Ҽ. 첻h졡

Уh͇ǽȻͬĶȫwģhֻ܌ҼˡӢZУh@~PartyPartݣDġGiovanni SotoriָhĳЩͬҊcʿĽMĿʩҊ[1] oɆκhͬҊc漯FͬF֮g_ͻˣoՓҼhahhܴȫҼhQĿ˾ȫĿˣ@hѽ]дڵıҪˡ@Ҽcϣahȇhvøڹahhװ׵،ahǟoaAhꠡǞoaA^Yġ60KqՓУЇahʹԷġȫhՓǌRxıѡҼЩhĹنTQhȫw_񡣿ϧHMhJBćhYߵhҲu~

XȫĶպ͇IX춞ȫյI磬˷󱊣aNͨIͶYkù@ȵȣ˂Ϲ܇乫@r^ˁ톖ǲĳҼhhTоԒֻжǟoӱܵģUÿ˶Uÿ˶̶ȲͬˇҌṩķաa졢Ժȵȷȫ˲ϢȱٵġҼhԣֻЩٝͬhVK@h˲xU{hMh]κɏ˂ṩM֧֡Ȼڌȫh͛]ɰьȫć쮔ĳҼhh졣

. hĽMԴ

Փh첻춇죬ڌHhͨ졢hĬFKҊҼhƵćңh춼塣ȻҼ˂õɱ_Ҋę͕Fͬ漯FFγµhȺAµhhĽM_rضhЙʹÇYĬFh{ʲኅԏćX҅sԣ

KfhԏćؔеõaN}춑ʲԭth֮gYԴw£ΨҼĹƽԭtǰxƱفܿҼׂhxeĹhѾքݸy_ɵąfhǴҶҪćXhƽ^{Եı°lչMhMļdkIX

_WĄݡꐎϡϪȿ109е291hн^ؔԴhM;[2] ҲҼЩңôԼWҼЩͨ^ɇؔaNhҼҪȡýM;dkhIIhkIKҊڮϣhIIs28hքe21ң磬WϣDձī硢ȇӢhҲhIIҪǸ^הXـIɫеhIIȞͻƶ£ҼhahĻӽMdkҼЩIoɺǡ

. hIIMеx

Lԁah͇hԵҼhh·hҼhƶߣСֻ^hĈߡنTҲhָ^ȥʮh͹ah໥YУַֺϺϣңЊh^н^I䣬ĽMϵyϵą^e⣬ڽM\ʽ϶߶ͬoՓ߀ǲ⣬h򹲮ah^mҼhõľ棬t綼ĵ·}׌ԵĈhƽԵĵ·ýWgZf׌M̵Ч󣬳ɱ͡

^УЪõλĈhRҼǳDyfǷǳʹD^̡ஔLҼΕrڃȣhŔˇҵйؔaо޴ؔ׺Ԟ顣ȻͱȻζhxhʧȥYa֧ࡣҼLڈĴhҪஔܾؔS\ҪAxƱҪMдMҲҪ֧ؔ֡oՓ߀hԣʧȥؔʹġġ@Nr£ֻܿЃɷNxҼOˣhţSoҼh˽^mч쮔h졣Y،ìܣѷϽ^ĶӁy@ӣҪ˸صĴrhҲKӲÓصƷ̈́ZKah֣ؔҼ׃ʧKZÎǬBkҲ]ʣ£ǌǺƽ^ɡhgҪׅf׌ʹhܺƽ׌죬hȵďhͱ횄ˇµؔԴ@Ҽ棬hIIͳ˱Ȼx

ȻhԓؙʹhII̎춉ŔλƉĹƽÈhĵλ푪ȫćؔaǷDƞҼh˽aǣҼh^ɵ^УȱϵĸCƣyhhIIЧıOҲyֹhIIÈhؙȡϷ@ҲSD^бȻҪvҼAΣf@ǲɱҪĴroՓΣ@ҪӁyĴrҪСöࡣ

. _hIIİlչ

˂ӑՓ_rձ]⵽IIٳLľ޴ؕIҲ]⵽_II׃wsἰо_r߀ԓ]⵽Ҽ؄eĲݩЇhhII

_lSyӋY϶I֞鹫IIɴ󲿷ݡIIַ֞IʡIhIРI@Ҽԭtஔ춴ꑵćI͵طI1976_̘Iղ飬III1000ҡЇI29ңʡI35ҡIʡIIĔmȻ࣬oՓY߀Ǯa϶ɹIIw_IIĔĿǹII400౶󲿷ݶСIāf_IIʢLٶhh춹II1952굽1985꣬IIaֵ16ͬIIaֵ1121952IIaֵHռIaֵ43.41985IIռЉԵăݣ_Iaֵ83.9yнyӋ1990IYa~94634|ԪLʞ12.81ռ~79.52IYa~24376|ԪLʞ7.13ռ~20.48[3]

