A񹲺͇ʷ (1950-1978)

κͽ[Ҏtclչ
A񹲺͇ᣬah؏ˇhęCxh1946ųahA񹲺͇ĵҼ΅f̕hҲųķhhĸćҲɿµǸͬİݸɵđģ漆ԭtҼɉҼɵĂyĳQģʽcϱ𠎌ȣ@Ҽc͸ϱᣬ@٣ϷhڇͅhԺcĹhƽȸ؄eղɭyrڣ鱣C[ҎtĹocϷȃȑǰ@NhҼҎtxģ漆ԭtLξðƶȻAЇȑĽYҲǑĽY鑗Ҫėlθ[ҎtĹƽԣͻFʧҪJʧ@Ǟʲÿyxʧĺx˳JʧȄٷQҪöࡣ߳JʧȻ[ҎtƽMģ漆ԭtAӢ˴峯rҲOģҪԗlsķʽõʧĳJPIǗls FairPlay (ľǹƽ) 1949ȑYahδ]Ո𔡵ćhصՄӆls () @ҼfRΑBҪӢ½̣׷ľǹƽƳhࠎrĳ[ҎtҪաëɖ|sų߿ܵԭt (ɹW)[ҎtĄЇ[ҎtҕȺķhhęCxОṩƶȻėlʹҼϵнƶȺͽߵxe`Ҫǣh]JʧAҼֱڣA񹲺͇׃ҼЇγɃɂЇ档 1949ᣬhƶȺxǰMǏص׵ġǰFWCsƶxҼmضlЧʺϼsšahJƶǷNrƶȣͶY˲oؕIﷸ@NRΑBָ1950Ї_չظĸ\ӣ`˿йahĲַؔađZҷSܶؔạ^У˺ܶҌ١@NҿֲxОͲҼNWğo֪ҲǇҙCxĘOˣ෸·\@еĺϷv\Їҷµķ_ˑйٷҼֱQĵõr֧ԮСfLE꡹ Teiwes īIӛdжfஔrK֧Ԯ (Teiwes1962, pp.85-88)ʽ̎Qĵs20f80f\YϴĵrsҼf (ҊStavis, 1963, pp228)Teiwes (pp.85-88) ӛdmaֶΣHÁ΄ӆTֶΣȺ{ԄӆTȺ𹲮ahࡣ悉\ӣ巴Ҽϵ\Уַ˙࣬˾ʽhƲٿvȺ\ӁƄߵȵȣɞ1950-1979ЇhҵҪֶΡظĸlչؓӰ푣ҪLڵģֻ܏ćcLڰlչıFظĸĸτӓuЇˌؔaģҲڵ˹ΙؔaA˂ͶYͽI˽ؔaIиԵӰ푡 Mokyr (1990,1993) ı^Ӣ16-17 oĽlչıFؔaƶȵĲeóˌ˽Йౣoĳ̶ȌLڰlչPϵĽYՓ峣 (Cheung,1969) ҲlF_ĺƽČlչؓӰ푵ĽC
ĵĶЧcȑY֏͵Ӱ푺y^֣ԁKלyȡĻ֏ͣʹѸٻ֏͡1950-1953Ľ֏͕rڣЇĽQǇҙCxͲ֌FڃȑrxߵĳZĻϡҙCxҪFFڃȑrڌҼhγZ1950ҪйAI@NҙCxRrõġͬVI_ʼ (ҊSУ 1984, pp.1-2)ͬVI_˹ahڃȑr˵ȴ󷴌hķҼhãFĳZԓZǸҪҰhڃȑ֧йhėlͬVIĹahoؔaĳZˣ׃顸вE،⽨⽨Ƹ׃rơ (SУ1984,p.2)ͬVIoˣrСYaAYaAĽ漰˽ؔaA񹲺͇OĸԹ˽Yl@Ҽʾm1950-1953𵽱o˽˹̘Iã˷ֳвͬĵȼ_˷ǰƽȵ[Ҏt1951_ʼ\ (؝@Mx) 1952_ʼ巴\ (͵©VpI`ؔaΣ棬͸gنT)_\ַؔaȺ˽I˙ܶ˽IҲκηɳʽYԚ45 f˽Iе 3/4 ָ؞度IұĹMPѺԼP (Riskin, 1987).ćҙCxОF⽨TĉŔֱӿƣҪУҪTýϵĉŔؙc@ǇhrahOuͳZԼrҼҪŗęCxО顣ҼʹyRIu˳ǧRͽyọP]С]yкͺܶ˾]ՇĹ˾yУձ˵˽IʹֱӺgӿƵĹIռIaı؏195045%195363%Ƶ̘I1950ҲռlQ׵24%ۘI15%1950ꌍQ҉Ŕ࣬K_ʼҪrIYQMЇ҉Ŕࡣ粿ɫٵVɰ󶹺 43% aŔZQ׵ęCҲ_ʼlչ (ҊS, 1984, p33)ںRQ׵ĉŔҲÁ˽ (S,p34) Ҽ׵ćԺ˽IIЗl_ʼ׃ĩIԄ]ƶȣ mȻCo˽IĺϷsҪ˽IӋַ˽IؔaƶȜʂ (S,1984,p37)
巴ԼͶCѺ˽̘I\˹ٷW(Riskin, 1987) J̘Iʒlʹ˽I˾II~½42% (S, 1984, p69)ُN~½ 33% (S,p73)I̘Iˎ 3.6  (S, p74) ֻ֌{Ɍؔa˙ַ1949\@Nғu[磬Q顸Ť͡Ҽʮ岻Ҽӡ 1979 ǰ@N߲ǳԽԽƶȻćҙCxַؔa˙ķlչ ߲Ҳʹ˂вƵęّɣ Ҳ[ҎtĳZ@ɞЇLڽlչҪϵK巴\еĴҎģַ˙˽I 1956 겻ҵֿл\ӵԭ սMýW @NƶȻćҙCx˘O߽Mã ʹֹaİlչܵK (Sachs and Yang, 2001, North, 1981)1951_ʼMҼMƶȻćQ׉Ŕ (ֹ˽˳ޣCyُ) 1953_ʼмZʳyُyN(S, 1984, p103)1954ꌍ޻yُyN (S, p.124), 1955@NZҪƷȫŔMҼƶȻ (S,p124)_ʼмZʳoơԴЇǧĳl˿ƶȲٴڣ˂ɵđƶ_ʼ (S, p142, p151) r녵ŔZQ׵춹IҪrraƷ Ҫ˽̣ H@ҼNҙCxО顣 ̘I͹IIoc˽I c ̘IŔʹIIنTڵĳпòƽ׌rMЄyُyNLڽlչИOؓЧ춮rЈعi⣬߲ˣZʳ춽yُyNČ1954꣬1955Fع (S, 1984, p116, p121, p139, p152)@sɞйҪMҼ̘IrI (S,p153)rҰķǹahʿ@ЩЧOஔķs˼죬C\ӺȺ{ơ1953615գëɖ|йξ֕hʽŗȑrҰhĲҼhãxFĳZʽŗxx죬rIлahҼhh^ɕrڵĿ·1954ꑗʽ_ˇIxؙλҪȫƴYxƣ԰lչa삀wֹIҪ· (S,p125-126)@[ҎtĸD׃1957ܵЇͬˎׂҰhķ@ЩҰhȑrֹ֧ahėlǹahF䌦ͷҼhđƳZ
xIлrI
1954Ժͨ^Ƅ˽Iлėl@˽ϠI\\Ӊ{˽̣ȻýyُyNڣ̘IQĉŔ˽I·ȻýoIԹə͹λkF˽ϠIĸrUֹ˽˹ə࣬ȫFл(S,1984,p123)й1954_ʼƄrҼǱrˌaYϹəĳ磬ȻግFUֹ˽Йĸ߼磬ҪAYιķʽƄ (r幤ĴλhļҊS, pp128-129)
