõͬߡǼڰ׹ġѡλѵй֮мΪй֮¡ȷԽʯ˵˴˹ż⣬ͳţͷģһӢǿйʵߡϲǶũ̬ȡԸŮ ̬ȡձ̬ȡнʯҪѿŸԺˣҲҪʹԼѷNelson Trusler Johnson

ڸ˹ı󽲽ʯĻй˵йΨһܴӵĵ˵չԭ򡣶±䣬й˵ձơ

ھʯδܽһֱ˹ͨ·ʯת˹ɸܹͳ֮䡰޸ҵشιʣʹܡͳֱϵѡפһδʹ£William BullittһԹûлˡﵱһڷѡԺҲû˹㱨ʯ˸ѧĦOwen Lattimore ˹沿û˵ϽҪˡʯ˹֮ھС

һϵйϵѹ±󣬽һ¶ʮսפʹķֹͣҲ˵˳ۣǵҪʲôҪʯľڳйȡıĵҲʯһһӦë޵ضй˵ʯ췴ȥֻԼֿ̨ġëѾʹá췴۶ˣ񽯽ʯѾҰѾӵɽˡ

Ӣʯֽãë൱ٻزʶȻͿ˹ŵļ߶ôӢǼ˵ӡһʮ¶ʮգܶĵ籨˵ڰձ¼¾ù£¼£¹Ӣײ¡ձձͶձ½˳ййӢɴӲϾװڰĪˡ

ӢӰйëԶձռöࡣͻȻ˸һٰʮȴת䣬ʮһдŸܶ˵աʾҪ鱨񳿲ϤӢ޺ռкٲҪǿԼӢˡӦӢ⽻硱

ܶȻëʲô鱨ʹëȻʣԭӢôʱܻ޴ԱرԱС̫ƽսйĵλԽԽҪܶҲԽԽ¯ࡣ

һһ£ͬձǩˡԼԼʹձԷֽǣϮۣëĻ˵йûнҲ˵աûйϷййûеϲ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
23 Ӱ磺ֲȨ


 
19411945ꡡ4751 

һһ¶ʮգ¹ë󶫵ĴͬСɡˡϣһġԹ˲ϾȻܶˡë˯ž-

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ȣĴִӮĻëָԹ񵳵кӦֹͣκιж

ձСĲȥ¹Ժ˹ҹǶܵУҪйǣձ֤ձʱձĪ˹ëձйձΪ˹ëжշ ˵½һ󣬹Ҫй岽衱

й쵼˶ΪձӦжһë籨˵Ҫձ·ľ뷴ǣձëΪձһսмܱʹˣйҲܴձʮգ磺·ĴģԲˣǰʱĳڶķ룬ԭҾ󶯱Ԫվ Լȥ򣺡ȫ־ʤ̡԰·»˵κվսϣֻܡսԵϣǳڵϣս۵һʱϡԲһҪִ̼ˡձˡ

ǰëڶĪ˹˵ľǿ󣬹·ʮǧ˰پʮˡëĪ˹˵Ĳ̫ܴ̣ȱݵСҩûһһѡĪ˹Ʋָձʱھϵÿֲܴ󡱡

˹Ըëε籨Ҫǣձˣһǵ¹Ī˹Ƴʱһ˹ָմսǰϦëԾܾ⼤ŭĪ˹ơʹŭɶëյ룬˵ɽȥλ˵ëܾæΪ첻ˣ޿ɷ򽫾˵ëϣյĽȡ˵ë˵˹ִ򲻹ϣաʮƴӮķ˹塣

Īз򣺡֪ëǣôҪ Īзǵģ֪ⲻýͣ㲻⡣ǿȥɵϣǲɵϡ

˹ֺë󶫱˴˽ģǶǰڵһλʹǲʱͻͬĳԶһ𡣲˹ֶëôŭûֹͣë򽻵

Ȳձˣֲ򽯽ʯˣëϾҪйһѱĻ

һһ°꣬йʮԱųǿսԺġߣ־Ըӹ񵳹Ͻĳйݵء־Ը߶ëرҪϸɲ͸ݵũ뵳˴äǽ̶ȱȽϸߣëδȨҪĻĹ˲šëҪѪ׵塣

Щ֮־ԸμйΪڿսʼ֪ʶת ʱйҪеͬˣйṩյľʡݼڣҲΪйȫȫձ

Թ񵳵ʧںܶСȨꡣûܲйرȱȽǵƶͲйڳǰĲҾҪô֪ҪôˣҪôţڹ񵳵ҲΪйıߣŵ սڣйΪҲ˾Ǳˣˣʿôšֹڼ䣬Ϊйͷ˴˹ŵӰ͸˵

ӰѪԼˣʮʮ꣬йµǽܵ顰ʥءġӰʱһ˷״иڼӰĳͷˣʱ˷ܵüҪڳӰǲͣĻׯϵĹųǡʼǸ߳𡶹ʸ衷ͶġĽɷɲֳþ ʡ̼أΪ֮ߵӰ̡ĸ쳹ȫǡ

߱ѧУѵܿģǾͻʧˡӰǳһΣʵʮǧʹʧǡƽȡ⡣ĺģȻڸʥ޼ƽȡȨȱȽǡͳ˵ ÿλдСС⡢ʹǴһС͸ˡ ߼쵼رӪʳƷ

Ҳһһ˴֯Ⱦˡ쵼˴ͳڵбƲëڿǼϸĲһΪëϴϴӶ˸ǣ˲¿ӵʸֻܴްڸð

Ʒ̲ݡдֽȼ䡣˵ӣй쵼˵ĿȥԼıķְλһЩĸ߸ɵԽҽԺר˷̡ٵһЩĸɲͺϱԺҽһɲҪôӣҪôԼ뷨ӶԸ

ʹҽҩ䰴ȼëҽ£ҽʲôҪֱĪ˹Ҫܶ籨ҽԺָ߸ɲһ˲ҽԺҪţ˵ķҲֵȼ

ստʼʱӰиĺʮֻҽƶӣһ㹲Աϰտˣҥ˵õҩȫжģʳˮ¶ɢϸҽƶߺ󣬸ҽҪΪȨײ

Ӱ۵Ȩ־ΨһһŦԼϴ·ȾԱġë˽лˣר˶֪ǡëϯСëܽӽΪ⡰ӹ񵳵ר͸ëõġ˾贿ëӽ˳˵ഩɫĴװëڳ˫˫۵糸ҡУ·˶Ϊ֮Ŀ

ӰʢһЦӰ̫ƽȵġ ëȨǹڻжһ죬־ëڶԺÿ춼ͣëס΢Ц ԵЩΡ

־Ը߽͵ȼƶȵģͬ־ǣЩ쵼ͬ־ԼҪܵúһ㣬ǵΪͬ־ԵĹ׺ΣȨҪѽֵøһ㡣磬ëϯҪÿһֻ

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ʧ־Ըȴû뿪ǽӰͳȥˡط ĺɫݵأһŽ桱ɼ˵ӰϸɲУ¸ɲУ˼粡Сũӵֱʵؼȥ֪ʶӸɲʹˣǲ˵ؼȥǱһ׻ԣ˵컨׹Ҫ󵳵ǳ⹤Ȼ׼

˾ҽԺ￴һϷûвΪʲô͵ һţһͼָԱָ֡Ա˵ͬ־㰲һ㡣кװͬ־ѹס м˵Ҫؼҿ˫׺ͶŮһٴٲ׼Ӳ˵񾭲ǵ ʱиµĸɲ߹ȥָָǰҵġ¡˵ͬ־ǵйٵĸʷѽ

ƨãʮˣ˼ٵ٣ кóԺôΪʲôؼȥ

־Ը˵ܸ죬ץٴ󲿷ҲͶߵͷˡ

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ȣëǵĴͷˡʮĹԱʵζʵζ˹Friedrich EngelsĻʮգӰҪֽձ¡ҰٺϻëһʵζдӰƺЩ𾢣ƺװв Ϊʲôأȱʲôأ˻ش˵Ӫ
ȱάԡ˻ش˵ӰŮıǡʮ˱һҲˣԡ˻ش˵Ӱ̫̫ ȱ֣ԡ

Щش𶼲ûеġ˭ҲܲϣӰ꣬Ǳ¸׷ʳɫĿ֡

ʵζĴǣӰʧˣԵȼƶʧˣԸȱȡʧˡ·ŮӵһζԻ˵˼Сʲ׼ƽ壺ʵԼе塣¶ֻԼ⻯ͬ־ҲգҲգҲգҲգĮģ

ߣѻһڣǵסͬ־Ҳ

˵ú׼Ѱѽʲôѽƨ˶˵ͬĶûУ

ĸɲɲģʵ̫ˡ

Ұٺϻʱʵζѻ˵øֱ롣һ˵ӰûеȼƶȣⲻʵΪʵʴšһ˵ǵģеȼƶȣǺġҪһ롣ʵζԼ룬Ѿ治ˣԼĹ۵㣺Ҳƽߣ·ɫʳȣȴʵڲñҪһ溦ͬ־Ȳһѧһֻõϡ࡭һЩΪġǳҪġܡ¶ϸо࣬ǲΨûаҡǽܲЩġ

ëЩİ칫ϵıֽʵʵζ˧˼˧̴绰ձܵࡣ

ʵζְѸ˼дǽϡëǽڣ֪ʶһ͸ţ˵԰ءë˵ĺôǶޣֺʧ紵˺ȥǣӡˢƷʵζǽڵ뷢а𡱡ǻҪȼԼĹͷԼʣͬ־ĹͷëûУǲǶԡġ˾л˵֮ǲǶԡС֯Ҫ˽⣬ һаǱյӲͷʵζѾǷȨȼǹĶǡ췴ˡ

ʵζǽڲϣ߸ߵ⣬Ӱֵĵ²Ǵ˷ϢظľǶ̶̵ļ֣Ǽ˵˵Ļʵζ˴ĿеӢۡ

һ䣬ë󶫴ȥʵζǽȺеʵζĺʵζ˵ٵˣӺԶĵطܵС޹£û˿ҵѽʵζưԡʵζӰ˧ǽص˶ȥǡ˾Ǵ˰̡

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ڵжȹġһ꣬񵳵ļӰʵζŪǣǼһˡκд

ظ˵ǸɡҹëϯӦñëϯ ҶʴȸмԳע⵽̸ȫݽʱԼǿ˵ȥġ󡯣ıൽ¡ʱɫġҵĹ۲죬ľܵĴ̼ںǻʱ Ҳβ˵ġ

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һĶ꣬ʵζëɱӺҪ־ԸǲμһʵζĻᡣëûбסʵζϾĻЩϸ Щ˺ֶܶû˵ӰտʼĻʱΪ˰Ǽס֣˵ǿԼӳԼ

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ǶЩµĳԱЩ֯ӰġΪݵģֻһڹԴӸµʮĵԱſڡҹ˯ַѶ£˵Ѷʾ˵Ļµ 

ôڣë󶫰Ѽ־Ը߶ɷһ£ǧ˱ؽɽΪڵҤһй˸񲪣ʱСᲿڵ԰ĺɽɹǧˡë һסҲĻ˱ѺڸԵĻػѧУеλȫ׼ءëλʵзڽϣֹͼɡ䡱ǱλˣԷǹͳֻͨռһλһɡ

һ㹤λ׼ëҪδͳ£йģʽϣʤϣա˹һʹͬһҹ֮ ַʽë֮µĽŹϵֱӲѹʩ̷ϣա˹ָЩ´õ ܾ̫Gestapo˸񲪣صһ˿ź档ëķʽ˶ö࣬Ҳöࡣ

Ѻ־ԸǱųԼ񣬻ҧⲻץ񣬶־塣ӰҲץǲ¶ɫڰʱСëʦ˵ߡ΢ɵͰˡ Ѹ١ܡϢش-

-еʬ廹óʦдιһҽԺһۣøֽһԼʮʬҽԺʿҽѧõġԭߡǶзӣɿ׼ġʣǱʱǻˣش𣺡ȻҽȻ

־ԸʩѶƹǲ˯ʱڡҲеϻһഫͳ취ţŻ˵оͰѶ߷ŽҤǹСڳŵҹԶԶɽһһҤߵĲҽӰ

ëԷָʾЧѣȻֱ˵̡ίʡƹšһʮգ˵˶Сһ᷸ƹŴ󡱣̫̫ٶã̫޵ķʸ˶Ŀչ̫ɴԪԾע⣬ʱΪԭ򡣡ëϸΪҪ ߽Ϊ

ѺϵЪ˹̹״ᡣ־ԸһƵ̨ϣǿȳԼ񣬡١ǵͬ־ٵĸų̋ȥ ̨һƬ׺ݵĿںУıߣѺ ϼǹе̳ë˵Щ̹״ʹˡֻŵȡʱ˵̹״ᡰһּصսĳ϶ĳЩκ̷

ոһգ¸һ£ӰѶһһ̹״ᣬ иָ˼顣ÿϴԻݻ˵־Ϊëͳε һɲ֣֡񳪸裬ֹͣеһ˶ʱҲðд˼顱ʱëд˼ԴεддΪȡи˽һжԲסͨͨ

ëҪ֪ÿ˶Щܵˣ˭ˣʲôǹٷϢ ЩͳͳС㲥ÿ˶ҪС㲥ӰǣģҪд˵ԵĻûУģĽģ Լ˭ʲôõĻҲҪҲֹһΣڣд С㲥˺ܻáϵʲôνõĻ ⲻ׼ȷ壬ʹں֧¾диŵ˰

һű֤ݣȻûʲô˵ģΪʲô򵳻㱨أ޷˽Ȩһ˽ơиѧԺķߣС㲥Ĵ˷ʣǷ ĻҲҪȫЦǷԼѧԺĴ˶ ëһ°ѧԺһ⣬ԱְԱȫ񡱣ѧкܶ񣬿ǹ

ͨС㲥ëɹǻܣ˺֮ŦûٸҶ˷ǼȻҴСϢˣëҲͿסΨһķǹٷѶϢܵеĹٷܵ߬СӰⲿı ֽ̨żͨҲΣաѶϢĿݽߴԵĽֳȥȲֲֽ֣֣ͬ˽дһдҲ¡Ϊ˱ʾףռǱ׷׽˳ȥǲ˵붼롣

Ŀźϴԣ־Ը̥ˣǰҪΪƽȵݱɻˡһ£Ӱرնļߵһλ׼ʱԳ۲쵽ͬһ⣬ʹʮˣ֪ʶӵˣǵĴһµġʵģǹϣպͶ⣬⣬𸲵ݣǡ࡯ǣ һ¼ϵǵ˼ֱӵĹơԸеӰĿʹϢڱʱ޻ʹǽſЦһǿӰ˴ף֣صı飬Ҫ֮УëʱĬ ̸֮ܶ⣬˾ͺ˵һЦġ

˹ŵ˺׶˵һӰʱǻ˵Цë߹˻˵ϵˡûٸô˵ˡ䳰ȷ Ĭ˵Ƥɧܱɡ񡱡

ëҪĲ־ԸߣԸͶ־ԸߡԸͿܲԸëҪǻˣһťͰ־Ŀʵˡ

һڶԵսϽд󷴹սձͻë򽯽ʯὭɽˡʱëҪɲӰ翪ʼ¡

й鱨شʱ𣬿ɽһߵĿڹУжʵû̺ܻĥѵȻɣ㷲ʹһ鱨شһͷܿ϶߲־Ըߵİٷ֮һ

ݵشʱʼץ񡱡ëҪЩ˴ͷ𣬰Ѷ̹״һһһ顣ë鱨ع߲ٷ֮һĹƷŴʮɰٷ֮ʮӰ񡱡

һȥˡһ괺ëȷе֪սܺߡ

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ȥǧˡɱΨһĽѡеǽееİӺɱȻɱɱβȥΪ٣һʦ̻ͷδԾɱδܵɲï ռпɼһߣҪһͬ־̸̹׺󷭹һ鲣ʵɱдֲϡ

ɱҲǿʽһܺȥԺͬ־ǰʬйٵҤ棬ߵĻǣ

й깤Ľһ¸ţ˴˶֪ʶӵԱͶһŨӰ൱صش˵൱֪ʶӵԱĸ顭ܶ˶ԻԵ¶һֻҰ飬Ľȡģˡͬ־ʧɥʧĵĳ̶ȡ

ë󶫺Щ˻Ϊ񣬲ǶôʹࡣѾй֯ȥˡڱѡ£ֻȥΪ˹ȥǿҡëܾǵ壬˵ǾһԩΪ˾ȹҵܵĿ飬ǳߵġϴΪ񡱾Ҫë˵Ժ˽֪仰ڴʱġ

ëҪܺǰߴ򽯽ʯˡΪ˻ǵԹŭһ괺˼ιǸڴϣժñӾϹǾ־񡣵ĵǸǴܹҴǸӰ󡱡һȥѱ赭дһʴӰɣϴ裬Ŷˣǽ۵Ƥˡҹİ׵սԼͬ־öˤһӣϣϻĸɾëԾӣ˵Ӵ˶ӣͲҪǳˡ

ë˵Щʱڳᣬ޿κεᣬһ˵ᡣеĴΪսΪпԩǵƶսǰŰëͽϽǺسΪëѹйĻëܻǿ٣ǿ׿ǿֲνӰ硱ǡӦǡӰֲ

еԱڲ̶ͬϱһ飬ЩûֱܺˡǵñȽҷˣͬ¡ѡɷӣϸܺһܵ˺˶òμ̹״ᣬĿÿµĳ档˶ڿ־УһֵԼ޾ġ˼顱ÿ˵˽Ӽ̤ëƣֻ˰ٷ֮ʮˣʵǰٷ֮һ١ҡǿȡë󶫾Ȩ

УëÿԱϵѡʷϸϵͨͨȥ˶һëӴ˹񵳿͸йļÿһֶܵЩܵڼȫսһɸι͸ȴ겻һ顣

Ḷ́׼ȫսĹ̡־ԸǲμйΪǿգ˲޽ë˵ܶˡù񵳺ܺãƯïռǼأϸɲս˽׼ޣ¸ɲڽʯм롱 ʯʱȫϵĿս䡣Ӣһǩ˷ϳƽ ԼЭʹӢڻȨ⣩һʷԵش¼ëҲòӰףᡣʯʹйΪǿ֮һӢղУϹзȨĳ¡

ëĨڽʯɹ˶ԽʯĳޡץץʯνձҲ˵ΪʯġëΪ򽯵춨

ڼ䣬½һ¡һĶ꣬½ͳʢŻйıɱվߣй½ԱëΨһŵĵܵ񣬶ΣաӰ뿪ëǼ¡ һʢŰëһʮйԱӺͶëԶ£ëĸŮҲδϱ˼롣

ΪʢڽʯĪ˹һҪйפܶ򽯽ʯͷǡйǴڶʮռܶ籨Ҫͬ档ǣëڶʮյܷһ籨гͬ񵳽ľݣֲֻͷ½ߡǣܶͬ񵳴һϵл̸УҲûһҪ

ֱʱܶһ졣ʮգܶһʹȥ´ʹᡣ£ܶëָʾûͷ½Ա¡ܶ˵ǰ͸ʯдţһֱûлĪ˹Ʊ˵˵ⷬʱֱ롰ǶͷشšȻѡʵϣּܺǰգոʯ棬ʯʮѺãֻܶδͷ½ԱҪ

Ϊʲôëָʾܶͷ½ԱҪ󣿻᲻ٳһ±ĴɱԼ𹲲˶Խʯĳޣ

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ܽ˵³ת׼ԺҪҽԺŰ̴١ڵʱ¶ǡΣյġڱҽԶաʮգԺ죬һƬҩȥͳԺˡܽ˵ʮһƬͷΣʮķƬŻͷΡξʹƢ״ʹʮֽв˳һƬڶϾͷּԵ׼ף״󡱡

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ҽԺ󣬽ĸʹСմĽƷΪʹ߹жܽоһϵСж󡱣˵ԵĹж

Ȼʼɽˣֹͣ˳ҩˡ£ٸҩԭӰµԱƽPyotr Vladimirovڶ˵һģָЩй쵼ʶļܸߣǸֱ˹֡ͬĻվ鱨ִAndrei Orlovһ̨ԱֱӸĪ˹Ʒ籨

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ļĻƽȥЩâĪ˹ƣһյ˼ϡëȻ֪״籨Ҳ˷籨ˣ˵ǽɷɻĪ˹ơ

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ë󶫵ļȡ֮֮ߡֹΪԼ ڼ䣬ǲ뿪Ӱġ

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ӢҪҵ󷵻ͨ籨߸ףëܿص˵ʯͬɻӢʰװָʶͯԺԺдţ տࣺҵֵܡһʵˡֻã⣬һֱĥ

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ʮ¶ʮգһɻˣ죬˼鱨ԱûһͿԴǶסԺ꣬ӳԶҩҲʮŸࡣѵֻʵؿ棬Ե򶨰ĶӸǣһΣĸ׹ֹһòס죬Լ޳ʹĳӡ׺ӵ

Y ˵Ӱö˴˵жҪǸ߼ɲ֪һ㵳ԱҽԺйϵҲ˵ˡ˽۶ˣëҥ İ취òҵԼڷϡ

ʮһһգڶɻ뾳һںëٿӰ߸ɴᣬԼϯ̨ϡûμӣֻһĸɲӹѺŲ̄ϣҷ˵ͷһ˵ͬ־֮жĳĳΪ ˼ë󶫡ŵ̨˵˻ʮգָëдţ˵ǡѡҥʾһʮֵȳлëϯ¶׮Ӿ˾š

Ī˹ɷɻջӰҲֱܵԴǵĵ̨𻵣רŴǱǹëĪ˹ƶԿΪ֪˹Ҫ޷Ҫʱ䣬йˡ

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-һ¶ʮսɢⲻǸӣ԰˹ֵ˹

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һһ¶գƽѼĵ籨ëԺëŭùֽʵƽһӶͣд˷ص磬һ

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ë籨ǹ˳Уϵظлҵָʾҽоִ᳹Сڵ⣬ǵĿŽᡣҲߡġһ˼롢һи鶼ҵġë漴ΰݷ̸

¶ʮ磬˵ëĵڶ籨Ī˹ɵ籨ٲȻǡǿԺ

¶ʮգëƽӢ籨ҪҪŻй籨˵ԶӵġѧϰɼܸˡҪӲҪ壬ܺáëҪӢŬ˹ͼתҵʺ򡱣ûǾûйͬ־ǵĺӵĽͳɳëⷬ˵Ī˹ģڸĪ˹ǰѰӢʡ

ͬʱҲҪëЭȻ˵ëìܲĴǴӦŬëֻǹؿĪ˹ƹë

ë˫òëʤӰҪôôֻǲܶڵڹӰҪ֮һǰͷŻɲǴ沿ûë۱ڴͥ¿ڣǲһĴϣ̨ȥ˵Щָضõ̧ܰʵĵȻû˶˵ëϥϣҪëֹëʹ飬ëʯһ˿

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һ꣬ëڸ¶ʱܶëʵҪٴһʹ˿ġУë쵼ĵµţٵͷӵΣաëӰʱŲһȥëʮշвĵ籨ɶ𵢸飬һ٣ һӡ·һӰëͷһָ𣬻˦һ䣺ҪڲӪں

ܵսľڡӭƪ빵ظëʮһξֻϣһԼ죬˵Լ˼ġס˵Լǰ쵼ǡ۵۾ԼСūԡڵڵݽ˺쵼θѣëδ˵ԴˣܶȫëѱԺʮֱ꣬нľǲʱ͵ëūš

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һٻӰëһ򲻸ûϴ Ӱе룬ͳԷе˷ѿߡдϯһ̺Σһ¿һʣˣһ̺ҪԵũһͶֱԲطëĸ˳ݣ˵żݲԡ޳ɵë˼ָ롣һ죬մӼųᵳԱľȻ˼˵ٵĹǺѵġ

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25 йġ˹֡


 
19421945ꡡ4851 

Ҳʹë˶ηСҪֿǶʱǳëҲǵµıӡʲôʱʲôط뵳岻뵳˷Ͻܹ˸ëдԿĻɣ˵ѱ䡢ͬ־̻̲Ī˹Ƶ̬ȣһʮµĵ籨ë˵ΪЧܿ͡ɡ⵱Ȼ˹ֵһ꣬Ī˹ƾҪйѿ쵼Ȧ

ȫëëںĹȥ෴أҪľǿĹȥëϲаѱץˡë￵һӶĵһǰãһëûѱ䡱

˹ֵ෴μϴˣǸ̬Ⱥ񡣿Ⱥڴŵ÷ĳ棬ŪеƷ˹ʱѽ̳ٵ칫̸أܺΪûˣظһ̰Ԩϲһ¿ӳ򳤹һʮŮѧ׻ѻջˣΪ񵳴̽鱨ȥԼζһһ顣ëṩ飬ëЦ

ΪӰֲ

һҲ쵼µԼΡҪëëԺ׵ذͷӡһĶ׸ջӰʱ˱ʾܿ͸еΣƽ۲쵽Ѹٸı˹۵㣬ʼֺÿëಽµˣ裬дӰ磬 ëѿֲջؿڴ֮һ꣬ʹ꣨Nikolai Roshchin˵Ӱķʽǡģʹͬ־ܺвŸɣëڶֱ֣Ļ

δйȨһʱŮˣӰеһγ˱˵ζë˽ֱķҶȺ˶µȻɡһһ죬ֱԶ죬ҶȺȥѺˣиëϵһɷֱ»ӰӵĻذ칫ңһˤȳģǰѪ̣ں󷽸šظϽˣҶȺˡʷסĽۡһʱ̣ҶȺõİ̺ۣʯĳĿˡĸҲΪ˵ˡ

Ϊë˵Ȼû˸ָʳ˵ʲôøһд˼顱ܡƲ١ëֱ룬Լţ뵳УܵȺڵļ顱Ȼʱ䲻̶ҲԶȱᣬëˡ䣬ӲҶëŪŮ˴˵뿪ëëҪʲô͸ʲô ֿ־е¶ʮĸ

ѧˣԴ˻񫣬һƷŮګʮıķ

ګëΨһŮһաһʱ˵αķķɽһ˼ң׳ڻƺظˮ·˶һ϶ڻƺķС͸·ЬʵڿұεֿɿŮһѡΪӰ׳ıķ

죬ѵëҡ·֮һǸϴͷ˵ࡰƢءԲʹ󷢻𣬡ŵҲˡһ죬ͻȻеëߵԱǰ೯Уţжǻˣʱʹ˶ҩ̹ף

԰һͷرΪëţרιͼ̡кӣţ⣬˳ʦԱԺķϣķѺ԰󹵵ļסһ׼ŮҤĹǷߣߵʹһҲСַַǸİ취ѺһҲڹ˲ƸѶʱ䣬ķܾΪʲô̹ף̹׾ˣĻҹ￴ŵʱ̽ͷҤȥɱܡ˾Ÿ£ķͷˣŸﾭĿ־һӡ

ǿ磬ë˶ĸ˳ݡͷȷë˼쵼λʶë˼Ψһȷ˼롱ǰҿԼë˵٩ĻӵֶĻʾѧϰëĽʱüͷ˵һף̫ǳ̫˽⡣Щ˸յӰʱߺëϯꡱáʵ۲źǸʲôҸо顣һ̸˶Ժ󶼲ڡ

˳ݵÿһ趼ëԵݵģҪĲ趼ڡӰֲʢһꡣһ꣬ëֿƵġձƪ빵صŴֱ⣺ëͬ־йĴǡһ꣬ëУ뵳УϷǶ˵Ľɫͷһ꣬뵳УÿѧԱһöë£Ϊ˱شë֮ʼһ꣬ëФӡˢҼһһ꣬ë̸衶졷Ҫ˴

Ҳһ꣬ë˼롱һ˵״γ ׽ʵëǵõһ죬½̵عϡëˣ˵Щڴ齫ƤȻɷдƪ¼йʮꡣëȷ˵ǰҽЩҿдȥᣬʳдƪ£ǣйСȥδȷ·ëͬ־˼롱ë˼й˼塱дú󽻸ëģë绰𸲣дúܺã׼Сձй˱롰ѧϰ¡

ÿĻϣһ򵥹ʽǵӣֻиëʤİ֮սëָӵģڳˡΥë󶫵սսսԭ򡱵ĽëԵƽ͹֮۳ˡ᳹ëϯյ롯սԭȡõشʤǧ

дʷһСһ꣬Ӱ˱Сӡйְ˶ʷȱǹей͹ġһԭȫûᵽëڵ°ȥôһ仰һŶ꣬Ϲ˶ëͬ־쵼£ҵؿչ

˳ˣ˳йʱˡһ¶ʮգйߴӰٿϽ조ʮꡣëѡߴһƣԱˮ©ؿƴᡣ

Сߴ󡱴ɸѡëеĴꡣǰɱġʧѼٸ´ѡ룬֤ëĻ

ߴ󡱻Ŀ֮ϯ̨Ϸһë󶫵ʤǰëѡΪ߻ίԱᡢξ֡Ǵϯ йһι˵ͷΡʮŬ㿪ԸԳëļ֪嶯ʱ׹Ӱֿʼ߶ȥġӡʡֱۿת

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ӰйġʥءԹˡԼ֣ʳơʹӰܹ淢չʲôأ

ӰҪԮһǹͷ꣩ĽӼãĪ˹ƵĴԮһ£˹԰Ԯÿʮϡ൱ڽǧǧһꡣ

ԱصҪũҵ˰һֽСȹӰڵ¸ֱм¼ڰͷĹٷģʯ㣩


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һꡡһ壬߶ 

һꡡ 

һꡡߣ 

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һļΪë󶫿ʼģչӺ͸ݵأҪǮǿ뱩¸鳤лս¶ʮһյռСˡġлյλȸߣëǼʮϹϵԵһֱռǡһǸּģ˽һһһ꣬ճɼɣǹȴٴηһ

ԹصëҲ֪һ㡣Ը߼ɲ˸£˵һĳس׵Уһλũ˵үۣզë󶫡ë˽⵽ũķк󣬾ʵǡǡ෴Ǹũ䷢һһգĸ֮ʮʮգëʷǰĸ߶Ҳ˵ë֪ũŭ󷴶ӱգһµ˰գ˰ϡ

һΣëᵽһװˡߣԭ깫ءûᵽĹ£֮һ˵һũëФ񣬰ϵ۾ڳʱ˵ëϯ۾ʵĹִ˺ٹһĶһ꣬¸Ĺֱʵ˵ɡ

й˵¸˰ձȹ񵳵͵öࡣлһ¶ʮյռдũҵ˰񵳵Ȳᣬеˡûóԣ֮ȫ֮ȡȫĿڣմʯʮˡʵյ

Ϊ¸ĻΡκһһ棬߸γأη죬ļ̫һɹˮᾧ΢µ꣬ȥʣ¾ǡȥֻҪ·ġռͷ꣬ûвΣѼʮĴζùˣʹضλġ˵ΪȱԶƻ

һһ꣬ڿ׬ǮıʼΡγ˱ĵڶԴԹͳĳУռ˰ٷ֮ʮй˵Ӱ ڽʯܵľ÷֮¡ʵϣͳ֮óײϡ

βڱĶߣڿڰϱߣȫũ幤߰ٹɽ·ϣ֮Ϊٶˡлյë飬ۣķũʱǿԸϿߡëǣٶߣδɺǵģȫġҪũũϾȥȥСڡũϾ ¼غš

һһ¹ëܼ˸µԴѻƬڲӰ˴ѻƬӡ꣬ģֲѻƬʼ

СΧڣëѴ˾ٳΪѻƬսӰ֪Ǻ˵šػйȨʷʧˡʦʱ˵ȥǹܲġų˵顣ѻƬΧ˺ܶʳǸѻƬм䡣һĶ£Ӱһ˴齫ʱֱ˵ëôܡȻѻƬë ˷شѻƬ׬ǮǮǾܴ񵳣ֽһ ϸĵ鱨棬ָ¸ѻƬĵӢĶ

ѻƬҪֲظ񵳽˱ɺĹϽؽ˽йġѡийԱ飬ŮҲйԱסӰʱӰѻƺϵҪĶɿڹֽйʹӰݵصͨ衣

˽ҲѻƬųơѻƬë࿪֮šʯõ˽ëһ˵͵ܶҪֹͣҪѵĲӡֻ֮ôͷëԵ˽ĸлڡߴϵĽпɼһߣصᵽˣһ˼٣פӰƽʣ˱ɺǸʲôģë󶫾Ȼ˼ᲢۣëλˡйȨڴ½ҲһͷΣʱȴδԸ

һĹѻƬйѡһ¾գëܶѹѶȹֵʲֵ߱ϣϷҶǧϣ¸һĶԤǧŰԪһ㣬йǧ߰ʮѻƬֵʮڷң൱ڽǧ𣩡һ꣬鳤лյĻ˵йܡˣ⡰ػġ

ӰɲΪתïռһٲرķ֣ʼһٵģ⡢ǡͼĻ顢ӡӡȣ˼ʮˣÿʣ˺ܶĲ˳ԲꡣݵĸɲӰԵ̫ˡӰУʳÿ춼Ĳһķ⣬Ըǲǡߴ󡯴ǳôã𸲵Ѽһ룬ȥǰ˸ˡ

ëϯˣ˱ɺһëطʱϲ˵

һ꣬йֹͣѻƬԭ֮һѻƬʣ顰ػ ϰաë󶫷飬ũѻƬк档

֪ĸɲѻƬеëǽһλлһһʮռǵë˵ҵδһǳʱòû ĳֶȲѹأйֻ

Եϰ˵ѻƬҪôǲפɧšڴǰǵķӱռݣƷũҲáѻƬƸԺë󶫲ȡʩҪ뵱Ĺϵ˻õϰյĶǵ⳥ȺʧͳƱ ȣũë˵ϰնԹšԶ̬֮ȡ˸֮ĹϵڹҪ굽ȥŤŤ裬Եذݰꡣͨ飬һϡ¡

ѻƬĲƸûϰյˮ׼лռأԴģÿҲʮĽϰƽÿ˳ëһ洢޶Ƹһ治Źһ£ƽʯҪӰʵûҪ򣩣Ҫ¸Ըס𡢲ߡ򡢴Ļһӡ

ƶ¸ʡʹй߹ҲелһʮʮյռдӰСһһٰʮٶʮġ־ءϰʰٷ֮ʰٷ֮ʮġǳʵ屶ԭл˵ǣʳס±ڣͬӡ˲֡ûҽһʮһ˵ǡ˲߲СԸߣ

һ¹Ϊ֪ëӰ㡰ĸʵϣëҪйҪĸɲıǲܰ쵽ġǸĿںţ˹кϲɿġӡɲ飬ȥμΪ˷ֹѰܣر涨˵Щˡ밲ڽĵһʹǰ߾̷֮ƻ빴

ʹЩˣһµĻļ취ԿԱǡǰӡӵĴڻ㣬ĿǼǿơëҲԾΪϲ߲ĲţԼһƿء

֪ͳ֪ͨͣ¸ѷɫлռǣһйһȣ˶ǧһʮһͶǧʮ޻ǧ߰ʮǧһĶ¶աձһƪ£ǡȢš˵ȥȢŷǮǼʮԪһԪڻԪ߱ҲȢѸ

йڿսеǡϢ¸ʢСԭŵĴ̫٣Ҫ˽˴ֲʡдлһʮʮռأһʣȥϢΪٷ֮ʮٷ֮ʮ µĻСÿ죩ÿԪһǧǧԪ֮ǰ ֮ʮʮΪ˳ũʱҪֻ൱ջʱ۵İٷ֮塣

ëͳйӰϸݵһһԺɫйȵ׶J. MyrdalһëôһζԻ


ףҸմӰ 

ëӰǸƶ󡢲ĵط 

ףסһѧϰũı仯
ëôΪ㲻ӦȥӰӰ㲻ȥĴӡ 

ףΰĴͳսҵ˼ǣӰǿѽ



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27 


 
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˹𼪶Ψ˹ֲս˹ֵҪ󣬳ռɹŵġ״ָɳйȨж·˳-λûʶͬ˹ָף˹뼷˹ֽԶսΪռйƬΪë󶫶ȨŶ֮󲻾õĶʮգ˹ֵһϢӳĪ˹ơڽԶʱй濼ڡ

-ŶЭ˵Щ⳥ձǷģʵǴйġ񼪶˵˴й⳥ֻǱЩ¹йй ȴڹ˵߽ʯǴӦ˹֣˹ʲôʱ˵˵һʯһֱĸºʮղŴǶõЭȫġ

ë˷ѼôлأפӰ¶ʮգƽ˵Ưһϲ𣿲Ҫ˼ٴ𣺡ô˵ŮӻеҲԲԣҲһأ˭ˣƽռдʱ֣һŮӳˡߵظҴк˵ʰġ

Ұ˰ѰʣǽΨһһ¡ţҲ΢΢Цšػشҵ⣬һСĵصȴţȽţŲЬĽСȡ

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Ǹѧղμӹᰡ

գ֪ͨձϳԼһº¹ͶϢߴ󡱣ëйʤǰ˵һġЦţƿڲ˵ԮһҪɱҵԴëᵽ˹֣м֮ԱکŨһпǰԴ𣺡˹ǲ쵼Ȼ쵼˭˹֡ûеڶˣûˡëйÿһˣ˹ֵѧǵ

һ¾ҹ֮ʮӣڹ㵺Ͷµһԭӵһʮǧٹı߾ϿйӶӲ޵ĺǵǺŷս߻ë¾йɵľ׼վսվһ뾳ҹŽվϯؽӹܹëѰ칫Ұᵽ԰СãӼϢĸӦǰĽ졣һƹ̨İ칫űīֽ⣬ݵ籨 һӶ͵дί״ÿʱץϵĹϹڱȵԣԵơ

ŶЭӽйǰҪʯǩԼȡýϿɡ ʯԸǩԼΪԼɹŶ˳йȨվûԼ¾ͽˡһԺվѾйڼٹʯ⽻ֻǿڡѺͬԼǩ֡òͬǩΪûԼԼ˹ֻ޹˼ɵذվռĵ̽йԼ涨ΪйΨһĺϷŵȫռض

Ȼ˹ŵԡΪ˰ëӹܣϳռʱ䣬˵³ܾһдԼվռʱԶԶ£ڼ˹ øְ취ӽʯӹܡ˹ɹŴйߣռɹʱ׼ռϲƻշˡ

ձǰʮͶġһйñڡ񻶡ᡢףƺءսй˰꣬еĵطʮ꣬ʹǧй˲УǧΪ֮й˿ƽ

ȴǵģȴȫսձͶվԲͣƽһüڣռйڶŷռȫصܺ͡ɡս߰ʮİͷ¸µף˰£йռ˲ȺӵĴ󲿷ֵǵ׸żҿںͳе¡ëǰĴӪƵżҿڣһӶļԶС

ëҪĻǶ̲йḻúɭԴȫٷ֮ʮعҵˣƵĵ ǡɹšʣëڡߴ˵˶ȫʤ˹̵ĻˡҲ˵ȷǵʤ

ǹǹڶûоӣﱻձЧռʮꡣйλӾɽظأվϵϺվձǿšձľ⣬ݵʱı棬йˡǹ֧ʮ֧ǧżҩƥʳڼǰ·ܹһʮڡ

ձ޹ĶʮͶվǽйࡣ ξĻгǧ½ʧҵӣʧҵԭվѶĹ豸ԡսƷ˻˹ٵרҹƣ վߵ豸ֵǧ˰Ҫ°װûʮ𡣴˵ĽϰʧȥԴеֻõйɽĲˣת˲ӵʮ

ʯڰѶ֡ľ񲿶ԶڻϺ飬Ҫ˵ȥľҪë󶫺̸ĶԻǸȥ˹ͳƶģΰһ𡣡פʹ飬Ҫǽʯë󶫴Э飬Ͱһ뵽׹ȥѹ£ڰʮĵʮë룬ë̸С

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˹ǿȥ죬ë˺һ˹Թڸֳᣬ˹ȥ

˹ָë⣬ҵԪϡͳʼ˳ǣë󶫵˱֤ģǰȫġëҲҪְйԱܱ˾ëǲģҪʹնPatrick Hurleyר̷Ӱͬȥ죬½ʯڰɵ

£ëڰ¶ʮճɻ죬Ӱҡɻ½ëźնһͷնʯһ

ǰϦëָʾɻ뿪Ӱɷݵصİ·조ִ򡱣ǴԽãԽȫë£ʱ·ɽʡϵش񵳾ӣȫʤë˵˵úãԽԽʤ һȥϣԽ󡣡

죬ëһ龪¶ʮգն뿪죬󽯽ʯҲˡëһⲻǰɱǰܶʹݣҪëסȥʹ˵޷Apollon Petrovÿɷ񣬴籨ȥĪ˹ʾ Ī˹ûлػëǳ

ëһʵջᡣʯƽȶԻʹͣΪμҡҲԳμҵķȣ˵Ķ⽻𼪶ʹֱֱĶ۽١άأCarton de Wiartһϯżɽضë˵ͲΪйԴձ˶áйӡֻձ˵鷳ϣëûŭЦ

һΣ·ɱһԼ棨John Birch٣ϡáڻָκAlbert WedemeyerǴëëͿضԴκթ˵ƻԭӵйʮӣëȻ侲ëĺͽ̬Ӯսʤ

̸ʮ죬׮´ͷβϷëίԱֽ֧꣡й䣬˵˵ѣҪйԼǴ򵹽ʯɡ

ʯҲȫսɱ⡣ֻҪһƽЭ˵Ҫ󡣾κЭ˼ʮʮգ׼ͬйǩˡ˫ʮЭƭסˡëʱǿʼｯ˱ռ˻ıƽ򣬵ȴʯľǰա

˫ʮЭǩ󣬽ʯëԢ԰ڶһǹͣȻë󶫷ɷӰһжòȫëһתͰʵкռ壬˸񣬳֮Ҳ

ʮʮһգëصӰһ¾ǲжýʯľӽ붫ֱйڶӵ˾صĸɲʱ·ϡΪ쵼йڶ񣬲ռ춫վʱϵ³ĶֵĳԱھѮɻ͵

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߽ڶϵػʵһ֧ʯľ񲿶½ʮһʮ嵽ʮնȡɽءëĲӡɽءоս񵳾ӻӸֱ룬һ·ϳɽغͱϵ·Ŧйɾһ񵳾ٲ޽˵ǹҲ

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սйܹ񵳾ӣԵǽʯˡйָӹٻƿ˳ë棬ЩˡѵμӡսԶ ʤĽ̬ȡսȷʵҲǿ

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˭ˣ˭ɧˣ˭ˣǡ˼ͷҪʱա쳣档һرǴ˰̣Ҫɴ۾

ӱӪܵġÿһأ⣬ڴżڡеԼ˯ѲøİԼ̶͡˩һһˡƼˣеùӶԸ͹İ취˯ѿӶյȥ

˵еĻϳһ·ϡһͱˡ

ľʦȥɽĻƿ˳ʮһʮոëĵ籨˵ʦձǧˡ;ӲԼǧˡָӹ㱨棺أҹӸų°ʮࡣǧˣűڲǧˡ

ص±Ҳӡһ˵սйսϡһʮµ׵һʮңȺѱ乲Լˡ

Ϳһйӣܵס񵳾ӽëʱָʾйоɹšʽĵط̵ĸݵأѵӡһʮ¶գָʾȽſڣסʯȽڱաɡʱ߾ԱվȽŸ֮ȡҪ

ҪѾǵйװ׼УɢũؽݵأеʲģӦ弰Ⱥ˳

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-ëĲӺٽӴǰĵĽӲǰѲӲӣ˲ԱġһΣëҪľƸۣ󷽶򵽹 񵳵ȥָӹʣûк󷽣˲Աô죿ëð죬ǿ԰˲ԱȺڣȺǻǹܺõġϰԼ⣬Ǯ˲Աβأ

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˹οëʮգһ籨Ī˹ƷӰëӢصʮһʮһšӰĴţ˹Ǹë ҪӻؼҡëȻǺϢҪĪ˹¿ǡҪָӹǴʤ̣ס·Ŧ䷳񵳾٣Ρ޶־ζࣺ¾룬񲻺ͣҩáܹ󲿻ȫġ

ëľȡʤ˹ֲҪ󣬾֮࣬ëˣҪסԺơʮһ¶ʮգΪڿյĸɲЩ죬һ̲ߣ ڴϻ亹ֽžΡʦʵûа취˹Ԯëͷ֮ʦܸ˹ַ˷籨˹ָŻص磬ҽӰ ëͬˡ־ò˹ֶԼһࡣСʱ ʦʱҪǷ籨籨Ѿ

ʱפӰվ鱨ձٻӰס룬һμҲûأ˷ɻ˹ҪطӰȥչëĲԸصǷɻһһջصӰǿ˸񲪳Ա׶·Melnikov򣬴ҼΪ״˸ëȫ飬ëûʲô󲡣֢״񾭹ڽ¡ҪëһʱڲҪ£ɣ߶ൽҰȥʿɳð򵹸е˵ľˣĪ˹ƵȥĪ˹Ʋ׼

ҽһӰĻаӢ뿪Ī˹ǰ˹͸һѿǩǹëʮûˡʮǰۺȥɽɽʱӢ꣬һ˲ŵˡڷɻë˱˵㳤ôˣë˹дл

ëίڵƺĵͤһԺĵЩйеƷ֡Ȱܵ˾ֲһƬ֣˸أ򳡡ëж飬Ҥһʯ죬רڵķնëѡҽķշ˵óëϲĶӡëϲãҲתˣ쵽ʱ𽥻ָ

ëοĻǶӣǶľơȻйó˶УվȻˣֻ׼Աǡйڸģʱȥվ磬֮Ϊϡùݡ

һ£վڽռʮº󣬿ʼ롣ǸйЭģվȲ߹ʲôʱߣйðšйֽ˴СëٴǼأϧκسƽսʱһƴëҪѳƽΪ

ΪйӴʱԾɵֵ˹񵳾ӣ󲿷ֳջóֱҲë˵سеĿԲ󣬡ҾӦΪԱСΪѶȡ빮֮У򲻱عǿȥ ȡҪ۹תһתӴתСк͹ũȥѴõݵȥëдвнɽҪֱ롰ءֱս˼ⶼëġӢߡʵëڶȡС

ëġһһڣ񵳾Ͷ˶дУֻʣĹй򱱰ˣͷǹ񵳷ɻɨըƨɺ׷ֱ̹ίٻع˵һɾȫ㡣һλ˵һʮվסţơǲˡ

йӲϴܣҲ񵳡ܹձռĿ࣬ƽѹ񵳾ӿơֱë棺ϰ˵·Ϊϰյģ˴˲ˣΪ롱

йи֮ǰǺ͡ëӡһվӶᶫĹҵʩռöǿ鸾Ůһ£ŶЭ¶˹ڶȡȨʵȫȻ󲨡һЩб˷УߺйӦðǻսʿģֶӣ ˵ǹѽڵģôëӻģ𣿡

й˾ġռǡһʮһʮռأȺҾͨʱش忹һλսʿ䣺ּֿʸϵУָܳԵȵ㣬ֿյûһӰճǡǹţըţŹ񵳽ŸŽ˳ǣϰӵðƵӿϣӶɫС죬ںš

սʿǰ˾ͷϡһ죬ֱļճڱ˵ĶУԱսʿõ׳ĳ׳м¡߳ʲôƽƵģʱ˻ڳҪ磡Ǹ׳ǲҪëǱȥ

йӿпҪôҪôΪؿλսֱ˼׼һʧأ͵ϵɽλһգëĵ籨˵׼λڶ죬Ҳëͬ޿κεĵ籨׼Ѹ泽׼˳֡վĽëʱο˹ֳ棬ж߰йľ

ɡ֮¡˹Ծܾ³ʷӦйڡգë򲻵ѣ涫ֱֺ룺֮ͬ׼ȡ˶սλս롱ǡڴ㡱

ëƵ˾Ȼڴʱľǵˡˡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
28 ˾й


 
19441947ꡡ5053 

ʯҰѡΪȡֽ֧йȡѺëƶˡߡйֻº͵ũĸߣҪ㹲壬ȫԸ

һ꣬˹ɹ۲ȥӰ˸յëڰʮնԱƽ˵ڿǸı䵳֣Сбʲô ƻǸرڸĹϵϡĪ˹ϺëͬһӡѮĪзԵʱĺն˵й˳ΪˡʵǸһϵҲûСǲǲԼľ״ֻҪ״һƣϾͻǹġӡ޹ϵĪ˹Ƹë˫ƭ˺ܶˣ ЩһֱΪëпܱȡȥûܰëӪ

ʧȥĻᡱ֪ëϵʱйɲ ˵⡰ֻڶԽеһֲԡ

ëĲҲס˶³ţHarry TrumanͳǲʹЪGeorge MarshallЪһʮʹֹͣսʮ ὯʯὯǵĸܡй˵Ǹ֮࣬ ʹرġܶһμ棬ܾͷ˵йʽ һº˵ëϲʤЪôһС£ ˵ȤëϯҪëϯ˵Ц뿪Ц ˵лĻȥĵЪȫ棬ⷬת³šԺ˵йȹ񵳸

ЪԽ˵ҪǵŪ׼ȷ׸йûйϵǲڸǳ⡣һİ£Ъڶ˵йûȷ֤ݱйӡĹ֧Ԯô ȫȻ֪飬ǸӢ˶ڲϼйĵѶϵٵ籨Ī˹ ֱӰɵʾߵйϵԱҲЪ Ӱ۲鸺ı濪ǣǹԵģ

ЪһշӰΪ˰һжƵ޷죬ëӶȥë԰Ӣ˵ΪѧϰũйϰߡԭǰӢὲӢëЪ˽̸Ӱ˶԰ӢܸȤһϣëʶ޵ˣJohn Roderick ޾賡ϲɷݰӢ˵ʼǷģҪҹĿ󷢸塣 Ӣ븸׿ϸײûϸͰѸһţҡܶ㷢̸Ӣ˹ֵ󣬲ǲϤ ëƵȻȫ˼׼ëġ

Ъ³ű˵Ҹëһγ̸̹ʵò̹ˣûбκβҵܺЪڶġں֮ǿ˶١ӰӪعϵֱͰ첻ʵӰֺڶļʮ춼гЪӰʱëѾϸ˸̸ȫݣ밢˹֡

ЪΪëĳɹ˹ؼסһëľڶȫʱЪʯʩ˾Եѹʹʯֹͣڶ׷й Ъвʯ˵׷Ͳٰ˲ȥˡʮ һգЪдŸ¹ϵ˵Ŀǰڶ ƽ£Ҳò꣺Ѿһͷұ˵Ƿֱ⡣ˣٴҪֹͣƽ ׷ϡйǿӲϾʯòӦͣʮ졣ʹëձͬһõͣսϢëη綫׷Ĳ𣺡ܵƣͣսʮ̸У붫ּعҪҪɻԱУ䱣ֹСת۵ˡ

ڶйٱֱڣ˵ʯֹͣɻƽǴʧߡʯֻҪ׷ʹֹй߾ǿ󹮹̵ıݵأжй·ߣʹ˽װй

ʯӦͣʮ֮ЪʩѹҪͣӳΪĸ¡øйؿսζŸЪֱӳͻռдһЪǡ̬ȱ쳣

ʯЪƵýͷöʱֽӵ³ͳ档Ѯ֪ʶӡһڹͳεǹɱ ʾֻаٷ֮ʮ޳ɼԮٷ֮ʮҪ󡰲롱 ʮգ³дŸʯɫᵽ׮ɱ˵¡ʹв˵̸ûнչֻ¿ԽȨ̬ȡ

ѹ£ʯڶͣȥų˵޳ɽȰķʸ磨Francisco FrancoҪס̸̸̸̸ûáǽ벻սУʮԮʮڲԼǧԮ

ͣʹëڱ˺һǧٹȵ¹ĸݵءë̱ʵġɳбʡɹС

ͣĸʹй˳ԣʱٲӣԭ޹ĶʮӡŲıͨͨϴ-

-սϡ͸¶Сϴʮˡϡսʧ١ҽԺȥͲзϵȡʮǧİʮˡ

ٵҪǼʿ취ǡ߿ᡱɸɲͷսʿһ̨ȥ߱˺ͼ֮ͥࡣǴƶũĿʶΪ̼һӿˮʹ±Ӻǿ޵˶һ㣬ƵĹ̡зݸëı˵һսʿԾ᲻߿࣬߸жˡֳɵӡ

Ⱥ޵ȥսʿǣǵĿ඼ǽʯɵģҪ򽯽ʯ𡱡˵߿ͼӰһ߿һҭҭġǿѾǹˡħ侲̬µǣò˼顣

ϴͷǾѵþءйһ֧ӽ붫ʱȥ飬ҲʹִվΪˡͣڼ䣬˿ʮվڱ̱ȾѧУйٻȥѵеȥվ˳ôҲɢйӺ͸ɲѡѵļеء

Ī˹Ϊëṩɻձ˵ľŰټܷɻ̹߰ˡǧ߰ٶŸִڡһǧͦǹһ֧ľ߹ģɻСӣǹǹװ׳ձҪ⣬ľ𶼸ëװǧ೵Ƥиձɹ˵Ҳˣ յսϽɻĵ¹ĵıﱵй죬 ӡʯӳɻġ

йܽձսڰйѵǿսϹûǽйʹձάЩǴйĿվձԱǧѵصձҽԱϤƻй˲ԱѪǳм

رֵһǱʡйﲻõ˾𣬶ҵõһ֧ձѵĶʮ˵ǿӡ붫а˰ٹ߾ߣйΪεĺ󷽡һй񵳸ʱ˲ԱԱսתƵռ춫вйӶϿ󣬱ʳ˹ͨȣҲӹڸݵأսҪɽҪΪЭӴתйƽͱʵĸۿ˰´

˹ֵĹ׻ֹЩһ°꣬·ר鿪ʼ޸·һİ£˹ǰηIvan Kovalevȫ޸˹޸һ๫ߣһٶʮʹйܿ󲿶Ӻ칥С

ʡɹŶйһԮھԱܵ״̬½еġйøְ취ڸëֱӵļɾȥչʡ ɡȺӵĸݵءһ䡱ëֱдսĿǡΪϡϡϵ׼ںŲҪᡣĪ˹Ƶ˵ԮëĴԡǳͷβĻԡʵϣйƴ򽯽ʯС׼ӲǹǻʵĻԡ

ëǷ˹ֵ飬ģԮʼһºʮ£йʳƷפó״лˡëʮһ ¥Ī˹ȥ˵Э飬йÿһʳЩʳǴϰտжߵġ

ͣʱľԶԶй񵳾İʮˣйֻһٶʮ򡣽йӸϳ˹ڵĴ󲿷ֳУͼëЩսһټҪӶȡͱУ⵽ʧܡڻС·ĳǡ֮սָȡ·ʯׯ̫ԭͬĴУڻëָʾ򽯽ʯջָ׶Ͼͦ˵ƻðա

һһëģаӮʤΪбɳһʮ£ʯ½ʱйĸͣѡɳһ㡣궬죬˫̲ϡ񵳷ǵĶֽȣǿսйֱָľ²ʱӵ쾡£ֵֺ󡱡ʮȵĲҹڱѩƲ⡰ʮϡսڶϵȨ

һһ£Ъ뻪ͣʧܡʼԮΪʱйʮġͨѾ󹦸ɣ˵İʵֵġëȫʤֻʱ⡣ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
29 ʯʧȥ½


 
19451949ꡡ5155 

һʯݵʱ֪ˡҪսϵʤʿϣ˹ռйӪӰ⣬ һյռдռ⽻塱νεˣϽʯѶγиγʱڳסһɺΡ

϶¶ʮսӵʯ١ͬһ죬ë͵õ鱨

ʮ˵ʮգռӰ񵳴󴵴޳ΰʤʵëѰӰɢһա

ڴ˺һϵսУսµķչͺΪʮַѽ⡣ëҲһ̬

ë±ֻ»ಿӣͳ˧Ķʮʮ֮һëֲ׼սԮӰʧݶ㷲ĸ߼ǣëг񣬼ȳԾ־塣

Ǻëߵ˾̾ǣעⰲȫëںϽǰСʱ뿪ǹһһ󣬾ԱǴִߣǲߡ˵ߣΪˣ˾棬ٴȴվŲ۾Ӱı־ɽ

񵳵ǹڽһƬʱëŲŲæ򱱶ԭ۲µļճͬܶë˽ࡣһΪëİȫļǵܶҲһ㣬һ·Ϻë˵˵ЦЦþԱĻ˵ⲻһγоƽС

Ӱʮ໯ë˾ѳٷ¿šгĹ·һĺӹȣǻɽɽ鱩ˢg֣ǴսĺõطԱëһϸһߡ鲻ԽصͷáԻ󣬲֪Ͷʲô˼һںǲס¶ʮգϵĵʮһòͶǧŰٱ߽йµķȦ

ǰë±ȫ˾໯ϵʮһмƵǰһ죬ŴӺӵȥ໯ٽóܹд 쵽ʱ֪̽໯вٽžйӡ籨ϡ鱨˵̰ηǰǾţҪ 涨Ѹռ໯ηǰ⼸ǧֻӲͷƤǰȫߡ

ʱĴ󲿶ӱķ򣬲໯Ԯ

ںʮգһӰͬ˼ӷ²ǧˡ໯һܳԮĺԶڸɽϿһˡ

йĵ׾ٵʤ̣ǴӰʮﴦﴢףҩǺϲӵĲءֻһżòֱפ߸Զڱ£˵й¶ʮŴй󲿶෴˶ΪӲǰԼǡ¡¶յ£ȴǵǿճһһ죬ѰΧסйӿʼ

սǰһ죬ؾдؾһٽóͿжϽžȷУлΧͼǼϱ档ϺϽӵһǵţΪ顣

ʧأ±ǰվʱȫйˣӻѲ³ѪζͺĶ¡ʿûЬֻôйӸʬȡ˱ǵĲЬӣҩƷҲʧȥ

йںռӰھʹʤ̣»ȫ㲥 ëȻ±һϢҪԲԶëӰڣûߣ±ء

ںռӰһУȥҲйһһһй±󲿷ֵ޹˼ɵȻġëӰһʮӴӰ˰ӵһǧİ٣һһģӴĵ̨һʮСʱԼȫصĲӡݵرϵÿ죬ëõ籨ȫսָʾ

ռ±ëһСһлܣԼ·ʮǿ׳;гʦΪԤԵ㳦ëͨϰռһ͹òͣ²¶˯㣬ó԰ҩ²ɽˮרŴӶǰΪĵӰӰ˺ЩͷŪһŪŪȥδӰþʹ˿ˡëҽʱӻƺԶĸݵع壬Ȼ˹ֻ㱨

ֻһΣëաһ£һĴﶺ˽£סũͷһظϰͬһ¡סú ⣬ÿɢˣԱ˼˸֦Ҷ֯԰ζﶥë⣬ƻʱ￴飬Ӣǲ

°գµľꬴŲͻȻڸԭëסصһСѧԱӳȥꬱţ˵к̨ܶëꬳ䲻ĵʹë󶫳ܶƢô죬ȥҪװȫֻߣƺӽݵأƺӱͣŴҹ·̫Զˣܲꬵëֻȥ̲ߡ ϰձ෴תơꬵľӡ

Ŵ꣬ɽ·̫޷ʱرѡİԲľëڱϡ̨ˣԷֻ֡һ̨ܵڽŵعţȻ跨Ҫꬵë±ʱеĵ̨ϵδжϹշ籨ĻҪԱ˵ǵжȫ˵ǵ˵еֱҲû

ıˡʮһëƨɺ棬ëľĶ˵ܿǵĻ⡣ëľŵáͷˡ׼ëʱëЦݵشסҤ˵ҪתȥȻĿؿꬵĶɽܹûһëϸ򱣰֮˫ӼᣬʮշǰϡơڱꬷǵðڵμӡΧˡɡǿճһëΪëġ㡱̾ѡ

ⳡ龪У˹ֽӵҪɷɻëȥ˹ʮջصʱëѾȫˡëڻƺӺӶй쵼˷ɵĵ籨¾ʮһգĸõפؼ塢ţǡȴ һΣʧ⣬ʧӰ֮شܡëȥˣˡնƺӱϵһɻԱһ

ꬲñëһİ£ʦԮӰƺ֮䱻йӰΧ˴·ߣָ߾ӽֵ˹·Ƕ¶ʮյõġǰĶʮգ»ľӾѾӽȦӲʱĹ·࣬ɽ¶鲼֣˵ǼߵеȻõΰ

ꬵǲӷй;йͤһҪȴв粻ȥһв˹·ǰɽΧ񣬶ҽΧӱΣաϻص˵˴ʱϲȴͤþ밴ԭƻ˹·Ѹǰµ ʮʦнʦӦϵʹȫٱʧ٣޿κΡодҵͷǾ֪߽ڴ ò߽ȥȫʿɥѴＫ㡱ʮֳ嶯ض˵ˣ £켤ս챻кΧ

Ӧʦҳҹɫӣϡαرʾϧ˵ʲôֻ㲿ΪʲôҪȥأҵĲӶ𡲺˾ָ ӵ䣬ѵҪԮ˴ʱ㻹֪Ҷʮʦжٲ𣿡ʦдڶʮžߺ󣬺ϼžĻɢ̲ԣ ʮֶرǹһĻ̻̣һƬҡʯáոӰĵĳԣ͵

ʯһİ¶յռдһʧȫʧ֮һϡⶼǺϵΣʡصޡ Ȼְʱʯ˸еƪջܾ˴ɥʦΪ˷ۣΪ֮ȫû Կβ֪ЧƣΨԳְ죬룬 һΣΣ֮ʣдְֲ֪븺֮ʾ֮ڸҲһµĵ鱨Ƶȥꬵϡ ѭǹٹ໤Ĵͳο˶֪ܽʯš

ʯ̺صޡ˵˵ķжãϲˣҲǳĹִʹ˴󲻿ϻͷϻٵ±ľӣʯȻѱ𴦵ĲҲȥ¹ʰͶٽDavid Barr˵ίԱѺϽ˵ս֤Թ񵳵ĻսԵġһشʧǱƵֱӺ

ںıתһһİ¶ʮգë뿪±ɻƺӡɿڵĺ̲ɽվ֯еϰգëϴǰɲһһֻδŵ͸ȣʾ͵͵ߵģʤߵ̬ġһº󣬺۽ʮ󣬸ɴӰһ棬ëйʤûдʦ˵Ϊëϯᷢص磬һԣ׼ִ񣬿ûСʯܻ᳷ϵְ

ë󶫵ĸֱ֣ϵһϵΪоǵóۣ пǺɫˡ-

-ǳᵽߵй鱨Աܲ͡ǺĻҪ飬˲ϢսϣһϵоָӾӵοܱںӰ ºһ¶ʮһվ뿪˺ϡһϵսϵľҲԶϾɫܹ´ġ

ǹ񵳻ҾУһڱҵʱĪ˹ƳǮʦ齨УʲõɺɫˣҪǾУβܶë±һ꣬һֱëߵľܣݺϵĲ̨дġ УҶΪǹԱԭ֮һУ˾ܣǹϵĹԱںԺӰΪ˵ַ֯˷ѧᣬûٱ ˡһֱǺѣսʱʯɺӰϱߣʱȥӰɵľǺᡣйȷָΪɫˡ

Ͻ˸ѣͳͷӴҡǴýҵϷдҪе鱨ԱϱҪ鱨ͺôһ˶ԺлҲұ档

ϼһδȫûһмʮɥʧϡ ʯ̨ʱɷɻӺϡڴ½ȴһӵǰӵ˷ɻ̨ܵԺĵ˵أͳ࣬ݰãùԷޡǽʯİȻѳɡúǱ½λ鱨ĻһһҰܡһꡣʯҲʶ˵Դ󡣻Ļء̨Ժ°شǣꡰԻҾУ˶Ը̸𡱡

˲ҲʹھʤսаܱǶսۡһİһ£ʯͽζʮͳ˧

һҪμйëһ걨Ī˹˵йʱڹСѡѽʯƺǳԹ޽ʯû˵ҵѾˣǴǰˡ ǵȥԽʯ˵ͬһ

иӵй߼ɲ߽ʯйˡŰɡս󣬾鵱Զ˾ʱ˴󹦣˳ơʤû½˾ˣһܳȥ

ʯ³˵ƼϲϵġɡսΪͳ˧ʸ񡣽֮Խܣʱפĸ˹˹William Stokes˵ΪͷöŬõװͽǮ

ͽӵٻʱڰ衣ϸפʹϵͨǸйͨϢӴëϣĵһǰë˼ѹ Ӽڼʹٷ֮ʮĶһǹس˹ĵ̣Щбɺ캣еļµ

ʯҪͰѲӳϴŽݣóڵ׼¹ʰͶҲëҪѲӲڶԱй򹷡 ӽʯܾӡʯأǵְһ¸ֹȥһֱʮʮգйȡݣ˶Ĵţѹ񵳼ʮ档йһΧ񵳾ӹصĴУʮһ¶չȫëˡ

ڶı֣ʯְ˺Ҫ¡ʯĸ߼жǹУҲܺȥۡһйȨϸëһĺص磬ˡӢ쵼Իʤΰ䡱ڹ裬߳ӵȸԾɡֻۡ˲ϵ½ȥһһ 鱨ϵ֧ν䡣ֱһ ش½һڱȥë֮ⷬԱǣֶëԶ˵;˱Żģˣ˼Ҷѵ˿ëʤĹؼãйᡣ

սڼ䣬ëסڱƽ϶ʮ¡սһİʮһ³ëֱָµһʮأ׼֪ġƽսۡ

ʮ񵳾ӣָǿ壬ֱָԶսľȻйԱҲйˣŮëصָŮͬסʱһһйĹϵʯȫ֪飬ûвȡκж

ʮһ£ԾҪٵֱ˼ǰ¾Žʯй͡ԽȨʧȥģôӮйҲûãֻͽȻʹ类٣Ϳ̿ر°ս𣬻ĹųǱƽΪ档 뼰սԹͳβ޻룬˵пᡱֲ뱩ѻʮӽйʹ ìܡԼԼĶ⣬ͷײǽҧͷɱ

ʯľ״ʮʮռдܴ̼֡侫ܵвоʧ֮󡱡ľȨڸְʱ˸׼

ͨŮı棬ëԸ˽һذܵĶϣԻøĺôëҪȫй˸Աʮһ𣬸岻ϵҪ塱ë󶫸˸ս˵ͬҲ˵ͬ⣬ֱ־룬ϣֽھͬʱëǲѸľһ֧֧Եʱĸȫʧȥͳ˧ йΧ±ĹؼսУսصһλ绰ʸǷƽУ Ǿսô죿ͣһ£ûɵ˵㿴Űɣʱ룺Ҫˡ

ֱйһľһʮë֣ʾս޲ʤ֮ëŶԸ弸ǰһĽƽĺƽͷȻëߵʵֻʧݡٳµͷսˣһϣûˡŽܹġƽëġƽšëҫƽսۡʵϣȫս¡ƽս۸ҪëΪԼľ޶˷˵һڴ½ȥ

ƽսۡͬʱһĴսսۡս ڻеУһİʮһ´һľһ£˫սϰ սԹʧܸգʯȨĿ̨˶֡

ⳡսУ񵳷治λҪĺɫˡսۿʼʮСʱֱǱ˶ʮʮйܵԱſλʲ塱սĴš

ҪƻڽʯܲҪְ쳺͹塣ǵְƶ¼ƻҲȻƶƻʹ񵳾顣鱨ϴݸйǾ͸ڻ¡

ʯⴹǹ壬жʱÿ춼绰ƴӡʱսָӹѾԹɣĶγҲ򽯽ҷȻʧȥΣûвȡʲôʩ󲻹Ĵ⻹쳵Ľ顣Ĵйʱ֧Ͷ

һľһ£ٷ֮ʮĽ壬ĳԱë¡ 񵳴Ա׷׵ꡣһգë˹˵µġҪԱ ףǰ׳ǵ˵йʲôҶȥɡ-ë˵ҪЩйڹڣȴʱ̣ҪʱԼװֿ

-ûм׳Ϊйκ¡

ܳһֹйµȻϣʯĺҲСһɵʹճһǳСϪϾϺŻëһ¾ʮռ䷢˹ֵĵ籨ĵ˵򡰸һ㡱

ʯʧܣͥءսԺǽ˵ĸġεʹμҸ˵Ľ嶼˲ơձͶİϾȨĻҶһʶɼһ١ֻһ٣ʹסμĲƸͣȨĲƲˮ£մԱָΪ飬թʯдƽ ԱݼޣĶģ赳ž壬ռס¥ã ´ҡΪӰ㷺ġ󹫱ƹĽΪʤѡ ձͶʱʯڷۣ֮ת˲Ǿ͵ײײ·۷ǡڻ桢ɷ˳евĸɾԼԭеģԼȨ̳Ĵƽ㴢Ρ г£סҿƵĹ˾Ȩȡ˾޶㣬 ƷĲȡʵһйó׳ִʷ߼¼ һҵƲա

ڵķŭǴ𣬼ԺĵԱļѯʹһһմְʯָأΡҵĹ˾ڶ̶̰˸Уȡڰǧ㣬ߴͬ۳ İٷ֮ʮˡʯ޾˵ĳʹǽְ㶫ʡʡϯʹʵڽЩܵ׷߲ƽϰն͸ģǽһǿѪʯ޷ֹܣرӼĸܣҲʹһʧġ

Խݵĵ鱨棬ض񵳻رձ㵽һݣ¶ʮڱϷȫȻڽظɷ˸绰󣬡ձ˵ǰտǵĵ鱨桰©С㡱ѿס׻ִһӽ

ʯĸ˸飬Ρߡʧȥй½ʧһȫûЩˡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
30 Ӯս



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һľʮһգë찲ų¥-л񹲺͹


 


 
19461949ꡡ5255 

֮ë󶫵ơһİй򳤴ʱǿ֣ ıΧİ취ʹصͶʮգֱҪʹΪǣ

س֣ܾͶڳʮƽĴֻάֵµף֣Ҫƽǡ

ë׼ֱϽڰճǡֻдǹ;Ʒ˲ܷųΪ˹񵳾Ͷϡëֱ˵֣ʵĿǰ¡ϰհ¡пȡ塢ͶϡȻԼû֮ģëܶһ֮飬Ǿ֣ġʹࡢûͶһֱֵ

Χºֱë棺ΧЧ ġҶݳ伢ࡣ֣Ҫϰճǵֱ˵֮ԲҪֹͨУһʮһڱ˿ܽӺϲ϶Ȱȥ˷ЧԽԽأҹӵҸϻغȺڵҾ֮мشաɴ˶࣬ǶﱤһԼǧ

ֱ뻹˵üǣѾҪ»ȥԼԲսʿǺܷѽ͵ġǡȺڱǰУеĽӤС¾ܣеĳҸǰϵսʿ˲״ĳͬһ޵ģ ˵ǡϼҲ޷н͵Źȥġַһƫ 򣬼¿ǹ

ʯĳֱҲ顰½ų񡣱ϽëûлֱϤëĬ񡱵ϻھʮһշӼ֮񣬼ӦʼСһָʾδʵУԭֻëֻжԹõ˲űųĳǼǾʮߵģڡաһ޾ͳȥˡϰĸҽԺ X ҽǱȱҽ

ЯǹĹ񵳹ٱܵرӭ;Ŵڡաϰأ˵ԵǡݺҶӡ˺ˮùưӵġЩȹˣͺԹϿģôţţοӷˡôԶôţ˼һ仰˵˭ǹͷ˭ȥǹģţȥͷˡÿ춼УǮˣڳ׼õģǹ۲֪֪Ǯѽ

ʱĳгǵڳѮԺʱسҵҶ̵ءǳ伢ΨһʳҲûˡµΧй 볤ʱ˿ڴʮٵʮ򡣾йĹٷҲ϶ʮˡ

μΧǵйٱ˵߾˵ˣôġ˶ٻˣˣĳӲˣںˡɽһӾˣ˾ˡܶɲսʿ˵Ϊ˴µģôмˣй𣿲𣿡

±ܷǵ񶼷ˡ֤ӡɡһǣҥ¼һƻΪϽǴ˵ࡣйԣ˵öƽʹسǵĹͶһģʽڡɳвáֻԣû˵ЩС

ëƽΪս񡣡׳ӱйľӣΪǰ߷񹤡޴սУֱ֧ǰ񹤴һʮ򣬶һƽսеһʮ򡣻սиߴʮһ֧ӴĶǰ޹¡˵ҩ̧Աͷˡ

ũڼĸŮɣǵֻС˸мˡǻ˲Աϴ޾ľЬӺĥҼһҪڻսڼũﵽڶǧ򹫽-Ϊṩ ȼϣũԼĲݷš̵·ϣвũҵķ

-Ҳ񵳾Ȱսһϱɣʽʮ
һ£ƤƤЬӶ˳ԡ죬ǰ ٳӲӣëûʸɾž¶ˡһǾӺóԼˡһԷӵžͿСʯǿͶɣǻк⣬׵Ĵٵİİ취ʹˣǵסܡ

йǵȫսһ֡ëġս

ʲôʹũӻԾ֧ǰëĻ˵ֶ֧ƣ롱й˵Ǹ㡰ظĸûʲôظĸأ

ëʽĵҪйɡ顱ũ壬֯ᡣ ϶ЩԸе˼ҺƷĥʩԿ̡ᵽģ˵ĶЩ䡣صΡ

Ϊá顱ĸɲ֪Ӧô죬һµ£ëר˵Ŀĺ¼ȥ͡¼µһ춷󣬿 Ըɲͻܽ˵ǶԵ̫ˡҪָűҪ ҵҪũͬ˺ҪˣҲ¡ûϵ

ָʾΪ󡣶ϣӸɷһŹϣĭЬ׳ͣ·ҨķͷϡǱĺӻСͷѪվһ΢Цؿš

ⶥñӿԴκͷϡ¼ڹͳ¶꣬˵ҲˣҲˣйũ׼ɷ֡ı׼Ҳˡûжôأ涨Ⱥڲϲ˿ΪǴǼʡԹ޵ˡͨˣ˰ӡ

ģʽǸɲǵĽ̿顣»һһ®ɽִԵС۵ķ˵ǸģܡʵʲôֻͶȱˣֵأͽеˡʱ򣬴ӣЩ˵ҿһĸһĸˡ һŮģɷˣŮʱСţǺܲ׵ģʳΪʲôʳ֪ࣿҲûкܶĵأûʳƣƹţҪ㽻ǰ°и̵СˮµΣСڵϿҪ̳ԡǶͷҿŮٶҪСӶҪǿ֣ǲҲֵģҲꡣɲеƦӸɲʵũʱǲЩƦӸɲ

Сۺͷ˷ǽӵָʾ˵ѹܰ˷ΪʱĿںǡȺҪôô족ëʵҪǸɲǹСС۵˱ָΪ谭Ⱥ˶ʯͷ

ëĵı֪һһʮյʮһ¶ʮһգ±ءݸı棬ģˮġùʹͷ˵ġиط涨˭ʯͷ

ëס±ҹʱעȥۿ˶ᡣϵĲƶũľҲá𡱡ǽеĸ̷硰ĥɱȡеСҲ

һİйռӵһǧ˿ڣ󲿷ũ壬ġйǰٷ֮ʮ˿ǡũζŽˣ㿵¼ϵĶһǧ˳ΪܺߡѼ

ĵĽݸëıǡ˶¡ũ弫Ƚšͬй߽ܿˡǣJack Beldenںӱĺ˵ֲֶԽԽ˿൱һֱ𡣡йũгǰδеĿ־С΢

ë󶫵ĿĴﵽˡйҪũ򡢳ǮʱǴһԹҲҷñֻ

ɽũ񸺵ԵĻսۡëĿֲղŨһɿȥڶġԶȡһ𡱵ߡһ򣬿ǰûʲôзԺһٶʮ˱еǡͬ꣬ͯŵһﺢĥɽĵڶģΪս۵ʤ춨ۺ

ëҲʹйɲѧϰ̣Ӧ̡µԱμġܶһëʮĶӰӢӢȻ˹ֵĳδһߵһİ꣬ëȥѧڿ쵼ĹӵֶСܡðӢͳգռд¼²ʮ죬˼Ѿ⡣ ܵܶ˵˼ɡ˯žڴϣ˼ؼһѵҵ˼Ǻɷ𣿡ԼġСʲ׼ζһû޲׼е޵ʹࡣʹʹ˺þûᡣ

º󣬰Ӣд˵Լվ޲׼ũеĽ׼̶߳ȣǲܷũȺڵġ

ǰӢԶı൱ķУġʼǡԷӦ ʼϸر˽һΡ˴ᡱӢǵ㿪һڣϰաСҡҡǰһ· СŮٷЯסʼ죬䣬ôҶ˵

Ҫˣøоһ֯Ԥݶжָص㷽򡱣Ⱥ ڡɱɱɱһѶڵءʤʱһһ޹ģҲסˣҶȶʤǻ᳡ҵĲʰһЩǵҲˡٿףݴᣬѡ´ɡεĻӣһåƦαȡ˴ĽũֻŪ˶ʳǷ𣿡

ıейԱ׷鷴ԡй쵼Ҳ˵ʹйʧȥģӰȨë˵ҪȨ͵㣬ĴҪġëֻڿũĿĴﵽ֮󣬲һİֹ˱С

ëڷıеĺܸߣΪ˱Լһȷת޵ڷŭìͷװЩ֪Ƴգëд˵ǼԼ֡ʼΪԼ绤Ҫģ˵󡯵ƫҵšʹˣй߼ɲ˵ĵΣҸйءֱëϯϵͳ涨˾취ŵõйɲģĻ档

ϴֻйڣͨϰһǸҲûСڹͳ˲ǲ֪ĵıУǼ赲ëĹƣֶԹû̫øУֻôй

񵳾ĵݹʾɣݴã˻ߵأһ˵һ顱ûȰǵΣǵķС

е˵ֻǹȫšе˵սУ㶷û˽˲ƲֻǹʱһֶΣξð أе˵սݣտռʱڣһȥˣܲ˵տܻҪ

ͳ˿ǹ񵳵ĸܺСԼĸ߹ͨУȴרץɱ޸֪֮ʶӡѧи׹񵳵ѧһİ¸ ĺд˵ôͿѧȫɹЩأĸºٴд˵ѧвмʮٵĹִɱ¾̫ˡȻ񵳵ɱ¾ëıС׼ף ⵽ֽ̢ͷβ۷׷ףҰһƬԹصΪʯë󶫻ҪЩ

ʹҲֻһľʤʱϺУë˹ֵʹ׸Anastas MikoyanԶ ййʱĵһµԱҲûСû˳ӭڻУֱһһ¶鱨Ա˵ȺڶԸĳû̫Ȥ

һľ¶ʮգһٶʮйɽ֮ƺɳʮնȡʯ׶Ͼ񵳶ʮͳαˡ죬ʯɻϼϪڣһλϼˡ᳤ʱĸĹǰǻݣȥţһҾʻϺԺշת̨塣

ʯסլüܵë󶫵ıë˹ɷɻǱˮ̨ͧ壬ʱһ꣬һ㡣˹кЩɫ˸潯ӡȥ̨壬λҪְӦϡ˹ֲðԿķգëֻðѼƻ֮߸-

-˹ְëѹɳĮǿҷ˹ֲӡ˹ֶë˵Ժ׵ɴڶԸǿԸʮܷɻһӾ֧ܰһɨ⡣һλ߼⽻ડģֱȻŻǹɨӣվڸ̲˹ġ

ܽʯôйʱûʵнߡһֱĹʹͷɻѼҪӵĹȥ̨ʱȴܹԽĵƶδԸ˰еҪҵʩؽйʯʱйҵɵȫʧԶӶᶫ𺦡ë̳Ĳһǧٿ׵̯ӣһǧδһƻĹɽһ߹ģĹҵϵʮ˼Ҿһ ֳɵáϵʯ飬ǲܸë󶫱ȡ

һľ괺죬滨еĴë󶫴½˱ǡëѡ˳ĵǰʵԷϺʽۡй͹ԺҲɽˮ֮䣬ǧ̬Īڼ֮ǰͥ԰칫

ëǰϺ˺üµĴɡʱëס羰ɽǨߣɽҡһˡͶѧɽſڻ˿ӡ ˲ѧйֻٹһ˵Ͷѧ׼ûãֲʱ뿴Ϲ档

ϺɨרҴŹɨ˹ɨսʿǻһѸ䶼һ顣ëľʩֲۣνڽɡ͸˱˹ֵķҲûëʹΪй쵼ϰհҪĳһ꿴 ܶӡ³Jawaharlal Nehruʻ찲ţ˵Ҫɱ֮ܶףֱСӵն

ܾ޷죬ëڡǻǰϦͻȻֵİʱźµ÷Ӣɽȥë˵ëϯܸߣó͹ӵд̸ú֪ʵëϯ壬˵ûʲôǼ˻ᷢһûף˵ҲͦëϯӹͷЦ˵ѣֲˡ

һľʮһǡ䡱ëϺһ֮ңĸߴΰ찲ų¥л񹲺͹һʮƵȺǰ¶档 ӴԺ찲ų¥ϼĴڳëһ֡ʽǸѧģͬĵĺ쳡Ĺ찲Ű̫ࡣ

һ죬ë찲ų¥ϷݽִʮΨһһΡ ںšʱëɤӣĵ˵ңƽ棬һ񹲺͹ΪЩʲôһҲûᡣ

㳡Ǹߺëϯ꣡ëҲ˷ܼڳ¥ȥ Ⱥ֣ʱߵǰһ꣡ëǧйϵͳߡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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ëȨչײ˶ѹͼΪԢǹ᳡档ëҪ󡸴ɱ˵ˣȨ̡ܹԼɱʮˡ

 


 
19491953ꡡ5559 

񵳵Ȩ棬ûгִ״̬йһ·ǰһ·ӹܹŮ꣬ڹϸɲ쵼½ܹĵع󲿷־ְԱԭⲻ£ճ̵꿪šҵлũҵ廯ҪڼʵС

꣬ʵпɵľߣйʮսѸٻָҵˡ½

ýϱϸƣ̲ڡװѹȥ

ëһܸɵİӣ͹Ժִܶơһľ£ë浽ģʽй֮У˹ּΡ˹ֻûλ쵼ôƵػι˹ͼũׯ쵼λᡣרҺܿ챻йеʱͬëûʽȨ֣һ˹ʽļȨѾںãֻȥ

ʤˣëûд¡ĵһ˶ɱˣѹëάȨ˶ɡĵκηɣ˹ŵ˵Լǡдɡ޷족-

-ëȨҲһЩɵ棬߿ԡߡ̬ͨȶӡܸ족Ҫ̡

һʮ·ëƶ棬йѱ桰ֱ͸ҡ

˶һǡˡװëȨˣһС񡱣Ϊ鱨عˡȨĻɲȫ嵱˰ӣϲ񵳹ԱܱŴպ顣ë˵ɱЩСʯڡ󽯽ʯһɱ

˵ԼӲĻҲܵѹһֵĻڻʡֶߣëϯ͸ȥԭӵ˸ֳ˼ڴҹҪ˭һˣȫɢʱйڻũʹ⡰ҥԡӦ˶ëӵ˵ɱһԺ󣬡ҥƽϢ򰲶

Уëһָʾһָʾĸʡ쵼̫̫㡱Ҫǡ󲶴ɱͬʱеռ˿֮ġ½ġ ˶УǹСɱ˴Լҡ-ëϣÿһɱ˶ﵽɱӺЧҪСһһʮգָʾܶطηηβҴɱı䡣ëĶ£һؾͿιǹᣬĴʮ˴ΡһһйѪͳӢĿڱĿһδᣬˣȻǹУԽԱߵϡЩ˳㲻νʾڵĳ棬Ŵ󿨳ŵѪʬ崩ֶС

-ë߹ϽɱʮˡֲбġӸпԵóۣб൱ڱǹеɱ൱ɱ

ëҪȫμ򷴣ҪǶܵšһϣë˹ֺϣߵøԶ

ҪǿǵЩܵͶʹãëɱ˻ࡣ˵Щˡ ɱǻᡰʧ˴Ͷ˱ ͽרָ½͸Ӫ͸ζߵĵشȾ صĿ󾮣ػܵѵ⡣ġԸǿģ ЩڰļӪģǹеģɱĸ

ëͳڼ䣬ڼ͸ӪˣͱǹеˣԼǧ߰-

-ݹƣëͳµÿԼһǧԭɵƽÿӦ°ٷ֮ʮ

һֵ͵ëʽͷʽСơ˶ʮǧ˵ˡЩڼļУһ˶;һƽʱսս֪һšǵļҲ۸˵춼ΧˣҪﹲ

ʱȫÿׯֵˡΰίԱᡱԱһƽµĻӡǵְ𲻽ǼﷸϰաëȨȷһĿƷʽһһȫʵСơ˶й̶ľס֮أû˿Ǩӡ

򷴣Ҳʰ·ˡڰ١ɱˡ۶ġμˣڴ֮Сڹ֯ܣ飬µ֣ΰܿÿǰĺáһףϾԺҲһɨգŮ֯μͶ

ë˵ɱءܡǷǳҪģûһֲСˣȨ̡ܹ

ڴɱй˵ͬʱ˱Antonio Rivaձɽ¡һǵͼһꡰʮһڡʱȻڴ찲ų¥ɱë󶫡ڹǰһһʮ ºѺվڼճνʾڣȻڱŸǹСڶġ ձֱ⣬˵ǡͼбĻָʵ뿪˱ԭפٰ£David Barrett

ɭϵ찲Ź㳡ܱߵشһ򾯲죬һװӣ㳡߶Ⱦйˡ㼸ˣıɱëͷǸСĹ¡ʮܶ·ûʱǸڳС

ӵĿǼʱֵսսһĿǴйӵʮͽ̻ᣬоٸڱҪųTarcisio MartinaëٸԿȵľ޴ȨܸȤζѯõˡΪĺ̻ëǸвйӹ̰ѧУҽԺ¶ԺʿŮԹ¶Ժ¶ĸΣù¶ҽҩ顣

ڽ̡׼ڽ壬Ϊ֯ѹϸ֮¡еʿ𡣸һߵĻ˺ͼߡһ꣬йûʲôǹҵˡ

һһףëעתƵҵǮϣ̰ۣ˷ѣ ġ˶ʼ̰ҪĿġ̰۷Сϻ̰۾ɱһԪһƸĸ±ҵһԪĽСϻҪ̡

ӹŵй˶ϣиԱǲб˽ҡǶӵǹڲܡǲʶǮǮǴȫ ϰģǮֻһԿף߬ëһôþôãϰյ޹ء

Ϊ˰Ǯεģëϸʡ;쵼ķ籨Ҫ׽ϻָ꣺ȫҪǹһ̰۷ܽ⡣ʡ׽в˵Υ߲ǹӣ̰۷ӡϻķʽ̹׺ͼ١ٰʮԱӵģЩ취顣ѶʱзץġϻëԤҪٵöࡣ

һǡ˷ѡʵϣ˶ɵ˷ѸࡣҼĹԱԱ￪˶һؼ£ҵͣ١ڶһ롣һʮգ㱨˵⽻罻ͣͣ򾭼ѷشӰ졣ҵɽǰһ룻вܽ˽˲Ҳҵʼ½˰١һֱܵӰͶڽпࡣ

ʼãëָ˸巴лߡ͵˰©˰ƭҲƲ͵Ϻ͵Ծ鱨˶ǡʲ׼ę̈ڵߣЩ˵ĲƲûбûգҵҵڼӪ巴ĿģʹǴӴ˳ϻ̳ϿֵչҪɣͨûգＷǮ

Ϻ巴¥ĶൽȻ˸ڻɡӡһλĿ˵ϺĿô˲״һֱиʺţȻɱΪʲôֽҲϺһʱ̸²סԭֽˮˣйʬָȥۣ㲻ˣֻ¥ݵʱ巴ܾƣ˶Уɱжʮˡ

Ȼë󶫵йûдͳϵ̰ⲢйɲøϰһڳԡסСҽơӽϣëȨǰְλ ߵ͹涨ͨĪȨ

ëȻǲ̰ۡģйĺɰйǮôûеڶȨҲһרʲôʿЩ˴Ԥĳһ챻Ʒë˵һԶᵽһ쵽

ëʲôأǲĺءأ ǰʱǹ˽£ëһֽݵӡϲһеݳƷǽˮͷǼֵǵĹŶԵȻΪԼֻҪĶͬҪģȡԹǮƺϧ

ëϲʮȫΪ𣬱һؾ󲿷δ㡣Щشķ羰һѡɽƬ㱻רëáЩطͨйȥµľסլëһ£ǾͱǷӡëҪ·ӣӰȫĽǶƣ ľż๤졣Ӷ÷ڣеĻԭӵ󲿷ͬһʽһشĴһŷ䣬һֽˮĴֿ⡣

ëıƽϲס¥˵¥²컨رߣеĸ߹¥ëϲɺʮϲǵһ С˶ˡԼʮ߸ߣһɵĴɻ⡣󲿷ֱ֮һëЩĳдʱһŷ䣬µĵطһȡ

ëıǱġһͿ޽½ֽģ巴սһںʤرӣһ깤Ӵ ʮͳǱʤأٶǮ˵ıûһë⡣ ı׼ȫë±һɽ󺣣деɽͿգΪë޽һʧķնֻмй쵼 ǵļӲſԿ

һ꣬ëľӿŸϣҪʡ᳤ɳëһӣ˵ϯܻؼ翴һ쵼֪Ƿë˼ Ϊʱ巴ľ˵ȥȥʣûд𸲡ǰԼԢڳװޣϴּ䣬װʽͰëûлǻȻԭë˼ֱ԰ɺëŻسɳ ԰ԱָëһͬСıԻëĹɽһӾʡȻëĹ٣ϱߴϯҲûطסǶ׷

Ϊ˷ʱ֮裬ëıͨ򸽽ûֱߣеǻרߣеǵ³ëʱסͣھûڵרϡһ֮ëʱΣյս

ëʱйߴ𳵡ɻִһ죬ȫйеķɻءר˵Ϳȫõ·Ҳűҡ

ëϲӾǸӾؼΪƶΪԼ˲Ӿء һȪɽУëԼ֣ڡɱң ˽ùһھ㡰ϻҪ̡ëûȥιӳ̫С Ϻ棬Ϊ˸ӾءϺѾиӾأëǰԹڿšëϺڲˣͷЩ껹ëεʱȥӾӾضռ

Ӿصˮǿ¯ˮùȵġǱůԴëļ٣ʺƴ

ëǸʳңõʳȫ㣬÷ɻװˮܽΪζëҪȿ֮ıĤȥһëԵױĤûˣԹܼ˵ȱάأ˽ܼæȪɽũ׼һ뷹ףëÿٳһС뷹שͷĥȿǣıĤܼܵȪɽûʹëһٷԵ⡣

ȪɽũרΪëף˵ˮرáȪǰ͢ˮڽëˮëϲ߲ˣԼţ̣һСɽũëӰĲйõһرСɽϣÿ ˵ļڣͽëʳﶼ顣ʱܼվڳʦԱ߿ţҲ𳢲ˣζȫëĳԷĵط൱Զζëı˵ֳֳԣԱһ˷ɿܡ

ëϲϴ裬һľԺûϴϲëȫ衣ϴͷϲʦͷĿСëҲϲÿһĦҽԺҽԺ豸õĴŷҪë˼ǣǾȺټʱһȼڡ

ëţЬ겻ΪЬʡشЬˣþսʿٴԡ£ëëֲһëʮĸǿɲƽĲõϺȥõʦµ֯ģñµĲ֪߹ٱⲻʲôءľ޸ͼȨߣֹ񱡣

ȻһЩݻûʲô˲ëĲͬǣһ߾ӻһ߰ԼɽԼĿģҪȫйڼ˼йӣŲùҲƲԶͷǹС

棬ëͳµܱͽͽԼ־صķһֻʮ̽׼٣ǧй˳ûл˽µԷйܴ衣иȻصд̲סڶ챻ᴲͷЦġ

ë˵ȴȫķݡһ¾գžβΪ뾯ѡĹԱľ»һƣ˵ǡѡ»һ״ķԲãĹųëӦվëڸصıҲѡ˶ëθڵĻʿԱ浽ë˯

ëżŮһ㲹ʱҲ˻һǮĿ಻ٿ飬ëÿһʶϸԽĹܼÿһʱҪһʣëʱ쿴Ŀ

ë˵ǮǴرóģػᡱĸѡͷй߶棬˶áһëϯ顱ë֪ë˵һëĸѴԪϡڵʱֱ֡ȣëһ㹤Աһ깤ʴԼİٶԪеũһൽͷŵֽ𲻹Ԫëйһһ޶Ị̇ë󶫡 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
32 ˹ֽϾ


 
19471949ꡡ5355 

ͬ񵳵սʤëԾԾԣҪ˹ֵȫΧڲһš

ëϣи˹ŵʽһ֮Ī˹ѽֹëٽӴ˹ŵֻתΣö߰ȡ·˹˹ʣAnna Louise Strong ˹ȫ߱˹ŵΪǹĴͲ

һ꣬ë˹йΪǰëһļ תȫĹرǸŷ쵼˿ҪõĪ˹ȥ

˹дƪ¡ë˼롷The Thought of Mao Tsetungһ飬ΪйDawn out of Chinaë˼Ҳû뵽ķʽÿһ⡱޿ԴйѧĶ˵ëȫӰŷЩսģʽЩڶ˹ֵķ⡣˹ʵˣʱɾȥһ롣 ȫӡȺͺüŷҳˣ˹ֶŸɵ˹

˹Ųȡʲô취ѵëë֪˭Ǵϰ塣һʮһʮգëսʤȯգ˹Ҫ˹ֵĻˡ

ʮʮգ˹ְ칫Ҹëص˵ӭա籨ɰתëͬʱյָҪ㱨ëķӦڶ죬˹֣ëǳˡ˵˷ܵ㵸˵üˣº 

¹ȥˣ˹ûз뺯ëֵȣйոӰ죬ë˵ġ̡˹ֻص˵áëҪҽϣ˵ǽԵʣʵǷʱ޵ֱӸĪ˹ϵ˹ֻص˵ԣⲻʾͬëһҪ󣺷ʶŷ

ʮգëԼѹ˼죬˹ͻȻƳٷʡȥҲ˹ἰëյ¡ëżҪߣʱй쵼 ˻㼯£˶֪ëҪȥĪ˹Ƽ˹֣Ҿ⼸졣˵˵˰죬˹Բ룬ëʧӡΪ˲Ϊ㷭ϣ ¶ʮգֳһΡҽ¹ʡ

գëסˣ˹ַ˷籨˵ʮҾڷǶҪʮŶҪ˹ܷɻ

ʮգëԶڵǰһ죬ϲɻϰȴ˹ֵĵ籨ë󶫣ʳջ񼾽ĸ߼쵼Ҫڰ·뿪 Ī˹Ƶʡȥʮһ²ŻˣίԱᾴëͬ־Ī˹ƵķƳٵʮһµףԱл븺ͬ־

ȫ쵼˶Ҫ뿪Ī˹ĸµʡȥׯڣë󶫷շǵƳٵĶ˹¡Ȼˣë˹ֻ㱨ëķӦëһ˿΢Цţ˵ãáʰ򣺡ôʳջе쵼˶Ҫȥ˵ʶëˣҶ˽ȷĻ΢Цġãáʾ⡱״˵ʮëͬĹʳջ⡣ʮҪ·ӶʰˣƤЬҲˣ˼Ӵ¡ȻⳡʶǳҪ

ëʶҰ˹֣æȡʩȡʮգ֪ѧ׼ҪҪѧϰë塱Ϸһᷨ˵ǡкģ˵ļСë˼롱Ϊ塱¶ʮգë˹һֺõĵ籨˹ȥ

ë״˹ϲıšϰ塱ƺ˹֣ұϰ壬׿ϰ㱨ؽҪ

˹ּëͷΣʮʮգë˷ѺöʧӸµĵ籨˵ӭëʮһµë˶衣ֻǹսֵķչʹòԼƳٷڡ

ڹؼϣë˹Ǵ粽áսӽβʱһľһ£ϾҪ̸˹Ҫë𸲡йͬ񵳽̸СëΪ𡣰򱨸˹˵ëƽ˵˹ֵ֪ڶ첹һ籨ëͣ˵ȫӣΪȫ翴սڹ񵳡˹˵ΪĴ𸲣ĿֻΪƻϾĺƽ̸С

ë뷨һƽҲܸ񵳣ҲС˹˵ҪϾͶȡϵػزԡëʷǰؽ˹˵ʱϾ⣬ë˹˵ ΪӦش𡪡˹ֵйʶ˵˹ߵ˶˹֡ëѵ

˹ֵȻưոݣڶ͸ëƪƪ˵̣˵̸ܾ󣬻Σ˵ܵװ档ëͲʲô棬Ҳ˹²̨Ե˸취йһϵк̸ǽйͶȻë˹֣˹ֵԭƺһǰ˹ֵָʾģƻͬ񵳵ĺƽ̸У սеһϣͬȫһ¡˹Ҳ˳̨ףڶص磺Ѿȫһµ¾ʹ˽ᡣ

˹ٴθеë˲򵥡ʱ˹ȹ˵ëǸܳµġһʮգ˹ҪëٴƳٷգ˵йʱľȱС˹ȨξίԱë

֪˹ҪڣëĵһӦǰѵ籨һӣ˵ȥɣ Ⱦһ룬ë˹ʵǿ˹ֻûξίԱκ սĹȥ˵Ǹҵ⽻ϵһʮգëص˵ǳӭ˹ֵʹߡ

׸һʮյ¡ڸ˹ֵĻ㱨׸˵ëѼл˹ͬ־ϸĹػ׸һĻһֱڶΪй޸·Ŀηë˹֮Ա

׸ﵽĵڶ죬Ͼᵽݣͬȥֻһʹʹꡣһգëûгϯ׸Ļ̸ʾ졣ܶ׸ͣ׸˵ǺġǵĹͬҵ޺ǡǡ෴ķչɵȻ˵ë˹ֺͣ˵ʹȥΪռ鱨ëģ걻˹ ëйδʹʱдй쵼ˣëһԲ ⽻ٳë¶һмһ˵ӡ

Ļë׸ϲ⡣ʯһǩйȨЭûκ飬˵ǡġ׸ ˹ֻ㱨˵ëǿ˵˹йĵʦȫĵʦ˹ͬ־ͽʱ׼ָʾë⽵ԼΪ䡢ۼҵĵλ˵ûж˼µĹףȵȡ׸Ҳ˹֣ë󶫵ЩˣҲԼʵ

ʱ˹УJosip Broz Titoڱֳ̫ĶԸձ˹ֿӪëʾΪʽ׸ǰ˹˹ԶһŶ˹

׸ë޹֮Ĺϵë鱨֡˹֮ǰˡ鱨֡Աֻŷ޵ĹëΪ˹ʾ޹һ֯ë׸˵Ѿƻ鱨ֵĳԱо˳ʡӡ֧ǡɱȣһйȨ̿Ը

׸ｨ鿼ǳëΪԵġǡ鱨֣һʼֻԱйձʣԺӡëڴķΧСöࡣ

׸ͬëΧĵڶ죬˹ͨ׸ëǿҰʾҰĲҪ̫ˣ巽ʽëΪë˵˹ʵͬذףSidney Rittenberg˹˵Ա˹ Ī˹ƱϢ

ë˹ֵ˼¹ذס˹ʽĻһʱı͢˹æë飬͢Ϊ֮ߡҲŵ鹣ѶҪëĹϵ

˹ֵġׯ轣湫ëšᵽ˹ֶľ棬ؿ˹ֵòǿԸ㣬Ҫ쵽ŷȥ˹ںëΧëǺεȵĳɾͣ

ʱ֪ûӰ⵹ëתëά֮£˵ë˼롰ֳذֳصľúͷչǶǣޣ ȫġֳذֳءɦëɦëһľʮ߽ȫϣë棺ᷨе㻮

гζֳذֳصķΧܿһֿƺ˵˹ֻЩҵչĵطֳذֳعǣôһң ĻҪֱӵĪ˹ȥôأ磬ձ ˵ᷨǣ۹峷Ժָù˹ֹˣЦȻǲҪæˣȰйԼá

ëΣѾ˹ֹϷˡ

ί˹ְѽ鱨һ븶ʵʩģ˹йǷӦüǸֻŷ޹Ҳμӵġ鱨֡˹ִΪûҪйӦ֯һǹˡƺȷëڶǵλʵȻ˹ֽ˵ŷǴ½ҲμˡһëʲôɵأȻ˹ָı⣬»Ը֡

˹ּץë档Ī˹ʱ˼ ˸ͷӰͿĪViktor Abakumovձë󶫵ĹϵصҵΪʦܣҷ˹ַʽëëġڲϡҪëҰġ-

-ë﹤˺òס򲻾ɻ¡״ͬëպʧӰ١͢һһڿ֮¡פӰƽһȥĶӡƥ˾عھͳѡYuri Vlasov˵ƽǱ˸񲪵ıǣLavrenti BeriaiûͷŶԵĶҩġ

ѷëʾëһԹ顰ް޹顱һľʮһڱٿę̈ͨ塣˹ֶԴٿȵͷ벻ˣ߸ĵطдŸ˵ӦйٿĳﱸӦֹͣص಻Ӧı䡣 ŵ˵ֻһĺ٣κ֯˼ë迪֮ϵ

ڿĻڻϴ̸ë󶫵ĵ·һҲû˹ֻİ˵й߹·ֳذֳӦߵ·

Щĸ񲻿ܲ·˭Ҫر˭ͽ󡣡ëΥκ֯ŵԡʮһ¶ʮգһ֡ܲڱëͼָӱĹߡ

ëأ˹ôάԼLeonidSolovyovָĽʱ˹ַάԼǡҪë顣ëμᣬһ߼Աй쵼˵ǸëȻʤߵ̬˹ԭάԼ

ë˹ǰòԤʾµı١Ҳ˹ֲ񿪳Ըëӵйӵķ֮һ˿ڣǿ˹ӪķëҪ˹Ϊ񣬰չԼҰġ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
33 ʹϰ


 
19491950ꡡ5556 

ë˹ֵģǰһľ¹ҵϵʹйΪȫ´ΪΧܡ

Ϊ˴ﵽĿģҪ˹ţĴϰ廹㡣ë׸һٱʾ˹ֵҳϣԱηǰҲ˺Щݡη˹ֱ˵ëһΡ߾˫֣˹꣡ ЩͷϵĻëȡһжŷҶδȡ˹ Ҳûָļжͬ⽻ϵʱѾ빲 Ӫγݡë߿η򣺡ǰͲʱҵĴʹݶйһȥëҪ˹ַģ˹Ϊ׵ĹӪˡ

жϹϵҲйڵĿǡëйʿͷʹǴһϣ׸˵ֻ Ӣĵ߸ëΪйƶһ⽻ߣɨɾ͡ һòĻʵɱķ

йӰǿë׸˵й֪ʶӵﶼӢ¹ձܵĽִˣ رǴʿģҪӰ½ġһľд˹ֵı˵˱־ͨѶ⣬ӢйͰʮһѧרѧУʮ̻ʮͼݣǧٰʮѧǧ˰ٶʮ̻һʮҽԺ

ëҪЩ˲ŰչСǳ˵ëũ壬ʵĵǳУǰϦй߲㣬и㲻ãǾͻվס š֪ʶӣ򣬴ѧ˼뷽ʽëɨɾӡĿ֮һ

һΪй֮ûΪйȨʵϣëȡһϵежԶʹܳййռйɲӢ¹ƵġëܿƶˡߡЩ ݵķ룬ܶ׸ǽǵӹȥòߡǵĿǰѶĻ棬ҡŷһŲ 򽻵פ߶£Angus Ward¹ݳԱ ߶ºָظͬжԵ̬йӽϾ󣬴ʹ˾ͽ׵ǣJohn Leighton Stuartסլ

ӢëҲֵûҩζʮ㡣йɳʱʯӢAmethyst ŵӢͣڽ档ëǣǡҶɽսıϮӦһɵ񵳱ȥԸʮӢˮڻ±ʯӢ ܴϡӢŭĺԱʹӢ䲨أHarry Pollitt סԺԵ񼪶ڹᷢԣΪʲôйûһҺĸʹӢܹЧؽб

˹ֺװ棬˽ȥפԶӽȫսһë籨ëҪĹϵΪй֮ڲʱ򡣡ë͵ţҪӣ ͻ⽻ԱӢ⽻ԱһͣϺǵУĵط

ܿëͻָ˽һľµϺëţçײװйΪһʧëͬʱȡթļƲߡʮգܶһм˴Ÿ³ͳ˵й쵼˷ɣһΪյġɡһΪġɡ֧ҲӰδйߡⷬһЩ˽ȴȴйͶĻ

ëͬʹ˾ͽ׵̸С˾ͽ׵ǸйͨһԸΪܸëϡʵë̸ʹߡй⽻ƻ˵ëܲѰġѺùϵǵĿֻһֹģװ棬ͷ˹񵳡

ѶʱëĹߡʮգձϷë£⽻ϡһߵⲻֻйڹӪ ζĽҽΪ˼ǿЧפϺĸ °William Oliveڽϱץȥʹһ٣ȥٻ ʹµףʯӢʱëݴ򣬡ʯӢŶദеһйڻֱڵ

ë˹֣ҪһȣҪҳϡ˹ֺܸˣ仰»˵ߣܺãá

Ϲϵë󶫸˹׼ļһ̨ëͼȥϰ塣ⲻǷвɵǺӣͬ˹ֻнҪ

һľʮµףܶŸʹëϣ˹ʮ¶ʮһʮʱĪ˹ȥ˹ף١˹ֵͷëհķ֮һ˿빲Ӫ˹ȴûиӦеĴΪӢӭë ȥֻȫһѸ˹ףٵĹ쵼еһ

ëʮ뿪Ī˹ƣһеһγСûһй쵼ˣĹ²ηһë˼ë֪˹һƴʱйڳȨ˹ֵͬеȨͬ˹״μʱëйפմʹҲòμӡ

״μëĪ˹Ƶĵ졣ë˹ٴһߵߣ˵üңرӢڻȡҪл񹲺͹ǲڽ

ëشòĪ˹ʱϣǩµѺԼȡ뽯ʯǩľԼǣ˹˵ԼǣŶЭ飬ʱĶԼκʱëʾͬǵĹͬҵôǾô족Ŀǰ޸Լë־ԼȨ˵ǡйһ¡

ΪرëڳҪ󣺰ҽһ֧ǿľӣһȫľ¹ҵϵͳ

ëҪ˹ҪȨ⡣ǿйбףǿ쵼ĹӪȫҰĵë绢в˹ֱ˵ĵλ

ë͵ԶĪ˹Ƶ˹ֵĶűһĴӡһëشѩ߹ԱƢʱͬ˹ʽ̸ңңڡ˹һëû¿̸ ˹ֶĪз˵ȥǸʲôη򱨸˹˵ëܽǡ˹ֻشкܶˣûҪרŸëͬ־

Ī˹ʱۼȫĹ쵼ˣëǣȻҲëëϾȡԡʮ¸ʤ˹־ܾëκһ䣬ֻƽӹMatyas Rakosië˵˼䲻ʹĻ˹ëһζ˵ǵ٣Palmiro Togliatti˹ǧټƲҼ

һӲ˹ʮëúעĿΪ˹ֹơ˹ֿȥҲëУëֱλӡ ˵ëΨһȫ䡣ݳʱȫëİỶ˹֣ë󶫣˵ĳĪ˹ƴԺûйëҲںںţ˹꣡˹֣

ڶ죬ëҪ˹̸ֻ˵ҽףٵµġ ﻹɫʮ㣺ѵΪԷʺ˯𣿡

ëҲ˳ġԵķ棬ֻб㣬ëضʿ˵ǵĳʦֻܸԣ͸ӻȥʺأһбصëֻϰ߶ʽͰʽͰʹûӷ㡣˯ֲϲ˿ܲѼͷͷ˵˯ͷˡ˻ԼѴƵйʹľ塣

Ƣ֮죬ë˹֡˹ֱտڲ̸ëϴĽ´Ҫ̸ֻϴû̸⣬ëԽϡձӡȵ޹Ĺϵ˹ڹ۲ëҰĵж󡣹۲ϣûϢڴڼ䣬ëʮϢعȥëڱõ籨й ⡣˵˹ּ绰Ǳ߾ش˵˹ֲڼң׸ηȥȥιۣ˵ûȤ˵βר ˹ףٵģ㹤ӣ˵ҵĿľȥ˹֡˹ָ˼ε绰Բ塣ë޿κΣԱó顰ǳįǳơ

ë˸˹֣ơǰ̸й׼͡Ӣաȹ⡱յĪ˹ʱ˹֣ͬӢʱָʾͬӢ̸УӢܿһһճëйӢͨѶ˵ë˹ˡܿë˷ųġ

Ԫ죬ë˹ֵʹߣӢҪйë˵һ죬յһ˹ǩë󶫶Ա̸塱˹ͬ־ı۵ˡһҵ̸壬ҵ顣ë˵Ӣйæл񹲺͹ʹ˹̬ȵĸı䡣

˹ݵĴпԿ˹ԸסëϰܶԼܹҵó׵ĲĪ˹ƽо̸Уرָʾ𳵣ɻɻ͵ɻëڰʾˡ

ëơ˹ʾһʮգΪ˵˹ְëˣ䰬ѷDean Achesonʢٵȫֲݽָ̲йʡ֡ǲ Ѿȫ̲ǡ̲ɺ½Ҳˡ˹ֵĪзëй⽻巢ⰬѷɹҲȡͬжëӦˣȴõλԵͼ𳤺ľĸ巢̸̸лѾɹйʡᲢۣɹŻйһ֡

һ¶ʮһգƪ̸һϡձ˹ּ̰ëáķֹĪзͲѵëǡйС˹ֻͷյܶҲëܶë˵Ǹ̫ࡱһĽɫëںǰ裬ëԹ졣

˹׸ɽ⽻ϵëҪɹȨ-ëڳѵëһٺ˹ϣعںãëȥ硣·ϣ˹ëںϣͷʦڶϡʦܻ

-Ϊ˱˹ֺҪ˫ɵλʽ¼

ڳϣҶĬǦһơΪ˴򿪾棬ͬ˹˼䣬Ȼ㲻ǴӦҪǴŵסȥ𣿡

ش𣺡˵ҲûзԸ Ļδ꣬ëϯң̸ʲôҪȥ͡

̸̳ͬ⡣ ëϯ˵ѻջˡ ˹ֺҲ̸ʲôң˵ʲô һش𣺡֮Ļ ҶһԲճصּҹǦҾĬʮӡ

Ծ塢ģ˿ûлϲ졣ϯȻĬţһԲ˹裬ĸַëϯϳҲʼûгɹ˲֮к͸գջǲɢ

һʮգ˫ǩԼйԪ꽻һĽֻӦ֮һǧ𣩣Ŀ³ǰװȫھ£Ϊ´һ루һǧרװ˹ͬëʮ͹ҵĿֻǡָ͸족ԭеĸú·ȻʩëҪһϵͳֹ

˹ָĺ٣ߵĺܶ࣬ЩܸЭͺͬ½ġҵġġҵġֻ롣ʱйɿɵĿëʵǰйҪĿȨëԼֳءʮ˵ʱȥ˰½Χ޹ԭˡһΧһЭ涨йսԭ١ʮֻ׼ζ йٷ֮ʮϿɹڵԭϣгѼ۸ۡ

һŰ˾꣬СƽԸǷMikhail Gorbachev˵ѻƬսǿԡ۸ūййձʵϴйɳһʱڡһڡһָ ëͬ˹ǩйЭ˹󣬺³NikitaKhrushchevЩЭйϳǡ

ЩԼйĳ߶ȿơëйǩԼʱпʹ˲²־䣬񡰲Э丽ȫɾȥĪ˹Ʒ޼̵Ļ𼱵籨ҵ͸ŵĺľհ죬ҪҪһ£ֽϲСıСϹɹ˾ϢдϢѾڱѧ˼ĲЭǷҪйȨԱʣҪͣԡߣҪżԸߡҪй֪Э飬Ͻֲɡ

˹ֵļ£йڻרҸԼźı꣬ǺǵļͥԣǮЩĹλΪǡʧ⳥Щ˻СⷨȨһշйָ𡰵۹۸йҪһ㣬ǡⷨȨë͵͵˻

ǩԼëķֹμ˹֣Ī˹ơ󶼻᷹ꡱϯзеĴлᡣë˵ϣ㣬˹ݰ١ϣ ܳϯһ£״ʱǰϯǲΪʲôʡ

˹־ëӣ˵ǵ롱Ͼŵ㣬˹ˣһƿԼȵľơٿ˭Ҳ֪˹ֻһ˲ȫˣ ű͡˹ꡱĻ˹ֵȺѲż顣

˹ֲëӵģҲë¾ġףᵽУ ˵빲ӪͥԼĵ··вͨ˹Ҫصͥ˹һٰëУ˼ ûк³˹ִʱֽаɱеļƻ

ϰ壬ë޶پ¸СǩԼʽϣ߸ĸߴ԰С˹ʱ˹ǰһºἰ£ë΢Ц˵һ

ηգԶԶûëθڣҪ˹ֵĻﳶô⡣ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
34 ë˹ΪʲôҪս


 
19491950ꡡ5556 

ڻΧ棬ë󶫵ĽչҲ˹ֻǰԽ˹һãëˣЧչӪԮԽϵľ޴ȻҲй

Խ־ʮ׻йס꣬ȥӰ˵һڵصġëһֱڳʡ֧Ԯйϵͬһ㣬Ϊִϰĵλ˹ֻҪԼ԰Խë

ëڼ䣬˹ְѺ־ٵĪ˹ƣԺ˵ԮԽë𡣺־ΪΨһë̸ˣëͬ˻𳵻صй

ԴˣԽë±عףսԼƻСսϸڡǰԽĸݵйһйͨһйͨԽϵĹ·һ깤й־Ӯˡ߽սۡйԮӴԴԴʮգë˹ֵʹȽPavel Yudin׼ѵԽӡΪйԽŵԴ˶ʮ̣ȸ˷ˣٸˡ

ëþͿʼëԽϣëʽĶй̨Խϱ̡ëʽΪԽʹЩԽ쵼ǿҷԣǺ־Ҳ˵ơ

һšʮ¼䣬ëݻԽϵľжԱ㼯оս

ʮͳΪձֳصĳʣڶδսձսܺ󣬱űγʮ˶һΪϱפӣפӡһľ£ճɿйӾҪȡȫйˣżˣȥ˵˹ְ ϳʣϺ˹־ܾˣ¸ճëæĹëëȷ̬֧֣˵ȫйٿսë˵ʡһϰȫë˵ҪǿЩйӸǡС˷ɫһˡϲ

ʱë˼ɱȥװɳˣǹ󡣷ڼë˸ı䡣Ҫͬսֻܴ˹õҪĶëĽǣҰĵҾ¹ҵΧë֮ԸҴΪӵǧɳ䵱ڻҵйˡܸˣᱻܡսṩһϰڹսͶĹ񵳲ӵİ취Ǵȥʡ

˹յ˽ë֮ϵı档һһʮգפƽʹʲؿƷTerentii Shtykovֵ˹֣ճɺܼ ǿ˵ëŵԣйսһæʮգ˹ֽʲؿƷ߽ճɣ˵԰ǵһ˹ͬⷢս ס˹ָıΪëҪսº˹ְѽճĪ˹ƣ˵йڿרĶԸˣ˳ɰص ֧֣ǿԲȡжͳһˡ˹Ҫ𡰱ë ë˽ٸ-

-俨ԼSantiagoCarrilloǣճ˵սǽģë˹ָ硢֧

˹ֵĽǶȿйͱͬһ̶˵ĺôһ̡ڶԼʽװر׸ɻܻĳЩ¼ĵףڸӪϣ߶Զ

ʹ˹ֶĵĻйǣƴӣʹȨƽ⵹һߡ˹ֵȫΰڵ¹ŷ޹ҶȨڸëĵ籨˵һ޽Сת˲ŵǾʱӪ¹ձҪǿոսܣӪʱӪ֮սĻӦһǰΪǲӦ¡սɱ⣬ôھɣ伸򣬲ھʹ򡱡

ë󶫺˹ֵΣ˹ֱ̬ʵΡëһٸ˹ֵԱȽڳͶʮʮʦйӻǡ롱÷顣

ճϳʺϹܿͨϹ֧Ԯϳʡ פϹĴˣYakov MalikʹȨһ飬 ˾ŦԼûеᡣ˹Ҫȥᣬ˹Ը绰ҪȥϹӵľǵͨ

ܾʹȨľٶһֱʹǴ󲻽⣬˵ֹĻᡣʵϣ˹ǹϹͨ飬ҪΪ׵Ϲӽʣëʿǰǡ롱÷顣

ëҪճɴˣ˹ȻҪճɵĶͷ˾˹ֵýףϰ廹״εճͬϳʱëĪ˹ƣ˹ֶëһδ£ճɲй¶һëعԺ˹ֲŰѽճɽĪ˹ƣս

ʮգɻѽճ͵һ·ɻֱëë˹Ѿͬˡʮһ룬ëܶʹȥʵڶһ磬˹ֵĻˣʿжǣӦëͬ־ۡʮգëԽճɱʾޱ֧֣սйɱ볯ëųӵľ룺ͬʮ˶ߵЭ飬ֱӲжйûԼȫԮëг߽粿

ճͬ˹ƶļƻõëϿɣ˹ʮͷ¶ʮգʵľԽʮ˶ߣϳʡ

ͳ³ڶʮɱ볯ͬʱ˶ͬԽ̵ķ˵Ԯı˶̨ġԤߡһ߸ı䣬ëĺǶֻ̨ܶ̾

³ʾռ˰ٷ֮ʮϳʡԮѸٸϵʮ ʮ˶ϵʴ½ѱʾΪ룬׼򱱽ʮգճɼ˹֣ϰйɡ־Ը

ʮһգ˹ָëŵԵʱ̵ˡ˹ֵĵ籨ж˵ԶĪ˹ڶȼ٣ʵеĤίҿΪɱԮĻӦ塢ʦʮ˶߽ǿԳΪ־Ը

ëӦʮ¶賿ʱҪѾɵг߽Ĳӡʱԭƻµĵս

Ѷëսǰٿξֻ飬ͬǵûԼû뵽ĵطë˵ξֲĻΪοźľִߡΣرҪǳԣذһڳĲ󲿷˷Գܶȡģɵߵֱ롣ë󶫺һ˾ġһܶȫƿȨʮһܺ ըݻймҵأܳйԭӵ

Щë֪ҲΪ˶˯žйаٺһëհѶעѺܴййĳк͹ҵҲվëԭӵΪԼȡԷһĴʩм̷ʩȪɽ

ʮ¶գëһ˹ֵĵ籨˵йӵʺս֮ʶԼһԳԵ̫δ̸ѣͬ˹ּۻۡëѹݵĵ籨˹һ⣬ֵԥ˵йصĺͬ־ΪԴ˳̬ǱҪġˣĿǰʱɳӡë˹ְĻˣص˵δϣͬ

ͬʱΪ˸·ëװһ桱ܶ˳ɫϷʮ賿ܰӡפʹȣKavalam Madhava Panikkar ˯нѣҪȫ磬Խʮ˶ߣǲӲˣҪܡΪʲôйֱӷƸ͸һ˵ûĴʹȻëа桱ᱻ֮ԡսյйſڡΪɳ

ʮգϹѾƽ˳ʱ˹ֶëеЩͷˡ شëǷ⡰ݲĵ籨˵ϴ塢ʦй־ԸΪҺ˽⣬й쵼ͬ־һϵ˵׼ɼȥ֧Ԯͬ־ġй쵼ͬ־Զ׼ָë˹ëսëȻҪġ

ȩֻ̈ۡյ˹ֵ籨ʱѾָ볯˾»ʮ°գ־ԸѸʾڳճɣǾǲ־Ըʾڰǡͬʱֱܶ뵽˹Ҫ·ϣֱë˷ⳤĵ籨ٴȰëת⣬ ǿҷԳֱȥ˹֣ëġֱ˹ֶ˵˵ѣԱ˹õܶĶ

ܡʮʮյ˹ںںϵı̸һҹֱӡ˹ִӦйɻڡ̹˵Ⱦװܶ۸Ҳûʣ֪ܶٶ򲻿ɡ˹ŵɡһվʦһٶʮļܷɻṩڻȻ˵ɲˣվδ׼ãҪ¡ûпվڻ־ԸֻڵϵŰɻըֱܶ˵վڻ٣ȥ˹Ҳɿڡ˹ִ籨ë˵йس

ëĻ˹˵˰ɣ˹ڽëľ֪ëǳɡȻëϾͲˣ˵վȥ ʮʮգ籨ܶӦսսս漫󣬲ս𺦼󡣡ܶ籨һδ˫ֱͷĳ˼ëܲͼ͸˫£֪ͨפʹ꣬йһ

йһʮʮձëͶ˳ս 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
35 ѷսơ


 
19501953ꡡ5659 

й־Ը볯սʱճܵһͿº־ԸϹϳ˱ʡ˵ˣëڳʮˣǧбܽʮգ־ԸոƽսָȨйˡ»籨ë˵ָͬӲֱӸԤָӡָӲ˾»ë󶫽ӹ˽ճɵս

־Ըʮ˶ʱ»ëҪͣ˵̫ĿǰЬ͡ξܰʱӼãҪԭ޷ɻڻըëܾͣʮʮգ»ҾԽʮ˶ߡ

־Ըùռϳ׶ǣ׶˹ָëصȶԶԶ߹ëȡйףء˹ָֻëʤǡ˵ġ

ʮʮգ³ڵ̨ȫ״̬ڵڶսԺԽսжδ³ϾԶ˵ǵļͥ塰پ޴ΣաڵĹ¼ʮȵıѩй˰ٹ䰬ѷ˵⵽һҵʧܡ

йʤ̴۳ء»ʮʮձë˵ºЬδ˵¡̺౻лȼյյսʿЬв˴š Ŀǰֵѩѽʮȣսʿ޷ߺ;¶Ӫ£ܷ֮ʧһһһ¶գй־ԸڹӦˣе֧Ϻ

־Ը̿˺սǵΨһơ˶ࡪڻƴ ӢԱɡMichael CaineڳսսǣͥȥʱԹĴͬ飬սľʹӴƶȡ

Ŀйʿ󺣲˰һһǰ壬ӵʱ룺Լ˵ϧôָǹأ

йӵʤûܳ־ãһ¶ʮգϹӷת зء¶ʮһգƷٵ»ϻرȥëһ·ɻֱϺ˵ëסȪɽҴҸȥëϢ»֮£˼˸£ƿëңëѣëʾءë˵սʤʤʤʤҪɡ

һգë˹ֳս룺˲ǲ˳ʵģҪЩˣҪʱ䡣ˣսгڻĿܡ˹֣׼йƴġڹȥĸսУй־ԸսĺͷսԱѳʮˣϱ±ʮˣ׼ʮˣٲʮˡ֮ ë˵Ҿ׼սԼʱ䣬ʮˣʹ֪Ѷˡ

йһ볯ëж˹Ҫ¹ҵĺ˾ȥĪ˹̸⡣ȥ̸нչҵĴšںչҵ棬ë൱ɹĪ˹ǩЭ飬йά޷ɻڹɵ죬ʱǧټܼ߻ըҲ֮С йڳսʱӵϵվдԼǧܷɻȽ׸

һһ£ëܲıǰʡšȥҪйڳʹõĸֱҩͼҪ¹ҵ ʮʦװԴ˹ڴӦͲһˡǰ˵һ£ٳٲ𸲣żúܣҴߣûн췢籨ëô죬ë˵ĵȴֻͬתüֱϣһŲ̸

ʱսѾһ꣬վѱըǧٿסճۿͳεĻһƬ棬ܱȵĻСڽսһһգܵйͬϹͣս̸С

ëͣս˹ֻԶԶûԾ¹ҵҪ󡣵ʱͣ־Ըʱ԰̣购ëɶ˸߸ͬճһȥ˹̸֣ʱͣҲ߰¹ҵ˹̸籨ëֻܶ˵˾ëĵĻѽճΪëĲ£ڶͳʵĴ˹ͬʱͣ𡣳ͣս̸ʮվС

ڣⶼܿˣë˹Ťסһⲻţսǲ⡣ʱϹйս󲿷ԭ񵳹ٱԸصͳµĴ½ȥԸŷ-ëҪȫǲ̸дһҲܷţһĻʹսһ룬й˼ʮˣ ˸ࡣճɱһȰë˵ûҪȥǼϲɿĹ񵳡Ļûá

-ǻڶսսǲı磬ʱ͹˹ֵս˹ɱǿ𺳡۴˵οǣǿǲ

̸ߴһԺһʮգһİٱҪϳʵĽճɣë籨ëЭսըµıʣ˹ˣDean Rusk˵ģûʲôըˡ˿ڽ֮£Լ֮һĳ

ëճɻصܾܵˡԸǲֻһ ë˵ǳй־ԸЩˡǡëȥڡǡ£˵кôʹǻ۹ľ顣صβë˵Ҫ˹ֱ棬ϰô˵

ճ´ϰ忴ᶨë֪ͨ˹𣬼̸ëص磬˵ëȻǡȷġԼҲĴ򵽵ףֻٸЩԮͬʱ籨˹֣Ͱ͵ؽΪʲôҡ

˹ʮոë˷ֵĵ籨Ϊͣս̸вȡȫȷġ죬ǽӵƽı棬ճͬ־Ҳ޳

һº˹֡ܶһɱĶԻݻ̸¼˵й׼սټ꣬˹쵼˵̬ȣ˵ûŵйܲ˵Ҳûŵʣ

ܶ˵Ͽô˵ ˹ȻЩŵ˵ҪĻǵ

ܶĿ˵ǶҡˡӳĳЩ쵼ϣԸеֻš

˹˵Ѿӽճɸë󶫵ĵ籨￴˿ֻš ܶ˵

ȻԽճɶԣ˹֡ë󶫵ȷը£һ仰Ʒ

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ëĲս˹ֿˣ˹ָرˡܶھ˹ҪԮһʮ߸ĿΪҪ񡱡мսġ ͧġ̹˵ģҪһҹһһǧ̹ˣһġڳ̹ˡ

˹ֵķӦЩƯʲôйһҪܺõװ һҪΪ޵콢˹־һֱȥҲûжܶĵӵͷ

ܶ˹ֵһĿģȷëΧԴ˹־սͬëձɱǵ޹ҡձﱸ֯볯սϵװжڶǣ鹲λԾй߾˶ڴͨйܾԮѵйѵĻδļկɫ쵼˲أPol Pot

̸ܶʱйѾˡգ˵ڸǹҵĹϵУйķǺƽʩӰ죬ɱȥ˵ Ҳһ˹ּܰظᲢۣ ̵˵йһ֣йӵȻýפء飬ӦС¡˹һ䣺Ӧий

Ҫڱٿ̫ƽƽᡱ˹˵ȻйţӦйáܶ׷ʣšʲôá˹ڿ˵ƽ

֪ܶ˹ֲȻ˵ϣʮչʮŴʱй뵽޹̸ʣǷͬӡṲ Ī˹̸⡣

˹ֺشڻ˵

ܶһҪ˵ձͬ־ҲᣬǺܿҲ۵⡣ ˹ֻرܱ̬˵ϣϴ統ȻܾܾСܵܡ˵ ܶƣҪ̸йزϡ

˹ֲò˵йͬ־̸ȻǲᷴԡУ ˵̸ôʲôҲ̸

ܼܶйͬ־Կ϶̸

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ĿĴﵽܶ˵˾ôϰĵĻϣҪ̸⣬ܵõ˹ͬ־ָʾ

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浱дŸ˹ֵĸֿƷGeorgi Malenkovйûǣȫëͬ־쵼֮£ëͬ־Ϊϯ ûоʧ룬ʮŴ󡱽ԭƻ޹쵼˻ ̸ëȾָӡṲӡṲֳٳٲëҪӡṲߣֻȥֱڶһա

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¾գ찲Ź㳡ٿ׷ᣬȫٰ涨ļһ׼Ц찲ų¥Ϲ˹ֵľ޷ʽëϹ׻Ȧ ж˽ëûҲûĪ˹ȥ˹ᡣʱȥ˹ֵ˱ܶϯ쳡Ͼеͬ쵼һ˹ֵĹײĺߡر䣬ֻܶżĴ¡ ܺĽݿ˵Ը߶£Klement GottwaldҲһغ˵ǡðʵƹȡڲʱܶҲȥˣӢ쵼أҪǧӢ׶ص˼Ĺ

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ʹʮһҹŽëϣܶҲݿʹĪ˹Ʊ棬ë˵ϸսǡǰĻ㱨ҪȷЩ㱨 ľȷǺѵġǷ٣ôЩĻ㱨Ǽٵġ ʹȻҪϸëķӦ˵ע⵽ë󶫱ֵеţϵ̡ʱëʼ˵Цܶľٶǿ࣬ҲЩ

Ӷϸսķ񶨣Ī˹ɫëսˡ ڶ賿ʹ뿪ëս

չ쵼һҪĽŹϵë֪òԭӵˡٻǮǿ˾Ŀ֪ͨͣս̸дʮ˸֮ õԸǲսķ

һǧʮйսУܾ֮ش½ȥ̨塣 ص½ĴӴ˱ͽ񡱣һδ˵˶ѣֱëëճɽ飬µʱܹѺϳսճɰǷɢڱƫƧĽ๤еҴҲ컹Щط

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һصԼ칫ңһһᣬë󶫰ѰӢϢˣͬӢĹϵһֱôҶĹ۲죬ë󶫱ˡӲû¶ʮʹı顱

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ëҪʮ굽ʮ꣬ٳһʱڣʵĿꡣҪ족ǰɡɡ˵ٶǡꡱΪʲôôأ ëһ˵ڵɣҪŵʱйͱɾ´ʹȫ硰˵

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һΣٹƻͳӢʱ˵Ҳиƻٻʮ꣬ҾˡܳɵȻá

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һڽĻҽϵȫǮһҲǿİٷ֮˵˳Ϊëʱҽѣʵϣรֻг һˡռй˿ڴũͳеײ˵ƼԴȾ⣬ҽƴѣձȱҽҩ

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ˣסѽ˼Ҹǲ߷סݷѽ ûлشҵ⣬ûƵġ˵Ƭããɾ ǡ¥Ρһ仰ëʫ䣬Ҳ㷢ϲһ棬ʱͶԻ֮

Ųݷյë˵вƲëǹܡơܡġ ͳ£ũǷȫԼڳ˸Ȩ˸ǹԢᣬûиϰոʲôӡ

Ȩˣëޡܷݰ˵ҡȫ幫İȫһкϷȨ桱ëڡȫ幫Իߣдʲôǹ񣿡

ⲿܷСë󶫷ëˡܷëֽͬһţøɴͰӽֽ¨

һ죬ëһɽϵΪİȫ˳ֻһϹۺСϵ¯Ա߰ǩͲëк֧ǩľͲҡҡһ֧ȻǩϵĺڱڳҳǩʫдţⲻǩʫȻëæһżǩʫë͹ȥë˹Ц

һ֧ǩë״һС༸ŮګݸëԲþͿҪ˼ܷɻ뿪ˡǳ˵ĵطëԳӦӲϾ˺ëʮһΣһΪǡˡëϲŮ

ë˵͵ˡʮڣ͸ࡰԷ⡱ĲصĸŮëʧȥȤʱβزޣYusupovaŶסĺլ˹ֱŶܻڼҲסǰɱ˹նRasputinزPrince Yusupovë˼ɵѰʹʵܡϺ賡ߣ˸ϢҡŴëһ򼸸ŮӴȥϢҸɫ׷ëŮڸЩʲô˭ҲĿ£ëں

һϣϺĺᣬëĴ־羭һסԼ˵򣬲Ҫͬ˽ϯˣζϣ ˭Ҳ㲻˹Ҳûа취ԸŮϵĸ˽ϣҲ˭Ҳ㲻įʹԽԽƽ⣬ҲԽԽźһǻŭй߹Աϣſھʱִˡ

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19531956ꡡ5962 

Ϊ˼ũƷԹڣëȨһƶˡͳͳߡй˵Ϊʳƽʳ˶ڻ档˵ֻǹũл¡һʵǰũĲƷȫߣֻάĲ֡

ëȨ˸˾׼ݵǴͳϷũ塰ˮ׼İٽó׼ٴﵽëȥ꣬˾ΪٰʮһũĿë˵ЩطֻҪٰʮʳ͹ˣеֻҪٶʮʳ

ܾ飬𱱾һλũջΡũ˵ճɻʲôã˶ԼҲԲķֵԺҷأһæҲ첻һҼ˵δȰˡȽȻͳʣµʳֱһ˳ԣһȱµȫǳϡ࣬ҰˣӰ˻һ١ͳõǵǮ˰͸ɵĿʲôѧѡѡ幫칫ѡֽѡ ծȵȣЩ˵ġǮܹ𣿡

ëĹ£һ˵ÿÿİٽʵ˭ҲûôࡣͷҵðµĶһˣҵھӣ ҲҶũ˵ԵĿ򡰷Զũëϸɲǣеĵطʳ

ũ񰤶ëĴҪũιġҶһʾũٵ㣬ϡһ㣬ҪܼۣһũڳԵùࡱ

һ˵ͷȽձ飬ũʳ඼չȥˣʣ޼˵ͳСҶ󲿷ıëԤ֮УߵĲ߻˳һʮһ찲ų¥ص۹ߵϿڶ죬ëξ ˵Ǵ̣һԸģһԸġëҪũΪУر˵˼˹û˵ũһжǺõġƽʡʳĴëָʾҪ׼ȫһʮ֮һʮӣ֡˻ߴⵣƽķģǲΣͳεģ˵޹Ҳǿ޹֮ǿ岻̨ģũȡᡣ

ƶʵһ֮󣬵һȫһƬŭԹëİͷ˵ũΡƤƤΡŮΡڴ϶йɴӻռӳĹܵëҪʱ˽ʵ뾯սʿؼ̽ףëҪд棬Ǳ³ֵһڰͼе˵ȱﵽٷ֮ʮûжԣֻóҶе˵ÿÿֻܳԵһףȫɽҰֲԣж

صķӦУأھͲͳˣͣûͳԻءǵӥһѹС㶼¹ˡ ʱڹ㶫ʡְڵ鱨ɲݣ Ȱ취ũһӡһڣϵɱ ĸҪأȫɵɱ¼һһʮһ𡣡

һЩУëȫ˴ίԱëд˵Ľռ磬һ࣬ũر࣬ũ˵ǳԲȥأ

ëΪ࣬˵࣬òˣһ¡

ëֱ׳˵ȱҲһ굽ͷȱȱĸ¡¡еĸ߼ɲáġë顣ë˵ϣǺû˼ôǲһáЩͬ־̫ʴȣ˵ô˼塣

Ϊ˱һڣȫũʵкûкũջϽɸҡʹũܲйũмڣҪ ̸סճɴҰֱӵɹҷַũ񣬹Ҷջȫ̿ơ

ëһôܼලũͶũչɶԼ£ɼˡһԪձҪũ ɻʱӱŮũеͶڻƺӻһЩطǰÿֻһٶ죬֮󣬿ٶ죬ŮͶȥʹûʹã֮ʹˣҲÿ깤һٶٶ ˡ

Ϊǿкëץһʮÿʮ򡱣šץ׽׽ص㡱

ũй걸ȨƵҪһҵлҲͬʱСԳйҵߣëûũũݣԭʵʵġë˵ʲ׼Ҫȷ⽨õĶ࣬м͹Щͳ´󶼱˷ѵˡйõֹҵ˪ʻһήάޱȷҵ šĻ˵һ壬ʲôûˡ

Ϊʹ˹ؾأë˸˶С෴һǧİʮҹԱܵ顱ʽǡ̹׼١оŵĹᣬҲ ĥνơš칫ҡסլ¥áի˹˵ĵطë˵صķռ˵ĴԼٷ֮ңָʾ˵õ׼

Ҳ˵ⳡ˶Уʮһǧ˱ɷ

෴˶һǶɵĽһɱëȨеĳԸһһݲĻ˶˼족еӰѵȵȡ ͵Ӱҵ˵һ껹ʮŲƬƷһֻʣ岿ˡ һ꣬ëһкʵ⡢Ӱй˵˶һ ꣬תͷԸڴ½ġŶĻˡëѡ˺硣 £类УͶֱʮëˣؼգѾʧ

綨ҪǺ֮żɧԹԡëЩڱϷԴ˵ǡšŵǲ ̸ͨ۹¡

һë˵һϰ족ǣڵⶼ˵ǲУΪʳ°겻ˡ°мϲ£պͺϲ£෴Ҳϲ¡

ëûģҲϲ£õ˳˼ĺԭӵ һ꣬ëųսͣսİ취Ҫ˸˼˲ͷëֻͣսһ£ëһҪ̨ӣıˮʵĿꡣ̨볯ʲһ򲻴˵㡣 ܶɸĪ˹Ƹչ쵼ˣëҪ̨塱

գйռĽŵڣ˵һ̨ΣڴŲãͷ³μй䣬Щչ쵼ˣ˹ʱǲ˼ġ³Ľ٣ȡ˹ͬëǩԼйܸӦеһʮһĿ⣬йʮҵͬʱйһڶǧ¬´

ëҪ³ԭӵ˵Ϊ˵ˡ³ΪʲôҪйԭӵë˵Ϊ̨Σ³ûȰëҪ̨˴սڻ¼дԭǣΪͳһйľٶ޿ɷġ³ֻȰëҪԭӵ˵ͥк˱ɡˣҶ㡣֪ǶȷǮֲܳԣáʹĿǰҪйȫⷽǷ㹻˵ô ҵô죿ô죿

ëڳһӣ³Ļġ³Ȼﲻʹ죬ǴӦǰйһ˷Ӧѡ

³Ժëӽ˶Թ񵳿Ƶغĺըͳɭ̨ǩͬԼëռغһϵе죬ʽ׼š棬ϧһҪ̨ӡһʮգɭʾʹúڼд˵Ϊʲôӵ߱ʲôһʹԭӵ

³ĺԿҲȥӦëṩ˼ëĿĴﵽˣ̨Σˡ

ԭӵëҲԭϡʱרҸڹʡ˿ë˷ѼʲܡܻԺϯһ㱨˿ʯҰ˿ʯϣü˿ʯݣ˿ʯζ㷢¡¡¡ʱëϯеǳ棬ЦˣԼҲѧҵ˿ʯϻ˻Σˡ¸¡ҲԱֵúϲ£졣ʱëϯ ͵ſڡëϯҵ˵ܰǾ˵ӴҪúõظ

ºףᣬëٱףƣΪܾԼԭӵɱ £ʽǩԼйչԭӵı֮һˮӦ¯һ̨йΪ˴ʹ𲽡һйѧѵ

ʮ£ѧЭ£һһʮ귢չ˹ҵĴٶëϲþͲ˵ˡ˵ܸˣһľȫʱûˡеԼۣ֮ų˵Ҫѵ

Ҫʵֺ˹ҵʮƻëҪũƷƶ˸йũҵʮƻһ굽һȫũҵչҪҪҪũһʱһڽʳëʮҪũƷģʷһǧڽ߳ࡣ

ָȫʵʣ⵽ξֵķԡߵǸƹ񾭼üƻܶΪ档Ҷ簴Ҫ Ѿڶǧũ͵ö

һ£һ˳ӵܶѼƻеԾΪĵعҵͶʿԼķ֮һ֪йûëҪеĶĴǼʽչ˹ҵҪĿѴҪĿһšʵҲУйû㹻ĸˮࡢľĵʡܵһٶΪð

ëҪĿһëԾСһ˵ëʱҪܾõĲί㱨÷ǳëϯʮƣ͡д㱨ƣ飬˵ÿǡϵ¡´ϡ㱨ϴϢ۵ ԭǣ㱨Ϻܲ룬ֻиɰͰ͵֣ûʹ ǳһΣһλ㱨ëüͷ̧ͷ˵ʹǿѵλܶĳμ˵ëıǲһѣûйԡ

ָëԵ˹ڶ￨¶Edvard Kardeljë򽻵˵ֶǲؿġȷ˵˵Ҫʱ䣬ʮꡣ ڻܹʰϣIvan Arkhipov̾˵ëԾáȫͨһϲͨ

ëԼﵽĿȴһҲͿһξֻϣëаѿĲּӻȥξûдǵëŭɢᡣܶ ȥë˵ëʵ޷ʱðһ䣬˵ϲͬ⡱ëܶëģʹëŭɶë޿κΡ

ëͬǸײԭëҪ̫֣̫ءʱĪ˹Ʒһ£ҲʹǵĵӸ׳¶ʮգ³չʮܱ淴˹֣Ǵ˹ֵ෴ɱˡרУ˹ֵĹҵʩй쵼ڷ׷׾Щ˹֡˵˹ֵĴ һǡ෴󻯡СũҵϷûнũҵ⡱˵Ҫûаũҵãʳʼûн̫ƫڹҵرعҵṤƷʮ޸Ľʹʱȥ̵ ûʲôʳҲһֱֵܽôȡѵ¶ʮգܶڹԺ˵ȷչعҵǶԵģũҵͻ᷸Ͷŷҵľ鶼֤һ㡣

Щ϶˹ֵëϡëΪ涨˹ֱ롰߿ȷ߷֣Ҫģ֣ǴҪġֲǱģ˹ŰëЩ

ëܹ³³Ӫġϴ硱ë벻³ľĿԭӵôӺ³³䲻ش˹֣ҲëĿ࿴ë˲򵥣˼ؽ³еȥ˹֡ȷʵҪëò׼³СĴ¡̬£ͬͬ³ ʱëûһͷȥˡ޴ӷйŭʹȥ뿪ʡйʡġһǡëرѡġ

ë뿪ķʽͬҹԸվ˾¥绰Ҫ׼ɻëһΪɻΣնԸϴλһ꣬òɵȥʯ̸СëҪɻˣɼǶôȲҪ뿪

ëһй˼ʻķɻΪչϰߣľ崲ǻǰһ̣Աŵ֪ɻëϣһѵõĺë֣վŲò¥˷ɻٶ˼ŵ̻ҽϳҲδȥͻȻѹƵɡ

վ人ʡίһںëȫйһʱ³Ǵ˹ָ˳ݣëʾ⣬ءһҪȻΨʡ룬ûǲãᣬ

ë人ݣһͶصʡίҲëıĴׯ԰С齭ϡΪëˣϽͨ䶼ͣҲëӷͣдţ绰˵һˡȣëķͰҲ޼¡԰ȴïʢӵҷɣõ DDT ɱ©ڶࡣëֹԱòƢ

ʹë鷳Ǳ桢ܶز￳Ŀµףë뿪ݷɻ人ҪγķʽǷһζľ棺ǿ׳ǡоĶס

Ӿƺзաëľ˵ëӾ޶ȵģ ûаպðյǲġϿˮնûΡ人ش켸ʮΣҰ̽СëӾʱѵصľչ涨λãëΧʹһʧԱ߻ԱԸвʻκβʱʱϴ

ë졣ҲߣëȻԵãд״ʣԼǡܷ紵˴ʤͥŲС꣬֯˼˴ԶۿëӾëϯ꣡Ŀںϡ

ڱգξֽһĿëصġǡδӰͬǵľġ

ʮգдġԼġձ͸ë ˵һйػҲʿ͹Ƿܣһ졭ͷͼһ糿һá̰ͼ˷ѡ ۻ˵ȴ桱ļðкܶƳ ġë˵ۡҡڸ֣ˡ ˸档ëŭڶʮյǳ

ʱë̤ܲʵȸ˹ֽϾʱ̤ʵë˽˹֣³Ǹδ֪³˹壬çһʲôرǺ³հ˹ͽŲ̄ճɵͬǣΪ³˹裬ҲѿȥλβƵġΰ䡱ڰµȫѡ̨

ë󶫱Ȩĵһε᣺˴󡱡ἴھٿǲܵģ³ʱڵ¾ǰ³̰£Ҳ ëҪǸξַˣƼҲڵ϶ôһ֣ȷ˵һְȨְλǰٵԺڴϹһѡҲδ֪ĵᵱȻǾĲݵģ˭ݣëƽʱǿξ֣ξָڡս״̬Ī˹μӡ˴󡱵Ĵ׸Ǵڼǰ߻

Ϊʹ˴󡱲ΣԼëȡһϵдʩͬǲҪǷǡʮգ˴󡱿ĻǰһԤϣëݷøƵ˵ЩҹȥҲûнڽ̸һ̸ƪ۵ؽǰܵĸִ֡ξֺίԱϳ ȣжٴأǵжʮΡëϣǷġ̡ʱսָӵģę́ǴδҲָӵġë˵෴ʱҷ˴󣬵һ෴ˡ˵ȵȡë̹ϲѪ ֣ǿٷٴѣëҲ岻ˣ˭Ҳκβҡ

ëҪ軹ǱֵͨԸòͬڵвᡰë˼롱Ȼñİ취±аΪӢ䣬ڸ˵񻯡˳ݵĳķ򡣡˾꣡ ںһɲ׼ˣй쵼˵Фһȥֻһ˵Фë˵ʱǲѶΪ֮ȥС˹żйˡëܡֵܵǲȡˡһСİ취˭񶼲áˡС˹񣬺һˡë󶫵񻹹šҾ͹Ұɡ

ëڱķҲӡЭ˴Ƴ編ƣα˵ҪϵͳƶȽ걸ķɣȫǹҵķơëͳεķ˶ΪһзƵ˴һ꣬ Ҳˡ

ëòͬԾΪĵĹҵߵһ㡣αϣëɾȥϲĿںţֶࡢֿ족ʮꡱʵֹҵᷨĳɡһ൱ʱڡ˶簵ʾˡĴ󡱣ðĴ󡱣뾭÷չȷʹĸء˷ѡ

ëãĿ٣һˮ׼ëʮͳߵģİһʮһ꣬ëͷͶʼ½ٷ֮ʮһ

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һǹë󶫣˵ǹȨ루ܲı䡢ϯھ±ֳ



 


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һڱеձƷչϣһģضë󶫵עëȥﲢΪйŮʱװǸձϵԱձսʣΪ´ƻһ֡㣩 

 


 
19561959ꡡ6265 

³˹ּ²鷳һ£УPoznanġ˹ֹչУʮȫ ˷ķ£˹ʱڱǰǸ¶Wladyslaw Gomulkaط̳¶׷Ī˹ƵߡʮʮգĪ˹֪ͨë˵ǣǿǲȡ

˹ëһֱӪĵһѽΡͷԺ³͸³Ҳͱ©ӡֶѡҲ̫ùëԽԽţս³ãëıˡ

ëֵŪûʵ䷴ڴϴһ죬ڶٿξֻ飬˷ۡҶëë㴩һ˯°ʹȽٽңȽϴ绰ߺ³ǽǴǡëһظ ú

ëľ浽Ī˹֮ǰ³ѾëŹᣬȥָչǴɳ壬ҪĪ˹ƹ ëĿú³

ʱ¼׷Ĳ壬ҪƷͳΡʮ¶ʮգһߣ ĹȨ϶̨ǹӪڣëô̸һѽأոջǴװ桱ëתĪ˹ǿҪվߡ

ʮһһգĪ˹Ƹı⣬վˣѪȵѹ塣ʵ֤ŷǹ벻վë״ĸԴǶŷѹȰ˵ŷѧϰɱҪ̹ˡ¼ĺո˹Andras Hegedusǣëһ˵Ȩǿɡë˵˹дɶּ˹Milovan Djilasʱ»ע⵽ϯܸˣˡ

¼ëȡػս³Ȩһһ£ܶȥǵĲ˵ӪӦиͷģҪ¶ͬΪסëϵ˾ͬ⣬Ŀ¶ĻΪװɡ

ʹëʧǣ¶ᷨҲҪܶһ˵üͷ-

-ŷʱһЦһȥҶ˵ж裬й裬Ҫһ֣һǺȿȰɣ

˵δ죬ëתͬյ˹˹˹빲ӪĹϵѾⶳëָʾʵ棬ͳչãûΪɣͬйһ߼顣ë˭͵˭ΪסʱëڲС¶˵ɵʦүëȥǡϧ˵Ժ󣬱ʾûȤμҲܱ֤

ëٶŬҪ쵼˵ڳļƻҲûгɹܶĪ˹ƽѵ쵼ˣҪǹϷ˴ɳĴ󣬲ëĵ˹֡ŭһڻؾδԸԳëڸʡǻ˵ڵ绰ͬ־˵Щǻ裬ǵİ취ǳһ١ʲôأ޷ǧָ֣ڶúǧʯ͡ʲôв޷ڵôһ㶫ɸֲģɻ֮࣬ʲô˲𣡡 ëԼĲ־йȱʵ

³ûгͷëë鷳һδƽΣһ

һ£ĪзֿƷһ˹ַͼƷ ³ͼ̬֧֣ë󶫳ٳٲ³ֻ׸ﵽȥë׸ķǣë׸̸˴ҹ Ȼسɳǰפʹӻӣ籨أ ʵֺ֧³ĵ籨Ⱦë޷Ҫɸ߼쵼 ëֺ֧ܲ³Ӯҡ

³Ҫëĺǰ߼鼴ڡʮ¸ʮʱĪ˹ٿ³ę̈

ëʾԲμλ飬һҪ֤תԭԼֶεĲϡģ͡Ī˹ƷӦʮʮգ߼鿪Ļǰڣйʷϵһ̱¼ЭĪ˹ǩ֡йһԭӵģ͡ӵָʾǣṩзһжʹܹԼԭӵɵרҵйһλר˵ԼĵĿҲܵӰ죬ɡҡйԭӵ鳡ҲרҰµġ

ԭӵ֮ǡзIgor Kurchatovǿҷԣ³õĺרҸԼYevgenii Vorobyovй߻ԭӵ졣Լڻڼ䣬й˿Աʮӵǧܶй߲˵ ͼǡһֶ͵ĶԭӵЩԸǡΣĻ³˵Ǹǲٶ׸廰˵ǰйĺ˹

ļתôйԭӵĽ졣з̸дëЩԮйľڡԾһոµˮƽ

һʮգϵһǣ̫ռϳëǣ˵ҲҪǡҪ׾Ҫ״ġ

ҪɾҪһ򹫽ġҲҪӽС𣬵ҲҪһǧ￪ʼ

ذʮëǼ³Ҫ

һʮһ¶գëȥĪ˹ƿӪ߼顣ʮĸμӣʮִΪ˱ԼӪ³ƽƽĵλǰëԽǩ

һûЧֻСݡëҲܵΨһ齿ķֹ䡣صΪľ崲ˮͰϴ˸ƽ̨ĳɶʽڡʮ¸ǰϦףʽϣ³ֳ֣߶ֺͺ쳡ϵжй죬ߺëй꣡

ëܹĵλй˶࣬еΪ̡ë³һÿҸԼ˿ܳپӣйͬǹһ𻹶һλԱʱԷ쵼˵ٲúˣйӺͬй꣬ıƣû취ë֪˿ڶ޼֮ع˼ƻڴ֮ǰйʵмƻëҲûö⡣Ī˹֮ʹ⣬й˶ơ

Ϊ˱ߵĵλëܾ˴ҪÿȵݽĹ涨ûн壬Ҫ뵽Ķ˵Ķëȷʵûý壬ļ˵ϸ׼ǰ˼߶ȼ״̬ɽװûۺã ʱȻ

ëҲΨһһλϣվŽˡë̸սҪһ£սҪˡȫʮ˿ڣʧ֮һٶһ㣬ʧһ롣˵֮һˣһˣ۹ƽˣȫ廯ˣٹֻ꣬жʮڣһҪࡣڳӢͣPietro Ingrao˵ڸе𾪡еˡë޷֣ںս⣬ͦӭ˹ϯ¶ë룺ˣëҪս˹ķҲܷС

ëϣ˵˵ǻ£ҿǺ¡ ԽԽҪ˶ԣʱǲġȿ̫ˣ˾ҪԴˡĹ۵˹󹲲粻ϣսںˮ׼ķۡ

ë˸쵼ˣЩ˸е˵ű߼ʣ޷档ӢǸ΢СëӢJohn Gollan˵ȴõʱжӢǵġʤԺҪǡʲ׼ɱˣë޵ıǹ쵼շƷTodor Zhivkov˵ִȫʤԺƾȫ˵䡣

ŵֻշƷԼ

ëһӦƼܶȤ˲٣Ӧ޼

ëԴʧеضԸ¶˵ߡй˿˵ǸӾ˵ȴǸСǲĸֻ֡ǧ֡ Ҫͺ³ھʵϱȸߵ͵ڴбֵʮǿң

³ͬ־ǣʮԳҲԽʮǿܸϻ߳Ӣ

ȻëҲҪѹ³һͷͬ³̸ʦѧĸƢãˡʲôͬ˼ҽԺ̸

κһ˶Ҫ֧֡һúҲҪһҲҪ׮йĳйһɻãҲҪҶ֡³ͬ־ɻãҲҪҶ֡ɻڳ˿䡰ͷ£͵ͨ족-

-ë˾˵˺ܶйЩѷ롣һ˵Ҷ֪ë˵ЩʲôҼǵǵķ˫ͷһ޿κεӡ

³ǣëʮĹ棬𼸸ǰǳͼ³䣬ƸıĴͷĪзΪͬ־кܳĶʷ ˵³·߽ǡȽȷëʱһĳšëҲ˵ȰĪз򡣡ëĪзԭǣĪзһ˵ëչͬ쵼Ӫ

Щ裬³з֮ʹڻ¼˵ëǸԴ񡱣

ëΪϵ۵ʹܿΪϵʹǣ³ˡΪ˹ӪŽᡣë³㣬۸³򣬺³ҲѡһΪԼ

Ī˹ƻԺëĹһеƺǱͧһ£ܶдŸ³ҪṩǱͧļ豸⻹Ҫĸ

һκ³ûյСսһ֧ͬӣԽҲμӡ й˺ǱͧҲԽйֱ̫ͨƽĺߡʹȽ¶ʮһëĽ顣

ëȻͬ⣬ҪǽӵԼĺǱͧץסշⷢӡڶȽй쵼˵˵һû˯Ѻ顢Ȩ⣺ֻһԭܣҪƣҪȨǾǲйˣֻŶˡϵˣйµˣëëŵġ֮࣬ë¶ʵĿģǰǽ躣ǴǱͧëҪ󣺡³ͬ־

³ëҪʮһշëȥûк̺û̶ӡ󣬺³򲻶Ͻͣ˵ûй뷨ëȻֵúĪ˺վָź³ıɫ˵㣬ʲôϽӣװ˵Ҫǡû кǱͧӣ԰ѺǣȥˡëıݰѺ³ סˣŵйڻƺӻߡһǱˮͧĴ󹤳 Ǳˮͧ

³ߺ󲻾ã¶ʮգëͻȻںţһ½Ĺ񵳺öڵ˵ڶ̨ΣΪë Ҫ̨塣û֪ǣëڹʼʩʹ˸Ǳͧµ ¼

ʻ̨庣Ͽգ˹John Foster Dulles̨壬ҲҪţвҪը½³ˣϽľ³ͻȥڶ⽻׿£Andrei Gromyko йëҪ׿·ģ˵ǰǲ̨壬Ҳսë˸еһս

ëŻˣԸ׿˵ϣͬ³󽻻սô򷨡ʾʱٵʸ׿£һս֮󣬡Ӧｨ׶أ֮Ī˹ʱڡë̫ƽһСΪ׶׿ëȻЩдڷĪ˹Ƶĵ籨뻹дˣݵ籨˵ëⷬĪ˹Ƶرע⡣

Ż˸׿ºëԶ裺ǵķԼеս ȫΡͬǲҪǲμսǲˮ ȻǰǣǵðǣʹܶԶԸ

³¶ʮոëд˵лԸԳܴȥ³ͬëʹëԿëҪõ㣬Թ»дһֽͣڻšڶ̨Σ

ʮʮգë³д˵ʮйԳĺΪʤ۹壬Ըеһ޷һˡȻëԳƵġǡ׼һѡйûбġ-

-ëûָڴţֻԵģմ˫ֵͣ͵ëʽӽܲıƿ˳в⣬ëȻǲ׼ںͲ󣬴ڻܶǮõţαأëԶԣָֻǸҡĲıûƱ򵹡ڵŵк˶ʮֱ꣬һ߾һһգС⽻ϵëҲѾˡ

̨Σëǣ³׼תһϵм˼һǩ˾˵ġ¼ԮЭ涨йȽ 涯ǱͧǱԵصȡһ̨ΣʹëĪ˹ڳԭӵܣĵڶΣʹøᡣ

һë״Ƴ¹ҵĹ˲֪ٱ ÿһͶһëĸѣôũƷȥһ꣬ξַʱֻĿòΪ³Ȩʹ˼ɡصĺ³ѾѺ³Ŵй쵼һɨ⡣Ӵë˵㡣 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
39 ɱӺķ˶


 
19571958ꡡ6364 

ëÿֲĪ˹ƻеҪʹľ¹ҵڷɣٶȼֲķпܵġǱڵƣϵһϰ

ѡʲô˵Ʒʲôϴǣë궬췴˼⡣ڴϣԷڴأֻȥϲ

ëѡ֪ʶӡͳΪֹëǹͨϰԣġгɾ͵ģй߸ɡֻʧȥ˱˼ɣͣرȸ㡰˼족ǿԵľĥë˵Щ˵ǵ˼ϴԽҿҲ˵öԣϴԽϴԻ㣬ڽӶ˶бܴ

֪ʶУ׵˵ȡɡĳԱΪ˰ӣëЩְԺһĸְͷԣӰһ˵òѶй֪ʶΪĴͳǵһʹëܲڲǡʷϰһ˵˵ÿٿᣬЭ飬ҪԸһͨǶ֣ȥӲҲӡһǷƣһũ࣬һûԡܵûԽԡëҪȥ

Щͬй߲ܶǧ˿Ƶϵǿɽ𻢵á

Ϊˣë˸塣һ¶ʮգëʿڶ߹ϽĸСʱĻԵͨ˹֡ɱ˺ܶˡӡйɱˡó˵йҪٻţ

ټҪලﹲ硱¼ºרŷŸڳʿһգëٴζǽйر

û˲µëǳԣΪ˵Ļѹǡͼëֻ͸¶ţϺĸ˿ʩ³ë ݶЩ˵ӭĽʹ֪ʶӡԥñȽϿ ʡʼšˡ˵Լ𣬷һҪԼͷҪţҪӲͷƤǹţ񶼳һ ֡¡ë˵ڡųߵ㡱ùƵ Ĳԣ߲ô׽ҪЩ˵ֳϷ ڱֽϷƨǵ־һһ׽߳Ƕëı

ëúܳɹһѹĸɶԹĲˮһ ӿкĳϣ̸ֱᡣַʽӡˢƷ 㣬ӰֻСΧڡ

ѧĵһֱˣԪѫһʫʱˡ


ʱˣ 


ſɤӳ 

ǵʹ
Ͱ һ붼кֽϣ 

Ҫﲻƽ߿ ˡ
еᡢࡢ 
һ⡣
 죬һ
صҡ 

ֻ͵ĵ
質ͷͻ꣡ 

죬Ҫĸ裬 

Ϊһ֧ޱޣ
һеĺڰ Ϊʲô

˵ûů Ϊʲô

˵ǽڸм Ϊʲô

Ҳ̹ʵؽ̸ Ϊʲô
Һŷŭᣬ ұ 質ĵ
콫 

Ϊµһкڰ


ìͷֱָרƶȵģĴֱ˹ִԭʲôأΪˡƻơжáзɱ ֤ʲôأΪչй˵ԭڹԹȨľԿƣȨĸ߶ȼС￰йͳα

ϣͳΡлһЩڵȨ״⽨ͽʯ

ܷһͨԺеıƻˣеʵֽܷ

巴෴Щ˶ˣ͸еľëȻΣֲĳ棬ܶˡ

ǳҪ᯳һѪдëϯ˵ֻۼֵˣĹȨʵϻûб֤ʱ򣬵ʢʱߵλûбʱ˻쵼ʱǶķ̡Ҫ磬Ҫһвƶһɨգ

ơһ𡣼첿Ҫ˾Ŷй쵼ش˭Ͳܼ˭Ժͥͥ֝˵ΣǷɣ˾˾ߡԱֻӷɣٲʲô쵼ˡʣչߵġ쵼ʲôҪأ˭ܸңȥ˭쵼ԭģ˭쵼סŸغ䡢ѩۡ³Ѹ˭쵼ɯʿǡж˹̩ҺĪﰧģ

йĪ⽻Ҳʱڵʡйͬ·˵ԮսľѣȫйܲѹԮ ֪˰ѴǮԮӡ

Ȩ͸ȣ֪ȨǴΪʶ񡱡ĺǷĴֱ֮Ϲ϶ͣԲݸũϢȷţȴֻδ˼

ΪũࡣߴӱϿʢᣬΪ˻ӭϯϣǧ˵ʢƻᣬʵȻǹҹ˶ྭʵйͳͳߣҪڼ硢ڼΪʲôҪڹʳ棿رũˡԱʵۡĳƺţôյȷʽǿũλ¸ҵ߾˵Ҫ֪ũڶͳͳʩеĲǻὫëϯڲڵġ

ЩʢİٻУһֻܿͷȥβļ䡣ë󶫷ǳϸʲôڱϷָʾ˵ѧУֱϢֽӦ ءëǿ׼˵ӽرѧУĹѧУȥҪԤãʵеݡѧǳĿﱻΪ༭ܵͷ족вܵĿƣйİٻ⣬ڴ϶ֻǴָİ߰ߵ㣬ܿһƬܶëȨκ¼в

գëһڲ򱨣˵ѧĳѧдƪΪҵǺͺ£˵뿪ʼѣëššģ⵽йڱķę̈ëѶϢĽʹɵ ˴ҪҡŽë󶫡³Χдװëͬ־ʮѵĵλ

ëڲ˵ȫҥֵע⡣ëֻ֧ʹǸ󵨣ȡķʽëֹ߳ͣ

ڶ죬ëԡձ۵ʽ˷˶˵򹲲սҪ̨йѹʹ

ʮգëһ֪ͨ仯ӡȫˡڲɿˡдµʱ䶨Ϊʮգ˵ΪֹĶǡ㣬˵յ룬۶֮ëĵΪɣҲ

֪ͨëɵΪ֪ʶӵİٷ֮һٷ֮ʮ й֪ʶУʮ򱻻ΪɡҲʲô Ļû˵ģӲñëʹ޵ʿһ򾡣˸˽ͨ²ɭֹҵѲĸ߸ڡʯһɡķšһëӲԩҶͷ²ճɡˡ

ëҪ֪ʶӡǸεģѧҡҡʷѧңëҪҪǿѧҡ˲š°գйرһȻ ѧ淴ɶָʾҪѧȻѧĲͬ رǶЩشɾ͵ȻѧҺͼԱطǻ⣬Ӧһɲȡصķ롣нϸ߿ѧɾ͵ģ׻Ϊɣ뻮ģҲӦݡеˣ̸߻ȡعŷѧһҪΪëĸ ǱŴ

ëشΪũִԵˡձƪ빵أ⡮ũ ࡯޳ԡƵ֮һǡǿˣˡ ɽӪܾ־ֳȺ˵ũ񡰽ӽıԵڵĹ㶫ʡ֯һʮũ塰Ӳ족Թ˿ͷɡձٱ

ÿ죬ֻҪһţмǧΧһ죬ȥ·ŭȺڼˮйͨϲȥҸߺҪȺ ˺޵ɡһ·ϣؽֵ껧ˡԱСҲΧʹ Ⱥı

ëֶμ־磬Ҳɱˡëй߲˵Ρ׽䣬ɱ䣬϶ʮ׽һɱһǧʡҲһͽˡ

ɱΪɱһӰ١ʡصʦͼԱΪ˵̳ϡ ǵɿһеѧ¡سǵĳտβϽУҪӰũ壬ʮбҵУֻһС ҪСһ¼ΪС¼ ȫֽ˶ǵоԿ϶ëһ̵ͷһ죨գ人֮ǰطԺǷһ

ëȨٵÿĽѼڳرǡصѧУҪһСִ¿ѧáĿ˲šũĺϼ־С سѧУҺôͶһǮСѧûСũӵܸߵ Ļ΢΢

ʹڳһĽҲܵһδСҵУٷ֮ʮѧһеİʮҵϸСС¼ѹΪ˷ŭ֮γԭ档

˶ǹеĲ٣ɱĸࡣסú԰ɢῴϵһˣɱģֻ¶ˮ档

󲿷ɶ˶ᣬûȭߣü۵ҲܡǵļͥӴ˳˼Ϊ˱ӣҲΪ˱Լ˸ ˻顣ͥôɢˡ

ɱǲ͵Զĵط๤ëҪͶȥѴŮء»ߴͺڱĵӣʮ˶ȵ캮ضһٶ ˯һԼҴҴĴѶɻ˵Ҳǡǰů紵󺮡ʮȣֻôЬ¶ԡͷӡĤܹ˼٣ʱֻмƶ̲ˣζȱ١

ÿ糿ĵӾֱߡ˵ӲϢǵصصġճϢʮ塢Сʱڣ˳ٷϴϴŵʱ⣬϶ڲͣٵͶҪնдŻϴ·ֱͳһʮѵġ񡯡ܶ˲òһЩӲֽͷһСЪͰӲֽͷϥдһҪдüβŲݲдꡣ·ֻöǽ£ϴһ

๤ݣԭʼɭ﷥ľǴûɹģб˵Ĳһ߸ɣһ߻ҪūԴūѵ⡱ǲҪ Ͷ졢ģǿɲҪƤ͵Ҫ

ͣλѱļߣ֪ë󶫸㡰߳ ͦġеں²ɡëдһⳤţ˵й Ȩ׼ȫγɺͷչСȨ׼ŴССɫɫ;ƻʱǧƵڿŲݸƤأͷԶë񻯣ǹһʲô£ʲộҪ˵ǡӢëϯ쵼Ա˷ҲҪ˵ڡëϯ쵼¸ҵ˾ëҪԸΪӢɣ

͵Ӹ˻飬ȫҲܵǣҵһСѧ̵ִ귽ʮֶļխֻ֢ҪԪͿ˵ɵֶδתؿȥˡԼһӱĻŻˡˣлľӢԶسңԶ֮ء

ɱ֪ʶӷԵë󶫼оԸй쵼Ϊ¹ҵȵˡܶëĲǡ

һëںݡɶǣطԱǵĻ顣ָܡɲıԵֻʣʮˡëһعҵģġð¼Ტۣ˵ £ɲ൱Ӱ족ܲòһδ֡ëڶ·ֽ⽻ְ񣬵н̨ķ⽻ĸ߼ɲܵܡ

ëҲָ¹ܾõˣʹЩ˽ŵ˯žڼ䣬һеҵƾҹڷﲻͣߣܲѹ˾ ëĴȥֻ״Σ㱡ϵ˵ ȥסԺķɻϣƾͻȻͬǰͷ˵ ҰɡڣҽԺʱʮꡣ-

-ƾǽĵڶɷһǽʱǸʮļѧǸʮͼԱڻƵӰ£μйͬë󣬽Լ̸̸ƾȻؾЩ˽ͬëƾʩӵѹ޹ϵëƺûмʵĸ顣һ죬ëص뽭һǰɳϯдᣬϽܼʱëɵֺЦ˵Ϊ󣡡ΪɱëЩġëȨɶӰ裬ϡ

£ëڼٿļپ¹ҵġ˴󡱶λϣһǧʮ֣Ҫ̸η˷ðĴ󣬱ɷ 򵳲˶ʹʼѡ

дһݼʹܶʹ֣ʮʱ䣬 ӲΣյȵȻ޴档дֵķʽ˵һ䣬¼һ䣬鿴˵һ仰Լ߿ع˼

ܶͬ־ͬҵʱѾҹʮʱˣһصڴϣȺȥڵڶ賿ʱ˴ҽȥ˵ڰ칫ҷôȴ˯ȥˣӱͬ鵽ܵİ칫ң˺ܾãҪдܼʱᡱѡӱˣͲǳ԰飬ǡһӴ¸ܵҪ

ܵļڽëˡδڣáձĻ˵ǡԻ뵳ڵɷӡطӡӵĻ顱 Ǹʡ쵼Ϊϰ˵ˡкʡίһ˸˵һЩϵ˶࣬ˮֺϳ֣Ͻɵʳ̫࣬ڡũ޸ҹ֮ܶ࣬ҡϣٵЩʡܵУȡڷ˭˵òˡɸΪ״֥ԡ

ڻĹԼԼĶ⣬һ˵ġһáһ໰СϣطԱΧ˵ ò̫ᡣܶһѡ˸ëߡܾõҲ׷֡

ë׼ã˭ʹɸıķӣϷзԻĻϽʱд໰ûнؽˣ˶Ѹ

Ȼëĸ֡ܶеɨأëιԺǷʵëɣ⽻ҲܣѲ⽻ë ۵ǰȨû˸ϵܶܵ⽻ Գ˵й⽻ëߣֱӹܣ⽻޷ǸдԱ

ڡ˴󡱶λϣëһʮҪϴֱΪĸϯʹëں쵼һɿͬˡ

ëʼǿ˵ĸ˳ݡëĸ˳ں³˹ֺëΪȫ淭һ£ڳɶ˵ⲻڸ˳ݣǷҪݣݣԶݣ ݲˡ߼˵޳ɸ˳ݵˡиĿģΪñ ˳ԼµĴԱ˵ϯҪšʩ˵ϯҪŵŵĳ̶ȣϯҪӵäĿĳ̶ȡ

ëĸ˳ݣҪֽʶֵ˿õʶֵҲ֪ΪйʱмĹأҲëһӲ죬ʹֽлصǡëڳɶһ죬ϸȫ񣺡ԱǶ˵ܹëϯһҸëϯԼׯ ڣȫҸëʮˮ˼⼸ëִ ΨһһͶձͷžһƪģëʱ ΧۼҸ۹ϸëϯһһǵͽ ëϯһǣһɭĽžսʿԼ·ǰ˵ǣǾëϯǵĸɾͻ󡣡һжڱϸʹȫǶëӦе̬ȡ

ʮգëĽ˼Ҳ͹ݣȻرϳˡôϲأڲ͹ſ³¥ϲɴ

̽ͷȥëϯëϯǿʼܿ˼¥ǰϻԾšëϯꡱ鵣İȫë뿪µľսʿȺߡëܾˡ͹ݾǱġ֪κΣգǰû֪¥ȺԶƲ͹ݵҲ϶Ȱŵģëι۵ıһë¥ϴǰ֣Ⱥǲɶֹؼëºй߲㲻޵˵ιʱΧңҰһڣǶɢˡëٲȻϵۡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
40 Ծйһ˲ɡ



Ժ


Ծڼ䣨һˡһһ꣩ëȡ˵֣֮Ժ롣ģʡϵũ񣬱Ϸź룬ɻ 



 


С߲


йƬӢıΪйС߲Ϊ˴ũжԳڻ¹ҵʩ 



 


Ͷ


ʮͶ֮һŮӰʦ㡣 

 


 
19581961ꡡ6467 

˾ֲĸ˳ݣй쵼ļͷ˷ɵೣëڵԼľ¹ҵ̡һ״Ƴʱ ʵֵʱ䶨Ϊʮ굽ʮꡱ̵꣬꣬꣬ꡣԾһ¡˴󡱶λĻ

ëȨ˵ԾΪйһȽ϶̵ʱڸһʱңΪȽǿĹ֮һĿˮ׼޹ϵ¶ʮգëھίС鳤̸˵Ŀǰ̫ƽʵ ǲ̫ƽģǹ˲ǡ̫ƽ󡣡ֱ廰˵һҪ󴬣׼ձɱɽɽ½ë˵촬ҪУһСָ֣С̨ĸʹˡԭȥ

ʮգëͬŶʡί˵ҪίԱᣬͳһƻëԾҪư硣

ԾҪǴģشͶŷԾΪĵعҵĿζʳƷڡëҪ³ĺǱͧ豸ʱ³ëѣëĴǣҪʳƷйͿԳڶ١Ϊ˳شũжëӲ˵һ񻰰Ĵաʾ£ʡ쵼׷ʡڵʳἤ磬ëϲĿʩƣϽµĻĲһٷ֮ʮεĺϵһ֥ԣҲͨջ֣ëΪͷģ

ʱڡڸʡ쵼رĻɲкЩɲ漣ճɡëŹĴһ߲͡ǽǡʮգձʡƽũҵ硰СÿĶﵽǧʮʮʵʲ ٷ˵ЩǻɲũͷԷȡġţ䡱ձ ʱëĺࡣ

ܿȫ˲١ͨǰѼׯƵһЩŪٵĵͲǸϼǸëģǡǡ෴ϱ߰±ߵ˿ġ ũĻɲ֯ιۣǻȥҲͬĸ߲Щ˵ϹĻɲгְλҴţˡְĸ߲ȫ-

-ʹͲøˡ˭֪̣ʳӰջ

µףձʽֻҪҪҪ٣ͿʳëڰչָʾӦÿǵôʳô⡣һ¶ʮգë˵йشﲩֻôһ˿ڶࡣûзô죿޷ٳһ㡣ôѶôɶʱëĻƸ꣬ΪĶǴũʳ

£ձ߼¼ġˮǡʡĶʮҰĲίǱŷŵģһ껷ϱʳ ʵֵ࣬´һĵ˱

ҲġڻȫԸѹֶǿũ ʮգëԶʡί˵˼ʼʽҪǿǿйǶ׵˼ȫ嵽ǡᡱ򡢵

Ϊʹʦëһ٣ٶָũͻɲ˽֡ ˵Сձһ˽֣ܽѣվڷڡũ񡰰ܲӧϳԴסëñĵĿ˵˽֣ܻȥˣũũũֻˡ

ëúܣũû˽֡һʮһʮգʡëʡײˡײǳԲɵġëʾ¼򣺡ҪؼɲһʮգյһļйȱΪļ˸⣺ʮʡǧһʮ޷Դ⡱ķӦϷָʾļáɻ͵ʮʡίһգѸëȲ˵δûɿҪʳ

ëһҪũҵһֲϸũҵͶʡּǲǮٻǮ޶ȵʹԾūͶˮǷչũҵĹؼëͽũȥˮһֹǮԻȺ˶һ ڣһũͶССĵ̰ӡˮ⡢ˮƶʯ ԽŰʮʿ˺ӣʹõĹߴֹֻĳͷͷ֮࣬ũԴʱԵĶԼ¶ʣȨ֮ء

ȫ޴̸𣬹¹ҳ㷹ҽҲûСʸߵʲô̶أë̸ˮʱڵһһѮëټʡ̸ˮ̣ʡ֥ԵĺϺϣʥİաë˵ ֥Խڷҿˣϣʥڷҿˡ ʡʡȸɲˮʼĥ񡱣ġɲɡɷš

ˮ̣ë׷ͼӰƳ硰ߡʽ߲ơʩ鿱Ȳȱٵĳʽ¹ϰƷߡܿˡıߡ ˸޸ġ

ʡġɽ̣һһǧİٹԽ˰ɽĴˮ䬺ԭμʩʮڸɽڶѨӣϯع¶ԣ¹ɽҰ˺Դĸ伢˼µֲУɽ˼ֲУָȥˣڹص񹤣Ҳǧˣ̡ѪܡˣٷԼϣһĶҲûϡ

ɽһԾеĴ󲿷ˮ̶˷ѡ޵;޲ȥֻͣˮһϵĴˮ⣬ٶ һԺͼɵвëʱ̮ˡʷˮ̿ӲҰһĺϡ̶̼Сʱڣʯ ̲ˮ⡢ʮСˮһˮȺһ ʮ򡣣ٷ˵ǰǧٶˡëǰûģŻˡһžž꣬ǧˮ̱ΪΣսʱܸε֮֡

ë취˹أ˺սѸȫһ顣һ취ֲҪʩϡҪʲôӶöʩϡëҪʵһڷ߻ʵĵ·ڻҲҪ١ëԸ⻨ǮҪ󡰸й֮һзϣ϶ʳʳͳԲ꣬ڻͶࡣǿʲôأëûеͨİ취ʵϣһߵһһ꣬й˰ٷ֮ʮˡ

Ϊ˷ϣйũ汲ʾܹ֭뵽ķԴѾˡָѹ£ֻòԼéݷϡշ̲ݶ𣿻ݵǽҲзũļҾٵˣˡʺ򺣡

֮⻹ʡë˼תΧЩʳȸϡȫɨ㣬ô裬ҪȸĵӣʹǲͣЪϢƣر׽ⲻ֪ʯ٣ΪеׯںаԵѧʹ鱻֮-

-ëʵĽճɷЧйĴȸ˶Ϊ˷ëҲһͷȸƻȵë˶֮ļƻҲ֮߸

Ծлһѣë涨һйΪһǧʮָ֡ģʮϺӾԣëұ𲿳ȥɲԷһұ𲿳ӭ˵ðɣ

ĸװҹӰת¯ӡãԶëָꡣëȫ조¯ӡǿԡëĻֵоǧ

ҪǼ㽻˳ȥûõĶƷϵŮͷϵСũҲôҲ¯ʱĿںţһͷһ۹壬һǲһ

Ϊ˴ҪȼϣɭֵɽͺũĲݷǵһʮСʱΧ¯תջ񼾽ڵˣׯֻʣ¸ŮͯƬׯڵ

ëһĵġһǧʮ֡ÿμܾõˣҪָͷһʱ䣺껹ʣ죿δɣͬ־Ŭףձ׺ⱨָﵽëԼϵģֻĳǺõġĳʵֳġ¯಻ҲϣЩôġţʺ񡱡³ڿذ¯贶߼ĸʺϽ֣Ҳطɲ͵͵ͽˡ贶˷ëԼҲ˵ǳ²㣬ࡣ

һףй޽ĴҵߴһǧʮȻֻжʮͶˡӹ̡;ϵıȱȽǡ˷ѵ 豸ǻʴģΪûлʩһԣⱨϡ

Ͷ豸һûûҹãƬϢش¹ʲϣ๤عˡרұ족εëǵ֪ʶ˵ʲ׼ǵѧʣӦԹƨ֮УӣӣӡؽƸרҸзҪ°£ëɲƳšҪֹ𣨼ūţһ£ ұרʩǿƣAleksandr Zasyadkoûȥ³㱨ǼֱǵĶ̣ˡλǳ׻ܹʰϣ˵Ҳûá ˵ܶͳȰëҪϹָӣëǸңԲëϯͬ

ëϧһд۵̰죬ʹľ´θңԶķɻ̹ˡһֱܵšëҪ͸־һֱɻɻ˵߽ˣͳ֣ºȥ

Ծһɹ˷ѣʷ϶һ޶ëʽ˷˷ԴЧʵµĹҲһûκǿȱƴɻƣٰ͵Ľᾧ޶ȵػӻ

Ծʱ۵˼㡣ë˵Ϣǹ徫񡣡ҪһࡰսֻˮϣտҲŮ һʮСʱһĵӱܣŷɿɽ·ˮׯڵҲСܡ¯˾͸˵ˣ¯Ƿǲͣǵҹǣۻڵء

ŶӲϢظɻ¶ԴȾӡ뱱Զĺӱ˺ʮһСëָʾѸ߲𡱣Ҫȷ ʴﵽٷ֮ʮϡ

һ죬йʵũ磬ȫũǧСë˵ĺôǣ󣬺ùܡڹһ磬ɽɽ磬ģʡϸġë޸ġΪĹ³̣涨ԱȫΧһģͶǧʮŻԱáȫأҽ˽еķľתΪȫ繫Сǵáͱ쵼ԭ򡱼оסԱԭסլש ľϣɹҪ𲽲áǱ롰μͶָӵʵϾһͶӪƾũūƣǧйũũū

ëȡǵ֮Ժ롣һںϵȵйͶǣϷŴ롣ë˼ĨǡˡǱһȺͷɵ

ԱֻڹʳóԷڼҿﲻˡûзԡ۷˳ĳͷɲ˭ˣͽ˭

Ϊ˳ϷεũᵽʳȥסŮټһ˽ȻûеģͥҲ޴̸𡣸Եķϣڷ紵̮ȥһһ괺Ӳļ¼ϣһ컪ӣ绯ǰһǧİһʮ ䷿ݣڼֻʣòٶʮһ䡣

ʳóʱëйʳ̫ʱɲǷũ񳨿ӳԡĳԷֻһ¡൱ΪӳǴ󼢻ĵԭʵֻô󼢻øһδѾд˶ëĲԸͬɢʳʱũϲ֮࣬ȴ޹е޼ҿɹ顣

ũ񻹵øɳصͶɲУиɲලðշһӳĻ˵Ⱥū۷ͲСɲ׼ǲѣǲͻʧ๤ͷȨԼȫҾͻ롰ūľء

ЩɲҲ䣬ũǵĴйͳϰ˻Сӻġһ·ëȨäĿһϽũʹߣձǻܣ꣨һ꣩ĶܲڼҹˡҼˣĿˡ

ڼũ񲻵ò͵Լֲʳرǻµĺӡ ɲһҪץ͵ʮĵ鱨桶ʮ꡷һЩ¼ɽ֧ǡӳһͻĸСű˿ధǳеСǳһʺеĻؼŵ˲ӳԱϲСĲӣºѶ󱻾ȣ󽧹Ҥӳסһ͵СõСĸָСָ֧ʹšԱ⿪ϵС͵ࣩ˿˵Ķ䴮һ𣬹 ǽϵĶϣȡЦĶԺ˵绰ɡ

Ծʱëѡ硱СԸӵĳвױũͶӪղ֮ëԳеķǣһ ӦǴҵءվ찲ų¥ϣëʱͱıǣԱг˵ȥҪ̴ѣ

˿ʳﶨӲдҲв˶ʱڱĲѧ˹Jan Rowinski˵ͼݷֳÿ̤һŶþȫг˺ôҲŲ·͸˵ʳһһһ껹һһ꽵ֻһ幫ҪǳԡʳƷһƵĺеʵС壬УǳġܶͷƷ⡰ʳȫоĵԴָˡ

ȫĴ󼢻һ𣬳һһ꣬һΪҡ һ꣬йԼͳ֣˾ȿһǧʮĵˡ мͥŮȿһΪйԵҺ˵߲һǧ١ڳɴ⼯Ӫ˹Auschwitz۷ÿȿһǧٵһǧ߰١

Ϊ˻бƵóġʮ꡷أʡؽһ괺͡˳˵Ĳп¼ʮ𡱣һԷ򸾡İ Сųˡģڴ󼢻ж֮һ˿ڵĸʡͨμأ൱ձ顣һǺõļ˵ҼǸ һʮĸŮԼŮųˡ˴ǿŮ˶ڻȥˣΪԹĲ١ʱǶˣ ˣӳȥ·ߵʬϻпɳԵ⣬͸ؼȥȥɹ̫ˣоһЩǳԹġ

һзͬʱйĲֿ˵ȴڵʳʳƷɾӻءѧ˹ۿˮɶֵõй涨֡-

-ʳߴȵľƾ˹̵ȼϡһ°գëйʳ̫Բ߹˵Ҫʳҹҵĳ·磬ƾ ȼϡ֪ĵ飬ÿһöһǧ򹫽ʳ

ΪʱĴԾʹԼǧ˰й˶

ġһžģй˿ѧӻ۵ȱġй˿ͳϡһ˵һһй˿ʷֱΪٷ֮һٷ֮һ壬ٷ֮ĵģٷ֮ǰƽٷ֮һһߣٷ֮һˣһٷ֮һһٷ֮һƽʸ߳ľǷʡ÷ȥй˿ڣóǧ߰ʮ

ֱ֤ʵڴ󼢻еһһʹƣStepan ChervonenkoѾǧ˷

ǶʮļģҲʷļġȫΪģġйʳڽһˡһ͸ߴ֣߰Ϊǧ˰ÿṩ˰ʮȿ⻹ࡢʳ͡Ʒȴĳڡ ûгڣйһҲ

Ծһͷë͸й߲ô˵˼׼ΪԾĻй˴󡱶λϣ̸ǡϲ¡ϲ£ȷʵϲ¡ 룬׷ӻڣҲڻÿᣬǧˣͺܲֲ֤޳ζѧׯԺ󡳹ȷġӦףᡱ

էһëſڿӽߡһ絳ίǱȥ˶ʱظëĻҪ»װأǸ˱첻Щ涨˺󡰲׼ޡ׼Т

ë˵ʵüֵһʮ¾գ԰˽ȫ˵Ҫǲˡкôϡݡʮ꡷أеطׯڡ

ë˵ΪĿ꣬׼й˵ۡһ꣬ Ī˹ƶ쵼˵Ϊʤ׼йˡ ڡ˴󡱶λϣ˵˿һйʷйüΡӺ˵γǼǧǧˡԭûо飬֪Ҫ٣ʣһ룬κʣ֮һ

ë֪Ծйˡһʮһ¶ʮһգëй߲㽲ˡˮ⣬Ҫָ񣬸ͭú̼䡢ӹҵѧҵҪ˺ܶ࣬һҿйһ˲ɣһҲҪ֮һʮ֮һǧˡë˵̫¶ˣ̱ð˵ǧǵְҵְҪͷҲ⡣ûɣʾҪ˸ɣƸǣһ£һҪ㣬Ҳû취˲ɱҵͷ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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Ծͷһ꣬йξֻһǹ»

»ʹũи顣дɵġ˵ҳ䵽޲ԼҪҪƶйִëȫޱĹԱ޵ȣű

³һǴ˹֮ġ˹ֻԸ˳ݡĴʡϵһǡҪëϯ쵼¡˵дëڵľǹҵģֻ˵һ쵼֮¡

ëľ¹ҵҲֲͬ޳ɡҽڵʽеڹҵҵйصĹ˵ƽʱڵĹ裬һҪʺϹ񾭼õķչ

ȻëëһֱΪڼؼʱëȷ볯սڳսëίճΪ ëֹصָϵͳܾܲıȨ޹ϵʹ֮УȨܵӰ졣

һëԾʱϴֱΪĸϯʹλ֮ϡëһǧ߼ټ¡硱 һ쵽ᣬ滥๥νġӰһֱëпƵƻǱ˴˵Ĺϵƻ˵ƽ⣬дĵðѾӸ߲ķѡ-ͷöëҪ󡰲ιĹëδ׼

-ë磬ϴһи߼죬ĿйӵӰ졣ڰëִľӣи߲ͬëԾӵĿƣϴΪ棬ҪǺ˱־롣

£ڱӣë췽ҹ̷ʽʳָꡣ뵽ëһھҪҺǱͧҪʼũҪϣ»ͻȻʧˡ뾯ĴѰңһƧĺ̲Ͽ¹ⲽػصסһҹδߡ

֮ȥӲ졣һ·ϣʳճɱũѾڰ ëġдԱ˵ӱˣҲˣľȥСȺաе󷹹Ҳˣѷȥԭϡ𳵾ëģʡʱѵ¯ġġ¿ӵȺΧŸ¯ϢӸ¯ܴ졣ڳãתͷ˵һѰѻǵļҵչ⣡

ʮ³ë人췽ҹ̷ʽʳѾﵽ˵ʳûôࡣũҵ˰˻ȥ˵ѽҲɣҲɣôأ

ؼ˽ϼʯɽԶĿõ֤ʵʵջʳûйࡱе֣˿¡ ũǿȸɻеĵ˾˷겻򣬳ٵҲ ˵ҲаġۡʹٸŮӹ´ͣļ

ʱĻڶʮˣסںųơҸԺ羴ԺǽҿʳõĹҶֻмףû͡ǵĴ ź컹ǹϯ쵥ҲûУҲòٿǲɫüͷ̲ס˵ֺҸԺʲôҸԺ

ø˵ǮԺԪ׶԰Ԫ׶԰Ҳûб죬ٺ뿪ʱһλ˲лϺһֽ ģдţΪ

ʮʮգܾõıһ˵ʳûëߣڴ˻ͬС뷢籨ʾʱˣ˵ǸԷӳáԼ˷籨ë뽵ʳ֡

ëûлڰǰëյһûϵϵ˵жޣҸԺͷû˾Ͳ档Դӿ׷Ҫǲˡ

»ûʲô취ֹëĺΪΪﲢ޾Ȩвӵþë׼ʼǴӹѰ

ڵʱ£Ψһϣ³˹ֵıһЩȻϣãġļٵ»еһԲɡ

»յɶԶŷ´Żطõ롣ȥŷᾭĪ˹ơëԱʾ룬һʮʾ˵طõȡڡʱ 񡱡й߲㶼֪ëɻµ˸йϵ¾͸ˡ Ӳ֮һһ°־ί飬ڡһ ͶںطöŷëëûлظʮգѰشëͬ⣺ҶΪӦټСˣ׼Ѯһ´ȥ£Ȼ󼴵ʡëڶʮհ졣

ëµΪʲôڳáգȫίԱȻʵ»ͬ־ûУȻһͨ˴δĴƢ˵Ǻҵġ»һᷴҵġ˲ңҲˣңұطˣ

ëȻǾͬʱҲ̼硶ơǾеĺ𣬺ʵۡǵͬ־к¸ңѰѡʷ?𴫡 ͸»ͬ־

ëµеͷȥδӣĵļҽսϣڰ칫һ˳õⲽͷ˼ʾڶճʱԾط̸˽µеض˵ں˼ģͬ־ ǰޡǸѭ浸صġáԱǲָõֵ֧ġ

¶ʮգǰϦŷҴʹΪžдᡣϣëµκ̸йڳĹأʹȽ䡣˽˴ԾλǣȻʹ̸Ծ̽ʹԴԾĿ̽СģֻǴʵϣ̸ĿϣԴԾַȽʹ˵ЩԾġ档˵ӡģԪ˧ӵ񣬼ΪĹҵǣҪΪȡһ·

ڶŷҲûеõκͬ顣µڲϣ˵ӱϿйũҵ漣ķգʿɲԶһЩ⣬ʹܸµʳˮ׼ÿÿʮйʹǳÿÿ궨Ҳ

ڲϣⷬ»Ĭã˵رֽкܶٻʳ಻Ǻܶ࣬Ǻȱڲϣ˹ԼҲ鹹֣ȻԲ޶ԡйϰհûϵйֻҪܹʳƷСйʳƷʹȡʳƷƶȡ-1

-1ǧй˶֮ڲϣԼëҪʳƷһһ£ܶԼŷפʹڣ˵йũƷѣϣó׶ƳٺͳһЩʾ¾ܾǣйҪйкͬӦ󶹡ס֬ȡܶ˵ǡ־һСǸ˶ǧִ󶹡

ͬڲϣ̸Ժ»йſЦ˵ǵϰҪ֪˼Ҫǰÿϰʮ⣬֪θ룡һվǽݿ˹工ˣйҪʳƷĹҡйϰպܿ࣬ǵĹҿҪϽˡǽݿҲšŷǡɹͷֵϹ͡һ꣬ŷйʳƷó״ﵽ߷塣;»ܻԳ˼һ̾-2

-2Ҳʹ»ԤδëĹ˵忴˹֡߶¡ÿҶһ޹ҴŽҲҪ㡣

һվǰǡ¶ʮյʱ³Ҳյ档ʹëʳ

ʵ³򲢲Ϊ»ûдķ롣ǵɭSazan IslandڵкĺǱͧء³ԳΪֹǺйںǱͧʲôס

Ժ³ָˡм»ܿǹɡʮһصܷ̽Ȼĵɵӡ֪ѡ ʱܲıĻƿ˳»С˵ԳΪѵı顱 Ƶ̸ЩʲôǸա̸ķëĶ бʵ¡

»˱ֻܲϰѼĵϱë𳵿׹桢 ڵͬе쵼˵ҪйũãҲҪ ģҲëӳ

ڶŷʱëڴ߼һһëĳʳΪζһ޳ɣëˡ

ëʱһ鷳ʳڼƻһûɡɲԼũ²֡ëŴ˵ũСӳƵί ʡίǣëָҪǶԷָ̬ʱҲֳĬе½ѡëеһ˶ɨϰϴëͷŰ˶

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ʮգë绰֪ͨڳϵıʤ®ɽᣬָ˲μӻˡ

ϴҪˡҪԸʸġѱԪ˧ëƺ˽һڶʱķӦĻʱͣɽëȻ硣

ʮˣëһλ磬Ļ𳵾·ɽط˱Сɽһšʱļ١ɽġ׼ˡҲ綼Ǩߣ ײëǰհˡ

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һӡ˶ɨȫЩƴũжĻɲСƽһ˵˶ġȫһǧӰмǧ򡱡滻ǵĺˡ

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ܶëʾֿʮԪСΪ ҼҥһҪгͨƱʮԪƱÿҪװÿһ㡣ʱ͵巹ȫһա

ôһֽйоͰʮԪֽ𽻵巹һԳȫһҶûһ£ֻд绰ܶ칫ǮʱŷǼðġ

ę̈ġթƭư޵һı˵׾١ԱȥپʱֻĸֿСӣĲʮһꡣپŪǮΪ ǳԱҶһסС¥йǮڹ̵߼ʳƷپռдǮǮǮζŪǮ

ëѡʮ굮ˡ꡷£Ϊë塱ԡ³ûָܵ˹

һ·󣬳šһͶڣйǡǡ߰ٶͬߣΪëӪĺġëӼ˺üˣֽϴ˵Щαëġγ죩ëЩ

գ繤»ڱٿʮҵĴ кЩǻҩζصĹ䣬ԸĪ˹ơëȨй ҪĹʴᡣëξȫ˵ǣ˵ƽƭ֡ΪֱǴӣ˵ǵ۹ĳ͡𰢣Vittorio Foaǣй̬ȳ⣬ŻˣĻᰤ򣬾˭ҲҪжǵĴŬGogo NushiҲΪ𾪣˽й쵼Сˡ

йڳ̵³˵Ī˹Ϊ繤»¼շѵĿˡ鱨ҲôΪֳCharles Cabell ºҰȫ˵йΪ쵼һս³ܲӭͷʹռѺ۵һα翴ˡ

ͬ¶ʮһգ³Ծۼ׶˹صʮһҵĹǿë󶫹ҪսĶԡȫʤս˵ֻзӺͿڲٴһսֻʹսľȥڹ УԵ˻ռЩ˵ëǸӣ˻ ͬ³ڻøԶй˵֧ һˣ֧硣ǼȻô˹֣ǰ˹ֵĹײİᵽȥˡ쵼˵һë񿴵˹һһģｽġ

淢ڲ˹ȫûë·ߡëϣڲ˹ǹġһҲ֧йҲ֧֡׵ĹëϣԭȻΪĹ۵õӦëҲûϵ³ ع۸³·ѣëаٱ׶һرëҪľ¼³ܾëκ ᷨд鹫ʱʣһֶ޸ģ³𣺡һֶ޸ġëֻýڹǩ֡

³ʱȫ͸ëڻһǧרȫߣͬʱֹͣйδ깤һʮĿ

ë͹˺³ıëĴСйѧ˵Ѿԭӵļûȫѧֻһֶֶ ר뿪ǰѧϰѺõרҲǣԼıʼǱø աڡרҡнУŮĹԱǰר ҵļ໤賡ϡȻˮнëĵ̣¹ҵ̣ҡ

ëֻ跨ءʮһĪ˹ƿʮһʱйȡ˺ͺõ̬ȡëԵʹݳϯʮ¸գһһԪ³˷⼫ĺص磬ʲôŤҲûĳ̶ֳȵĺͽ⡣ͬһʮδĿУʮëûеõȽ¼

ë󶫺Ѵ󼢻˵˺ͬרҡĽֱܶй˻ʵϣ³ȡĿֻڻ⼢ģΪЩĿʳƷͲسˡ

ǣʳƷ˿δëҪǰǷծǷծЭӦʮ껹壬ë껹壬Ҫϰաս һ꣬й˶ǧ

ëǰծ˵ҪʵϣëߴڡĻϡëҪйʳƷйڵʳƷռܽڵ֮ëͿʹ³Ŀ

ëѳƺ³ڴ󼢻ʱծй⽻ë쵼ύָڼʱûйֹծ˵ծˡ ëԼҪҪӲҪʮǰ껹塣

ʱפʹƸǣ˺йʬҰļģøκε飬ֻҪݳӱɻǾ֪ˡ϶ûҶӡĪ˹ܾйĳʳƷʱʳĴֻлܡ йǸɡһΣзڣôӣǣ£

³򲻵ûбծһйծµ¬ҵĶһʣʹз档㣬һйǷծ˰ٷ֮ʮߵ塣

һһ£³ëйһʳʮֹŰǡëǣʳⲢǳڡڴʱ³ʾԸйת׸-21 սȨë˵ϾҪ

һʱ䣬ëԺ³ȸ㻺ͣҲ̶µʱפһ⽻˵սΧǽһһ֮ܶԶ˵ëΪǺ³۹Ͷı֡

³ʱʱëرһŴʱһʮ£ܰѺ˵˽Űִ͡ʮðյжͬĺԿΪ˲ëʱ³ëһͷ֧ëӡȡǶԸѺõӡȵıѡ

йӡȵìҪǱ߽⡣йӢֳʱµı߽磬Ҫ̸У˵߽ӦȨԼȷӡΪ߽ѶûбҪ̸С˫ֲ¡ű߽ͻһһ㣬йһ塢¼俪ʼ׼սܶ˵³ԽԽֺҪ̫ˡ

һ̵ľëǲµġëӡΪСйԭӵ޲ҪأU-2 ߿̨ɷɲǴӡܺ׷ɵķչҲ֤ʵĹǣСӡ߽ս֮ӡ U-2 ɻӡȲǣCharbatiaسйһԭӵըա

ëӡȻܵеľơʱʯ׼½ żĻʹӭëԽʯвܵ棬̨Ķ غرԼҲ˱ɽķն

ëŪʯ׻᲻پǷӡȿս˽⡣йһһֱڻɳͬдʹ̸Сй ʹõˬĴ𸲣ֽ֧ʯ½Ҳŵδͬ⣬

ëĵĻʱйʯ͵ҪԴ³ӡ߽ͻУ֧йԺִӦӡȿڸԭ·еȽ׸ɻתüʹӡܹ׸-21

ʮµˣϲɽĿᶬҪ٣Խʱ䲻ˡë פʹ̽Ī˹ƶйӡȵ̬ȡ³ץס ȡһ˳ԾĲ衣ʮգչȫξίԱΪεйʹĻᡣϺ³ñӺ󽲻˵Сӡ߽սվйһߣݻӡȳ׸-21з֪ڹŰܲ˵ϣз֧֡

³ڸëףë˵סʮ¶ʮգŰ͵ΣǰϦйα߽ӡ󣬹Ű͵Σֵ߷壬֧й³˾ٶ³

ӡ߾йѸٴݻӡأƽһʮ๫ʤ̣ëͣ𳷱˫һЩءӡ߾Ҳʱµӡëﵽһ̵Ŀģ֤߾ڰʹûк֮ǵذȫ¡³ᣬʮ˸ºѪȥë뵱Ƿҵ䣬Ӵһ֡

ӡ߾սڽʱŰ͵ΣϽ³ӦӹŰͳȡַŰ͵ĳŵë׿³鷳Ľף ùŰͶԺ³ͬͺɽĲѹŰӪݡйкƴԮŰ͵УӰŰ档ëϸŰ쵼˷籨˵Űֹ³򳷳ͷɻʱ ر𷴶ͬЭ飬ëϣͿ˹ޣFidel Castroķ磬ѸԼһ

ëŬûЧҲõЩôһöȽ䵽ŰʱŰûаȴͬй֮䡰йЩ ԲԸĽйĵ˲Сá

ͬЭĺ³Ҳӡ߾սڴʱ ʮһյ۾Եز֧й

˶ء³뱣ֹϵëڳЩܡ״άֵһ£ͬӢǩ˲ֹֽԼǽֹǩԼκһɢζëȫûˡ-

-ͳϣJohn. F. KennedyԼͬйѺۡ

ëȫ˺Ƥָյء³򡱡ë˵ǵʺꡱìͷ׼³򡱡ëһ塱 ġս֯д˾ƪʱй˽֪£ܳơ ʵϸë塱档ëµĶǣִߵһУѧ˼塣Ǵźйһʱԡ桱кëһ壺ҪȨ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
44 ϯġͻȻϮ



ڴ󼢻ڼ


һһ󼢻ڼ䣬ϯصϹ硣ŴδƬϣ߿ࣨϣ£󷽣ܵؿſտҲķдʹëͻȻϮֹë´󼢻ĵߡ

 


 
19611962ꡡ6768 

ԾʼʱȻж沨󼢻ǵض»®ɽʱյϹϯûиվһ

ԽԽһһ֪ȫѶǧˡ ġ¼䣬صϼȥӲ졣ʹĿļȿѣ޴¾Ҫ跨ֹë

ڼȥ̽Ľ㡣޵ļͥڹȨǡ׼ˡżдŽѵŸЩûʵĴǸζĶסɡǹ̵ֻһƿ͡ڴƣ谵۾ˮɫ촽ͣز˵ܶ˲ԴѾкЩˡ ˫صʹɷȥԭǳ˰Ů񱦱һĿΣĳθ޷ûҽ ɿûҽԺȥ𣬴ʹ෭С

λ浱ϹϯԺ󣬸дһţ˴ǶӵʵűϡƻԾñˮߵα˺򣬿ҪȥʱŷŻؼҡ

һ·һ·Ĺ£ľóʹ޹ʹˡԵĵ߸ϣһʮĺľ̿ д֣棡ӵļһˣĸ໴ĵܵܵι̣ܵʱдҪеظɲҪץ˵⡰⣬Ҫ

طֲóͷ͵ʳũ˵Ա룬õҾòãҾСá˵Ȩϰǿһʹļ׿ɼһߡ

ϰյǸٱʱԴ˵ʮûлعˣû뵽ǽô࣬û뵽ʮ˼绹ôƶ ЩѹҶԲңԲλѽʵ˵͵͵Ҿһ

ص빤˵ҿǵʱˣٲܼȥˡ

ڼëһһ®ɽ֡ë֮ۺͽŹϵʡһλ˵ʮӶע⵽ˡк®ɽϵ˹Ӿëˣںһʮƽߵľͷƽ̨ϣߴӵžŮԱк˷ܵȥë˵Ӿˮë˵ʲôһˮѧӾͺ˼ǧڡѧӾúˮëõıѧѡһйøһͿĽڡ

һĸҲιˣƽ̨Ժëһ仰Ҳû˵ͷҲûһ¡ССƽ̨˸һͷ̡кƵ룺Ϊʲô˵أ

ëͬҲȰıߡܶӱϸݵӲë˵Ҷ̲ˡҰ⣬ûжˣӲûдë˷Ҫ®ɽϣһܶԣë廰˵ôһ㣬ʲô˲ã

ëմӦ˽֣ʱĽͰٷ֮ʮġһһһ˱һһ룬ɻǶ˽һǧ

ëòвԭڶ๤ҵĿȱú̿ȶòȻǺ£Ǿǧȴ򵥵ӻصȥЩдڹȥдũġʷûĸôظȥëǵйǵĹɲѽǧ˺֮֮ȥǹȨĸܰ쵽 һصЩ˱ʧȥڳܵĶӦʳ΢ĸ

ͷӦֵͬʱë®ɽϵйҪԱǣ˵ȵˡܶ뿪®ɽĲ˵Ϊ˻ũ®ɽ ͵Ŀˡǣ˵껹ũ͵û

ҪˣëĻ˶ȡֶΣһֱĲõķʽ档ʱӢ½Ԫ˧ɸûëڽӼʱ˵ʱ׼˿ǹɻˤ𳵷Ӿʱϸɱ˵Ҷ׼ˡë˵̸ξֵܿëڸǣʱ׼ǲҪĴ룡

ëĵǲûиݡ뾯ЩУԹصŸһһëġ뾯ŵ˼ı桷˵սʿ˵ëϯסڱ֪֪ũ ʳô඼ȥˣսʿ˵ǳԲǲëϯµϺ޽ÿʮʳûأũԲ˺ͰԲʳ ܲϰյսʿ˵ũϰճԵ磬ȥܳԵʳ˶ûСվԱӳ˵ë ϯǲǽǶ뾯ܵݺݵϴ

ǰвڵϱѡ䵽ְȨĵز˽ëֱڱʼдڱʱռ񡣡һһ£յ¹涨йӦÿŴ󡱡ëþһŬ⡰Ŵ󡱡

һ꣬ëѾей߲ߵǿҲµĽдǲͶҵƱˣĴ󼢻ǿҵйɲдԵǰһһԪ¿弶ɲᡣϽаٷ֮ʮǼ˵ģ£ԩʱٷ֮ٵıʹᡣ᳡ϿǿޣرǴ˿龰ʮֳʹ󲿷ͬ־ж ʹΡв߿࿪ʼߵɢֹᲿûиɹǸŮ޵ø

йɲǵļͥսһһ¶ʮ͡һ⡣Ϻĺǽڣ߹ԱΪԲѻ԰Ͳƺĳ˲˵ءʹëĸɲǼ˶ıߡ

ëƵɲͷϣ˵ԭǡ˵ȨˣʳԲִֹ塱˵йˡش֡¼󼢻ĵļ겻ûȫԵ֣һ꾰áɲǶȫ˽⣬ëļ޻˻ƭЩˡǣȫ˶ ڶӣˣɲǲܲеԼĵеʲô⡣

Ϊ˻˵ĺøУëȫҪȫͬʹࡱˡȷһʱˣڳ㣬ëϲ㡣ڴ󼢻ڼ䣬ʳΪͷȤһһ¶ʮգë߹ԱͬʦΪëƶһͲףߴϵУ㡢Ϻ Ѽ⡢⡢ţ⡣ϺУ㲼ǹ㡢壨ը㡢 ը㡢ࡢĪ˹ƺ쿾㡢ʿٿ㡢㣬㡢ǴϺ Ϻ硢ϺСըϺ଴Ϻ˴ϺըϺ˴Ϻȵȡ ͼţ弦šԪ˿˼˼ͷ˼˼ֽʿҬӼͼ УšȡըＹըšššʽ ȵȡţ⣬ëǺϲҲвƷ֣⴮ȡ⡢ ׻⡢šΡţǡţ⡢ţ⡢̫ţ⡢ţ⡢ţβ

ë߹ԱõëڳʲôԼͼ˳Եʲôë˵ĺöǡҵĴˡûȨáëĹܼ͵͵ ˵ëʳƷؼңֺ͵Ͷ죬Ӵš

ѶǸ˽ëʵŮګʱڴѧסУѧУһӡëܸҪľǿŮҲ ګĩؼҿԳԵöһӼ˵ѧУë֪˵Ӱ첻áӡëҪΪڸҹѡګһ˸ײ¾Ҳͣˣڶɴѧڼ

ʹë˸ѡôҲӰǶ̫ˣĶҲûСȷ˵ϡΪõ඼ȥˡë˵ԲҿһӲ÷洫˵ëΡء÷ʱеĸɲ巴༥

ȻãʲôҲɣЩ൱߼ĸɲ˴ۣô˱˺ùë˵ķеȻţŮȥ ɨĹʱëëëҲ֪˵Ҫǹȥ͸ĸáگ̡ˡ

»һһʮ±һΡӵطɲͨ˵ΪϰִӢ۰Ļӭһǧӿ齵 еŰ뼢뱥һٶ๫·Ǹ˵Ļ»첻ͣؽɤӶˡ

ʱ¹涨ٿŴ󡱣ëпܱѡĸС˰֮һ Ŵǿëĵģ£˶ĸǰٿŴ󡯣 浱ϯëϯϯ

ɲǷ׷ҪٿᣬǰδеĴѡë󶫾Ŵ󡱡ˡ˸⣬һѡĴᡣȫίʡСء󳧿󣬶ɵһֵȼᡣ

һһµġǧ˴ᡱйʷϹģĻ顣һ̱ʽĻ飬Ϊ󼢻ľڻֹͣġ֪һɾ͵ȡãڻ϶ë㡰ͻȻϮ

ëٿǧ˴ᣬȫûиıߵ˼鿪ʱָ¹Ϊ˵ڲûжָũƷ٣Уղ ë˵һҪץһ꣬涼ҪԾëôƤͼһϿߣƴǻȥ

ëϰ취Ѳμӻ˰ֳС棬ɴĵһգʹڶͷ˾ǰ˵һʮһմῪʼ죬ûпȫĻÿ쵽һ׼õġ汨桷ҪСѧϰۡëڸᶨӡ˵ǵĹƣܵ˵Ǻõġ

ѵʱѾȹˡһµĴչʱڡᵽȱʹ󡱣ʲôκڣǳ

ǵõ֪ͨҪξֻܽԼΣҪƣơ˸ʡίһӴǡҪһλ¸ҵĴëд˵ģǡĥʱ䡱

ĥʱë⡣찲ǹ㳡ϵãϺңң ëм׷һıСһһˡÿëڴϣŮŷ򱨣˶˵Щʲôļƻһ¶ʮһεȫ飬ۺġ汨桷Ȼһߣߣȥġδģˣ͵ڱἯϿɡ

һ¶ʮգһֵʷӡȫϣһСĵ棬ë󶫵棬ǧйȨǸɣһ汨桷 ȻͬĻ˵ƲãԵĴʳʳƷ⡢͵ȶ Ҳ̫ˣõҲô˵ĳԡö㡣ԭΪũҵ͹ҵ棬⼸궼дԾǣڲûнࡱ˵ѵԭǡ֣߷˻ֵȷôءʾҪ¿ëι룺졲·ߡԾ硳ڶȡ֡ پꡢʮԺܽᾭ顣

ëһ˵ǡһָͷ;ŸָͷĹϵֱë˵ȥǾȱ㡢ͳɼ֮һָͷ;ŸָͷĹϵڿ²ܵסëϲ廰˵һָͷ;Ÿָͷֵ١˵ǣȫȱͳɼĹϵͲ˵һָͷ;ŸָͷĹϵ㲻ϣ˼ҾͲȫһֵ˵ȱʹҪģɼҪġ

ĽＤǿҹйϯͷС۾ˮբǰЩһɲȿֺطԣ˵Լʵ뷨 ԴԾټȥҵһ˸߹һˡ

ëҲû뵽ԼεȻôһ¡汨桷ëǰͬģ˵ԡſһëĿŭ񡣵ëѹסŭȻǧйȨǸɵ֧֣ëܸӲӲҲܰѴھͷߣҪȰѶ𺦼ٵͳ̶˵ëװ֮䲢޲ͬߵӣӳ飬Դ˵ǡϿϷһϡ⡣һΪȫƨ

ëȡ裬ϴֱ뼴Ƴݡһ¶ʮգٿȫʱһľֱ롣̸ֱЩֻСһЩȱ㡱 ǱҪġѧѡ˵ʲôʵ֤Щǡǡûаëϯָʾȥɵģëϯָʾȥ綼ëϯĻôѻСö࣬·СһЩëϯ˼ȷġ ֽëһƣԼֱͬ־һƪܺõĽ ֱë

ֻʱëŵв档佱ֱ˵ͬ־Ŀͷ棬˵ƾҲһ¡˵ƾĸ֣ɱ

ֱ뽲֮ëиʡ쵼ũҵġܾõģһһ̨ԼеΣΪѡ

ˡ˽૵˵ֱô˵⡣վӵԪ˧ٷ֮ٵվëһߣõǿʶרὲ ʹСҷſ⣬ëûϣ׸ıëߡ

ëܵöǧиʮ˸Ȩͷһ⡣ϸŴ䣬˵ӡԸ̬еΣ뷸ĴֱӵĹҸ𣬼ӵҲзݣΪϯȻϷ˴ëֻøıߡ̴һ𣬰ָȽ͡ǧһ

գǧ˴һë˦ȥϺſʩһ ëۿܶơСƽˣ˴޸ġȻԵĺĿδӰ죬Ǳͧһ఺ֲʵʵĿˡͶʼˣҵͶʴëŬҲ˵ۣһԮ㡣ëĴѶǮ֪ĻûвʹģаԮܲ¾ֳ񸱾ֳ쿪ӡ˵ÿһԮЭǩ˵Цʱľͻһֶĳʹ֮У

ũҵͶʷǰطʵС˼ģũԡΪһ߱绤ı£Сƽ˵ǾĻèèֻҪ׽סǺè˵Ĺʱˡ ϢһЩͥ͸֧ʱ䡣һ꣬ԸƣҲٶˡ

йȨһ˳ͨͼԽץס͸ľǹС εͨ۵ı߽˿Ͽ˸ӣӳȥЩ½ҰܣץסǧѷĻܡ߷С͹˿

һ꣬йę̈еķɵʱ⡣Ϊһ®ɽ󱻴ӵһǧƽͬʱͼߵɷӡժñѧ˵ٵľһ꣬ڰ齻ܶص״˺תץڷţе޸ʽϰߵõЩء

ǧ˴ϵġͻȻϮëľţëȨǵһΡ ëͻȻϮֻſʹת˲ʧȥȨë棬֮ǡ Ҳ޲μӻˣΪǸվһʹıߡë̹ĵԸΪʲô֮ëĻ桢ľ󲿷ˡԼǴɲĥĴۡ˵ëǧ˴һֱĻųĸﲻǸҲǴ󻻰ࡣëúףиɲԸⰴͼҡҪϴǣһ

μǧ˴Ĳ˼棬ΪġҲ֪һת۵㣬ëǧ˼ǰĲ̣òաһΡǳʱڡͨĬԡϲŭֲɫǲѰĳ嶯ѰĿšȥ˵š

ȥˡڻָйԪë󶫣ڲ߻ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
45 ԭӵˣ


 
19621964ꡡ6870 

󼢻Ĺȥˣøˡ˾ߵͬʱë𲽰һЩĿ·ȥǺͺǱͧ˵ִ һµĺɱС⡱⣩ʱëİ壬˵⣬ һר㣬ǳԷġ

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ëĵһԭӵҪըˣĵ»һⲻ졣һӢǩֹֽԼʱָʾ̸дAverell Harriman跨֪̽³ơֹй˷չ˽ǷԸȡж߽ȡж³ܾˡڰһյļд˵˹йҪսΪȡʤֶΣһӵкйͻɡսٵǱΣաϣȡһΣա濼˶йĺ豸пϮݻݵĻʹ֮ȥ¹ʡڰͷгĹ˵Ҫúը١

ʮһ±̺󣬼εԼѷLyndon Johnsonͳǹս̨Աը޲ء޲ڸ̲ϣⲿϮȫЧëĵľ

һ£ëõ棬ĢëֶžĺʩϮĿԡ棬ëİ취ס³йȻǹӪһԱ²֡ʮգһԭӵըϸھĵڶ죬ë޸˸³ʮٳĺص硣صԭ׼дϷ ۣëĳɡ硳ֻʱģһ緢ش±䣬ͻ³򡰹ͬԵСԺ³ëױʼϡװͬ־֣β ʹ궦ʢʱõ۹͸ǵŽǰɣǻʧܵġ籨󣬿С֮ڴսʵһʮһǰϦëٴ˲졣ظ кŶԷַ˵һжģǵվһġ

ʹëҪļƻʡʹҶĺʩʱԽһǧ¹ʡëҪԽս ʹܶ԰ͳGamal Abdel Nasser˵ ޶ȾԽϣΪǵıߡΪǽкܶǸǰԽĲӵԽϣԽˣǾܸѪ ܵĴǽйܽǵСǾǵġʡ

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ëҲը¹ҵϵͳΪЩһŵƽԭϣëҪǰڵصĴɽ

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սϽ㡰ߡǻġߵľ󲿷ҵȫ½ؽͨ·һˮҲûСʱҪԶǧ֮ĶƽԭϵĴ졣ҸЧرй

ëһؼҪ죬߹ĽҪĵʿ̽ѡַʹѼӱҴٽɵĳסˮΣҡʯ Σòͣʱ䱻఺̹ˡ쳧ľȴԶɡһо˵ʧǸľȪֳ˶ʮų֡

˷ѵν޷㡣μ߽İˣ޹·أࡣɽĳͨ͸豸һͶϢ๤ڵѰߵķȾʹְа֢쳣رߡˮƷȱ˵¾ڰǨͥɢʮ֮áֻëԺһŰֲ꣬ſʼְط־⡱չˡʮꡢʮ꣬ ߼ϵĸɲ͹ˡ

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19621965ꡡ6871 

һúתëһ󸴳𡢴ϴֹͣˡΪܺƽȿʩ֮Ϊɷ硱ƽ硱ëǿ˸˳ݣĸ𽥳ѧУ̿顢ý塣۾ͿĿںţֶǡײëϯסȫйκʱ򶼸׵ػĶĤݡ

ĻëС˵һ£˵ڲС˵ʢС˵зһԶ飬˵ԽԽԶһ㣬Ƕ˺ˣȷˡëƺ±شľ崲һǶ顣ΪԷ˯˵һߴŵһ㡣ëϲǲǴڴϿ顣Ҫй飬ҪǱ״̬ëй߲㽲Ҫߡ

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һףëڻ׼򣺡ʽϷ磬գ֣赸Ӱʫѧȵȣⲻ٣ܶ࣬ಿУЧ΢ಿǡˡͳš˵Щǡ⽨ʱġС⡱̹ƷҲɱɡݡ·Ͷܡ족һëеķ˵ҪѳϷġдʫġϷҡѧҸϳǣͳͳ 硭ȥͲ

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찲Ź㳡ԭʮһꡣëҪǡһ˼Ĺ㳡ǹ㳡ıһƬޱȵˮءųǷζĽһɨ⡣

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ݣëҲݡһ£ԡܹ͢ܡ˵軨ǾĶǷ⽨ʿ׼ʲ׼ӸġҪı䡣ǻҪȡ󲿷ֻҪ

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ڼ䣬ëȫϴ˶׿гЧһǡѧϰ׷桱 ëȥʿ׷ҪҶ׷Ƶˡһ׷ռǣ˵׷һ뵽ëȥ¡Ϊëϵɽ»𺣡ҲĸԸëϯĻ˿ëʵʵظɣΪߵ롣Ĩɷ˳ศɣȫ˽뼫˽ףǰǶйҪ󣬺ë󶫡ǰΪ߷

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ˡڶйʢ£ȹμӡëϴˣйתμӡڶǷǻûɡ

ëּϣɹƽۡʱӡսǰëʹشӡȣͻ˹̹Ҽйӡȣһʤ̡ͻ˹̹й൱ӽǵõйԮķǹ֮һ

ëѲӵ߽磬ͨʽջᣬӡھ¶ʮҹǰСԹ¡ӡȵĴǺͽģ˵Ȼӡ ľûؾ¡Ը⡰һϵ顱УᷴԲǡзĴǣûбҪе顱ӡȷȷʵԹйڡëйսԵ

зڵڵǰһ죬ͻ˹̹ϹҪӡ˫ͣľ飬ëͣ⽻ϻǾϴ۶̫ëȰǴȥɰͻ ˹̹Ը֮࣬ëֻ÷˴ӡȵͷûаͻ˹̹ϣëаյȡʤһδӡȵڳ䲻⣬ӡ׼Ϊ̨ףзӡ͵͵ƽԹǱӴܡʵӡʲôҲû

ڼڳɹ̬£ëװֲ̩ġԻΪĹڰ״һӴ˱Ϊաʧܸա

ĲҰܷӡᡣʱӡṲʮˣڷǹࡣ˹ְëܡ-ձǹζ˵йһֱڹӡṲչֻҪжȨĻᣬͷװȨ밬һ۹⡣չ̬ǽȴʮ㣬ֻҪë׼˾аճɹ

-һ£ܶӡṲ䰬ٵ㶫Ȫдӻ־ι˻սϰӡӡ֧ϵ

Ƿą̮̊́󣬰£ëӡṲȨʱˡз԰˵׻׹ռŵͳйҽϳͳ⣬ʧʱɴӡṲĶȨǶȨռŵͳվӣӸ߲ǿҷй϶شռŵѾùռŵЭ£ӡṲӽ͸ӣ¹ֹ۵½һ롢վ֮֮һӡṲĶȨƻǣѷľץɱȻռŵ ӹܾӣĹ֤ӷ

ʮգռŵͳӪ̶UntungУ˴ӡ½˾Ҫ졣ëڸε̸аһ¼ΪӡṲװ塱ǣһδԤϵıʹȫ̼ƻ߽⡣ı һ͵͵ѡš㡱жƻ֪ͨ½չУSuhartoչ ˲ڴϣ׼ȴϺƾӣȫѪȴɱֱɱʮ򹲲ˡͬߺ޹ƽӡṲ쵼˼һ򾡣˶ͷֻ̨һξίԱѣ򡤰Jusuf AdjioropʱйʮȻǼʱһλʧˡ

ռŵͳλչнһȺȵľ¶Ȩë󶫰һͿصӡṲͷϡձίԱṩëͬչ쵼˵̸¼ë˵ӡṲ󡣵һäĿռŵ߹˵ھڶǶҡˣûд סʵӡṲûл֮չеĴɱбͣѸײڶйڽʯûоġչбʯйֱϡʴȡ

һҪȥˣëȫʧ۸еתͷڵ˹ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
47 ĸһּۻ


 
19651966ꡡ7172 

һʮһ£ëڿʼ˲߻Ĵ󸴳𡢴ϴ

ڹ̺ƴëһȴĻ֡ΪʲôϴΪĻëýͷëǸĺˣԼ˵˺ܶЫӻ˵ëСָͷһЫβ͵ӡ

ëҪ׼һݸԵļָսйȨ󣬱һĺߡͳΡļΪҪëҪֱԾ㡶Ҫʾǹ֧֡ʮһ¶ʮգ绰ֱҶȺë˼ֱ롣ִӦȫЭ

ëֵĽʮĴϵйھ޽Сëֵء ëͳ£˶ù⣬Իļǿֱ¡ëĿݣͶұÿëҪʱ֮ΪëЧȡ»ι󣬷ˡëϯ¼ھӴëĸ˳ݣʹڶǧ˵Ĵ󼢻УȻëΨǴӡֻǧ˴ϻëΣ

ȻֱڼЩëۣ˵ëвһȨֵĹӵëëΪԼҰģҪйĵڶҶȺʼǣֶ˵Ҫ˹֮˼˹֮֡С ʯ֮ɽΪˣҪѴӵ˳ΪܾҪһһһ˶¡

λδйĵڶǸǡɶӵĹˡ

ˮµ겻ϴ裬ɹԱøëɽˮҿ󺣾͸˵ˡڱӺıɽϣʯܲȷ ˾Ե·磬·ҶȺҪʱѣߡ߿˻磬·硣

һĵزƵˡҶȺڱʼ˵ǡһרųˣӣ顢 Ů֡Ȥˣ飬ռרƹǣĶǻˡ

ֵܲı䣬ëŵˡ޾棬ˣë¶ͨΪǴ֮УëµҲް졣޶긺ëİȫëȫΣеؽ޳ӡ˵޳ߣš޳һվҾ͸еʮַġ Ļëǲ˵ġ

ֱ޵ļ𽥼һޡʮһ£ӵĵ绰֪ëҪˣĻᵽˡʮգӵݼëʱס뺼ݲԶݡҶȺȥֱһױţʮһݡҷĲϡʽҪëΪޡ

ʮһҹëֱӵסŵȡĵڶ ëҪڴϴɲͳӳй

ֱҪȳ䣺⣬ӿܷѡ ëּۻۣëҪĻֻԪ˧һҲס

ʱëĸ𲽣ѾǿĵơëҪ±ʷ硶չ١Ϸ󳼺Ϊʵ۰չٵĹ¡ë˵ʵӰָ»йյһֱϷë£ϺƴӵۼҦԪдƪ£ʮһʮϺ

չ١Ǳигϡй쵼ǵȻףƪͷûëͷܳ֡ǡձܲתءϺ ϵŴ˵ȱϢ쿴Σǲǡ ȫʡıֽҲתءᷳǣûëȷָʾ£װͿİ취ƪ¡

ȫΪĻǳϺë磬˵չ١»ûйϵӰëëʵ ׷ߣëܱҲйճĵλܸеëҪģֻһϣҪȫĵϣٵ

Ǹµˡʱձڡչ١£ⱾǸ⣬Ǹʷ硣ëϯ˵⣬鷳ǰԹëֱǲ˼顣

ձܱ༭ڿëһξۻϣëҪ̵İ̾Ȼ˵Ҳڳذע 仰˵ԺҿɫòҰףһӲֹͣʼǡ ëղ˵ĻʲôŻ

һڣֱ֪ܶͨëָʾʮһʮתҦġµڵ桰ѧۡרʾⲻǵںٿչ ˵˶ⲻñëļƽ˵֪ƽƽŵҪһëϯĻҲ˵

һƪë˼д£Ҫ˼ѣɼйⲿ᳹ëĻѲٰëͼתëؽֱʮһʮһ죬 ֱҶȺȥëҪ䡣ڶëֻëʹӦֱ롣

ʮ°գëͻȻٿξֻ飬ҶȺʮСʱĻ˵ǡҰļҡҪֱ롰ѹλøҰĴ޵׶ҶȺξίԱʸĸ߸ҲǣԷ֣ξֻϴؽ ʵ˹Ĺء

ûгϯ˻ᣬӵͷ֪ͨĸߴˣһû¥ݡ

ޱֱ뻹ǲ⣬ҪأҪë޶۵۾ ĴëûֵԸ˵ޡûзҡ

ֶë˸һһ¶ʮһգ֣дǷݡҪֱϴӦɱͨβΪ֯д ӽͬ־ǸˡأƢ󣬶Ҫ˵ԵطչҪ̬·дĸӱΪС

ëֽڼ䣬ⷢһϵ顣£֧棬ȫ١ǲҪĻˡ滹ëرǿġչ١Ҫǰչ٣Ϊһ걻ǰ˹ٵ»Ŀģ»ҲԳǺһλγļʱɾȥˣû´ëļʱ ȻŭԼܿˡ

١ɵĴ˵ȥӲ߹̡ʡɶĵҹȴһ˵£ȥǰëǲ͵»̸Щʲô޴֪ë»ֻڳǺ̸ܷܿþֹëɡȻ»֮УûȨھмߵһȻĹϲ¡ڱʱüðŷ͵͵ȥһλ

뿪ĴȥˣҲ˵Ӳߡŵ˹ҪλԪ˧ëëǵĴȥ䣬ָǸ㡰±䡱-

-ëľĴȪˡëϲˣë»ŪĴĸУܵҲɱ

ʱ䣬ëԵİҩ˵ɱһˡŵʱҲҪ򾲼

һδƽһƺȡϵķֹйɴųϯٿչʮ󡱡Դŵ˹¼ëҪκ쵼ȥ³ʱҶ˵롣ȴҪٿһλḲ飬ڻ˸գ˵ϴλʱΪ ˲μӣڿɿǴһǶȿԲμӡ˵ϴλжۣѱëϯڴһǶǣһǿԵġͬĽ顣żδ绰ӣҪݱëû˸ ݣԼдһݱ档Ҳֹëëյ󲻾ãָͼ䡱ͨ

ëڻͬͬʮһ£ĻʱȲȡĲ֮һǽϤ칫ְ񣬰ǧ֮Ĺ㶫ȥΪаΣְйͬĪ˹ƵϵؽҪй쵼ͬĪ˹ƵĹϵͬܵѶģй߲Ķ﷭ǡ

ëëļ¼һУϲ浵̨ǰ˷˵籨󳣳ѵ׸յȨ ˲ҪǱʼǡëĻǡָʾûаֽ֣ôȥִ᳹Уëòʼǻ¼칫ʮڿʼװ¼豸 д¼ԱСĸëŮѿЦ˵ëרϵ£ˡ ëŮѴ󾪣ëë¼豸¼¼ĹԱǣΪЩʷϱĨ̫ϧʹ¼ȳĨɴ಻Ĩˣ̨档˵Ű죬ȥϯ˵˵ˡ

ëסĵطȫˣûзëʼղ̤ʵ¼¼˺ܵʣеıë¼Ǹıйϵ

˴ʱľٶҲëֲ̿һһ£쵼ʷһηɹš֮󣬹ŵ˹ҲȥˡǩЭվɹţй߾ڿر̹뱱ֻٹһƽɹ쵼ǰͶYumjaagiyn TsedenbalëǰЩͼƷëϣҪйչë󶫼ŵĶͬëûȴڼǰʱιۣһǵĻУദǢ桢Ӧ ë˵ȷе֮Σ

Щ£ëֱͬҪۣ⡰£ͻȻٿ޻飬䣬ǰǴΪҰļҡıҡʱըʮգ¥ɱû˫ŷԹۡɱµʹ⵽ӲпĶԴʱ޷·߾ϴŲ̄֫ڿ⡣

¥ĵڶ죬ֱдšָðëˡҪֱ̬֧дġҪëԡҪʮһ޸ģѱӡͬ־ټĲչ̸ҪױʸΪֱͬ־ίнͬ־ټ Եֱֱ֧̬֡ȫ֧ëĸԼ;ӵҪ󡰳׸պߡһеס

ֱܶΪֹ̬ܵģɡȷ棬Ҫëϯһ¡ë֡λһ壬ëʤȯա

ʮգҪȫһºξֿᣬг桢ܲı䡢칫½һΪšëûᣬֻͨ׼õĴĸ˵ġ֪ͨ˵ᣬǸһ֪룬ֻֻ飬ëĿԼƽɫơ֪֪ͨһҲܸģһҲܶʱ˵ξдۣģֶģⲻǶר𣿡棺֪ͨʲô޿κεشûȻϣ¸ҵվ˵ʲô׷һ䣺޳ɣǷԣ洹ͷĬĬԡֻýͬ⡶֪ͨľ֡˶֣棬汾ˡǺΪĸԵġ塤һ֪ͨšñ㱻Ͷ

ë󵽷õıԽ־˵ĸˡǹ񵳵ˡ־ôܣëĻشǣǻûȷ֤ݣֻǻɡ

ֱλϰëҪϴΪ˵˭ҪǷëҪȫ֮ȫ֮ɱڵĻһ˵飬˵ʱһұۣսȭͷĿвɨȫ

ֵĽֱԲ̸䡱ڽʶ̬ĹǼϡ¡˵⣬Ƿֹ䣬ֹ߸ֹ򡯡־ģëԤѾüˣǡ¡ǲֹ䣬ֹռǵҪš̨㲥̨Ӻ͹ϵͳ˲áëϯ⼸¾¡͸¶ëϯΪ£û˯þ

ëȷ׼԰ǵĹ˵ʦڱ½ʦһеʦһĸʦԣǲܵߣҲܵߡ뾯⵽ϴһֳһΨһʣûëĴܹˡͬ׻ǹšĸǣëŵùлΣйֵľֳץԭʷͬйϵɹˡɹҲ˽ɹų±ë±߾Ӧ

ֱһΪëݣһߴ˵˵顣ˡš⣬һˣ½һ½ķοּдʮţҶȺңӰɡʵζ鸾˵ֵĺӲֵġеżĸֵĺǣдҶȺʱôAlexandre Dumas PereɽǡThe Count of Monte CristoеġɽοʵǸ񲡻ߣҽԺȴֱͽ˼Σȹ˾һʮꡣ

ڴ̸䡱ξֻϣֱһֽÿϯߵǰĿĸ߹ǿ֤ һҶȺҽʱǴĴŮһɣ ҶȺʵζû ϻҺҶȺŮ ġοķţ̸һȫϵҥ
ֱ

һʮһξû˽εĳ档

ֱΪƣʵкʵʵĿġҪй̨߳߸ˣȻϲᡢˣÿ¡ҶȺϴɾСֱΪҶȺ

ҶȺʢֱȵò㣬ֵò顣ֱģСϱͬŽʬֱ뻹òװһ˳ӡϼįͣϳʹ࣬ùƧŮֶƵöɱδ졣ڳѹֵĻҶȺ һЪ˹ҪӸıȺѰͷš˲񶾡Ҫֱ֡

ëֱּͬۻˣĻĺƽٽˡ 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
48 ƽٽ



ĸп᳡


ĸгĲп˾

1ʽë˵ҪǻʱҲʽ

2ë꡸ͷ
 


 
19661967ꡡ7273 

һµףרΪëϴĸС飨ơĸʽϵ鳤ǳ²ʵȨǽ࣬ʡ ֱͬ롢ܶһΪë¡ڸ󡱡ĵֻ̨ʱ⡣

Ϊϴëĸ˳ݱƵĶ㡣ÿġձͷ涼һëϯ¼ëľ޷Ƭëǵأ ʮöëӡʮţëѡӡ˰ףȫ ˿죬ԡС顱Ƶġëϯ¼ҲУȫһᣬߵٵҪҪҪҡΡ

˿ֲ˳ëöѧֲĹߣ ѧУʦƷӽͷβĸӡձһƪһƪѧǵ֪ѧУɡʲ׼֪ʶӡͳţ̵Ķǡݡ ʦǡˡÿȺǡԴӴȡѧ١ΰëϯû˽ʦôܼӺΰ䣬Ҳû˵ΰ䵽׳ʲô¡

ѧǶǱǿҵβֿȫܵѹơë²ΡǼؽ֯ëõĵӡµĿ¡

¶գ廪ѧֱβϵһ֣˼Ҫë󶫡һУ԰ĴֱȻͬԣ˼룬ʲô顯ѽһȥ ǾҪֱǾҪǴڵأ̤һֻţëµġ Ҫݡ꾫ĹĶڿ

ЩѪҺ궯űɿ꣬ʼΪëĳ

ëѧУʮͣΡ˵ֹܷͣԣ˷ҪȣҪ£¸ʲôʮգѧУ԰ν̨ ʮʦɲץȺǰҴҶͿī֭ͷϴñӣ򡢾ͷߣŮ˽ȫӣɱɷ硣

ëʡվơͷʮһ·ĸʱ뿪ģµйأ˸вͣػطסȫʱȡסһ δĸľıɽ⡰ˮëǰɽʱ⽨ġʱˮӾΧԴƧģԺʡίһС˵طܰݺéס𣿡С۲ñ»ŵĳԱéҲʱûޡڶ꣬ëֶԽεƽ£˳̡ĵˮһֽˮĵáƬɽȫգסũһǨߣڡ˷ ԭӵر𷿼䡣֣޵ʱǴ󼢻ʱëһסʮһ죬Ҳûл

ëĻɫסլЭ͵ɽˮ䣬ɽӱëڵķصأͷ壬ǿˮءëܸˣľ̸ ˮ

ȻëءҡˣһҲûȥˮ·ϣиСسȻʻһۣǡëƿۿСƼˣ˷ܵػȥ˴ˡܿ죬Աҵң˵㿴ˣĲëϯٲ׼˵ˣصؿ˻ᣬϰղҪ롱ëκ˶˿飬ļ˼⡣ɢٹߣ˵ˮǰҲûȥӾ

µףëرƳˡ;人ʮڳǧ˹ۿ£ڳӾһСʱʮǰһһӾ㡱ëзźţʮĸ䣬ǡ;ǡëźҲǷȫر˵ģëϯڴǰ޴ڵĸȣַںţѾ궯ͷɿøӿȡӾģ֮ҲЩëʱ ֪ġӾ

ʮգëصټĸС飬ͬճܶ棬顣쳣æµ첻ǿ̸ëûа Ϻķӡ԰˵Ǹά޹ķסʵ ·װµĶһ벻ĵطϺӾصĸҡסʮꡣ

⼸䵥ĸëˡ¡ĴֲһգЩġǾҪֱҪǴڵأ̤һֻţ 廪кдţʾҵ֧֡ţͬɷ ֱӡǰٿй˽ʮһȫᣬҪĸشԱ֧ ֺЩеĴ󲿷ֲýëϴëƶķչǵĺ֯˺ȫԭ֮

գڸ߸ŮȺëŮҲͶıʦŮУѧǵһλԼʦʮĸУšλĸӵĸףǿصܣŮѧƤôӵľÿˮ žĥϣѧʾ쵼ô졣ûκ˷ס֡

ʮգȨһδϾװëվ찲ų¥ϼʮӴȫȫŵıʦŮкɴëµġ١ֳ㲥˵ʦŮеĺ

αëϯ˺¡ëϯʲô֣˵

α򡣡ëϯʣǲʱġ򡯣˵ǡëϯ˵Ҫڡëϯ꣡ëϯ꣡ıУֳŮԱ˵ëϯĻǼסˡ

αҪ䡱ʦŮиĳɡɫҪѧ ȥȫδˣꡰͷνаԼڵϵѪ ϺϺѧһǰ£žװϵװǳ˵ôôʱһնûУ ҵʱŪ˵ġաָʲôһŮϽƤͿʼʾôˡ

ΪȫõѧϰİΪëǵĿɽ ëʥСԡסҪǮĸڣܹһǧһ׶ë찲Ź㳡ͳߴνӼǣÿεȺɽ纣񣬶־Ȼ

ںܺĲʦëڰһոиˡѧѧսС顱֯Ѿһر£ͬѧ ͥΪࡱࡱɡࡱԡࡱи衣ձë찲ų¥ӼǣΪԸڳ ս֯ڴʦıʦŮУǿȡࡱվڽ ǰ氤һƹߵĲӣ˩һִǣ ǡ˼롱͸ĸġСҪǲ˵ǹӣǻ쵰Ҹ

ЩĴ£޹ĺӱƷ鼰ȫѧУʱиĶӢ۶úӷ쵰ٸ߸ӵܰ仰ϡ֪ǵġӢۡײëĿꡣ

СƷɵõëĹĴʡ˴ӱ󣬶Ķӽ龫񣺡Ļǹ񵳶ļ

ԭǸǶǵŮǵŮ

ëŰѺдУ԰ᣬ׵Ļ˺Ļʮ찲ų¥ϣվëԵֱ룬ٺơĻ类 ٵǴͳ̵ơֵơȹӡ߸ЬЩڽͷĴӵƷӴԺ꣬йֻܴƽЬǧƪһɵ׿ӡ

¶ʮգë빤˵ҿҵĲ̫ˡ磬һȺȺŮѧĴԺ ʱ򣬺ԼġƷ̾װеǸģеȾģ£С飬ϵŴͭ۵ĿƤͷر𶾣ǱԺڡվĺһУϱ׼õĴľƣдŸԵ֣ԡţ񡱡ȨͭƤͷԵسǴȥ

ǽű󿨳˵ǿ׶ͼݡＯ˱ŵĴϷװߣǵһܴ𣬰Ѽʮλй ҡҺԱڻԣǹӡʮᣬڶ죬ͶԾ

˵ĵص㡢յĵߡȲ߻ţĻܺйΪֹٷΪҡϲľɢֻǴ֡

Ϊʹı˳Уëڰ¶ʮһʮ죬Ӻ͹Աֱ׼ֹѧԲòװѹѧϽѹѧſǹҲԲ

ˡ󣬺ȫҡʼְƷַȥЩ˵ļҡĴĸˣҪרܡ

ɡġͳսѷǵ֪ʿĺ֯

¶ʮգлҪͬȡϵӡйͳµġ׼ˡũӡӡ ɷӡܸǡǳҡʣô죿 л˾ʹˣǸܡѴ˵˾ǾҪ󡱡ǵˣл˵֧֡

ѪȵĳϯȫԽľޣŶˡ顢˺ҳƬմĻ߶Ķɨ֮С ƷûգܶڡձõúܣĻУԼﱻеıϵӰԺϷԺѶĵط һ£СﵽǺҵĽŲѶŭߵʹ

ʮգܶһݡӦ豣ĸɲǳŵӣ˵ҴĸСָʹֽܶܺߡ ʵϣϵ˶ëҪģĸܶҲܡҪĲʮˣݺĹٷͳƣӰ¶ʮյʮգڱǧپʮұһǧ߰ʮˡ

ëҲαƵ˵ҪĶҪ䶷ٺ仰ӱܴˣҲϣԴ˱Լǣ˵ġģú׵ȫܳʹȻҲͼȥ

ëҪһʵʵĿģдĲƸڳͽ⡣ݺĹٷ֣һµʱΪëȨ˻ƽʮʮֽ顢Щڻ㡣

÷ë֡ܡ²λξֳίļͥšѡеһֻʮ K ķнٿ顢ʯڡǲãǮġԭ£߿ǮƵëȨνܡı֣쵼˿Ȳ踶ҶǮڶıȺˣ浽ר÷ɻ𳵣ȨôһǮҲøġ

Ŀӳᡣܳʵ˵Լѡһⷿǰ족ڳҵʱ򣬿ϻң˵˭˭ҵĶʱҸ

ë򿪳鵥ѳҵǧžΪСЩö֮ذΰҵһܡЩ Ϊë쵼ˣͬǺӰһΪЩʾëĲѧ㵹Henry Kissingerп˵ڡѧߵի֪ǣիɴԪ˧֣Hermann Goering д̫ĻĻȣ˵İ߰Ѫ

ëȨúһʵ⡣֮һסļѷйȨ꣬ûΪһо·ӡ񣬱˼ұȼһСӣڸûٵھӡͬһݶסŵǣһ˴ʹޡ

ͥڳҺ󱻸ϳ·ŵũ塣ëȨһֱ취ٳ˿ڣΪǵΪṩŵũͲˡڱһµĳ˳Уʮ˱ȥ֣ڱվ һȺ游ĸǳ̵ĺǱڴһƬһŻ̾£۴µĺƤǣˮ źȥһƬҺš

ڳҿУǼ顢ƷˣҹĵºȫꡣŻ˵ǻԼ飬İƷ굱ֽصƷȥڿ־лٵë󶫼ѡĻй˵ļͥһɨ⡣֮ͥ⣬һżлı־Ҳɨƻһأһ걣ǧ˰ʮżǧŰٶʮһȫٵ

żеٮٮܵȻ찲ų¥ëҪվܴڻɾӽפеĹţҲԵ㡣йĽʦ˼ɣëҪ찲ų¥ȥ̴ѡġнָʾΪ龰ʵ̫ˡĲ󲿷ֱ٣һҴСϵһʮƽߵСʮȵϺСݵǽϡϽźı˪ϵĲСһ顣˼ɲڲУĬĬȥ

һΪĻĴݲǡҴҡһҡ֡ ʵϣ󲿷жԷëȨָʹġڡˡë˵̫ˡ֮ǰûƻżë죬һżűңú԰Ĳ֮ƻҪżʱϱ߳רҵֵǮͽ⣬ͭ۵ֽֽ

ƻĻϣëȨǵݡͻڶԿӹʾӿ׸ĴƻϡйĻĴļҲ͵ı⣬ﳯݣ޽˺ĹŽȺ˴̺Ʒĸ￪ʼ˽ӵҿ׸ǲ֣ǡĸרŰѱʦѧ֮ǰ찲Ź㳡ȭͷõʱеԣΰʦΰ䡢ΰͳ˧ΰëϯׯġĴ˵ӡë ˼ͷұʱĸָʾ嵽ʲôʲô廮ߡɽʡݵרҵߺñĿ鱮дһ֡

ëĻҪ֡£ĸʮֱ꣬ëȥ ֻ˼νС˵ÿҳкë¼м赹мףһǸëġ̨İ˸ϷԣĻҲֻȼ׼ӰǧйʵĻɳĮ

һѮëеڹ¸ϴʱˡֱ찲ų¥˶ص㣬ǶЩʱ·ĵȨɡơɡ˭ǡɡëû˵Ҳ֪ȫڶĸɲ˭Թ˭ҳϡëİ취Ȱȫ򵹣µ˺һǡʵԩίëǲںġ

ëĹߴʱԸ߸ӵΪ壬Ǳؿġרɡġ췴ɡ֯һһ£ƾ췴ɵĳëƷȫɡ

ĿһҲûзɡһݷļĹ涨й ˶˵Ϊ˶Ⱥ˷׼ˡȺ֯׼Լ֯ìͷָë󶫻йˣǱǱǹУ֪ѡ޿ˡ

ë˵췴ɵóǰͷʧȥȨɣʽдֱᣬ裬νʾڵȵȡҲͦԲ췴ɵθڡеĺ쵼˻еһݾЩԴΪµģЩŰǣǹʱˡ

һĸ߼ɲú֮̿ʱһ¶ʮһաëëĴԾʾǰëʼ˵Ҫʱ·ĵȨɡʱ˭ĵȨɣë˼ѿڶ֮ǣ ڽԵ£֮βпһλĿ͵͵ռдһʮ¶ʮա Ų̨ϣǿа¡ʹ̧ͷǰѹţĸһСϣ޷վЩһľƵĹӲ죬Ųƴϵĵ̰Ķ䡢 Ӷƣ˳ŲѪտ꣬һȺŤŵĸ첲СζֵԺﶷſڶŲվһѵϣ±ǹ⣬ʮ߶ȵϺﶳšˣ˫־ľƣֶ ȫ¡мһ˵վòֱСͱ

һһʮա ֵһƵʮصñӡ

һʼСӾñŲͷϿۡ˫ȴսɫƣֱµһӣñӾͰѹſ̨ϣѪôĴΣŲһϢȥ

󣬴ǰһ¯ĲϣƤͷĺԹǣȥרգƬ͵ܶʣҲë󶫵ǰ

ëϲΪ¼¼ҲͳεĲбΪʲôࣿҪЩƬĵʹһЩỹ˵Ӱëı￴¼еӰƬҲڵϷӳϷ ʱ˽еӣ췴ɱ֯ۿ

ëǰͬ¡ʲô͵ǿ䣬ë˶ٴζ˵˼ٴζˡʽɻëϯˣЦ˼һѧʽӣͷֳ߸߾𣬶ôҺôЦ

й꣬ɲŵµġ߸У͸ķһЩ߸УĻĻˣҡҡѧߡԱߣëûǵ֮ء

ȡɲǾӡһһ£ٱפȫÿλ˺УΪµȨߵнٰʮ˴ΣΪи߼ ˡ˵쵼²췴ɴõϸɲԱȨ ճСľʲôܣΡκȥսӹʱʾܶһô죿ܴ̣ʮëŽʯ

¼䣬ѧǱٻѧУʲôҲѧĽѧ򡢷ʽݲڡָëˡ

ϣճϰ̵࣬ճţճӪҵҽԺճɽͨ϶תҵץø˸Ͷʡũҵйûʧء

Ȼǵ˾޴ı仯仯Ҫҵʱ䡣ȫȻʧȡ֮ѧġ챦顱ġձۣʹͷľŵĻ飬μӲᣬĶԡɡ׼ˡġʽ̵ı˹ճɲ֣ÿλ ԼηţĥԼλˡɶ־ɿ޵ӰɹۣϷͣҲֿ˷ɡΨһĸԡë˼ӡڵлС飬¼裬رšİ˸ϷϰҲԿ

ëµȨһҪĹ鱻򵹵ĸɲǣǷ񷴶ԹëƹëָʾЩɲÿ˶һר顱ϲǡ ר顱ܵĻܶ鳤ΪԱ½м٣רëˡëرעйϲûͬıƷΪŵ˹Ժ˵ҪëԾϵͳĵһҪǺרǰĲ£رڼ С

רȨ󣬾ץ˭˭˭Ҳ˭ʲôë顣鳤ܶǩ֤ϣд̵ıϡ

ͬ¡±ܿʱëӹȻҡϺԾΪٰ죬Ůô˽˳еҲĴ󴲡ڱΪࡱͽֹġϷ֮УëȻⲽƵ衣ʱţͬһʧеıϴеʧֵȤأ쵼ֻʣëһ

û򵹵ξֳԱУһ±һĸǵĵ͸ɲɵѡëһֱĹ̷֣ڴ󼢻ʱũҵëҲûԹԣ̲סˣĸС鷢ǵĿģҪ ϸɲǰϸɲһʮĸüɢ һΣǵʷ϶пһΣʷκһΡڶ죬 д˵ˡ޿̵ĵز˺þã˾ģ׼ ⽻˵Ļʷıƹš

ǣ˱Ͼë꣬ëϻ̳Ͽ֡ëǷһ֮ͨŭǾ˪Сһë˼֡ëֱ룬ܶȻ ʤЩˣë췴ɳͷǣͷָЩͷԳԡë׵ѹȥ

ôѹĸɲһλУռǴë֮غͼ̸ɽλԷд̣ĸбǹе߼١ǰеѵȻݸ

һϰи׳ӢۡһλǸʮĹѧݷҡڲμһʮ찲Ź㳡ϵĺķӦ ԶԶʱޡ⡰͵ϣռֱûʲô𡱡ëĳһ⿹飺һԱһ룺ڸʲô Եһ룺ǰһζʲô йһ룺йδȥ ĻһȺ˶һǹ˶Ⱥڡ֣Ӽ˳йš

ͬݵһõдŴϣҩƿ DDTɱȻߵʹݸѶҩһƿƿ¡˷ʬ壬ĸ´硣ǣڹҽԺдͽ̣ڼܵ˵ĥѡһοذšڱ˰ġԷǹڵпӽͷȡʱѾסø־ž⿪ѾˡλŮԻˣëһ죬߳ηһ죬˿ 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
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ĸڼë󶫶ı

1й쵼סϺĹԱС

2йĵӰͷǰڵأֲȡбҵȥ

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19661974ꡡ7280 

һգԹϯֻޱǴ֮ëͨܶ绰ҪҪټˣҲҪٹ¶档ͬһ죬ëдġֱڴ˾ƪӡ ȫᣬй߲㹫ĵ̨ëɢ֮ǰѲֱ᳡׳ơֱʽȡйĵڶ

ëʼʰʹ޵ˡ֡ë֪Ƕޣ ϻʹϡ

ٻ¼ͥʱйũ̲ܳĸĽҡһŶһ길ڻʢٿʱȡ ҵ̻ĸʴѧϵһ꣬׼ ѧĽѧ׹ĸ׵Ӱ죬ȥˣμ˹й ݵأǼǵôϵŰ׳¡ɫװ㣬 ȵĲӣ賡ߵǰ΢΢һϹ衣 ڵʱسһŮ׳衣йβһ棬Ŷдҷ緶һİ顣

ǧ˴ϣëĻ롣ͷûеķ ȰɷëͷɷĬЭɷ򹮹̵λʹëԶ֡-һ£ëѧУʱֹңɡ顱 У廪ѧĳԱ廪ͬʮļѧ󸻷˳ͻ󸻶εȤУʮʱд״ ɲܡѹϰաĸ￪ʼ󣬡ձĸΪ쵼Ȩ ĶῪʼȨһιٿĴϣһѧѹ̨Ȩָʾ󸻱ʮ졣

-ˡ塱˸԰顱԰ĴǴӵ֧⳼ԭ⡰Ϊթ̰󼢻дˣ֤ģʮһˣʮŴΡ⳼ְ

ʮһ󸻽ӵ֪ͨ廪дȥҪȵ賿ӣɳ˯ˡҡɷͻȻ߽ܶ˵ʱرԾҲ벻ܶᵽǰվܳĸоܶҲƨɰɳôһ㡱ܶɡءǳء׹ͨ˵ԼǡϯίУ˽廪ĻܶǹڹģȻҲܴһټԱԼҲʼǡһֱСʱ̫˵йҪȻȥԼɳᣬټ̸̸˽Сʱ 󸻶򸾵Ĳëͷ

ʮ¶ʮգëʮǰϦڡĸָʾ£ǧ췴ѧڱУɢںţϰװĸȴ󺰣 棡ϯ̨Ϣַʽȫֲֻֽᡣ󸻣ëװǡ췴ɵҪ󡱡

һԪëġʺϺ췴ɵңдĴ죬һȺ˴ңΧ򸾣 ǡ½ӶǾĲ߻ġֻһ¡

һգ󸻵°ĺƽƽȻҴ绰˵ƽƽ˳ȣҽԺҪҳǩֺ֫ 򸾽֣һͬȥҽԺ췴ɱֻƭһȡ֣û뵽Ҳˣһ˵ͬѧǸû뵽Ҳ ˣҲ֪Ҷ档ǰ죬ʮ¶ʮգǺ档ڸǰʱҺûָʾóȻж·ִ򵹣ҲģϵĴ򵹣ƵתҲ˵ʲôʱͱ䡣ûеõȷָʾ׷Σ㸺ġͬѧ ˵ȥ¡ⷬ԰׵췴ɵ֪֮ǲ췴ߣֻǹߡ

ΪⳡϷ氲ŵģ뾯ŵһŽˣ档ѧǽŵزݲݶСʱʱ绰ˣ˵绰һԷ˵ܶͬ־ܵ顳 ˵ˡ˵㲻Ҳ𣿡˵ˡʣûУ˵ˡ˵ǽͬ־׼򣬲׼裬ûУ˵ˣûдû衣˵ģȥͰѵ绰ˡ һӲ绰ǽĵ绰Ψһһνӽĵ绰һ绰ڵ绰Ц˵ǰŪȥˣǸ ϹѽǲҪ򣬲Ҫ衣ظܶĻ˵ģҪҴ绰㣬Ƕ˸Ͽͻ

Ҫġ򸾵ΨһһԷжʹ˸ա

ܶΪëĲ衣һʮҹëóӵһһͬһε̸췴ɵǳ־ëȫ֪֪ʣƽƽȺûУ飬رᵽеΨ塷 ͡еˡ˵Ǻ¸Martin Heidegger͵ҵޣDenis Diderotдġ ԿëҪ治Ҫ̫е̫壬ҪΥĵû ë˵İ죬ëٴҪȥһְ統ũֵءҪëĸֻͷһˣҪɲҪùʧëÿɷֻ Ҫ塣ëѸ½ʮĸ͵ſڣ·

ĵ绰ǿвļҳǽڵԱηһգëͨĸݱڡձ£ǡʱ·ĵȨɡţܶ׼ ֯һʮ˲μӵĶᡣǰͬϸ ̡ʱܶ칫ͬ֯еĵ绰ϵ

һ򼵶Ľ˻˽ԹϯƯ·ΣйҲȥˣЩĶɼ˵ʱӡᶪй˵

Щ·ռŵӡ󸻡Щҳϴϣ ǰʾʾҪôС

˰һйϡΪ䣬ë£ ۱Ӳ棬ùĹҵġϸһƹ򣬱ʾᶼż¼Ƭºˡ

ҪëҲˣܿûǰУԵΪԼΪɷ磬ֳڵͻǡҪġС˵ûҽʲô߸˵ӵĳţ綨㡪ǵĻ˵йĸŮйŮԱǶġҪ̨ȥԼʮ˿򵹡ںš ƺҪ˺Ƭĳʱ²£ƽ˵ʲôҲ¡ëˢ׼ôͽ

ʮ󸻴ž̸ܼǿͷϣʱͬѧһҪͣʹǿѹӲһ°ѹùˡǲǸʱë󶫺ǲ˵ݱ͹˵ûнЩΪʲôҼ飬ⲻ޲׼¡Ǻܼǿġºëдſ顣

Ҳëдſ飬ֹһΣëĴǳͷʮգë뿪ȥأʱݱ칫Σˡëһߣʮ췴ɾͷϺǽⰲӪկϰٸȣҹͣسϺ˻ߵ棬ʲôϹϺʲôⲻĹʺѡ¼Ⱥǣȥǽַ

ⳡ־ĸ߳УյҪд֣ʵʵëϯͷԱĳѧԺ췴ɣӡǡȺҪ󡱡 ֪ͨдֵģȴëĴܹˡԶ׼ëһֲݵġȻܾëҪҩƿӳλΣ˼Ը һͬԾҡҡͷû֪°ҩûա

ë̶ܴӣ˷ֿʮգ򸾽ӵ֪ͨ˵˵ֱԤе⽫ʮһʱ̣ʱֻ˵һ䣺ҪֱˣôҲ̲ס

ȫƽ˾ˡƽΨһһΪҴװóҵ·źã롣ļӣš ʱһ򲻰˵Цȴ˵ǵϻεӡҲЦ

Ǳֿܡּһ棬ǰգëڴ˾һһꡣ󸻼ƻһᣬ֯ʮˣ澾찲Ź㳡һƽ̨ץ֧ǵԭⲻת롣̨Ӷˡë һֱҰӵʽԶǺġ 찲Ź㳡ɻΪë֧ʹ䡱 ʮֲëߡѾëĴϴǳˡŷë ʸĹˡʱĽܿ?ͣJacques GrippaԼɴ⼯Ӫܹ̣֪ĥζдŸʾ֧֡żĵϺ˻дţ޴ˡ

ëһ£򸾿ڡʹķ

˹ϴʱģĹУΪǰѹԹԾͷ ëҶԾܾͷ򸾸װϷֻþϺڲ뾯ŵսʿű£ϺԱһǡ

죬йڶɡСƽҲϺԼҵԺͬʱëҪǣΪǲԸͬëĸë ǵĳ̶Զ棬ǵҲº˲١־ëڵѣë⿪ϣɷ򱻾šʽ ʱš־ȺиŮҪץʱ˳ŮҡҡͷŮϾͷſ֡־ףëڱ

Ҳëıġ֢ʱҪҪȥҶף־ҪȥˣͻëΨһŮҲˡǣɷȥµںϷʡ

ϺϣضԳȺд磬ܿͱĿںϣСͷشȥӱҳͷݺݵؾ棬Ť͵ӰӰЩͷǸëġаݱ飬Ķòݣĵͷ ղһݻᣬ²áٿʼʱӵӰԿ汻ڵأһ˶ֲߡ

ĺǣСŮ᳡ĸ衣ëŮګҲڳëر۲Ա

ëҲܽܿ򲻿򸾵־һ̣ͻȻŤסˣ˵ɷߣһѽץס½ǡȭŽ£ֱ֣ͦӻӡ

Ϊηӱ˴ۡһºʽǡ񡱣ӡ񡱺͡ձ񡱡سǼȹʮ

൱ʱ䣬ֻ̰ϣ·һûзŹ磬ʹֱר齨ǹë󶫷ëҪ

Ҳܵǣʮĸױξؽ档ĺӱϳţеıеıѺһƵԹɱ 汾ˣܼ尾ңϺסëķӲһ֮ң

ʱʮˣӾ󲻵£ȫˡҩ˯ҩ٣ͬʱǿıΪëϢʱ ͬγɵİ˯ҹ﹤ϰߣ첻׼˯ʹԶһ޷˯ߡ˼㱵״̬ʣһ̧Էҵ ʮԶҪ߰СʱʮӡԷʱ첻ϡ

һʮ¶ʮգйزŵı˵ԭػţܱ֤ԱСĲס򲡣Σҽﲡʱ һͨ񾭲־塢Сʧȣ֮֮òһ ءһʮյġӳëʱĵ дװͿԽԽࡣӡˢӴЬϣ ̿㴩ڳ棬ʱȴһװɵ̬

죬ëͨ˶ҽԱ˵ҪϵŴ󡯣 ӹСβΪ˾ˣΪˡ֤ݣ򡮾Ŵ 񡣡ëڡŴϰҪʱѾĻϷͻʧʡŴһͿΡӡȥ

ʮ£ǿθܹʳάʱŴ󡱵ʱë죬ëֻôæٿ˸ȫᣬȫᡱȫ ϯֻռίԱİٷ֮ʮߣĶϴˡȫỹĵְ񡪡ϯ˴󡱵ĹҲߡ

ëĵǰɡ񡱡ȿأֱ漰ëëʣڻش⣬רҲѶ Ҳ׼ڰ참Ͽ»Ǽ¡Ϊҡ֤רץˣʮƵġйһμسǣĸһ룬صĲǸйصˡһһšһ˹֮ʦܣС˹չ浱 ģͬʱĻذףʮйһ֮ ڱ棬չΪ鱨ŵذ׿óѶ˾Ъ˹ؽкԼҲһָءѺĹͷҲҪ˵Ǿͳ

˴󶼾Ŭѡ˵滰λǰй쵼졣ΪˣǺͼͥ⵽Ҳش ɯǶ˹ˣʮ෴ʱѡλΪ鸶޴Ůԣë󶫵ȹİꡣ

רĳԱҲвԸ֤ݵģרλˣȻ֤ݸò֤һΣաëһ°˵ĲϣҲȫš˵һ궬ᣬ֯ͬ˾Ҫģ򹲲Ҫ𾭹˾ͽ׵ǽȥ³šѷеĲǹŪ飬ƭǵģˣǵġ ʱ񵳶ԸءרֻһĪе˵ǡͽڼ顢ݡ鱨桷ܶȫר Լ̣ëͬ⡣Ҫбķӡ

ǰʹëһг͸ı棬ΪƬſԿڼнסӲܽƿӣƿӱIñΣС«Ŵ󡱿Ļʱëȫ޶ԡٴȱҲмװˡ

浽ҲϡһʮһգΪԼдһݴ磬мᵽëǸרߣʮë￪ʱ͡޷ԣëϯΪЩܻʾ˵񶾵ĹΰëϯŶҪȵȡЩ ȥףӴһֲдһ仰˵óĬʾصĿ顣

һʮһҹһ°壬̧Ϸɻ⡣ҽҪ͸ﲡ治׼ΣʱҪҽԺȣҲܾʮһʮյһҹ˾ʱ̣ʬ屻 ᳡𻯣ðײš᳡˽ӵ֪ͨ˵߻мԴȾ Ҫȫ뿪ֻ˿¯𡣻ᵥǼ֡

˱ܣëֱҲûҶй񹫲ȨѬڳкϲףëȴ֪ѶἤǶͬ顣Щ꣬ëýӡšëȻ˳𣬵Ѽ

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ڱʮλַƤЬߣľϹͷ̨ϻȥѹë³ֹëʮΣִҡڼдһľëָķһɵβдȻͦظ󺰰

ǿ׳ܵĥҲͱ泤áһֱ˰ֱ꣬һʮһ¶ʮգڵֱ¡һĻҲڼ˱ܵ״½УõǼ֡һëǰҲûиҹ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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ëĵط֮һȥӾ人˾ԱٵũʮμӺųһֱϽ¶ĸǳУεرʾͬ顣ںšһɲɢݵ췴֯ ץǵĹǸɡһ£ºһųӵһٶʮ֮ڵġʦ֧֯µȨߵС

ѮëԳ人гٵıëΪ˾練ƣ ڳٵհ人ȫ

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һġʦԱиǽѵľӹٱӦΪǿҡ ¶ʮ賿ӿϴʾָʾֳֳìĹˣǧǹĹٱŻǹǷڵķŭ ֻҹԡĸìͷָëǿصġݡĵţµëסϸȶűݴ顣ϳֵıС࿿վëϯɱΡ½յϿǰĶ÷Ӵӵ𡱡

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ëһɻҲǹʵȺȻסػҵӵץֱǲ˼顣ǧȺУָʾʾ⣬еĶлװˡΰëûǱ

人ܶ˳ʱͬӵԼδκӵͬȥᡣɻصʱȵܶڻ˻ӭ찲Ź㳡˰˴人ܶ¥ֱ֡

ٵְֱ人վ档뿹¼Ĳӱı࣬еĹٱѺũ͸ġʦɢı塣ݺٷͳƣ˴дľˡɲϰնʮǧˡٵͼͬ±ٵʽȭߣµͷ߸ͷߵڵءһжǷڽͷϣҲǷڲյĵУ ֵܶξֻǿվ˾ⷨĸ߼١ʹåĸУξֻ˴˳ҲǶһ޶ʷϿҲ״

人ʹëּΪٷ֮ʮľӸɲסھڸϴץɡ

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ȶˣ˭ѡ˭µȨߣҪ⡣ëòֱ룬ҲòֱѾӵĹֵ˽ҰӡһʮգëȨֱί顱ܾӡ顱ԱҶȺӼ ŽǲַɻڴеĻ־

֮һܺڲĸڣܵп߹ǱϣιǹĤѣзϡιȥֱˮٴ򡣾ԼҪ˵ʱֱºֵЧ˵һ һ¶ʮʮ֣ʱ̣һӡӶŮһӲǵʱ̡

ٶȨ󣬶˽дѶİʮˣŰĻаܹѺ߳Խ͸ͷֳȡ

Сڡ顱󣬿̫๲顣ǰϦͼѵļɰòãס˩ʯͷϳӡϰʱֵȴǵĲ쵼Ŀ佱Ǳźڶǹܡ򵼺֪һصɱڡֻΪĳҪ·ʱ飬ǲӹ˵¹ˡ

ֱ뽨˽ҰӵθԽԽë䵱ܲıί鳤ֱҪԼȦӣתҪһ£ֱʹëͶͬʱĻпվί𡢱˾Ա̡ࡢλӣֱҪģԼˡ ëίίҲֹͣ칫Ԫ˧վֹͣļһдȨֱСëֻһҪȨһӪϵıҪɡ

ֱ밲ʤܲıܻǸëϾɽģëӸҲԲϺš鳡ֵĻƣóҶȺ򡣻ơҶ֮ĹϵһγСʱĵ绰¶šε绰ٷ¼˵ֱĶ͵¼ģëĿԲų¼˵Ҷپ׷ϵ㴳Ҹ˵ͬ ϵһģ͸

 Ҷҵĺӣ³֮ⷨӡǵļһɡ塢Ա󽫣ǽìܣһ˰һؿڣҲ ƣ̫мˣ ҶڱӶûֲȡǸʩһҪССŪĻϣۿһΡ ƣһһ㲻ҪҲܡ Ҷپ㲻ҪܾΧˣԿЦҲ㣬ҲæвխŮˣԸһ㣬ҪңǵСһ

ƣҲ޳ɡֻһ ҶϲˣҲԡһҪرϡȥǣϣǾͻᷢ硣ҼҲᷢ硣

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ֱѿվĻءŰʮĶӡСϻΪսվԡָӿվһУվһСֵŮ˿վࡣ

ڰѾӽֱǰëڶװɴĶ飬Ϊɡ췴ɣȥ塰ɡһꡰߡ㡱人ܾëԡɡʹ޷ɵϺգϺĸһ䶷֯׼ʮɡֳֳì ǧνɡΧڻֽߵϺͻȥһ󶾴һŰٶˣмΪ˷ֹΧӵɾڽڡҪûëžԲܡ䶷ʱֱɻ ĵӰӰʦǰֳӰĳһСʱļ¼Ƭɡ֯ؿˣëҲڱ￴ˡָⳡ䶷 Ϊйף˵ǵĵӰǴ˸ʤ̡

?ġ䶷ĵ죬ëڶװдţ˵Ҫ װɡΪʲôװɣǴǣǾͿԴǡ

ǹƽë޷ƵĴӡ˭ǡɡһʽĺͿʡûɸԳơɡ԰Ϊ֯˵Լǡɡ쵱ĸ֣һɳơɡΪʡίȨ˵ǵĶȨõúܡһɳơƨɡΪ˵ԷĶȨøƨڡ󡱵ı׼첻壬Ӱǹ϶ġɡһɲȥǹʱоͬ߰Ǵǹʵ䶷ӿȫ˴ССսսйȨʮһʧصΣգһλ״̬

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ڿܵϺһ֧װϰ˵Ķ⣬ëȫڶװ롣ëҲֹֻͣ֡ɡɡҪŽɶΥȨ䶷ͣ

ǲϰˡ⵽ƻ¹ҵҵĸһܵظšëĸ˰ȫҲӰ졣и췴ѧԼǸ̽ ëѲʱβëӱһֱݣϢԴëıԱеѡȻ˶ܿ챻ֹؽëİȫûи

һ֮󣬲ܱ꣬䶷ڽС֪󸻣һҪ廪ѧ֯״塣ס֣Ҳ˵ԼǡɡëϯָʾôëֻԳֹͬʱҲͣȫССϵ֯

һ¶ʮգֿȭĹɽ廪սֿ˱߰ٶˡڶ죬Ӧȥáȫ ϣëҲڳһͷëޣ˺üӡ ͷһë޵ˡëҲˡ顢ǲȫ ë޲ðѡɡȫ壬ëΪȨָܲ󸻺ڳ췴ѧ˵ɹȥ󸻵е˼Ҫ˲ټ䶷ҪɾӡΧʵм𡱡ѧ䶼ԹԵر֤ȥհ졣

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ڷѧ췴У䶷Ȼ಻ϡıһŴɡ塤һ ӡΪ⣬ӲΪ塤һ̨ܺܵ顱Ĵá?һ췴ɾݹǧʮ򱻹Ѻ

Ϊ˽ĸȨйһı̶Զϵ֮䶷һʵرһĵĹʡëĵһΤ彫ϧûǹȻںʹڣѹˡ

ȫʡˡɫֲ籩صµȨߡľŲӸʦָʾ˵򵥵ǹвˣ˶ӿʼǹɱⲻ󣬵ҪȭͷʯͷľŽȺڡڸһЩף˶ҪԵĴԼ֮һķ֮һ¶ʮյյʮһڣȫرɱġ׼ˡǧٰʮһˡ֮ȣĸͷ꣬ȺġֻСʮˡ ⳡ籩У˴Լʮˡ

֯ˡɱᡱףЩطɲʾ ĴɱĿУ˳ɷ硣أëĹٷһŰǼڰʮƷ󣬱߱Щ˵óԵĲ֣ġΡֳ˻ûȫȥʱνϯ

һе˼ǷũΨһǵĶӡ峺̲ˮϣ塢֦ѹסֽţһò˵ʿͳĸϸ˷ ŵ֣ʱѰʮˣʮ˵ɱģ˭Ҳ£ôȺ֧֣ɱǻˣ£ԩ ɸĺģëϯ˵ɱǣɱ ǣһ׼

ȫ½Ȩһ꣬ĸɱǷ켫һꡣë˸׼顱˶Ҫȫеĳȫһ飬һᡱ¡ϡ׼ˡȫŽȥǼԲͬʹ׼ˡʮ֣Ĵǧ򣬱κ˶Ⱥ˶ࡣ

һĿ߿յʱͷ˭ӦñǹеġַŹÿϱĿɱġᣬʱŹǻ˵ɱˡַһҳأҲɱ˰ɡˣ½ɱ٣㽭أ˻ش˵ɱеɡ˵ǻβ¡

ܺʡ֮һɹšëͻҪɷѳȥɹźϲĸ彫Ϊ˸˳顣ëĹٷ飬ˣбͷ϶ӵģбͷ۾ģбǿϻҩŻģиŮùǿġһнѩƵĻŮɲǯһſŰεְѱӶšȻУݹٷ֣ ʮǧ⵽пȺһǧٶʮǣĸߴһˣٷ֮ʮɹˡ

һⲻҵϡĸǰʡίԽë˵ߣ֧棬еġԽ񰸡һݹٷ֣һʮܵ飬һǧˡ

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Ŵ󡱴ı׼ǡëϯַʽǡԵжݡŴ󡱵Ļ᳡ûн׼ˣǾȿֺëϯꡱʾģëʱ̶֡ʮ֣ҳֽë˶ʮӣ󲿷ʱ䱻Ŀںû־粢ëڴģҪЩЧʵ¡ëԵòͷˣݲݴסºҪ鴦Ժںŵʱݼ캰Աϸ涨

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֮ʹë󶫳һ֣ϲڲĿԡҪˡվ䱦пըзҲûз

һںռǰ߳ˣA1eksei KosyginҪëܶʱСѾ꼸⽻ϵҲûУԱ֪룬ֻܾܾͨķΣĴαԱһ١ëǵ˾ٻһŭķֹڶ죬зվ䱦ƶʱҪ⽻ͨз׼⽻̸С֮й̡ëµŴʱͻȻϮŴ󡱻 ʮҪڱĻˣܲϯ

ŴֱŶ䱣״̬ǰδСһǧͼԱ񱻼סأŽգһɲ绰ȫٽֵĴô򿪣Ҫϴȥû᳡ʱĳȶһȦӣٴӲŷɢԺڣεشӱŽ᳡

һտĻ죬찲Ź㳡õţƽһտյûһ㡣ŴĴڵʵʵʹӰƹ͸ȥ

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Ī˹ҲǹԭӵϮйĺʩΪ̽ѯ̬ȡ ëԼĲ߲ͬķ룬ͬһںڲμ־󣬹;ڴڷɻȥ ܶżɽй˻ʩк˴⡣ûܴӿõᶯֵı֤һܺٴθдţȷ˫ͬ⻥ʹúԷĻⲻȷ˵ġĬ 

ʱһ׶رֽп˸񲪱ά˶ࡤ·˹Victor Louis¡·˹ǰøշ̨壬֪ĵһɸ̨ ʹߡ·˹˵ķֹ˿Ϯй˻ص⣬ͬʱмƻй쵼ˡ

ë֡ʮʮգ̸߽дҪб̸߽Сëй·ɻĲ̸ߣӵԭӵëֱɻǰԶ߸߷ɡëʮȥ人ʮȥݡʮ죬ֱƽҲˣʼոɻḷֱ́濴˴ӷɻŷĵȥ˯

ܶڱأнɽԭӵľָġһ¡ҲɽҲǼܰɡ

һĸµսУйӽս״̬ɢ˾ʮˡǧһټܷɻٶҽͧȫ¿ʼĸ ͣ״ľѵ

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ⷬ龪֮ëص̵ܹûĸңᷢ赽йΪ˱գëϵһһͶ찲ų¥ϣı̸߽дк˵ϣѺõڰ ܿ죬ʹϵָˣµʹºϮĿԸ ңԶ

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ЩڵʱĻǷëǣܿɹëȡ˸ţB-52ը˵ëôװĶǻ⣬һһըըһƬˡ

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ĸЩйҰṿýģ Ϣһλҷû̾δ˶Ų顣ڿԻˡ飬֧żԻܣ½˵ķΧޣһ߶Ĵ쵽ʱ֮һƺ⣬һ˿ɵϢ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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μ˶׼һŵд飬ëϡ䵯˾ԱָӲһɽϣ˵һƫǰ棬 ǿɽɽըǿɽǰɽǽеϡʵȫһҰο

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һһ͹׺ëȨɸ㱩ʾոӢѹˡ˱й⽻ӢҪǸ Ӣûай˵İ졣

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һʮգɸëд˷ܵţάй⽻ߵġ֡ŵйһܵʹй һܵС飬ġΪõľ١ɣרоΪйЩʲôǵķһսйӿڵս˵ȡСΪΨһеķǰغսը˵ййӷ˴˾Ȼڿ˺йˡ

ǿǸɵһ¡˵˹˹̹Alex EcksteinϲйɴǣҪ˵йϴ̣Ҳ׼ᷢٴಡ

֮⣬ɡëŷ¼նëʹڻ˵Ѿ⽻˵ˣҪǿл񹲺͹װ

ǻᾡȫǵѼӿύĹ ǣҪ˹˹Rolls-Royceú桳еķ棬ǲòԳѾӢ˸ʹǿǡǻҪʽʽף˶ѣǹ̬档

Ƿɻ࣬й÷ɻġಡ⡣йҵעһǿ롣𵼵ҵ߻ͬ˹˹˾̸еҪ֡ҲӢϸ˵ĺ˷ӦѼй

˶һšһ¾ɡ˵֮γ˾¹ϵ⽫صĺʹòȡҵĴʩⷬ¹ҰȫĻûбͨйʹڻ򣬻˾ʹᡢ̸ɼϵġ׹ ˵̸ûиκһˣþԱܡ

ɷû˵Ϊ˼С̵ͬΣաΪë󶫣ΣշǵûмСˡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
55 ܶ³


 
19721974ꡡ7880 

ɷû󲻾õһ߶Ѯ췢ܶ˰װ ξίԱʲôʱββëҽҪƣҪʱǿ˵֢ڣܱ˻ûκ֢״аٷ֮ˡʮʡ

ʮһգëʾˣһҪܣҪ͵˴㣻ڶҪ飻ҪβǣǿӪͻ

βëĽܡʹˡ಻áûá ëʮˣܴ꣬ಡصö࣬ҽȴ׼ҽʦ

ëƵԭ֮һǣҪһʮСʱΪӴɷûϢǰҪʮܾë벻⽻ܹܡ սУסڽʯ㶼죬еŸɺ±عףΪйȡ˲ͬߡձͶսʱѶ³ͳ ʹЪԻͷתʹЪΪëй˺͡йȨ⽻߶ëƶִСһһܼ꣬棬鲻Խظɳôһ׶ܵʫ

ҸܵĹ㷺̸һϯʢй磬ɫζһӦȫ࣬ڡǧĻͳĽᾧɾḻ⿣õĻֲµǡôһϯˣееᡭȵȣȵȡϯʱйһ㣬δ

ܶǰ貵ǣһë߱ʣ ע⵽ϡһءձнٷû˵ë ǰȫۡ

ʮΪëıϹᡣë˲ТӰĹģȳëõҩëҩˮ˵ǡ۾ûд̼ܵ˰֢ëȴ׼ΡëҪĲͣΪ񣬸ҪģҪСǰ档

ҽǷ͸¶ʵ飬ܴƵҽıвµˡ ϲ˵żԼϸѧһҽ顣ëѡʱҪܶ ٶ߲ɲϸνȥġ·ߴ󡱡ֱˤܳ˵ڶܡëҪܵĵλ

ëְһαѵġ¡Щ߼ɲ ܵ¶һ˳ë־ĸУëŻܡëֻм˵£ɢ߲㣬ʡ浵

ΪдҼ֣ܶȹҹҹÿҲΣҲԵú٣дˣ׵ϥϣЬҲ¡һ߶ʮ ʮգһϣڱտڡԼ˿ ﶼΪеʹࡣ˵˽ҵʷϵĴ󣬾ͻƳšȨҪҸĺãĲö󷸵ִȨҪۣ򾯸棬ְرһֱԶΪƶ棬ֻܵ֡ë֤ûȡëҰģëġ

ʱܹһִʷ϶һ޶˫ǸʹҪۻҵ⽻֣Ϊƽ ֮⣬ȴǸĵη֮

һܵİװض񻯣ִۿüѪֻǴ ʱëĴܹ˵˲ʽʵܡҽȫʱëڶ͸˺ȳǣϰʮʲô飡

˶ѮܰëŪëܵıݳ⡣¶գܳƿëβëôͷִ˸ƣҽֻ飬ƣҪ֡ߡ

ҽʶν֡ߡһ˵ʵʲûеڶ ðŭëķգ׾ʱѰ֢Ƶǰܷ˵ ӱҽ˵֪Ҫߡҽ˵ǰָʾ죬ֻǣ㣬ڼʱ򿴼һСʯͷ˳óͲߵڶˡǷҪţһڶӱͬ⡰˳ó

ʮգܶڰ֢ʮºһ˰׾飬ҽѡСʯͷҲС˳㡱յˡԺ˵ϸյˡװӣҽ˵Ƿ𣿡Ҷóʵοܸ˵ҽԱһٱѼ

ҽ㷲֪ë᲻ǡãë绰˵ϯԭҽһúãлǡ췹ëֵˣҽҲġⲻǳ׵

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ܶëĳͲ򽻵ë˳ᢣȴѹܶϣɶԻҲƵļʣëնξַ˵ܡ塱ٴαϥ֡

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¾գˮŰȴְˮ¼ʹͳλӣҲëģľ´ֻǸˡëʮˣز㣬εسʵ

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ëȻҲķˡܡɥȨͶ塱ȲҪȡëΪԼʱ಻ͷش˾£Ҫ̸ʵ⣡˵Ҳ֪ʲôʵ⡣ҪʱûзĴ󣡡

һ߰һճʮ¾գͬëӼᲴ󡣾Ŀ˵ߺëЦŶ˵㰤˵㲻ֺ⼸úÿࡣ뿪ǡݡԹëƵϣôô˵ ëԾЦ˵ëȻܿġ

ǴνӼ󷢱ƬϿԿûͨɳһΪӰŵϣͼԱͼƲǹܡڹλӵŷԤʾ쵼˵ϺĹԱܵԱʱˡ



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ܶʮë⽻ܹܣеŸɺ±عΪëë

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ëҪܣ˵Ҫˡһһ£ֱܵӸ£йԽȡɳȺԽսѡռԽ֮ǰһƬսԼֵĺϡ

ܲԽԽأѪٶȿѪٶȣѪסڣʹÿС㶼 һʹܲòֱģַֹѶڵѪײ ΪʧѪ̫࣬ÿҪѪһѪ΢΢˯ˣ±һֽҪȥξֻ顣ҽܶʮӵʱ䣬Ѫ ɼԺһֽǵӱдģҪҽȥμӻ顱ֻԴõ˵ϰεͷ𴲿ȥҽ˵Ǵξֻ鲢ûʲôҪ·ǵ̳ϯɡ

ҽҪһ¾գŴŴʥּǣĿǰܿǣһǶεҸҽ˵λй쵼ˣͨǿëëģɵ˵ˣTun Razak˵Ԥµ׷ûܶʮһͬǩڶ죬һգסҽԺڰ֢֮һһʹë֮ǰ

ë׼ԭԼ۾ϹˣӲʹ ·Ҫ˷ëܱƼˡ

һº󣬵õϢëһֺĲֻ֢֮ɻܾϢë ëˡ֪һ㣬ܶˣëôˡ 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
56 ĸ


 
19661975ꡡ7281

˵ĸףɱëаŮˡʵйκߣƶģִë־ëԼϯһϯҧ˭Ҿ͕w˭ΪëִĸС飬ξίԱĸƽ٣һΡëлĻҪס

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һ£ʱϺţԼڹ񵳼ﲻ岻׵±¶ͬ¡ѡˣĹıķͶеľ档

һ꣬ëһ˼ǰ۵ĴʣëһܡͷӰ֣дţǰڰĵַһʾٶһֱǽĲĸȨϰ֣ͱļץǵļҷ˸׳죬ѰǷš֣˵յˣ಻ţĥ

ȨﵽʱëйǰϦ˻ᷢһҲ˶˵Ŀ־塣»¼һʱǰζ˵Ļ ࡰر¼ˣһˣ;ţ麹Ƣڶʱ֮ȱʵڶ㲻Ҳܣһܾͻˡ

ʮСʱС߳칫ʱĻʿ߹Ҫϻȥ˵Ҫˣر¼ˣڱ鷳ˡ

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ǣҽ»ѾˡҵȻţڲʱϰߣɴػش˽ʡ

ʴ󣬡ʱ̧ͷ۾Ҽ۲ˡ˵㲻վŸ˵˵ʱͷܸҵͷţӦö˵ûи㣿

鰴սĹضǰһߴ˵ʱַһ𣺽࡭˵ҽԭ㣬Ϊ˽ҵϰߡ Ժ󣬲˵˵ߣٶ죬Ż ǹƵģʹҸеͷۣʹҳ˵עƵҸ㲡ˣοɾʹˡ˵ţָָĶͷ˵㿴㿴ѽҶˣ

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һꡰĸɢ󣬽ûоְйơֻӡĵı԰ĸϰչţĵطÿ϶ҪӰƬҲǼ˵Ȩ

ʽݳޡӰǾں߮ڶԿշ䣬Ц˵񫣬ҿ˺þͷһרΪ ޵ӾأõǼʮĿȪˮ·Ϊ±٣ʹʵɽˮ·ôסеסԶ̱׼ըҩֻûաˮȰ취ҿʯͷһʱѪԽרһ´ӱ͵ݣҲԽпվĴһ齴ൺרУëһʱ߾ߣͣͣͻгҪ·ӪƻҲҪҡ ǵе˵ΪϢã죬һЩ˵ֵõġ

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ķ¶ȶ뱣϶ʮһȣʮȡ¶Ȳʱ¶ȱָҪĶҲ޼£ƿڴǵĺָ̨ʾ£¶ȱŪ١ǺϻԸң˺ң һΣ˵з硱ʿҲԴͳһѴݺݵʿȥʿÿûˡ

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ڳйͬԱ㿴ҿ㣬֪໹Ҫ˵Щʲô治ĶԽ˵ԽȤһΣˣһˮҲǺˣҡҡڰϺ̲ţӭվǰסҵ·Ҿһһһһͷ߿ǼһƤЦ߽˫Ҳˣߣռˣ̧־͸һơЦǿһ˸񣬻˵ԲءˣǶòġ

ϲ˵γǼαGreta GarboȰӰƮGone With the Wind˵ʮˣÿһ鶼ܸж мطʵйĳĵӰ𣿡йӰĵήɷ򶼺޹ϵ̡ƮëܹҦԪе㲻Ҧزһ䣺ʷ۵ȱġߡͬū ĻشеͷԣûпӰ K Ku Klux Klan

󣬰ë˼̸ļ¼ֻһָάؿˡάŮʿһഫ¼ȫŽ䣬ӷ⽻ҡ

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ë뽭ĶŮګë׵ĺӣһ꣬ëߣʱë֣ʹɡګʮʱëдһš

    װİְ֣ ˯һ˯úɣ

    һ֣ΪʲôͻȻҪдŸ㡣յʱ һ־ûɣվ͹ȥˡҲúܲãҾû͡Ϊ֪㲻ҵĺðְ֣ վҪˣͳô˲ɣ͵ĶҲ㲻ϲġȻСʾҵ⣺Ը׵СְԶᣬ飬 ̵ֹۣȥˣҰѽСְ֣ԸԶźһ

     

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ګϵĴѧǱѧйִʷ˵ϲĿٸɲӵܴͷѧѧˡĸ￪ʼʱձҵʮ꣬ëȥžסӺࡣɼߣȫռĸëĶĿһ£ͨȶȨѾץԭȵ쵼Ը򵹡Ѻ˶ĸ˳ݡ칫ͥѧϰ¾ıСϣ˭ФګĻͬ־ ˭з˭Фͬ־ʹ˭ǱغĿںšصؿ һ䡰ФṦΰչңչɫгˮõĴײף˵Ǳص硱

ګˡʱͦǫ飬ڿ˵ְҪ尢ѧϰ Լɳϣϱ༭վǰҧгݵط𣺡

Һ޲ǹ㣡ҪھʵԵáķ롣 ʶګ˶˵ͷԲڣȻóģ̵ְֽġ

λ˳ơϵµëͳ£ٷ֮ʮϵԷܵпȺѣΪС϶ʾͬ

һëѾӹȫֱʱګ뿪˾Ͻӹ ͬҪְλĸ鳤Ϊ˰λӿճګǰͽΡګλһֱŴĸСɢ

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ëУй쵼гһǿġɡǵСƽëʵиĸ￪ţıйĺ

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ëĸʱһȿǹҪ֡ǵ˲޳ëĸΪëɡڶɡڼңӺͼĸϳš

˱ң汻ңһֱз顣ëʲô̶Ǿİŵģ޵ĳ̶ȡë˵СƽҪҪͬһ¡ë͵˵ŵԱʱ֮衣

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ëѵ̳ģڵΧԼˣҪġ˰ġŴšࡢҦԪʱ֢нľ˰ ëߡ

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ëһ»òŵ˻ؼҡʱѡ ΣȻԼʼУ΢ر䶼˸֮飺ǰϣҡ䣬཭̶ˣ˺Կëһһʫʡ

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ʮжԺͲڲءΣ֮У꣬һ˿ȫʴʲôһ㶫ҪĸСʱһ١

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׳׳¼ž磬һŰꡣ Ȩ

²ɣϺճ磬ϺһžŶꡣ

뻳й뵳У磬һžꡣ

ӻ֡༭ίԱ࣬ӻ֡磬һž

̷֡༭ұ̷࣬֡㽭磬ݣһžŶꡣ

࣬ܶ£һһ׳磬һžꡣ

Ԫ࣬ܶռʵ׳磬һžꡣ 

ҡŮͯ磬һŰ˾ꡣ

ëҵСй뵳У磬һžꡣ

쿪ӡҵľ⽻ġ׻ƴһžھڡ أʹ˻¼֪ʶ磬һžꡣ

μ壬ʮ̡μ¼磬Ͼһžꡣ ¸ҵĻ䡷Ľ̻ᣬ̨ꡣ γγ¼ž磬һŰꡣ 㰲ȱࡶйƻ磬һžꡣ

⼪壬ëϯߵ磬ϲһŰ˾ꡣ 

ëϯ»磬һžꡣ

ʮս׳磬һžžꡣ ֣һξ֮Сժʮʮա ⸣±࣬±ǡйʷ磬һžꡣ ٣ٻ¼ž磬һŰꡣ ¼ž磬һžꡣ

ǵ༭࣬ǵ׳磬һžꡣ

һåģө磬һžŶꡣ

˷ơרϵǡй뵳У磬һžꡣ

־磬ë˽ҽ¼ʱĻ̨һžꡣ

ʿƵ¸׫дʻ¼磬̨һžꡣ

ޣ±ǡѧ磬̨һŰ˶ꡣ

̫ëʿʮ꡷磬һžꡣ

ԽȻ⽻̨ϵй䡷ѧо磬һžꡣ

񣬡μӰ˶Ƭλ䡷ʷϡһŰһڡ

άойʷϳ磬һŰꡣ ţëʮ꡷ӱ磬ʯׯһžŶꡣ ࣬ؼʵ¼й뵳У磬޳ڡ ¼ž磬һžꡣ

͡˱Σ쾵ͷϺӰʦеĹ·ơ磬һžŰꡣ

ʮ꡷ʮ³磬һžꡣ ˣ

ռǡйѧ磬һžꡣ

ϺһÿΡ곱һžһڡ

˻ëֱ뷴ŵĶй磬һžꡣ

⣬¼ž磬һŰꡣ

˼ƣСͼǽֱ뷴Űǡϳ磬ϣһžꡣ

ܾģ籩ʮ꡷ʱ磬ۣһꡣ 䡷ָ塣

ΰѫ֪ҶȺйѧ磬һžꡣ

羣һ壺ݳʫδ֮աϺ̲һžһʮڡ

Ӱ뵳У˶д࣬Ӱ뵳Уѧϰй뵳У磬һŰ˾ꡣ

ƽ࣬ǸеǡԶ磬ͺأһžŰꡣ ѧǣԮս䡷žճ磬һžһꡣ 磬Դճ磬Ͼһžꡣ ľľë󶫡磬һžꡣ ֮ҵĻ䡷磬Ͼһžꡣ

ˣĸʳ¼Ч¡磬ۣһžžꡣ

ɣǭºǡʷѡʮ

ʦܻ䣬ʷߡ׳磬һžһꡣ

ʦܻ䣬ʦȡ磬һžŶꡣ ǰʷĻعˡž磬һžŰꡣ ȣϸ˵ͳͳѧ磬̨һžŶꡣ

̵գʯ׷³Ĳʧܡʷѡʮ

ġŵ̸Сž磬һžꡣ

㽭ʡë˼оģй㽭ʡίʷоұ࣬ë㽭йʷ磬һžꡣ

Ʈ¼ᣬ磬ϾһžŰꡣ

ԬïҼҺƽ١޻磬һžꡣ 壬¼ž磬һžꡣ ̤ɽë󶫵׼¼㶫磬ݣһžꡣ 

ëܶ¡׻ƴһŰ˾һڡ

Ҹëϯ顷׻ƴһžڰڡ ܶʮꡪһλҽĻ䡷Ϻ磬

Ϻһžꡣ Ул¼йʷ磬һžꡣ Ź⣬ҵĻ䡷磬һžŰꡣ

ëʵֱ¼磬һŰ˰ꡣ

١磬ۣһžꡣ

ŵȺչϵ񻯵ļ¡йʷϡ༭࣬

شʷ¼ʵ¼硢й磬 ꡣ

ӱ¡άؿ˲ɷýʵ¼磬֣ݣһžꡣ

֦ǽڵľġ׳磬һžŰꡣ ҫҫë󶫡й뵳У磬һžꡣ ÷־̡ԩ¼ۣ꣬һŰ˾ꡣ

Ī裬Ī¼ž磬һžꡣ

ׯ򶰡ľӣׯľӡҳ磬һžꡣ

٣ë󶫵ѧ磬һžꡣ

ӡһɲʵũ磬һŰꡣ

ʿ鰣Ӿɽ߽ϺʿϽë󶫡й뵳У磬һžꡣ

ٵٵ¼ž磬һžһꡣ

³ԹëʮꡪӳĻ䡷й뵳У磬һžŰꡣ

㡢ȣ磬ϲһŰһꡣ ½ﬣ½כּ¼ʱĻ̨һžŰꡣ ³գһʡίǻëϯɽ磬̫ԭһžꡣ º֮ȣǹڻй磬һžꡣ ھͣ²̡ѧ磬ꡣ ̣̻¼йʷ磬һžžꡣ

ëϯƮƮʮй磬 һꡣ

ΰҵ֪Ρ»ˡһžһºš ÷ҵĲ»磬һžꡣ

ϣ¡ߡıĻ䡷Ĵ磬ɶһ߾ꡣ

ֽ֣磬һžꡣ

־һҴߡ־ʵ¼㶫磬ݣꡣ ޣΡһžڶڡ

̻࣬ܶǡй㲥ӳ磬һžŶꡣ ͯСʮ꡷׳磬һžꡣ ԣԣս¼ž磬һŰ˰ꡣ

Ļȿɽ׫ģСƽѼǡǳ磬ۣһžꡣ

ƿ˳ϣƿ˳磬һžꡣ »о࣬»¼»磬һŰꡣ ңŹ˻¼磬ۣһꡣ 䣬¼ž磬һŰꡣ 죬ڻ졪干ʮ꡷ͼ飬ۣһꡣ »Ҹ൱顷ͳ޹˾ۣꡣ ¼ȣ

ӰоԺ¼йѧ磬磬 ɳһŰꡣ

ʵζԩƽʵȺڳ磬һžꡣ ҶҶ¼׳磬ꡣ ҶɣҶɻ¼ž磬һŰ˰ꡣ ᣬ¼ľʷѡڶ ߵȱ࣬ë󶫺Ӣ׳磬һžꡣ

Ӣ򣬡ͳ˧ıٻճ磬ϲһžꡣ ͣҵ鱨⽻ġйʷ磬һžžꡣ ͵ȣйµμǡѧ磬̨һžꡣ

񣬡־ͬ־һ𡷣ǻԭļž磬һžꡣ

ԹӱɽϺ߸меһΰˡ׳磬һžŰꡣ

Գȣë󶫷ʼǡճ磬人һžŶꡣ

ܡ˾Ĺ칫Ρ⽭۱࣬ҪԱߵйµ¾磬ڣһžꡣ

ۣ;оžǭᴨս̡ʷѡʮ

־ᣬչ̸Ҫǰ󡷣йʷϡ༭࣬شʷ¼ʵ¼硢й 磬ꡣ

֣˾šйЭ̻ȫίԱʷоίԱ࣬һսԭ񵳽쿹ս ǡйʷ磬һŰꡣ

ţҵĻ䡷¡ľӡˢ˾̨һꡣ

ӢʷļСӢ¼йʷ磬һžŶꡣ

£Ϊ浱顷׳磬һžꡣ

ʹ꡷йʷ磬һžŰꡣ

ֱֻʳĿǡѧһžڡ

廳ë󶫡д࣬廳ë󶫡׳磬һžꡣ

廳桷д࣬廳桷׳磬һžŰꡣ

廳桷д࣬廳桷׳磬һŰ˰ꡣ

͢룬͢¼ѧ磬̨һŰꡣ ТǬܻ䡷йо־磬̨һ߰ꡣ

ϼᣬǿŹ⡷ѧ̨ʮһڡ

֣ĺռܡ¿ѧ磬һžŰꡣ

֣ҵġ֣¼Ž磬һžŶꡣ

ȺӰ硷סһžŶڶڡ СƽȣΡΡᱮž磬һžꡣ ࣬硷磬һžꡣ ձʮйʷ磬һžꡣ ˣ

ëǡй뵳У磬һžꡣ

˻¼ž磬һžꡣ ˡ񣬹֮ȣ˶磬һžŰꡣ

ֳ֣ë󶫼¡磬һžŶꡣ

ͣһҵġɡ̡磬һžŰꡣ

ݺᡷ༭࣬͹¼йʷ磬һꡣ

һ

ش¼Ļعˡй뵳У磬һžꡣ

ʮܶ˼йʷ磬һžꡣ Ѧ˷˼ʵһֵ꣬ݣ̨

飬

¼磬ۣһžһ꣬

סܾ׵ȱ࣬磬һžžꡣ ԰ؼǡ꣬һŰꡣ ޹󲨣ͬ־ҳʹԽϡ廳桷д࣬廳桷׳磬һŰ˰ꡣ ޵㣬

ǷϺճ磬ϺһŰꡣ

ɫ嵵Ůĵ䡷Ϻ湫˾ڣһžžꡣ

֪֮ʯȪë󶫵Ķ꣬һŰꡣ

ҵ࣬ë󶫻غϼʵϳ磬ɳһžꡣ

Ϸ磬ۣһꡣ





֮Ϸݱ̡׺оһŰڡ

㣬

˻ʮ־磬ۣһžһꡣ

ıʮ־磬ۣһžꡣ

ëִڼй½ķй֮ һʮºš

Σ꣬롰Խԩ磬һžžꡣ

йĴʡίʷίԱᡶĴд飬ĴĴʡѧ磬ɶһŰꡣ

й͡ίʷίԱᣬ͡ʷŴѧ磬ţһžꡣ

йʡίʷί࣬ʷϳ磬ɳһžһꡣ

йԭίʷ칫ңԾڼԭԩ곱һžžڡ

йʷо࣬йʷﴫʮ磬һŰꡣ

ӡ߾սʷд飬ӡ߾սʷ¿ѧ磬һžꡣ

жϵо࣬սչϵ򡷣ѧ׳磬һžꡣ

йž¿ѧԺʷойũʷɽ磬һžꡣ 񣬡򽫾Ĵʹġ磬ϾһžŰꡣ 

˺鱨ġ磬һžꡣ

˺괫й񹫰ѧ磬һžꡣ й磬һžꡣ ɡľй鱨ũйѧ磬һžꡣ

ۣسǴйһμʵ¼ۺ޹˾ۣһžꡣ

࣬йʷ¼ɽ磬̫ԭһžһꡣ

ţӰ硷磬ݣһžŶꡣ

ȣ֪˵ʷؼĶԻ༯й磬һžꡫ

٣

һѧʦĸʮһۣ͡һžºš

ʦʹͬѧ֮䡷ʮһۣ͡һžʮºš

ĸߡ־磬ۣꡣ Զɫʦᡷ׳磬ꡣ

һҵ磬֣ݣһžŶꡣ

Գɣ¸γɼݱ䡷뵵ݴԿһŰڡ

о꣬

·ҳ磬һŰꡣ

ë󶫡й湫˾һžꡣ ѧ̷ʷ򸾱ɱʵݺᡷһžڰڡ Σйȫᡷйʷϡʮ ӣΰ֮ŮĽ¡׻ƴһžڡ Ƽûнʱ򡷣ʮճ磬һžꡣ ԰¸˶ʼĩйʷϡʮ߼ ݣֱ磬ꡣ ȣ»й磬һžꡣ һӢйʷ磬һžꡣ Ƚɭܶۡ߱磬ۣһꡣ

˾࣬Ļ̸¼ѧԺ磬һžꡣ

ʷйͬʻָѶϵĿ֤뵵ݴԿһŰһڡ

ʯȪȣй˴ʷ磬һžŰꡣ ٩磬һŰ˶ꡣ ۡƽëӢëͬ־ϺһЩϺʷϡһŰڶ

죬ë񴫡磬һžꡣ һļ磬֣ݣһžŰꡣ ࣬׳磬һžžꡣ

γд飬γ׳磬ꡣ ϣСƽë󶫡й뵳У磬һžꡣ

⽭۱࣬ҪԱߵйµ磬ڣһžꡣ

ⳤǧŹǡйʷ磬һžꡣ ࣬ĸɱ־磬ۣꡣ κڣԽ顷ɽճ磬ʯׯһžꡣ Σˡ磬֣ݣһžžꡣ ۱࣬йӡ֧սͼ飬ۣꡣ

ɡ£Ļеžйʷϳ磬һŰ˾ꡣ

࣬Ļе֮ѧԺ磬һžꡣ

꣬šй湫˾һžꡣ

ɽΪѳۿսھս̨ѧίԱᣬ̨һžŶꡣ

־ϻԩľ±䡷й磬һžꡣ

ִ׳磬һžꡣ

СƽϺйس磬һžꡣ

ı࣬ë󶫼磬һžꡣ ѷϺ췴ʷʱĻ̨һžꡣ ߳塷лѧѡһžڡ ԣ缯ԩʼĩձ磬һŰ˾ꡣ



®ɽʵ¼硢Ͻ磬һŰ˾ꡣ

ë磬һžŶꡣ

ë󶫡磬һžŶꡣ ־ë󶫡˹뺫սͼ飬ۣһžŰꡣ ʿǧɽСγ֮áĻ̨һžꡣ СȣֱԪ˧¼±桷лŮ磬ۣꡣ ꣬

ëȫľĳ磬ۣһžꡣ

ֱĳ磬ۣꡣ ӡӣ׸ѡͼ飬ۣһžŶꡣ С۴Ǳд飬С۴磬ɳһŰꡣ ࣬ʷ˼ĳ磬һŰꡣ ȣɶʷĳ磬ۣꡣ ܹȫºꡢ磬Ϸʣһžꡣ

ܼ̺񣬡ë֮աճ磬̫ԭһžꡣ

Уıɱë󶫵ĺɫ̫ӡлŮ磬ۣꡣ

򣬡࣬˻ơδ塣 ̡һǡĻ»磬ꡣ

һֱ뼯Ÿ顷Ϻ³Ļ磬ۣһžŶꡣ

ʯ࣬͹ش̨߳ǰ󡷣ľձ磬һ žߡһžŰꡣ

弰ΰ洫׳磬һžŰꡣ 弰࣬

ܶһ˾Űˡһľš硢׳磬 һžꡣ

´硢׳磬һžꡣ

ë󶫴һ˾һľ)׳磬һžꡣ

ܶһľšһ׳磬һžŰꡣ

֣ëӢ磬һžꡣ

˴Ңȱ࣬񵳾Ͷϼʵйʷ磬һžһꡣ

ŹѡʨĻҵ˾̨һŰһꡣ ϣʷǰձ磬һꡣ

˶ҶӢһй뵳У磬һžꡣ

¿ѧоԺʷой־ԸԮսʷ¿ѧ磬һžŶꡣ

ƴ

磬һŰ˾ꡣ

ȫ磬Ϸʣһžžꡣ ĵʷ磬ϲһŰꡣ ҵ͹÷еĳơ׳磬һžꡣ

ʦĿڡĻǰϦй뵳У磬һžꡣ



ëӾǡĻͼ޹˾̨һŰꡣ

ʮͬѧᣬ̨һžꡣ ƣ鴫й磬һžꡣ ơǿӢʿʵʷоϡһŰһڶڡ 棬

֮սй㲥ӳ磬һžŶꡣ

ӡ߽֮սʷࡷͼ飬ۣһžꡣ ̨¿ˣèжӡU2 ߿Ĺ¡ҵ˾

̨һžꡣ ԪȣʮǰëԴժһ¶ʮա

ԬӰйʷϡʮ ά࣬ɹŸʷɹŴѧ磬ͺأһžꡣ ־ձ࣬ԩƽŽ磬һžꡣ

񶿣

һսʷоһŰڡ

ʤսսд⡷ʦѧ磬֣һžꡣ

ȣݵʷ磬һŰꡣ ǫܶ磬ꡣ ߻̫ġĴѧ磬ۣꡣ

֪弰࣬ë󶫴һľšһ׳磬 ꡣ

ʷ֣˷սʷʷ֡лӡᣬ̨һꡣ

꣬սͳ˧ëµʮ꡷磬ꡣ

٣չ̸ٿҪʷ졷ʷоһŰڡ

¡ѩѪ졷س磬ۣһžһꡣ 񷨣йִʷ̨֣һꡣ ػȣ˵ë󶫡λѧ߷̸¼磬һžꡣ

ʱĵĸӡϵʷ¿һžʮڡ

ſãѧ磬һžһꡣ ٱ򡢴ï֣ʷ磬һžһꡣ

ͨűʷίԱᣬߵͨŵĴչʷáйʷϡʮڡ

ףйʷۡĲᣬδѧʹϵоģ̨һŰ˾ꡣ



ӰӰоԺʷо̨һžꡣ

йʮ꡷ҵ˾̨һžŰꡣ ̷ִ桷йʷ磬һžꡣ Ȫιμ½һйʷ磬һžžꡣ £Σ֡ܶһߡ׳磬ꡣ 

    ¼̣ĶɳˮսĿ̽סһžһһڡ

ºµ㼣ëһũӲʵ׳ \磬һꡣ

֮⡷й뵳У磬һžꡣ ࣬

йһι䡷Ⱥڳ磬һžꡣ

ٴȺڳ磬һžꡣ

ѧ࣬ʱ׳硢磬һžꡣ

׵ȣ𼢶һʮ塷磬һžžꡣ

»Ǳд飬һˡ»磬һžꡣ

άϷë󶫵㼣Ⱥڳ磬һžꡣ ԭ촫й磬һžꡣ ࣬ڴ顷Ž磬һžꡣ

ԣд飬ԣй磬ꡣ ࣬ë񡷣¿ѧ磬һžꡣ ľĸ񡷣Ž磬һžꡣ ˮʷей⽻١֪ʶ磬һžŶꡣ

Ʋ£Ĺ⻪밵Ӱʵζѧʷϡһž һڡ

ΰԩʼĩ׳磬һžŰꡣ

ܣܲı䴫д飩䴫й磬һžꡣ

ľսʷ༭ңľսʷž磬ꡣ

ʯܵ뽯ʯࡷѧ׳磬ꡣ

ΰ߳ܶһ㡫һ塷׳磬ꡣ

ɣ

мشĸй뵳У磬һžŶꡣ

±̽ͼ鹫˾̨һžꡣ

йĪ˹ƵĹϵһŶ㡫һ㡷Хҵ޹˾̨һžꡣ

ëĪ˹ƵĶԹԹ磬ϲһžžꡣ ҶǶᣡ׻ƴһžڡ ֣սǡ񻪡žճ磬ꡣ

л磬ظоϿѧ磬һžһꡣ

йﴫǡ༭й磬һžꡣ

Ҷ褣սĶɳˮйʷϡʮļ Ҷң

²ˡʱճ磬һžꡣ

Ĵʱճ磬һžꡣ

ഫʱճ磬һžꡣ

ŴŴʱճ磬һžꡣ

ҶӢд飬ҶӢй磬һžꡣ ͼǡ׵ܣ͹ԩɳ磬һžꡣ ͼǡף롰˵ԩй뵳У磬һžꡣ

    θ¡

ʷ̽й뵳У磬һŰꡣ

ë˼ʷл֣ۣһžꡣ 壬һѧ磬̨һžһꡣ ܾԡģźƴǡʦѧ磬人һžһꡣ ־ë󶫺ĸסճ磬ɳһžŶꡣ ˵ȣƽȺڳ磬һžꡣ ΣëӢëࡢëͯ꡷׻ƴһžڡ 

    ͳսʵ磬һžꡣ

һһ?ӡܻǡй˳磬һžꡣ

껣ë󶫺ľ½ʡ磬һžꡣ ͢人Ȩѧ磬̨һ߶ꡣ

̹С¼ࡷϷĩݣһžžһʮա

֣壬ɫĻ˾̨һžꡣ

ˡëë

ҵĸ׵Сƽ׳磬һžꡣ

׵СƽĸʮǡлŮ磬ۣꡣ

ӻִ༭ίԱᣬӻִ磬һžꡣ ƽ㽭磬ݣһžžꡣ ëͬ־Դ»꣬һľꡣ

Ǯսй¹ԮԽʵĴ磬ɶһžžꡣ

ࡢ޻AB 븻±ʼĩ磬֣ݣһžꡣ

硢壬Ůηϰ࣬λδǹĻ鼯磬ɳһŰ˾ꡣ

䣬йķչչϵѡйʷо һڡ

лй׳֮աڸǵйսࡷ磬ꡣ

л࣬ë󶫺ǡӱ磬ʯׯһžꡣ ڱ࣬ĸϴԩ¼Ž磬һžꡣ

࣬л񹲺͹ͨʷй뵳У磬 һžŰꡣ

̩࣬йʷд桷йʵ磬һžŰꡣ

ܶ͡׳磬һžŶꡣ Խ۷չ¡磬֣ݣһžһꡣ

ӱ࣬ӥй?֪ʶ磬 ꡣ

񣬡ׯ꡷ɽ磬̫ԭһžŰꡣ ʱ𣬡®ɽۡ磬ϲһžꡣ ƽ̳йŮ磬һžꡣ

Ȩӳ࣬

ǽ⡷ͼ飬ۣһžһꡣ

Ѧ㶫γ磬ݣһžꡣ Ȩӳ࣬͹ʹձ磬һžꡣ



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˹ŵ ʷŵ EdgarSnow 
˹ ʷ JosephStalin  
Ļ ˹ LeonTrotsky  
Ȳ ɳȲ HarrisonSalisbury 
˹ָա ʷָ Stalingrad 
𼪶 񼪶 WinstonChurchill 
Լѷ ղɭ NelsonTruslerJohnson
 
Ŷ Ŷ Yalta 
  Josip Broz Tito 
   Harry Pollitt  
Ƿ    Mikhail Gorbachev 
³   ³ѩ Nikita Khrushchev  
ɡ   ׸ߡ϶ Michael Caine  
      Pol Pot 
ɭ   ɭ Dwight David Eisenhower  
ռŵ տŵ AchmedSukarno 
³   ³ Pierre Trudeau  
˹   ˹ Fidel Castro  
  ˵  John FKennedy  
Լѷ  ղɭ Lyndon Johnson  
    Leonid Brezhnev  
    Henry Kissinger 
̹ɣ   ̹ Tanzania  
ޱ   б Zambia  

                               


 
 
 


 
 
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VOAߣ 

Ӣֺɷͬ׫дġë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡İ96ʽۺ̨ͬʱС˵ϣܴһոµĽǶ˽ë󶫡

*ʱ12ɴ*

96ţٹ3ë30աҲɺϣһǰδеĹë󶫵顶ë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡ŦԼۺ̨ͬʱС

Ȿ֮һŮʿ˵ͬйʽĹë󶫵鼮Ǳ½ʾʵë󶫡

˵һڴʷһëʵ顣й½Ķ߻ǳȤʾ˺ܶδŵĹ¡

Ϊ׫дⲿ飬ָʱ12ꡢ㼣鲼ȫʮݲĵһϣһЩǰδʷʵɷӴ˽ë󶫵ĸҪͨԱǰͳʲǰӢϣ˹ë󶫵ë߹ˡ

*ֱµë*

йȥһͨϰնĸ裬족Ϊ̵ĸʾëйʷϵҪλ

ֱµëȴȫͬ

˵ëһҪʵǣë27ͳΣ7ǧйƽʱΪ7ǧʷϣ˵һָ

*֣ë󶫲μй׷*

˵ë󶫵һϷԣܶණǴǰȫ֪

˵ȷ˵Ƿ֣ë󶫲μйΪ׷󹲲룬Ϊ˸ũһֻ

ë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡дй1920Ϻʱëйʼ˳¶㡣¶˵ʱְëһݹһĻ磬Ʒɴë󶫲ſʼԵë󶫵й

*ʤԭ*

ⲿ黹йʷϵһЩʷʵȫµļ⡣˵йȡóʤǾսξߵʤǽʯΪ˱ȫĪ˹ƿΪʵĶӽй

ⱾҲʾ˴1958꿪ʼԾڼ䣬3800˶ԭ

*֣޿ȡ֮*

˵ë󶫻ŵʱûийҸˮƽǰй˶˵ᡣ

˵ӵϽëûпȡ֮ĹҡԼĵļͥ˾޴ѡ

*֣ëԶ׿ʶ*

Ȼְë󶫸ͬһʷʱڵıϣպ˹ᲢۣҲëǸԶ׿ʶˡë1923ָҪ̨뿿˹ӴӱߴȻ22ë󶫵ԤԳΪʵ

˵ûë󶫣ȷʵûйй

˵кܸӵһ棬ҷǳһıʦԣЩͨëһϷԵĴӳԣⱾ鲢һë󶫵¼һһǳϷԵĴ档

*вܵ*

ֺɷͬ׫дġë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡İ700ҳԴռ82ҳܴдĵһ֤ЩȻܵɡ

аѹ񵳽дɡɫˡϵĶӺΪԴ飬ʾųȡж

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⣬Ҳѧָë󶫵ĵ覴ȥͬйڸ㵳ڶѸӵë󶫼򵥻

Դˣֱʾ׫дⲿë󶫵鼮Ƕִʷë󶫵Ŀһµ·ոµҰ

˵߼ʣ߼ǣΪ档ӭ߼˵ ϣⱾһй淢УйܴµĽǶ˽ë󶫡ë󶫡 

                               


 
 
 


 
 
BBCԡë-Ϊ֪Ĺ¡ֵר


 
֣ë󶫺ϣա˹һа

BBCӢֺɷʷѧҹϺ顶ë󶫡Ϊ֪Ĺ¡(Mao, the unknown story)Ӣ档ڽӢýɷʱʾëͬϣջ˹һаͬһ෸СȻϣȴë֪֮١ϣⲿʮодɵܹʾһʵë󶫣йë󶫵ν߿ۡBBCĲݲҽܡй̸Ŀ˵רãⲿ顣

̸һ֣

ⲿص㣬Ҫë󶫲Ϊ֪Ĺ¡ǲɷþʹΪ֪ʼΪһʷйë󶫵Ĵǣ¼Ѿ˲ˡԶĲ˵ľǰBBC߷աФд'ë'ë˽ҽ־Ļ¼ôֵⲿʲôµĶأ

ţ µĶ̫ˣëμӹģǲйĴʼˣһ£ĳôһ£սʱë󶫵ʲô ëȡȫģǶһ·֡

ʣϤĺйһ֪ǣëӢս쵼˹񵳵ľӣ󵽴±ݵءǵоʵȫôһ£

ţԣȫôһ¡ǷֺÿһطʯǸѴųģȫǽʯйʯΪʲôҪйأΪʯΨһҲĽӰ˽ʱ˹ֿʣʯúĶӡ󣬺˵±Ҳͻعˡ

ʣʯë󶫣Ķӽ˹ֿʡ֤ʲôʹóĽۣ

ţȷ˵ʱӽԺ󵽹潭ҪͨĴߣĵ϶ûоʲôսǹ潭ʱ򣬺19341127տʼë󶫱1130չĽʯ121վͷ潭ҲǰѺĺӼ񹤽潭һˡǧĺ潭һ̣ÿһǶϸϡ

ʣ˵û赲һƶ϶׵֤ݣ

: ȫǸϡ

ʣʲôϣ

ţ8090й˴ʷѡ࣬"񵳾׷ºʷѡ"ʮ౾ôĶʲôأǹ׷º籨ӵ籨ȫԿ·úߵġ

ʣκϻļܹ֤ʯߺΪĶʣ

ţš.. .. ʯԼİ취Ȼܹ˹˵˵úÿһؼʱ̣磬Ҫˣ˹Ҫӡĵߣʯٴ˹ҪĶӡ˹ҪӶּصġ

ʣҲ˵еĻռǣ

ţЩݶϸļأʯ˵ռҲἰЩȷĳĳĳҪӣ193492առᵽڹ潭һʱڰؿһ潭ʯҪĶӡһڶ˹ݣʯͽռжмء±ĵ19351018գʯͽӼʹ̸˵⣬Ӽ뽯ʯͬȥĳʹҪʯĶӣԵ쵽±Ҳ̸빲⡣йЩ1993ʳʱҲôǵġ

ʣһἰĺ;еķɶš˵й֪ʷУɶǳһҪ¼˵ɶһȫǱġʲô֤ݣ

ţ鹹ġȣŸûд

ʣô֪أ

ţҪĸݾûκȥŵ˶֪Ŵ100ף̵ľ塣鹹Ĺϵľ嶼չˣֻʣ˹԰Ĺûǹ22ʿӡ22ʿ˺Ӷ԰һëҲû˵ʵϣÿ˻õһ˫ꡣЩô֪أġǱǺıֽڹŵϸļء22ʿȶɺӵǲӣûκûκйʷʷϼعκҲûκйκ

ʣǷ񿴹λӢдһ飬ǡ˵ĳλӢź·һ顣ҲǸط˵ǵʱɷ˵һ̫̫˵ûпս

ţԣ

ʣλӢҲ׷Ѱ˵һλ80̫̫ Ŀùһ¼˵ǣ絽սһ죬ϰǰ濪·˺ӡ˵йİ汾һ˵Ҳһ

ţ֤˵˵ջҪʷʵҪġʷϣǿԿؼ֤ǣǴ¼ûκܣҪһ˰ɡ

ʣǷɷùζɺӻָζɺӵļ֤أ

ţš. ˵һ飬Ȼǲɷ˺Ҳɷõ˲22˵СôκҪûеǶҲȻụ̂˵ĻҲλҲɷõ93̫̫ǵõʱֻһһڣʷϡʷҪľ22ȹӵ˵ûκһëνǹɨ£νϣ£ǲܵġⲻʲôأ

ʣ ᵽë24ʱѧôë󶫵ѧʲôһѧΪʲôҪӰ죿

ţ˵ѧĴڶΪңдġЩëĸﶼУ˵һжΪҡģë˵ֻΪԼͳ嶯ĲκԼáʲô˵һŲϡʲôδΣԺΣʷһŲϡ

ʣΪֵѧԺΪкܴӰ죬

ţԣзǳǳӰ졣˸ëĺġһǺҪģδȷ˵ȥιĹʱͶӽĹʲô˼أûκ˼ΪѾˣë󶫵ѧǶֻǰܵġĺһŲ⡣

ʣӰĺΪأ

ţԣӰˡΪëȨԺһľǳΪһ´Աư硣йˣŶ˵1953·ߡԾʱһ˼Ǳ·ߵĺľ10굽15ڰйһҵĹҡоʱȴһΪ֪飬Ƕë˵ҵȫǾ¹ҵëҪйÿһǮͶŷ¹ҵ˼Ҫ򣬶Ҫ֮꣬Щȫôë󶫿ʼµʱѾ60ҵˡëԼҲܻ10ʱ䣬Ҫһʮʱڶ쵽ôô఺ĶʲôǮȥأֻũƷë󶫴ũƷʳƷͶŷЩ䰺ľ¹ҵʩʲôǴԾǴԾϧǧ˰ȥë֪úйʳƷڵϸ֣ڶ˹Ͷŷﶼмء

ʣëȡõڵͳȨǵоҪǿķ֡ôй˶ë󶫵̬ȣнͨӰ磬ֲֿ࣬ëﵽһҪĿģǽĸ˳ݡеԭô˵ģǳ˶ǵһת۵㣬ǸʱһᶨĿëһǵ"ôֲֿ˷ֹ۵㣬ë󶫳ݣⲻǺì

ţë󶫾ĵطÿֲһרŵָʾôƹţܸǡôʹ˺ܺ£ûҪȫݻǡë󶫺ܾʶȥӰˣʱǵӡйҪյֶԹ񵳺ܲӰһˡӰǶʧʵζһǶӰĲƽȣϰյƶкܶĲЩë֪˵ǡΪģ˱һܻ˿ֲͨǲеġë󶫵ĸ˳ȫǽԵȰϣʩÿֲĽֲֲĽ

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йëʽͳΣë飬޷档ںܶԹ黳ý壬ëҲġ£þӢĻ֣ɷʾëӢרšë󶫣Ϊ֪Ĺ¡Mao: The Unknown Storyȥ棬ҪĿհסĸʱפӢ⽻ΣӢÿšϷΪڶʮɱܵĶߵȨǡԤⱾݣԶë󶫵ʱֳݡһܶ˵Ȿ˵磬ʮаıϣպ˹֣ë󶫡

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һëй޷棬ǿ⣬ֱսйëʽͳΣڱΪ塱̨壬뱾ȴNĪķ̣͸

ҪԭǸᵽѹʹ񵳽Ͽǹĺɫĳӣǰֳָ̨פ¼´Ϊ򱭸̣ľɲҾУǡҲƼ翹飬ǩԼġԶ硱Լ顣̨Ҫֵĵܵ׫¶Ҳ⵽Ϊġ桱һЩҲŹĶߣǶԹйûеһ־̨֪һ޷ڵһʱ俴İ棬ʧȥһ˽干йĻᡣ

ֹ֧񵳵ķý壬ڲ׽ӰġϡָϲʵǾͼɡ죬Ծǰ˰֪Ȩļ̤¼̨ķý岻Ǵ׷ٱȤȱ

Ϊ治һͷƦӣԱפ뵽ԵĺᡣΪΪԴɺͲԲȡԷʽһǷɷʽ浽Ժ뷨Ժ¡̨塣ȽǱȽ϶ӵһ֣ѾˣѰ;ǵ󣬺߼򡰷̰˾Ҳѭ˾ķʽǾ۶Ըۣд»飬еνʵ֮ʡöСַʽΪ涼ѡ񣬶áᡱķʽв̡ݱԶ˵ڲ飬ǽʧǧ̨ҡʧشҲҪԼɼ⵽ѹͬʱ֪ΪǵĶ̨Ժеεȵز

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˵һӢ飬棬ΪΪ⹹ɷ̰˺ӦúͳӢ˾֡ΪΪʲôΪ֪ڷεӢ޷Ӯù˾ʹ̨壬˾ʲôҾУǡڿ飬˽˹ϵšý屨Զ˵Ϊ漸ұѣֹ顣

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ԭ̨塶Ҽ־20067ºţ (Ѷ boxun.com) 


                                


 
 
 


 
 
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νйרǡܶ˼ʹ˹ֺͬë͹йɷùŦԼʱר·˹Anthony Lewisλҳϣʱо֪ʶӶй˫ر׼һԭ黳ǷǳױëƭĻˣǻûʶ

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һλȫдë¶ëʵй˵ˡֵġëһ棬͵ϳӢС˵೩֮ף൱ķΧ˽ëͬʱɶëԼйĻ롣

ڵһ顶衷ɹ֮дκƷ䳩ݣעĿֺѡдëһʮ֮ãĸףԺܶϽ¶ëⲻǶйˣҲǶɵҪסй˶Ǽκ˻Ứʮдһ顣ֵľҵŬ͹ײӦӮĸ߶ֵдѧϰ

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˵ļƪҲѧд͹ۡ۹ë󶫱ëһ˽¶ɶħ콢ŦԼʱרҼ˼ǿëһ棬ʵϾΪɵνƶа绤˼פǰʱ17꡶ŦԼʱܱ༭ɭܣҪЩѧ߶йоҪԼʹĿ찲ǳѪɱҲûиıäĿ׫˵ϺӤʱŦԼͶ٣ȽϹЩ治繲Ű͵ȡƽϺĵŦԼһرɡȨϵش⣬ȫǸйͨ

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ӡйͨҮ³ʷѧʷǨӽ˾ǨҲдʷǡƵģҲһѧߣò˵ʲôҿëǸ̬ʷѧҲӦƽۡôƽˣѵдëĶħһͲǳƽ˹ֵĶѾ¶̫࣬Ҳ޷˹ѰǵаΣǾͰǶδתƵëϡôдһħëأ

ϻӢýBBC߶ֵĵӲɷãǸһ׷ʣѵëûֵÿ϶ĵطֶë߿˵ëйҲй׵ġһңǨͼߣ˵ģɵĻӦʼûкˣᶨҧסëǸħ

Ǻľʵ˾塣йЩӺǶⱾëĹǡǡ˵ļֵͷʷסֶ˽ë󶫺͹йĶعס

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ëɷӣǻ̸ֻܿļӣרͶëõйƭƭƭǮĻ죬̽ʹ鱨ëʵδ̵κκô

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ڿһëëڣë󶫾Ų´սйһѵսˡɻëĿСȥë󶫣˿ϧ 




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һѿǻ֮ŵԿ

й½һнԱûϢԴҲࡣйƬͼѼּΪ̽йʷʿṩȫأһ򾡣Ч⻹зǽǽɣʵΪǻ֮ŵĽԿףѼеed2kԴÿļԾԿ£ʹ/Ѹ/¿أٶȿȡϹ˸ԴһٶȺܿ죬һСʱ²ģСʱ뻻ԣоȥѼɣ/Ѹ/¿óɿͬʱ1024Сʱػأ֤³ɹ

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վƼǽɹſԷʣ
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Skype缶Ŀǰ㰲ȫ½İTomSkypeмأǧã
Skypeأhttp://download.skype.com/SkypeSetupFull.exe

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WebFreerⷭǽֱӷYouTubeFacebookTwitterȱվ֮ٶȽ
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꡶˭˵ʧˣ£أ
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꡶˭ϣأ
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꡶˭Уأ
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꡶˭£أ
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սʤʮ꣨ϣ˭սأ
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սʤʮ꣨£йսʲôأ
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꡶˼徿ʲôأ
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ϵʴӢƪ,лأ
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ݽ̫ϣĻأ
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ݽ̫£Ļأ
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꡶̨ͳһأ
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꡶йĸ￪Ÿйʲôأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼϣأ
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꡶һⷢʯĵʼ£أ
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ҷѷأ
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꡶ε˼άһսأ
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꡶ƭĲйˡأ
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δδԲϣأ
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δδ4851أ
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δδͯ£أ
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δδׯ̽һ𳪱֮衷أ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭϣأ
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δδһƧˡѰ¼Ƭ£أ
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δδCNN̸m4vأ
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δδCNN̸.srtĻأ
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δδ겻ԭʦ裩أ
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δδʵδδҶԡհܺ߳ĸ׳¹ǫֽеĲɷãأ
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Ҧأ
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顷أ
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Ϊʲô졷أ
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봨أ
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ǵޡϣ봨أ
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ǵޡ£봨أ
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ذ֮1̲άȨأ
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ذ֮2̲άȨأ
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ƵΧۡΧޮܰɷãأ
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ϡޮԮ񱻿"Ѱ"ޮͥʵ¼أ
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ڿաעڿļ¼Ƭأ
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ܡȥأ
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ܡԶɽأ
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ܡ𷿹أ
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硶·һ.ҵ˼أ
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硶·ڶ.ҵأ
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жΡҵΡأ
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Ϸáأ
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ʢĻ--ʮ֤ԡأ
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б߹͸ũӪأ
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ΪʲôǵУ˷棿أ
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йĴ.aviأ
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йĴ.srtĻأ
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ѹһǿأ
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˹&Ǹ--------ָйժȡֹѧԱٵĵ鱨棨TXT+CHM
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йѼ4TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
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йѼ5TXT+CHM+PDFʽ100Ŀ
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