ͬоĽyӋҼӣ҂ʮص˽@ЩĶx؄eֵָǣ_IIyӋаҼȻ賓hhIIxϣhhIIIǹIǣ֪hIIйIIҪ硣hIIܵĴHhhIIұκιIIӃݡǰIIlչDyc֮ɞrյǇhhII60ԁҼֱԮĸٶȳLѸٵسɞ_кзҼ󼯈FhhIIĮaͰlչо_rҪ]Ҽǳn}

춸Nϵԭ猦hhII˽١ܜʴ_fhhIIж󣿞ʲhҪkhIIhhII춷_ĽlչhMЩʲãhIIcIIPϵΣ@Ȼ@Щ}ƄӴMҼĽθĸＰƶȵĺƽDشĽbx

ҼhhIIď]ɽĿ

hhIIж󣿿³܇hhIIćhhؔίlҲf

˂ϤćhhIIǇhĻkՈ硢Їҕ˾Е֡ЇV˾ýԼȇFkġ^ȵȡHϣ@Щֻ^Ҽ޴ıɽˮϵҼСǡ

ЇhhIIԴ׷˷h20ͳFɇhֱӿƵĈ󼈡V_ȵý顣r@ЩI]K\ּ1946ɇhhؔίԠIRIw_֮ᣬh1951ԠIԣ_ISᣬ1955ԠIԣSSd늹I60ǰhIIoՓڔ߀Ӱ϶΢K]˂ҕڑԼghચhǇhh֣Ҳh죬IIҲhII@Nr£_]бҪ{hIIĴںͰlչ

60ᣬhhIIѸپ𡢰lչѸ١ԔҊ

hII˽ڷ՘I韸Եأᄓ_CȯaIUA_lСAQ_lI_3Ʊȯ˾Ʊȯ˾hII1976ꡣAƱȯ˾ҲhII1978ꡣҼƱȯ˾HƱȯ˾ЇHyͶYȻhIIͶY˾С_4ұؔ˜_kCȯͶYй˾3hIIAͶYAͶY͇HͶY1971ЇyбIɞЇH̘IyСI^УЇH̘Iyе60ə಻׵ˇhͶY˾С1991_IyСhhIAyБ\lչ

hIIҼɫǾoİlչߣcOĿȵǣСhIIǇhČˮ֣70ʮOhIIˮ_ȵ£ؽʯ͡WIڮǰУhֳ˶ҠI졢Oͭh˾܉õڽͶ˳Д˜ʵrõҼҼķʲ

ehIIxIģ̘IУhII{صϢݺPϵݣҳHҼIIc֮ǹIIҲҪ׌֡؄eǽhII䪚ص󃞄ڹгд@ֶֺͨ֜ʣҼϰKĿYࡣڲ֪X֮УhIIYaBmӱѸq

_WꐎϡϪλڵ{飬1991֪ļhhII12ҡ@12hIIDͶYI70ҡ؄eͶY˾͹AͶY˾@ɂعɹ˾дDͶYЩ˾Уhmֻٔɷݵsɖ|Կԓ˾磬A_lhռ12ǵҼɖ|춇hA_lУ@й˾ͶYҼBIAIӡ_ӡ|W䓽Yж̵ȵҲȻ{ˇhhII¡

Sr£h{hĵλ硢܊硢ؔӰʹĹɖ|ҲԿƺϹɹ˾֮⣬߀ҼЩ[εhIIhhՈ1993920Ո󌧣19932µףhͶY7ҿعɹ˾~ֵ200|Ԫ@7ҿعɹ˾^DͶYI94ңӋ9639|ԪYaǣ_硱WߵĹӋhhIIĿYaҪhh@֡

_SR֮ʿhhIIľHuJh\Ҽh֮˽ƉĹƽUؙŔ࣬еKlչЈCƺΡꐎϽָʹ͇hԣhIIҲFʣҼr죬څKzѡ[4] μĽWǶȁ@ЩuиГվס_ġĸVĽǶȁhhIIdvʷȻԣ_M̹ɛ]

ʲhҪkhII

Ҫ˽hhIIԭ҂̽ӑ@Ҽ}õĈhJԼĽɽǡf۟oģćYXΡʡµk߀бҪ韩t^dkhII᣿

_ΰlչϿɷ֞AΣ1949ꩤ1960꣬]_İȫڽ£xҼЩܵơֹMhhҼhá1960ꩤ1980꣬Y£hѽlչ춃ȵλ춽lչĳɹӣռЮaAd_uFԪ1980ᣬhⷴlչѸ٣Ӱ푔U󡣌hNθĸҪ1986ᣬҼBش¼磬MhNʹ_εAΡ

60_ΡlչشDP^hQѹcDƵOρrʿ_ʼIMķhkġЇ¿19606°lҼƪՓ첻Ǉhh졷hؙMСh˼Ju[5] mȻ60MhŬ⵽˴ۣ˻KIz⣬@Ҽ¼sõYҕ1972굽1988꣬YԺLͿy@ΕrڃȳFеZ¼¼^ΡMhȵț__ΡRصĿ򞡣rYh܊ؔΰચλʮַ̣_uț]κ˿ԺȡҼ㪚ߵҎɣƺԓMҼЙSo档LޡⲻĠr£YԳεͶԪhhȱ؄ķ̷hĳ_chεķᘣ_h͈_ͷ˗l齛MҼlչ춨˻A

ȻY·ڇh˺ܴҪ@Щʹh؏ĪhDchƽȸhҪهYڇhе⣬߀Ҫohȵļȵ漯FԳ·ȵ漯FDQ^еĽpʧ͵̵Ĺ֮ȡȻhIˣYȲhƷҲ׌h̎ؔҼoеĸFB60͞_ЈȡҼϵдʩdkhIIQеҼhҲǏǕr_ʼhhIIÓfеĿõȰlչ

춇hfhII_SؔԴؔχhҲ[ࡣ1992hA49|_ţhM7000f]hII治֪h^[6] fShhIIĴںͰlչҪȇhŔҼУhҪáҲhɏҷДṂFҎģľҪá

_hII͹II

hhIIc_ĹIIͬԴҼp

ڵڶᣬձֳ񮔾Yaܣ@_ĹIIԴՓrڣձֳ񮔾ָ߶ȉŔ˽ڡͨԼ촬CеϡұҪITʳ}ơʯ͌ЌuƶȡʳƷӹpIM˹ơձͶᣬ19451019472ԭ_ٮaIձ˽ؔaI_110|Ԫ19473195012£ֽձY_YYI860Ҽݳ۽o˽˽I󲿷ݳɞ鹫IIĶ춨ˮrII_еλ

1949h˓_ᣬhķҎ1ֱ漰ܵI2uЪռI3ҎģûضĿ֮IҼɹٷIĴˣIIռIĹVҎģŔλõMҼӏ

⣬h߀SཛϴֹII磺

1Y 5060hͨ^Nʽ򹫠IIṩYռvؔ_֧10207080_20305060ڣ󲿷܊ԮͶ˹II_ӋͽԮ49.7oIͽͨI24.2oIVIԮֹͣᣬIIȻڇh֮²؏yЫ@ÃJII_yҲ쪚@õJͨgJ5010050YȱrڣIIȻԴԴ؏yЫ@Y𡣎ʮIIJռyзſ~22.27ЩIIġJLڲ߀ɞyеġ􎤡oɆIIYe۵ٶhhIIvIIĹ̶Yγɿ~ռ_̘I̶Yγɿ~50ҡ[7]

2ԉŔ SIȇhԷʽ鹫IIOˉŔλ_y16ңйI13ң3IyҲкܸ߱Ĺٹɡ90_܊ͨ]늡ʯ͡~XɫȫɹICԽIFʯ͡ʵȲTICĹɷҲռн^ݡh߀ֱCҼЩ鹫IIŔλ磬շڵú̿ʯ͡FVɰMY횽oI\˾\

3Aбăr _ğơʡʯ͵SYyُyNĹh@ЩƷăr񣬏Ķ鹫II\Ҫėl磬1961Ҽ᰷Mڃr1758Ԫ_šǽyNorărÿ4016Ԫ_šȫ_M30f@Ҋ@ҼyُyNߞ鹫I_Ϲ˾˴P[8]

_PҲ@؃A춹II磬_ĴF˾϶ǹIġaҪFVʯԭϡСFIIģҼÏUFԭϡhҎMFVʯԭȫⶐMڏUFP9ټ10؛﶐ۿڽOMsʹСFIڸ@̎ӄݡ[9]

ʹҼӣhII߀ShhIIܵȹII^֮oMˣ_ĹIIĹIIҼӣձЧʵ¡yMYԴ̝pءײIIѽɞؔϵҼˣII˽лĺ˷څߝqSWgʿnȵpIIA㣬ѸDIͨ^ЈCI\ЧʣpؙŔ࣬Uƽ[10]

ǰII񽛝еı½HdȤǣhIIơIMCϺ͹IIͬҼHcIIǡǡ෴ڹII˥^hIIҼֱڸٳL@îĻSஔҼݹIIDhIIС@ܲ˂P]

hhIIdSEf@ǈhOԱIҼNҎģ׃؝@О顣׶QָģڽD^؝@ؔ䲻ƽLҲвӰ푡ǅsɷ؝@Чá[11] ո˹Coase TheoremdkhII܉wƵDͣʹЧߣңD׃ĵ߿apʧ߶࣬ٶMòߵԒᣬ@ND;ǿܵġ@Na^̷ǳsںܶr׺yԌFǣDУMܫ@̶ȲͬЅc߶õ˺̎ᣬ}ͺζˡ_õҼĽlչhؔѸӣómhIIɵ䲻ЧʓpʧK]ƽwңhIIhȵ齛ЈMṩҼ^ⲿhxLhM̲࣬hıOӏᣬhIIăݱ،ƽĬFtõm