@\ӵĽЧOܵrĵƣйPD얹rIa֪ͨӛdSطm½_ɢⷺTĬFlͬrSطFu󣬚򣬿ȬF (S,p137) rķйҼЩ߼ֲ֧ԭt195510µйȫ@Щ҃ACxУëɖ|ƌFľwMҪҪ195770-80%r􌍬FHϏƈеĽY1955rͻF (1996pp34-37) ԔӛdֲøNֶκȺ{rChʷо1981Ҽڵ6߀ṩ˳TaYЙַܵC ĳЩЇWָQ\AĔȫʷġ
йƄӺҪǣr춙CеaеҎģ춞鹤IṩԭϣZʳ@ЩfڬFWҵ֧֡ձСƣɹ،F˙CеC@ЩՓ{ğo֪Јėl£ҼЩձIrܶСKغρKɴr͹M̘IIҎģIaߣص߰lFصԼNص롣IuUҲúϼsķʽMдҎģrˮOڛ]ȫ˽ЙɵЈl£MдҎģCеIrˮO͕ƉļT򣬶СҎģIسаmȻCҼs춙Cеȫ˽ƣЈsܽQ@y]κνWՓCrIaCIЧʵ˽IĽģͅsţ䗝HrIlչؓӰ푡^ȥʷҼJЇrIǚvʷϵҼ˼Zʳaӡ@N^c@ȻƬġ19569i߲˹ǳo녳Jδӵr£гi⹩½С患r弯и]u (S,p177) 1955춺ȫpٶf^ϣ1954ѽɵ67f磬1/4pa (㣬1996pp34-36hʷо19811ڣp6) 1955ţ60% (drδ1988  2 ) 1955йӛ̎ɵ㽭{Mָ15hYl60Ⱥ}y_hҼhI10ˣȺژԵĘ[ (hʷоYϡ 9 p.698)Ϻrrţir (ЇrIʷYϡ19923p1) ԺȫyӋļZޮaԮaYŤӴi⣬߲ˇضȱrġЇrIaK]Ӱ푡rIЇrIaLڰlչؓӰǺ@ (Ҋ_˹2000) 
KʽMI
Ї1959_ʼеx҂횻شɂ}ҼǣʲKʽxwKɼ{^Ĵǣʲ@ҼNwKǰ܉桢ȡö˲ĿĽLЧڶ}cІ}PKʽwƵʲ᣿@ҼС҂Ȼش@}҂ȷKʽxwƺëɖ|xw֮gą^e
mT-˹͹Ү(Lange, von Mises, and Hayek)֮gՓcҼ}PT-˹ (von Mises1922) ͹Ү (Hayek,1944a) KʽwȱЈrܫ@ñҪYӍo\DQӆҼҼµӋĳɱߵòСm̩ (LangeandTaylor,1964) ʹ¹ŵȫģՓCЈx܉QӋĸ߲ɼӋɱ}Јx£SMƷЈIaҪضǇСӋCPȫIĹ󻯽orµKR󻯵ĮaȻӋ߸^{ЈrֱMƷЈ塣Јx܉YxwƸЧYԴҮ (Hayek,1988) ͸Y (Friedman,1962) ͬ⡣J飬Ӌߛ]м{rЈIĹȱI˽Йr£]зeOԌ󻯣෴Ӌȫɱ^@܉ӋߵęKΟoε档
Ơ (Kornai,1980) J飬Asܛģȫɵ͹a߹ͶȱIҪ˽Йr£r܂_挍YӍĶǾLڲYԴñŤˡ
ЇҼЩW1980lչKʽwƵĎ׷NՓеҼNQЙ̓ՓAW܊_С (1988) ׾V (1988) ƽ (1988) ϑc (1988) ĎƪՓĎ׺ͬrЙ̓Փ@NՓJƹڲͬęC֮gͬҼؔa֮ͬЙಿ֡aཛWЙĶxЙɃɲ֘ɣؔa̎Ùؔa@ƙ(ؓ)(ҊFuruboth and Peijovich1974) xYؔa̎Ù֌Ӌίr֡ڄӾ֡IIĹߡӋίLͶYPYԴЛQࣻr֌rЛQ࣬ڄӾ֌°ЛQ࣬IͶYԭϼͶҪصЛQࣻS팦ճQЛQࡣЙҼ֣缯Гpʧęؔ͸I֮g֣ˣ]І΂˻CҼؔaȫЙࡣЇ˷Q֮顸]ϰwơߡЙ̓õwơՓCfڛ]ЮaYκΌ|Ը׃r£@ҼNwƵκη֙ɻĸĸﶼɱQĆ}Ć}Sӭ (1999) ˎׂĲܶƗl£IҲܳF_ܣAsӲܣƮaЧؼsԇйɞĹ˾ĸﲻܽQIx}@ЩҼƪ (ϑc1988) ָ@]m˽ˮa࣬ЙĲͬMɲڷָęC֮g@NҼҪ@ҼNƶȰģ¬F˾ĿϵyҼNƺCơ@Nƺϵyc߹نTشؙYϣṩҼЧĿϵyԼ@ϵyļ峣 (Cheung, 1974) ʷRf˹ (Shleifer and Vishny, 1992, 1993) lչҼNrՓ@ɷNՓcKʽwP峣Փrܱ춄ֵ@ǹٷrЈr֮gĲeֵɿܵyֱֵɢֹ춌{Ŀ]ҪҼNȼƵY˵ļeֵ@NȼƱؙAÁrĲȡ档@NՓζȱǞ˽oȼƵṩɶɵ (ҲSڹنTĝRY) ʷRf˹xµձȱՓ fȱنTȡŔҼN ÁwŔ pٹŔĲM ǱֱӵĉŔrõҼN@ɷNՓÁCmЈxՓoЧ峣ʷRf˹ՓҼȼƵY£ĿöȱĉŔṩɵԒ҂ָ^{rأ @ՓóЈx\ĽYՓЈxԇC@YՓ (Kornai,1986)Ȼ@YՓ]лش҂ĵڶ}19301950KK]ɼ{ЈxӋwƲHҴڶ߀Sңȡ193340g8%194858g9.4% Lʣ@cĸrЇLͬ˲Ŀ (ҊSachs, Woo, and Yang)ʲT˹͹Ү˲AҊKʽӋĶڳɹM_AҊKʽwLڵʧT˹ҮˡY峣ʷRx]а]@}ϡ_˹ (Sachs, 1996) _˹,,͗ (Sachs,Woo,Yang,2001) o@}ṩҼ𰸡҂Fڸ@𰸡_˹͗ (Sachs and Yang,2001) Y˹ģʾlչǄڄӷֹMҼ^̡؄eأS͗ (Ng and Yang,1997,ҊSachs and Yang,15) ָҼԵYڄӷֹMͨ^ԇNڄӷֹģʽ@õĽMYӍԼPԇģʽĄӑBQ֮gĽQ춴ԇ򞎧YӍcԇɱ֮găy_ͻڄӷֹĺ̎ͽMõ֮găy_ͻԮԇͽ׵ЧԽߕrԇĄڄӷֹģʽԽ࣬ͨ^Ј@õĽMYӍҲԽࡣȻֻ𲽫@PڄӷֹЧģʽYӍ˂ȱMYӍrԇsĄڄӷֹģʽ֮ǰԇЩεĄڄӷֹģʽ@lչǂĄڄӷֹĺģʽsģʽM^̡ȻS͗ (Ng and Yang, 1997ҲҊ Sachs and Yang,2000, 15) ʾl_ͨ^𲽵ԇѽlF˄ڄӷֹЧģʽlչ܉Խ^ڄӷֹgAζֱģڄӷֹЧģʽڰl_ңYxƶЈԇOSĄڄӷֹģʽl_Yx҄MMYӍߵĴMI˙CMIпɁK]YxƶȻAOʩKʽxwƁ팍FYxƶȻAOʩǰlFЧĹIģʽĸȱYxAƶȕrͨ^ģYxƶȄĹIģʽMI@Nԣ19301950KʽxɹعIՓA춺@NԣҮ˺T˹AҊ20oKʽwƵҴ桢˲ĿLЧ
ش}҂ҪعЇ1959KʽxwƵ£
(1) ͨ^raƷIƷ̓rKI@NwȫIćЙӋ@ÇйITĸIĸÁģ¸߃ʡͶYʺعИIpИIߵLʡ@NIlչģʽYxI^졣ʷ͗ (Shi and Yang,1995ҲҊSachs and Yang, 200212) ˹ģͣعIĸLͨ^aػa朗laYИI؁팍F@ǄڄӷֹMҼ档
(2) IćЙӋwƱÁMCԵĹIͶYҎ@ЩҎڌNIƷЈ߀ڕrͬrSǳIĹII@NCԵćͶYҎl˄ڄӷֹW·ҎģĴS@ʹ߶ȌIĹIИINlS@NCԵćͶYӋ1930Kͨ^S԰l_YxҵČӆ (Zaleski,1980) 1950ЇځK͖|WČҵԮɵġ@NCԵćͶYҎʮЧP춄ڄӷֹЧģʽ̈́ڄӷֹĮaIW·ЧMMYӍ1950Ї694͹ĿKԮ156PIĿҎ@Ҏںܶ̕rgȣS߶ȌIIgɹ؄ҼĄڄӷֹW·r߀]Щ߶ȌIaYϵЈ (1984) 磬156PIĿ֮Ҽږ|µԮ£ҼIa춙CIʯIݽɣrC߀֧ҼaʯĴ͌II@ӵͶYҎcMIՓஔҼ¡KӋ֌YxIģʽʹMIģµīIӛd܏ļ˹ (Zaleski,1980) ҵЌ (Lenin,1939) ճYxI⣬KӋģЇĴMIӛd܏ķ (1984) ҵ
(3) Ӌஔϵyģ¹I˜ʻaaYx˾Yˡ˾͕Ӌ֮gƺCƣ̩տƌW(ЇQ鶨~)ԼYxIlչMģʽ͹ͨ^ͬҼؔa̎úڸIؔyСӋίr֡YֺC֮gķָ@ЩC֮gƺCơӋͨ^@NƺCƌҼஔЧĿƙCơߌhĹنTͬӋw\Dʣȡࡣм\@wƁʣࡣЌJ飬KӋߑMҼ˾@Nƶȵ플ӣ]Чƺ⡣hMڳ˾ИIЉŔ࣬c1688ӢľɽY (˽IԄӵӛ) ͪ˾ϵyđγrգǷNw_플ӽƺ⡣ȱ@N플ӵęƺ⣬KʽxwƞƶȻćҙCx˺ܴg
(4) ӋȱgҪЈr£ʹҼYƽҼԇe{ĳʽʹƷĹƽ⡣@wஔõĽӽа (Leontief) ͶaóĽYЇ50Yƽ^̵\y (WorldBank,1984) ṩԔӛ䛡ȻаͶaܿ]ͬͶ֮gܴ_MƷKҲṩʹc@ʾ˽YӍЧCơ_m (Roland, 2000, Ҽ) CҼЩģͣ@ЩģCͨ^ӋĄӑBԇe{^̵õľǟoЧʵġ
(5) ȻģYxɹĹIģʽYxIȲģʽͨ^ƉĮaIͽMĳɹģʽYxƶȻAOʩ팍Fġ@ǵҼ뼯໯Ľƶȵԇ򞡣뼯ԇțQlOӋƶȰŵĲTŔ࣬@ͨ^ַ˽ˮa͞锵ϴ\еļtɫֲ팍FġOӋƶȰŵĲTȱƽζxƶȰŲЧKʽxwҼOӋĵҼNwƣǏ԰lMͅcͨ^ƽca׵ĽгFġҮ(Hayek,1944,1960,1988)J飬ЧƶȰֻ@ӹƽ׵ĽYF_˹ (Sachs,1996) J飬ģ°l_YxĹIģʽĲԣȱYxƶȕr܉a˲ĿLЧȻģµĝѽıM߄ڄӷֹľW·׃sĕr@NԵLڴr^ĶЧ棬@Nwƛ]ƶȄPƶȻAOʩҼģlչԇDsϰl_ҕrͨѭƶȰlչ̌WԇDģ¹IģʽǽƶȣT˽IĽMYǷwƣT繫˾ȻwƣThҲSKɼ{ҼЩҎtTƺ⼰԰l_ҵRΑBОҎZ˼ (North,1994) Z˼͜ظ˹ (North and Weingast,1989) ָӢlչ^ǵ^ģRΑB͵ʄtQ򣬑QwƺͷwƣȻwƺͷwƮaҼĽЧڇH_ϛ]Ҽ֧Ҽе΄ĵؾέhYͬgЧĲa׃RΑB͑ҎtĉZ˼ţRΑB͵ʄt׃ȽY׃Ҫöࡣ]⵽ëɖ|xwƱ|ϲͬKʽxwơЇKah֮gĸڇH_τҼNƶOӋӴϵƺ⡣ˣëɖ|KеֱX1956꡸ՓʮPϵvԒ֙(ë1977a) @ҼθЇͶ_˹ƶ׃eĴ󱳾
ʮ߀l˃ɂҪĽƶ׃ҼlչؓӰ푣ҼӰ푡Ժ195456ՏUֹĩlչČƶȣñvʷWJ]иƁKʽġaİlgMhĪЗl(ҊS,p117)19556TĵȼɭČoƸĞʮżY(S,p145)׃lչдMá
ʮеƶԇҙCxƶȻҌȫŔͿƣַؔa硣@Nƶ18oĚW类CǘO]иƶȣʮoƶȵķȇocx͑Ӣģ²дMIscӋIΌݡcKͬǣйΌǹahͲͬҊhʿȺǲȺӆTɹنTĄäĿȺȡTCP˾ʽĿֲxȺ·(Teiwes,1965, pp85-88)@NкyжδHJČзrеķ؟ԭtЇķ߿Ɍ؟ƽoȺo׵Ⱥ\ӣ˲׌@Оȡ1990ǰ|µķȡ˾ЄӡʮЇĹIlչcKʮĹIҼӣஔɹ1952-1957ILʸ_18%Lʸ_8.9%ͶY17.8%22.6%֮gmȻYγʱͶYʵ2%10%(Riskin,1987) 
磬SM
ЇČW߶ͬ⣬1958-1961ЇlĴҎģvʷҼ˞KvʷӛdďδˑKңӛdđе˔Ҳδ^@δе˔@ںܺɰlɈ˞ɵđKЌWָƉĶ˱KĽY֡ЇČW߽춼ͬ⣬@ΚvrĴIǧfˡЇٷlęhʷJ顸19591961ķ͜pٳ˿ڔǧfҡ (M۰lչĚq¡ڶp.272) ЇW߽x (1993) ԇҽyӋְlĔ֞ӋĽYǡHHЇrķ˔Ϳ_ǧʮfW߶(1996, p.7)ԹٷYϞAĺҲóǧfIĽYՓWߴͬI˔ǧfĹӋ˔sǧf (Chang and Wen, 1998, Peng, 1987, pp.639-70, Kane, 1988)
Ǽƶȿɵ˵س̶ȵҼð悷Cң҃A\ӵҼϵЌɵȺ\ӣЇahɞҼȫƼsğoޙ\ӵԔMӛdҊ (1993) ҃A\ӵӛdҊ (1996pp.37-86) 巴悷CīIӛdҊTeiwes, (1962,pp85-88)@Щ\ᣬI όuֻ õ蹦ힵµhI䌦¼ĸF̓Ԟ棬KԹĄuҊMȺõYӍȫʧ棬نT̓ٵͻ_жգOe`ěQߣᄳʷĴġ؞ (Chang and Wen, 1998) ԼīIӛdɴFʼ 1958ëɖ|lӴSM\ӣFaֻ599fėl£ Ҫa1199f䓡 FS_@a _ʼ̖ȫF ڴɰrфŪȥߠtrFߟɏUF@^дľëɖ|Hƶr (rI֑) r߶ֲʹܶfڿ՚woաëɖ|l\ӣrIρKҼ磬Աȫr彛ahߎĹĄ_ʼʂǰM빲axkʳãҪXͥF܊»Ů˷_wסrķݣԱ㼯оסόlh֮Ҽ (㣬p47)T˽ؔaȫ乫rsڹ绯ǰi䡣춸ֲëɖ|ĉ̓Faëɖ|ԞZʳԲ꣬ӹZ (rI) F@ҼĿ˵ֶξǷ҃A\ӡ Сƽ19625빤h棬 ҃A\ӌHӰ푵ҼǧfˣَʮfǱcж҃ACxӵĎֲhT߀и౻©Wɣظķ (㣬p.220-221) @NΉ£ֲ¼߈aɢ (㣬p.222)ӱh1958Zʳa4̓F͔Uʹُ΄ճɱӣHacُ׺ஔorֻ(йhʷYϡ, 99, pp74-76)F݌a70|Zʡίψąs150|Pꖿh1959Zʳa1.54|hί4.05|VϴhίHa1.44|F2.57| (㣬p.222)@Щ̓Įaëɖ|JZʳóԲ꣬p 1959괺e9ǧf (㣬p.222)ͬr9ϺhйQӶك|ُ (㣬p.223)춹ʳóҪXȫĿڼZڶȳ꣬Ϝpգُӣ1959괺ľ_ʼ_(Chang and Wen, 1998)
ѱ滯r£ĉsJ@A˓vyma˽֣ëɖ|Ҫr񿷲˰Zָʾ_ᣬ1959ʡd𷴲ma˽\ӣӎֲҎģrѹμZʳl׷ƼZʳrø䣬ˣ˸NP (㣬p.225)ʹĸѸ (㣬pp.223-228)^SMyץ˲ˣѷSM (㣬pp.145-147)^ȥʷҌ@Κvʷëe`ɺk£˽顣y򣬙ӳ̹Pġ񉯵ëɖ| (pp225-257) ӛdRɽhYҼ£I˵Ľ^늈ѽ_ϺйξֳίkҡP_h󝾹hίӛʯoëɖ|f֪Ăfӵ˿rǘO@˵ģҼռ5%Ҽ11%Ҽ15%Ҽռ20%࣬еĴӎ׺oˣס҂RHPϣıˁGăͯsİˣҼҡ (ʾ͇¼o9pp.64-65)ͲI˶֪˳¼Ҳëɖ|ܽ^Jeְldˮ߳Ҫ^1958ҎģB@Nˮ^rȫʧɣū`Ҽӄڄӣֲ˵¼ǳձ顣ӎֲҲǰl@rڣӎֲßo޵ę@DŮۉգMlYؙ (㣬 p195, p242, pp151-152)S˵ĬFҼֱm1961꣬@ҲcSMȡɎ㌏ƶP (㣬pp152-154)@N˾ƶȵĵëɖ|Y顸AYҼץ`rӎֲSMзµгɞ\cAīIӛ (2000pp.56-62),1959I˵rͅR󵽱19603ëɖ|ȱZ}ָʾ195912-19602¸Cͨμ]hFI˵ĬFйDCʡίQͨμ}ҊQӽMMҼķӣֲ鲻߀ͨˌ΅^̎ЌI˵ҊJԭصףhӲhMز1959I˵r룬1960괺ZʳTͽKʡίքeɹMȥKh{飬_JȱZ19602¹ʡIֲ醵rӍֻ֏Pr˿ڡäĿ[ӡăȲͨ󡣸ҼhȽ^ܙn1960-1961Pꖿh33f˿I 6f (1/3)l 63 ӛd˳¼@ҼnɡPrlչ桵Ҽİlۡ_šsI19943̖ (pp.45-51) 19604ëɖ|ٷýwĿв6_ʼX쵽挦rć؆}ǌe`؟ƽoӎֲĹx`yo (Ap58)
1961ëɖ|Д࣬ҼAYҼ挦r׌ˬF^mӡëɖ|ָ֧߼ֲȥ{飬JشyǌظժñˣĲصףҪan@rܶҲ֧@ҼД (Ap.62)1961ΣCڅcȫYϣ 19616ǰr؅^_13.5f19614-5͵ɵrЇ_4500ˡ1961ģɽ|ʡĳǣݣ^6 ·I 16700ˣ9 · 35600ˣ10£HĳҼӑ˔_ 10 f uuŮ 985 ˣзļ 869 ˣeӽMȫc (Ap.60)
棬ܶl{ĽYՓcëɖ|ҼӣO{ߡ196157ëɖ|DܶuʳõԒӛ䛣˲Bڄ揊Ҫɢʳᣬë67µ빤hQǷ񅢼ʳãȫTӑՓQʳÎ׺Ҽҹ֮gȫɢ (Ap.62, S, p.992)ru֏ͣQҲ_šܶʡ^rʳZļ_֮ǰнw԰l˴Ǭ196110F@Ҽǰkʳõļtʡ֮Ŀh˰aëɖ|Ȳ׽@ɽKE^19619£ëڏ]ɽ빤hyѵȵף΄Ҽ (Ap.60)
FCëɖ|͌ҎģIˣʳđKȫ֪飬X߳ŭ׃ӅץAYȺַ˙kƷSMҊKǧӋµͻƿڣ ӣ@Ҳ\Ӻĸc˰l_ͻĸԭ
@āKëɖ|˵УǌƪõxƶȌҙCxƶȻıȻZؐW ɭ(Sen,1977,1981) ָҪĴāKǆμȱZ ؙAڼZʳȱr޵ļZʳ ȱZļ衣 ֺ͗ (Lin and Yang,1998) ЇеCC@Ҽ롣ı滯ᣬ؎ֲֹrӻģÇ\Ӵrrձ͵IfО (㣬 p242) ZʳҲ탞ȱCеĹKû֏ӰrĵȼɭČoƃȱCؙAҪ (S,p.275)@NعҼֱSֵëɖ|ȥᡣɭCҼңĻĺͼZʳȱɺܸʣ ҪZʳSÿcόͬȵxƱҪͨ^еhɵýwӳĶlڌƇҡ@fҼhõČƶҼǼZʳȱԭҼҲڽoȱėl£I^˵ԭ򡣺ܶWߣйֲҼնͬıyձԎoЇĞyҪ (Ap.64)@ҲfƵlչƉĿܳ^˹ (y)lչK
@NƶЇҪĐ|lIΣC΄ӁyЇCëɖ|·صʧйhҼ߅1962ǧ˴(й빤h)Ϸëɖ|ߣëɖ|zӑ (S,p323)ƶ£@NIΣCɴSMʧҪؓ؟_ѸٽQIe`Еrƶț]йJ[ҎtQ@ҼIΣCëɖ|ȻաhĸߌӴ󲿷˶1961»{᲻֧ëߡ ëIcµвݣͱȻę΄Ӂy«@ÛQߙI1949˷hh1957悉˵ȷh1959悉hȷᣬhJRSMe`ĸ߼ֲsٛ]ƶșCƁƺëɖ|ę
1961-1962ڄ棬Сƽ_I£ЇĽȫ֏͵SMǰĠrСƽ֪Ȇ}ćԣȫ֧ք棬1961uֲ{얹̣䌍ߵķ؞زˉmȻB֧ëAY\ӣͬrreMС棬ܶСƽ녞ߵe`°՟oеΣ1962Ą淸ëMԣҪŌߣëֱԣʳҪʷġ (Դμҗc\ӡϷĩ19951120) Ⱥؑ1962괺cԒrҲvvʷI˵Ҫʷȥġr鲻ԽfҮϯr@N¡(Ⱥ1998,pp.103,105) 殔r߀δJR@N悷Cң҃A\ӣзɵıȻY1959-61ĴČҼЩ߼ֲĴ̼OҼđ@ҹP顸ą^ĜDKĠȑ߀Ҫࡹ@ȫǟo^Ġ (Ap64)@NBęC]еıKrs녷Q顸ЇںãIҲ췴(Ap64) 춸߼ֲc񱊸Ĥ녿֪ܲ飬Ҳ[mʷ1960-1963Їl˶ţëĵhӣҪЇhЇڄhȇ܊Ҽ؞ahҪV׷йahķ@Щh1969A飬1970Ҽ\б (Ҋع⣬1994)
1961ëɖ|_ʼ_֪ԼJ˴󵜣r]_aǵȵŷ㡣1961겻پw^˵ļmƫӣëҲ@rֹͣ⣬ă̎ëJԼкerȫh{ӣSyvyI£ҼԹtՓ̎ (Ap64)@N£挦ĬFëؕӢԚëɖ|e`JSMʧҕrIͼZʳġ䓞VĞ顸rIAԼZVֻصЇŴʧr֮aIߡ@ҼQëͬˉ򣬵ֲܹ_ëߗlɹIҎģտsܶ˿ڱsr壬ʹлˮƽ½ڇaBm½Ὓ_ʼ֏͕rIaֵ߀½@ɞëɖ|ҼɣQ˞顸IRL(S,pp322-372) 
ëɖ|s1961_ʼʂ䷴1961313սo棬ܶСƽ녣挑ţuȌȲPϵ߀ǲˡëӰڲU󣬡Ҽѳɶ֣ӾoDģҪʡеҼӛlĽoţȻյƽҼطنTRƨץAYżëͬrPֱ뽡ַ{AY1962ǧ˴Ϲ_J1959ԁe` (A,p65) RڮİˌʮЕϹĴAY·Dࡣ1963꽛΄ȫDrIa_ʼᣬй_ʼlnƣsСʹ漯QףK1961֮ЧİaЈ(S,p359)
(3.5)ĻǰĽlչ
SMἰĸǰЇǻ֏͵yKʽƶȼҼЩarQЈԇĻϡëɖ|1956ڡՓʮPϵ1960꡴νWxPӛԇҼcKʽͬƶȵ뷨@N뷨ҼֱyСΒ쎛Ⱥ·Խo㣬СͣagͣFȫҎļg·|̼SMᣬ@Щ˼ϱҼϵе (ʮlIʮlrIʮl) 񶨡ë֙˼Ҳܵͬµĵƣ˹нQߙ࣬rֺ͉ŔaYͨYҲ1963꽨 (S, p364) @Qll ëɖ|֙౻QKK rI߷棬wƌ|񶨣ʳýɢQߙؔaЙĹ·ŵaꠣҼw߀Ǳ (S,pp306,314,316,348) ëɖ|PڹIͨϵyιCPͻΣYYe{Y̼MҼ˽̣˽˷aЇлҼЩ^c߀1965-1966 ꌍ (S, pp.373-414)
19581961ĴSM19661970ĻgԼĻᣬҼЧӋwЇѲʹڡӋӋHσHҼġ1950ЇҼӋĳɹëɖ|e`صóɹw춹ahxwƵăԽԡĽYՓ׳ɹǻKYxģ¡ˣëԇDԼĹaxƶȣTʹʳáͬrëҼNҵķKУ֙෴ӋÿIÿhÿʡԽoḮڄӷֹȺ··gСҎģԽoIgMĴҎģIȵ (Ҋë1977b) @ӣҼЇڄӷֹMpЇrͣڂyԽoҼëЇf{CƵҼգț]ӋҲ]Ј܉f{ڵҼӋYlչĄڄӷֹ@ĸg˽IͼwI䣬19701984QlI (TVE) Iͷ֙p߅߅ӑr߀rƶ䡣ʩ֙fhĶ؛hëĕrlչڶ؛hｻQǳձ飬ЕrȱƷƷ؛šPD܉1996yаlչָM19501960Iĳɹĸ_ʼrЇǳؚF̶ܴrIrI71%ڄKnض֧ԮIϾWֻṩoвTռs20%˿ڡĻAOʩ͏{طԽo㌧ºܵ͵ą^򌣘IͱСIcKȣٵöӋ͹طиęKlչஔĹ@ҼОӷ֙໯Ľ˜ʂ䡣йIIҲõaNaNcKȁKձ顣rITؿƣҼ󃔡1976ëɖ|ȥᣬЇrҼԽoĽ_ʼrֹMƶD܉^̡Ї18%ĄڄڷrIԣǰK85%ϵĄڄڷrI (Sachs and Woo, 1999 6)1985,Kw£ǰKڄ99% (ڇкͼwr14%ڄ) o衸F롹 (ҊCook,1993K˱ϵԔMęnӛ)ږ|WYO󲿷ֹҲƵıϡ˹ (Yang,WangandWills,1992) ӛdֱ1978꣬ЇrҼஔԽoMͨ^ģKĹIģʽҼӋЇаlչ˺ܸߵĄڄӷֹˮƽ1978ǰЇr̘I̶0.3@ζЇr܉ͨ^̘Iͨ^Ӌlչ߄ڄӷֹˮƽҼ̈́ڄӷֹˮƽlչҼNƷЈwЩҼͨ^Ӌlչ߄ڄӷֹˮƽĽYlչ˽ˮaPЈOy춵̈́ڄӷֹˮƽЇrĸЩ෴ͨ^ӋĸߵöĄڄӷֹˮƽЇĳиĸyȻҼwЇĸȶ_˹׵ö࣬ĸgӋwưcˡͬrëĹIwƱKʽxwƸɢ͸AֲԽo㡣
ĻҼëɖ|1962SMe`и߼ֲĴҎģΈͺȺҼ棬ëɖ|K]ֻʹʷ_ùřCȺķ196610ᣬ1949ԁȺ񌦹ahŵĲMS޶ȵνY磬K֧԰l췴ɷȺȼܵҕRrͬҲ췴ҲYY𣬷ͻεĸNҪ@ëɖ|Q齛xL(ҊS, pp418, 423, 425  1966  4 YйnS, p410)@rIIͣͣaëɖ|֧ƉӋCP췴Їxlݿ˯񜫡ٳмwIʹwIƵ˽IÇIIc֮ClչYIIܴ^ȥԭʼYxAõ㽭ݵ؅^ɞYxĸӁylչĵطҼй1966914յęnQ˽ϠIIĞIIYҵĶϢҼȡ (S, pp416-417)Ļ (19661969) йSrԽMνMԭhFMγɱɽMcҰʿγ췴ɽMëɖ|xeQؓ[ҎtֹȫνMʡ΅fkQ췴cɼ췴Ƀȵě_ͻ΅fɹٷٔ˲ٿvĲ͸^̣֛]xeQؓ[Ҏt췴еҰFJݔ¸֮glȑȁyëֻԌȫ܊¹ƶYӁy
ëɖ|ķKA1966йcYxQPϵěQ1972й43|ԪĳO͆ΙCM (S,p409)@֏lչµďYxMڳOMMIđ (S, pp.523, 527, 530, 531)@ҼҼֱmĸ_ŕrЌ䓳OMڣɽ׻OMڣԼN늚MƷaMڶɞЇIĻA@NԹӋƶȁģ˽ƺЈ¹IģʽOͶY¼gO䣬sģYxķƶȣؔaYЈƶȺļCơ
1970ëɖ|ȫ悉ĸ԰laķǹahȺνMᣬ_ʼ^Ч1960νW̿ƕxPӛҼ׷KӋ֙࣬ط֙࣬I·ȫȺ·Խo㣬СȺëʽxʷϣĸ_ŕrؔǬƣƣط֙ʼ1958 (S,pp210, 212, 216, 227)ȤǣҼЩߣȡӋYҲʼ1958 (S, p228)1971ëɖ|µؔʽlnëĵط֙ƣҪǌܵI·ŽoʡطؔгI룬Ḷ̌ԮP⣬wطؔʡָ֧ˣCƽ˶_ᣬطǬմֶ֧Ҽ^U룬wʡ֧䣬طؔƽ⡣1972@ƶָĞ鳬Ҽ|Ԫԃɵط֧䣬Ҽ|Ԫ͵ط֡KʡhؔӌӰǬ(S, pp475-476) طҲõ`̎С͹IIĶʵęë֙롢ʡh͹֮gևIЙࡣ෴KȫIнyҼЙࡣ

ЇĽĸ (1978-2002)

ĸc
ëɖ|ᣬ^Ҽ̕^ڣСƽՙ佛Ҫǣr֏1962İaԇ򞣬UֹƶȣԇЇIķř׌ƄӅ^֙ƶȡaRʹr彛֏͵1950ˮƽƶҼֱ]л֏͵1950rƶȡСPʿ(1992)ԔӛdЇr1980ƶ׃12ָķNؔa (aƷڄӣأYa) 綨 (ʹÙ࣬D׌࣬) ĽЧʡЇ1980ƶ׃֞AΡҼAΞ綨aƷʹÙ࣬ͽ綨صʹÙĽЧʴߣڶAΞ綨aƷ̈́D׌࣬Լ綨ĽЧʴߣ綨D׌ĽЧҲߡAΣ綨ؔaĽЧʴߣ綨D׌ĽЧʸߡwԣخaƶ׃춮aƷĽЧʵ^СӰؔaD׌ƶ׃СӰؔaʹúƶ׃춽綨aľCϽЧָ19790.384ӵ19870.642Їr̘I̶Ҳͬڏ0.455ӵ0.645СPʿ (ҊYang, 2001, ch.16) ĮaཛWģ̘ͣI̶ȷӳ˷̶ֹȡЇrֹˮƽߣʹaߡ80Їr˾挍Lʸ_9% (Yang, Wang, and Wills, 1992)
ą^֙ͨ^ƶȻʡgؔPϵ얹ë֙ࡣԶպ͇IҼķҎtʡ֮g֡ą^֙ڣ̶ʡϽoڣ̶ʡϽocëɖ|rͬǣSЌӌؔǬҼNЇʽؔx@M^гF1990ЇĸṩƄyеĎ£@NؔxѵطĶշNՙCcĶշNՙCx_ (Qian and Roland, 1998, Qian and Weingast, 1997 ؔxͶ뼯͵cطgؔPϵγrČ (Zhuravskaya, 1998  Qian, 1999) @ֵؽЇͶ_˹ĸￃЧĲe҂^߹Ӌą^֙ؔxlչؕIȣЈKM˵طIĉŔ (, 1999, , 1997, P206)QԒfą^֙^ë֙ĵķ棬KȫyҼЈγɣ (Lardy, 1998a P204) ܇ИIf@ҼcΣЇؔxcؔx֮gвeO󡣏1954_ʼЧđƶȘO˄ڄYӡMܽ@Ҽƶ˸ĸڴS]þסÿQסCǣЇĴЏr߀ȲľGĵλЇ횱Ȯþ֧ߵöŮWMIrڱУIÛ]ЮÑڵPЇƶ׃ҼǳԔMӛ䛣Ҋ (Cheng, 1991)w@Nƶȵ׃@ՓĵҼ°汾Ҳ܏ĳ̵õ
ᣬЇзǳ뼯ʡXƶȣڸʡ֮g݆{نTԴ_ڵطcl_ͻr^\ˣ1989ԭⱣҼrЇʽؔxؔxrۻȡЄęrؔw׃hxؔx춛]˾xϣЇЈָǳء˾xζݹ˾ҼݵķԺ˾VԺЇĿʡ˾sɸVʡԺʡԺҼƫ̻ʡ档@ɵطЈiƶȻ磬Ϻʹú܇Ӌ܇ʹϺ܇Ӌ܇
MĸrrЇвȡMIģ²ԵĺܴأЇyԽoИIĸرȱ˽ˮaЈl£Ȼģ°l_Yx҄ڄӷֹЧģʽĿgǮK_ʼĸĸr@NԵĝѽıMˡ
Ї˲ĿİlչЧHHģϵYxIģʽĝձۡ_n|SԇҲģ²ṩ˿gۡ_dIYxṩ˄ڄܼͳڹIģʽMYӍ@Nģʽðl_Ͳl_g˾挍@ڄڄܼƳƷQȡYܼO䡣_۵A̎YIҼܡƶ֪RY@ЩЇģµYxIģʽOҪЇҲR،W_۵Ľ򞣬磬؅^oǌ_Yxҳڼӹ^Qׅ^ֱӷЧ@Щ؅^@؜pPQױډɵĽMáֱͶYߵ˽˙؅^ȱږ|؅^ܵõöıo՗Ÿ́ڄӷֹՓ (Yang, 1999, ҲҊSachs and Yang, 2001 16) ԼSgӶrՓ (Yang and Ng, 1995, ҲҊ Sachs and Yang, 2001,8) @IЏҼͨ^kIIҼguo|ֱ 20 oĩЇļӹںQׅ^عɵIԵ^ߵÌطYԴĉŔ࣬޶ރȌaƷ㲿a ʹֱͶYƶÁoIҵ֪RaĹְܲܳl]
ĸĸrʷ_ֺëɖ|xăɂcΙҼhŔ͇I֧λ (Lardy, 1998) īIӛ䛣ڸĸrծa͹͹ˮƽ͹ءյYԴˮƽͱأ вTڔU ؅^ڣ IǣͬKʽƶȣ ЇĲͬCط֮gڽஔҵĸ @NƶȵƶȻćҙCx͸ lչȻؙAӼȵ|
ЇЈĸҪȱͷΣ@ƶȻćҙCxyAӵļٹ˽ͲⱵĸ҂ķȱrЈĸ硣
YҼ£Ї19801990˲ĿLЧҪwʼlչˮƽ (Ğyëɖ|r֏͵|)ģµĳڌ͹IģʽCxЈë͇֙Ic_°lչģʽģµҼw@xϣxЈͬmЈxͬӋIĽyҼЙģϵYxIģʽʷ_ֵx Ҳͬ춲ЧκYxëɖ|x ģµĝıMᣬ ЇxģʽҲSʧ19301950ϵYxIɹģ֮ᣬ Kʽx20oĩʧҼӡ
ЇĸʼlƄ`PЇĸS`^c
ҼЩЇҌЇlչЧ^߹Ӌ_˹ͺ (Sachs and Woo,1999) ָЇLЧK|LЧãϣ^ȥʮ꣬춄ڄܼƳƷѸٳLԣ|ÿЈǳѸٵL19861994gُIƽr{ᣬЇ˾GDPL5.66.8%֮g|19651990LĕrgҲFͬߵİُIƽr{˾GDPLʣۣ5.8n7.4¼7.4_6.3ӡᣬ4.7R4.5̩4.6⣬ЇdIw_֮g˾挍ڼӴ
ЇĹٷyӋҲ߹挍Lʡ (Lardy, 1998) ָٷYٸ߹L12%ҼЩЇWߣ_B (WϢ1999515գ1) J飬ٷYϸ߹L23% (Lardy, 1998) ҲṩЇ[mP춇yЉĎ͇IؔՠrYӍC
SཛWҲSՓCfͬİlչЇضĚvʷĻy܌²ͬD܉·ҪЇѭͬҼD܉·ָܱ؟^rĵۇxđBҼҞĵy^cSҵİlչ򞿴ܽ^@ָ؟ҼЩңK19491979ЇԇDģYxIҪYxķwϵͮaYYʧˡң_n1980ĩǰԇDģYxwƺͮaYҪwƣ1980ĩR@вͨKҲ_ʼD܉ձӢ͵ģȫYxɡκͽƶȣʵؙࡣȱʙƺr£ȡ˷ǳɹĽlչ˶ЇңoձˡЇ˺ˎyʹ܊ռI񜫯D܉֮ᣬձȻĳЩPIgPϵāОʄt@1990ձĽΣCY韩
@ЩҼƶȺģLڳɹĽlչĸˣD܉xҵƶȫYxƶڅͬ^̣ǄҼ|ϲͬYxƶȄ^ (Sachs and Woo, 1999) 
Їp܉ȱЈĸĴЇđڽoahΉŔ࣬ܽ^͙֙ƺᷨȷcxđƣЇđcKđą^e֮ҼYRxëɖ|˼RΑBЇYϷԵāԴMɌWJԛ]зЧP춙ԴĿcԴǁ죬ǁsͱߵͬϿơOxߣƤ (Pilon,1998) ؄e]Ї磺Ҽǌxġ齨xƶҼضĿˡˣҼЇɷ޹˾³̡ڶЇđY]P춹ʑėl]нoᅢcKͬ@ӰhҼĿ˵ָʾ@ͮaPЇĺϷԆ}ᣬйɇҺhMoģҺhMĉŔԡ졹 Rxëɖ|˼RΑBҪɡˣƤ (Pilon, 1998, p.355) QЇđ顸׷oҼVI
ĿǰЇ]зӰ\ӣЇΣC߀ң@ټЇľ޴ҎģҎtD܉ĉ̫СˣЇЈĸֻڹah[ҎtB\YFĶĸﱻhMļȵ־Ͳˡ
Ҏtƶߡٲߡߺͅc߶ǏͬhMԼƶȻ˵ćҙCx׷h棬ϧĸҙCx˽IMҪИIĿƺ͇ӊZ˽IfЇҼS˽IµИI@ЩИIyИI]ŘIF·աU̫IʯF桢lIИI@ʮИI֮⣬˽IƏ¶ʮИI܇죬O䡢[ (Huang, 1993, P88) ⣬HQסlͨW·漰SИIĽSCƶ˽ISɈDCKacl_ҵQכ_ͻ؄eأЙlSCCSCՈ\ИIмȵ档磬HQ׵SC⽛QClЇĺܶQ׹˾ߡlͨW·SCɓеطͨW·ĵطίTClȻlSCԭt׷CĉŔ档
 (Mueller, 1998) ӛdŲTć҉ŔlչؓӰ푣@NŔ@ИIҎtƶߡҪcߡҎtٲ߶ͬҼнMҙCxƶȻlչܵKЇ߀ҼǳĳIƶȣ˺ʡ⣬ț]й˾ɺⷣҲ]й˾Ԅӵӛ (é1999Pei, 1998) ߀ҽOߵĳI]YҪ@BͬƶȡסyИIć҉Ŕ࣬ṩS׷ҙCxЧƷƤ (Pilon, 1998) ָеļٹ˽ȻЇYĻ[Ҏt֧Ԯ
ӊZ˽I_ʼ1950ڵ\ӣ׵ (Bai,etal, 1999) J飬ڸĸ^mڡҼmڵԭǣȲęYRΑBՓУ˽IRΑBϵҕ׵ļCڸĸrӊZОҼNʽӊZͬӴεA춏ӸNMԏIݠYȡMܶĿ^롣Ҽ1988|ʡ˽IIоlF͸MҼȡ߿^I63%ʮNͬMMȥᣬؓߡ@ӵĶؓʹ˽IIͨ^[m׺ӱܶM⣬y档(Їb1989P107) ʮᣬҼ1998갲ʡ˽IIоfSaƷĿsǿ10%ͬrĶM^10%ӽoҼ˽IIM50N@ЩMҼЩNԼlėlҎtֹġ@оóYՓP]Iߣͨ^[mӶeoxrr^ඐMҪܺߣĸgr˜pպS綐ğoSZȻպS綐fձ顣ҼЩطrȡ61Nͬ͵M (1995) Ї 1990 _ʼģʽķɣڹaxđҎt£Щɣ 1994 ͨ^ġͬ1993ͨ^ġ؞؈С  (1998) ؄eᵽˡ˾͹axđҎtĲԣ (Mueller, 1998, P200) ؄eᵽИIć҉Ŕc֮gĲԣ½YՓfSʽɵģڹaxđҎt²\ļsЇĸĸֻp܉ǰM@NʽaLڴrܿܳ^HIؙAӼȵĶں̎҂ÎׂU@Ҽc 
Їrĸƶ
ҼЇrĸƶ (ҊYang, Wang, Wills, 1992; Sachs and Woo, 1999, P30; Wu, 1998) ЇrĸYwеʹÙ70ĩֽor  1980 , صĳ۱ȫֹ, M܏1984ѽSʹÙD׌(Yang, Wang, Wills 1992 P18) ֲf˿ڵ׃ص·䡣YϱrIĸڣrITɻͶصļͥа؟Ʈa˲ĿҼԵrIaߡҼεӋ1978rIĸʹˮСa֏19541977꼯wƵĝLڅ (w1950٣1958yĴSM_픷) wԣ ʹ1952-57gaLʣ 1982-91ˮСĮaˮƽ1952aˮƽƵֱϡ
1985ᣬrITLԭ򣺵Ҽԭr񌦌ʹÙĲ_ԣM1984QrаL15꣬˹h˹̹º (Prosterman, Hanstad and Li, 1996) Č{аlFطنT]؞@ߣSfԼwĴÿջشfأ·СKmͥҎģĸ׃YrMSСLڸM(ھС֧ŹϵyʩЙC)@ЩM߼ZʳaʹÙďVĲ_Խ˞ʲЇMsDƵ rЈϵĲS@L PҼоҊЇr񣬛]Йζ]м~sr󡷣19961215ա
ղɭ (Johnson, 1994) ָᘌ1985rILp٣ҼЩrذȫēģrĹŬ͌صͶY磬1990ˌFCеҎģءʩʺո@ӵr»ӣ¼wrIaͣڶҪԭǏ1994𣬼ZʳُͨW·ć҉Ŕ౻Ŕͨw ĴҎģM1993ڣқQͨ؛Ûĕr򡣼Zʳُ~ٴ룬27NraƷʩrƣǣosyͨ؛Ûĕr (198519891992) ļZʳُ֧ҼְחlF (Sachs and Woo,1999) @Ҳ˞ʲZʳaLpˡ
 1985 rIaLĵ1979 ЩYrIAOʩ (ȹ) ͶYĴp٣磬1994rIAOʩ挍ͶYˮƽֻ1979ˮƽ58%Ȼ@ڏVr^rIAOʩͶY½S_lYԴŬĽ͡@܉ЈPͬȱጡʹȱͶYr£rIAOʩҲ܉ͨ^Pغͬlչƶȼs£춵ؙĹ̺ͬУͬӣȱQ׵r£طͨ^صؔaN۶룬طlI綐M룬ԱֵطنTʿ⣬@ʹطنTĸCxƶȻ
 (Wu, 1998) ęnӛd@NЙp܉ƮaصЧ̘Iʹú֮găy_ͻغʡݵSطنTѴfе؄Ƀɲ֣o˽IõغͼͥĿڼZڃ£fĹنT@ˌ̘IõصĿƙKоȡ齻QUصI͘Iășࡣc͘I֮gĲe޴^ǵطنTļwصrY͵^̡Ȼ@N͵ȡ᲻Srh˰lȽֹ˃ƵČ򞣬@헽K˵طĹIS̘IC
֮ɹaxđӵƶȼsa˹ƽcЧ֮găyȱЈȡĸ°lչp܉ƶȻنTĸ͙CxО飬KˑD܉ĸϵKYang,Wang,andWills(1992) ӋrؿD׌̶ȁKӋ 
Й˽лĝ档˾挍롢̘I̶ (ڄӷֹˮƽ) 綨ʹaЧָ֮gPϵĽӋģͣ1987QױSԒЇr˾挍댢30%@ٴC_˹ͺĔԣMp܉£ЇrITҼஔ˲ĿİlչЧp܉Ʊȫ˽Йȡ1949ǰЇǘӣЇĽlչЧãǰrIͣǰl
ЇlI
p܉ƵĵڶЇlI (TVE) _˹ͺ (Sachs and Woo, 1999) TVEҼ~ЃɷNͨ÷@ɷN÷˻yӋеĹٷZЙӑՓеČWgZٷyӋlIxѽSrgƶUˡ1984ᣬlIyӋҲϻ͂ (Ҽ˻ͥò^7͹) ٷyӋZolIӡ|ω˽I 1994 87% lIǂеģеlIalIaČ 27% ͹IlIaČ19%YρԡlIb1992 (Li,1999) ӛˏV|ʡ혵lIͨ^D׃鹫عɹ˾԰l˽лҼӣYӍ1980ĩҼLڵ԰l˽л^ѽԓеĴlID׃ɷݹ˾1990ĩ˽I@ЈɫȻӊZҙCxⱡ
ȻPlIЙYĴWgӑՓʹҼMxĶxֻЩʽӛ (҂治挍ĵӛ) lкʹfеI@NMxĶx˞ʲZD֠ (Naughton and Walder, 1995 D Sachs and Woo, 1999) lIطСᵽPlIЙYķY҂ԳlI鹫I@MxxlI׺]Єԣ@ӵĵطwеI19oĩSңձЇԇ^ڱoI˽˙đ£r@ӵIͼwеIиlIȫӋ\зǳӲAs(׺ղʡćAaNֻĵطYõஔٵҼcaN
oɆطѽlIطAҼҪĝځԴ (Oi, 1992) 1980ڣMպͬcʡ̶딵~ҼNؔͬƶȣ@Nؔͬű𼉏ֱlҼYطʹпܵķʽSԽ^ɽ羀ķʽ Ƅr幤Ilչ ͬraA (Zweig, 1991)
ҼЩWҰlIںЈcЙҼҪҸ߶ȳɹƶȄ£෴ҼЩWҰlIͨ˽Йĵ·ҼӸĸ﷽ǰߏ{lIЇl_lµضaߏ{ЇFڲƄlI˽лRصƶ`͆} (Sachs and Woo, 1999)
wr幤IIĸʮĸg춨ģrٷď{͇ҷƶȵır幫Urӡ1979깫ƶ_ʼ߽r@ЩIОlI춌r;͘I͵طlչēnˌlIҎtĲŌ 1984ʳͱOlIėlڸزeܴlINҪͣҼNͱQKģʽKϵУoaKݺͳݡKʡط֌lIʩεĿ (磬cͶYQƹYͬlI֮gĄ) Kͨ^܄kĺI˽IĔolI
lIĵڶNͱQ㽭ģʽ㽭ʡĵطmȻSlIҪɖ|lIfMȾlƽƌlIaּtĎA㽭lIUI֮ͬ̎Ĺ߿ܱطنT
NlIʽǂblI˽I@Nr£IYҼ˻ҼСFw˱SӛlIIطָM@ҼNҼطQtñӵĲĂbw挍ЙҪԭǸ͵Ķʣ׵ʳʽIҎģͽIĸƣԼڸĸߵ\ܷDҵαoͨJtñ˽IĔѵӛ˽IࡣҼ1993{lFںӱʡҼh1000˽Iٷ8 (IӓuowЇՈ1995331) 
ֱ1990KģʽJlIʽŗlcyxRΑBӽȻyćIҼӣKģʽlIҲؔyY1992ļȣoaKݺͳͨ^̶򸂃rN۵ķʽҼЩС͇л򹫹IĽIDƵ˽ˌIY2999꽭KنTҲJKģʽҼʧ
lIӻЙͿƙԼ׃|ģr£ͬߏ{lIͬĻ磬Jڕrg͵ϵĘO磬 (Nee,1996) lI˽˲T֮gĲҎYISwеYaIҎ˽л֠ (Walder,1995) lIЙҼNʽcͳЇвT]вe (Peng,1992) {lIİ˽|ĽIW (Oi1995) ͻ{ԇҞĵ^clIɿhl悡f֌ӹҼ޴Ķӹ˾Ҽaλ1990SӵČIӛlIƵĜppSطFlIͼtñ˽IĬF󣬌TZģǲ䷱
ڸĸrlIƶuëISݺӄݡIĵֲKЧĳлYԴļgMĴ͇I·䵽gĵطIЇʽp܉xg`lIͼgMĽćI档Їĳл̶h˾Yx (Σ1997P275) 
@Np܉ƱڼgЧʺ͵λЧʵcXЧʵ֮găyˣlI˲ĿLҲĴrIƶ£SlIܱλ춳еģȳǅ^Ĵ͇IиĴ˽IIġˣ@^clIǳߵLҲSзЧʵҼ档ė(Alwyn Young,1999) ṩlIPą^֙aĽClIеطĿµIϵyȫҊȱݣȻҎtƶߡٲߺͅcͬҼطa˲ƽ[ҎtƶȻˇҙCx͸ˣ[Ҏt͸šlIlչؓЧ]ܵҕͬrSЇҌcȫµKʽIƶȵăݽo˘OP]lIȸ߼eеćIӲAs (Wu, 1998) ɫČClIԵЙĸ﷽͑ƶȣaҼǳصЇʽ⽨ƶȣ@Nƶ£طنTĵطIݠ࣬˾̷͈࣬صĿƙ࣬hMYĹλIęIYęԼlIĿƙǲɷָģoW޵ķ⽨ƶȡfӱ˷⽨ƶȵ (, 1997) fhίӛҼ\χ҆TзͥǴLhίӛ@ȫlIĶLطЌH˾ࡣSýwҲطنTlIӊZҼߣʹYlIKГ@LUͶYȫLUȻLUͶY뱻نTӊZ (Σ1997) 
Їʽ⽨ƶ£˂ОвͬĲͬFطhMنTҼȹȫؙԠe˞rĲȡȵ棬ȹЮؑڵĴlIҵùKЙõҼִfȹlIKĹܵõzN@ҼN⽨ƶȣҼ˵ͽλελ͑rQ͑QЇʽĹax⽨ƶȣBͬƶȺͳеćзخaƶɵĵ̈́ڄԣ˞ʲطкͼwIЇrd¡KYxеYxIǘӾиYxYɣ܉ɽׄڄӡYغؔa⽨ƶȺ͵̈́ڄԱ^ɆThסͬҼطͬҼطԵ^ĹͬஔġˣɵЈƶ¸мlI
@Nͷ⽨ƶȲH˹ߺI֮gƥ䣬IĵģʽYԴãK˳лҲa˿
ՇH˜ʣlIЙYOڴr幤IĖ|ңӡ̩СIЙ˽˵ģҼͥȲ෴lIЙٸٷyӋfǼwġҼЩWՓCwЙ෴ӳЇĻģʽȻ@NĻfѱ|ɣ_rС˽Iռ^|С͵A˽IʢСPСIκЇĻɫ˽ˡͥеIǼwеIWfwЙrIIYKͨ^s̱OxpίҼ톖}ҼNЧʽ (Qi, 1995, Walder, 1995)@ЩɰlIЙYጞmЇaҪЈЈʧҼZD (Naughton,1994) JD܉ڣykС~JՈuLUlܲЇطЙҼٽPIɫطܸõuĿkILUK򂀄elIJēߡ
ҼЩWlIĳɹጞ鷴˽ЙСIȻЙʽҼ㿴Ĵ_CKՓCfQЧʵĲЙǮaