҂ԓλҼ@܌WPģҲκȺ挦Ć}ڶԪĬF@}s׃鼬֣錦춺^ֻ^õ@Щ}ͬڽ̺Ļ˳̵ķ硣@Щ磬pt Փݣ؄tѪ_ͻҵҼMԭtòͬ^cͬ܉غƽ̎˴\ǬFҼO

҂֪@MԭtǰFǘӣVTκγԽڙϵۻwFϵּȻ಻VT׃ȻyףʮoW޵Ć\ԼȻƌWd̵ظ׃ˬF˿ķʽFţ˲H˽⼰֧ȻҲܑ{˵Ժ͸ԼԺJRgҼ@N¼ε⣬ҼN习ʽDơ1 @Dƣ˵ĵλ˼Ȳ`ϵۣҲȻҼ֣Ǫw@DƣҲµԭtĽKOAֻԴģ˅sиNͬҳ_ͻ^᱊ɪĂw܉ҵRձ@ǬF挦Ĵ}2

x@}Ҽஔϵyķ̷xҕݣLƣK{ÿҼϵеĻɺ͂˙3 ҵĽɫǽԓṩƽȵɺ|l׌܉׷Լrֵ^conception of the good4 Q֮xSϵԪķʽȷǿ߉yΣǿڽ̻½̻ǿԭt͌ԭt@ҼVJ푑ԪЧҼNʽҼ΂xȻAOĳN롣ᣬxʲ᣿ʲɺ͌ݣ

ʩ؄˹Leo StraussJ飬xAOʲ룬ǃrֵ̓oxnihilismx֮ݣJ顸Ȼ҂oī@PʲǃڵرƵģgoodģright֪R҂㲻ò̸NPƵĻҊֻJеƫúֵͬ͡ءˣΨoƵČݲźϷԡ5 ˣ̓ox򣬌ǹ҂ձԵȻnatural rightԟoҪ6 xȻxˌݣ@ζJ˂е^cxƽҕ֮]кÉĿԣָ҂ЄӵԭtֻäĿϲöѡ@ӵĽYrֵҎ˂ʲʲᣬݳɞ鲻ݵĜشxɴ˶7 ˣxݣH]ԣʾˬF܌WFԵΣC8 ʩ؄˹J飬܌WĿˑ̽ʲxĻõ@ζ҂rֵД࣬@ЩД횾ձԵЧ̓oxs܌WǲܵģֻֻҼFĉѡ9

ʩ؄˹J飬@FΣCʼRžSv˹ɣҼҼ،܌W̓ox10 cf@ΣC@Щ˼Rxɵģvʷ䌍ԡ11 ˷̓oxΨҼĳ·Ƿ԰DYʿĹŵĿՓʽ܌WyУҵ˵ȻԻ˵ȻĿģnatural end׷Ƶ`˵ĵԞĿˡ^ƵǷ˵Ȼ12 ˵ıԺĿģձԺͿ^ԣܚvʷĻėlӰ푡13 ʩ؄˹MҼָѵwthe best regimeֻҼԜʣǱ҂lF҂ȻԵƶȡ14 ԼԒ_ߵľ磬˱õУ༴܌Ƶ15 @ӵKƽȵęÿˌ`ԵвͬЩҪe˵ָЩ˄t؃Խˡˣmyߵߣ˽˵ıԣѵwFƣaristocracy߽yβǺϺȻģֻ߲֪ʲጦ˵`ãҼֻt֪Ύβˣoƽȵęx16 ʩ؄˹J飬xo蹫xƽș㌎ҼN䣬顸ґԓĴ𰸲ҲԓǶԪġܶԪܽ^Ȼ(natural right)͵춳J̓ox17

ġʩ؄˹ҼУϽʩ؄˹xuҲR،ʩ؄˹_˹John RawlsĮxԱ^Kˏҵu18 f(ʩ؄˹)˹ԁȻfx˙fuɣ ̫ڰʮĎ׺І}˹У_˹ġƵăԡн^λx19 J飬_˹ɵ⣬Yֻǡ춌˶B𣬵춱ԡ̓oxܵ춨YֻǏصׄӓuĸ20 @ȻR،ʩ؄˹뮔܌WՓģĶ͹@ՓҪԣfӑՓʩ؄˹}ϣҵĿͬrҪճxՓcFՓͬԴԣĶͻFʩ؄˹܌WǌxcFՓpС21

ʩ؄˹ꖵuxȻ挦OՓΣCy⡣xҼҎԵ΂϶Ҽϵ΃rֵɡƽȡݣKQ@ЩrֵձԼԡxAO̓oxƷ(self-defeating)oǰҼµCԳֵ΃rֵx]κɣQ@Щrֵxnon-liberalărֵʩ؄˹Ԓʳĵºxĵ£ͬӈԌĻA22 ˣƵΣCǡ⣬䌍ǵ»AΣC23

ڱČָʩ؄˹@NxuܳҌՓCxҼ΂صČ˵ĿҲصĵ룬ܽ܃rֵ̓oxĻKͬrxݺ͂ɣK̓ox@ϺϵҪ24

ஔLӑՓh@ɂĆ}ҼՓCҼNԣ̓oxڸρKݣ̽xyеĵ»AĶָxҲܽ܃rֵ̓ox½Y¡ڵڶҌ綨̓ox@ɂȻָ߲H]καȻϵڸρKݡڵҌӑՓ(John Locke)(J.S.Mill) ˼룬ָ֧֌ݵɣ̓oxȫoPĹtMҼՌĿKָЧx֮gďнӵĹĆ}弰̽ӑ_˹Ώ˵^cCɂǌݵĵ»AKgꖌ_˹ҼЩux@λͬrڵx܌WӑՓ@ȿɾw푑ʩ؄˹͸ꖵuɽUxҼЩҼҌLԇ푑ڵڶġݵՓ(the paradox of toleration)ָxοԼȈԳ֌ݣͬr횽̓ox

ЎcՈx⡣ҼӑՓČxĂAᘌеҼĻFҼ˂ԳиNͬ˴_ͻ܌W^̓oxҲSҼN҂fxȻ̓oxֻxAO̓ox@@ȻǃɂͬĆ}ڶfҼNԕrָڂЄбFҼNBȣͬrָƶOӋϣwFݱĵ룬ԼÌ`гɞܡ25

ՓCҼҪԣָĵҼ^cfrom a first-person point of viewҼ˲ܼxߣͬr̓oxߡxֵărֵ|ΣԼ@Щrֵβܡ^ش_^Ժձԣtǌ܌WWphilosophical ethicsӴεĆ}mȻ|sǱcҵҪĿָxгֵɾܽ^̓oxxҼҎĵºՓԭtǿԺͲͬO^ݵġ26 ᣬĲʩ؄˹㣬xͬ춬Fԡ27 xֻ푑FҼNՓ߀푑ʽʩ؄˹˵ՓҼN28 @^֮ԱҪxoҲԄӼӷֱ؞FԎķNN}ؓ؟⣬҂회xՓliberal theories͡x(liberal societies)Ҽ^֡ǰҼ׵º룬춷NNƣδеõ֌F߳FS}಻ܲɵĚwՓĲ㡣29 ϣxՓ֮԰lչȻMҼҪԭ@yȻ֪YԴFĸN}ؚ↖}NԄeҕ}ȣС







Ҽ܌W̓oxָ治ͬx30 ʩ؄˹ָ̓ox@ҼN^cJg]κο^PƐeÉġxcĘ˜ʡҼеărֵД඼׃Ӳӣvʷ˶ɴ˶ƵOˣtԭt҂äĿϲ֮eo31 @ԵğoʲxֻʲõʽԱܽo҂κָ෴҂ֲԣֲ̓ox32 Q֮̓ox߾ܽ^gκձԵĵ˜ʣҲκ΃ڃrֵЃrֵh|ֻ˂ͬζϲõķӳTˣ҂᲻κЧɣȥֻ֧򷴌ĳNrֵҼNrֵ33 ʧձԵĿ^ărֵМʣ̓oxҪʩ؄˹J飬̓oxǬFԵĮaҲǬFΣCİYY

ʲ@أڡȻcvʷҼУʩ؄˹ṩ˃ɂጡҼ͡ص׵Ěvʷxradical historicismĳFPvʷxJ飬˼붼ǚvʷԵģǌĳҼضġvʷ硹ĳҼĻ^J֪]ܳԽضĚvʷrգ˛]^ձЧ^cҲ]пvʷĻărֵҼжں㳣׃֮СĳN˼rֵДЧԣҕFضĚvʷˣ]κPȫw^cPȫ^c܉̖QKģձЧġ34@Ȼ@ҼNvʷĻxʩ؄˹J飬@NxȥOˣKc̓oxf

ΨҼ܉^mڵĘ˜ʣЩ^ԵĘ˜ʣ˂˵x֮eoĶںõcĵx֮gķքeKoκο^˜ʿԡvʷx픷̓ox35

ڶጣtfactcrֵ(value)ķҰP@N^cJ飬crֵǽȻͬ|Ė|҂κεж[ĳNrֵԣrֵ^xoģͬӵأ҂Ҳoĳ֮ҕЃrֵĻģĶƔеĳN|@ķģDavid HumeġcrֵϡՓּČȻƲȻ^cȻrֵֻ˂^ϲûxĽYڡȻIȻܽκ֪R춛QЄӵķNN໥_ͻĽKOrֵԟoÔ಻ͬKOrֵĸߵֻͣoÿwɵġԵěQࡣ@fMax WeberQġrֵxʩ؄˹J飬f}ض̓oxֻ@ӵҼN^cÿҼNȡᣬoՓεа»oԵļǰЛQcκ΄eȡҼӺ36

ʩ؄˹춚vʷx͌CxuoǘOlԵġ̓oxУxʲֱPϵأʩ؄˹ָx̓oxărֵ^ŕĴ^Č(toleration)񣬲ŕ˂춷NNrֵ}ɵľ񡣸ꖌкܾҪĽጣ

ʩ؄˹fʮoġ󷽵ɡgenerous liberalsJ飬˲ܫ@P춽^úͽ^_֪Rgenuine knowledge of what is intrinsically good or right˱회P춡û򌦡Ҋo茒ݣJеƫúеͬӺֵͬصġxxliberal relativism֮Դֻvݵxy༴Jÿ˶xȥ׷ԼҸ@ȻڡՓɡȵ춨_˹^mչ_xĻʩ؄˹t{زԺ͂eԣdiversity and individualitycJȻ_֮gЏġ顸Ȼ_ľܽ^͌̓oxҾ͵ͬ̓ox37

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ʩ؄˹xuyԳȣxmȻݣKo˂ܴgȥxԵʽ^]fҪoƵеƫúҼҎԵԭtؽ綨˹ęxգK͸^NƶȰţ_@Щԭtõķģ಻ЩxxrֵĵО顣39 xxԭtҼ_ʼ޶ʲrֵ׷ǿԱSʲǲĄҪֹġ@_˹Qġơthe right is prior to the goodĻ˼xăԣݳ`xЩ棨interests]κ΃rֵҼ_ʼ]Ѓrֵ@Щ㲻ܜR{xҪ󡣡40 ԣЩɣNҕֻ򷴌ƽȵărֵ^xܽܵġxǺܶ`ԞǷN˛]Ҫ󣬴ʲʲՓ_˹xԭtҪҪ_˂ƽȵĻɣƽƽșCԼƽȷ회@ЩԭtıᣬtwF_˹ƽȺ͹ƽ⡣41 ԣxܕͬʩ؄˹f cݾͬҼNrֵ42

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MҼֵءǂҎԵărֵДࡣ̓ox棬҂οԵóеƫúֵͬء@ձԵărֵ}أҪCߣ҂횼ҼձԵĵǰᡣ҂fmȻrֵo^rֵ˂xĮaxăʲᣬxͬȵĵ·ģĶԓܵƽȵء43 @푑fx񡹱ǃڵغ(intrinsically good)Ė|@ձԵ}ǡǡ̓oxҪԾܽ^ġˣ̓oxƌݺءȻxݣȻAO̓ox

ᣬҲҪģʩ؄˹ƺĸ`ˡݡ@Ҽ˼xfġݡҼNԣָҼߣmȻкɣJҼߣО顢ʽڵȫܽܣֻ򌦂˼кҌЙԵĎAsRؿԼȡκЄӡ44ͬڽ̽ɵě_ͻԼP̥ĠՓ@ӵӡɴ˿Ҋ߲Ҽ̓oxߣtԒҼNԵZ㱻ˣ挦ǷNoĵyҲ׃ßo⡣

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ʩ؄˹푑ֻஔɵáݡָҼNβđBȶѣҕҼNԡ@ӣ҂бҪҼN루a moral ideal͌ҼNΌ`(a political practice) ^_46 ҼN`f˂ڌHбFČ˵Ŀƺ̡@NƣsҼ˂JͬҼN룬ǻ͵oPĿ]p˱Լ棬ҕݞȲѵĕrׅfmodus vivendiĳNxrational choiceĲԶѡ@sζpęPϵҼ׃˴ˌݵPϵSrѵΣCݵҼȡκβݵĴʩҲܱҕeġ47 ˣֻҕҼNԕrKxĵԡqՓҊfor the sake of argument҂Ȼֵ׷̓oxǷȻ@NΌ`ȻǷ񶨵ġ

ȣ@cvʷ˼ʷҵ¿ˣRichard TuckָʮʮoĚWޣrֵՓٝڽȺڽ̌ݡ48 ¿˵оr˹Wɣneo-StoicismđՓߣ׷ҼNƽo򷀡imperturbabilityȡҼNxκο^ձԵĵºڽ49 ڮrsкܶ򯾴ͽĴՓ挦Ҽ؃y@Щͽtݣβܣsпѣ򲻷ĶΣڴr£Փõԭt֮£˴_ȡڽ̲ݵĴʩ¿J飬vʷϑx͌ݛ]καȻPϵʹУҲֻĳЩr£ǾS^ЧҼNʽѡ

ɴ˿Ҋ҂hܵõP¼ڽ̵֪Rֻ򲻿֪@ЩrֵČeÉģĳЩr£SɣпֻӲͬɛ_ͻęCx񲻌ǵġ̓ox͌ҼNΌ`֮g]κ΃ϵ@xԳ֌ݺڃrֵσ춲ݺڽȺxxݣεЛ]Ќe錒ݱҼNֵÈԳֵĵ롣

ʩ؄˹QҼNʽ^m|ɣxǷŗȻnatural rightSԪ͂Եİlչ҂СʲǺõʽ֪Rʲ߀ҪҕݞҼNԣزԺ͂ecJȻ֮gڏ@Ҽ|ɡxҪCɌҼNԣָʹrֵп^ČeÉĵМʣʲҪٝɌݡ

Ҫش@}x挦^ġݵՓThe paradox of toleration܌W˹Bernard Williams@NՓ̮ľ֡˹fҪݵĭhͬȺw֮gژOyΡ¼ڽ̛_ͻĕr˴˲ݣ˂ΩQˣoƽػҼ𡣵ԎǣҪݵČǡǡҼ˵ºyܵĖ|O늅Ҽ\ĽͽҼԼĽɴҼtҕҼɞC^Įˡ֪HHĳ˵Ҽxѣ߀Ą̣ӰҼ`ƉĺCFYeԓڣ҂߀ҪݣݞҼNԣ@ǌݵՓ50 Ҫش@}҂̽ݵĵ»AҌxy̎@}MҼՓCݵĵ»AҌӑՓ˼յ˼롣







xyУ挒qoģ(1632-1704)ġՓڽ̌ݡ51 ˲̓oxߣҼλͽͬĻ֮̽gҪ˴ˌݣҪǸҺ|⡣J飬͸^sMɵľߏԵęCĿǾSoM棬ɡؔaıoȣs`ľH`HÿԼ£KݠĹنTęҲκηʽU`ȡԣ횇^ֹcڽգK_Ҏ֮gĽޡ@c@NԵĠˣЩPĻJP˵`˞ҼЩPć˞Ҽpˣ㲻ܸҼY52 ɴ˿Ҋ@Y̷xֵǣ@Nҵ⣬͹ŵ܌WиĲͬҲٟoڵؽ˂KJķʽB˂ĵԣ̌˂^ҼNƵ෴ҙ\ãֻ춱ς˵Ļʩ؄˹fRžS·Ŀ˽ˣĶcˌHNˡ53 QǶȿˏ{Ιԣ횵õƽȵĂwͬ⣬䌍ǌĿˣ˲AĲͬܵƽȵČ˙ƽܵҕ

ʩ؄˹S|ɣʲҪκڽ̷x`ȣ^ȴ᣿˿푑^ȴ£@ȴ½нoҼЩKҊ^Ҽ˸sĹنTϣǵ¡ɴڽ̌ݵĵڶɣˌ|⡣J飬Pĵ`ľH`HıҪl˂횏ăĳlĵԼŵĞڽ̵ȫֻ̈́춃ڵ`Ĵ_ţ]@N_ţͲfaith is not faith without believing54 ˣԷɡPȏ˂ŷĳҼɣ˂ֻģąsO@ӷɞ`ȵľ޴ϵKˣڽ̲ݣ䌍ҼNԣirrational__Ŀġ@YCɌݵɣԴ춌|⣬̓oxoP֮xݣڣԲŕP]ʲ᷽ʽ܉˵õ

˵ՓCкܶơҼˁKͽ˹ּoՓߌЌݣǰΣҵĹΙ߄t춲ֵه顸Zԡs@ЩļsƌoՓǲܾмsġ55ڶ˵Փֻ؄eᘌڽ̌ݣsδmI򡣵mȻ˲ݞǲԵģs]fǞڵeġ҂܉ҵЧķʽ͸^ϴXķʽͽԼጒݱ㲻ҼǱҪġˣ˵ՓyֽጌݞҼNԡ56

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еҼɆT`IֲʧĵʹÙΨҼĿģǷֹ˵Ăf@ǞĺéoՓYϻϩɶ֡Ҽ˲ԓҼ£Kf@^ãֻӿ옷ֻĵ߿@ǵĻ_ġκ˵О飬ֻ漰˵ǲֲ회ؓ؟춃H漰˵Ĳ֣ɽ^ġˣwIߵߡ58

ԭt̵wFxľÿ骚ĂwֻҪˣ㑪гֵɣxԼʽ@Щɰ˼ɡՓɵȡˣԓ˂x񩤩oՓ@ЩxУǶxѵyԽܡղHβݣҲݣҲп˾SAlexis de TocquevilleQġ˵ıŰ@NŰwıF˳Ҋ̓rֵ^͸^ݛՓʽٔϡfŰ^ǷNNΉȸ£mԸNO˵PܣsB͸ÿҼū˵`꣬yӱܡ59 Ҫֹ@NrҪıǴ_ֻP悀յI򣬂и߶ȵxɡ

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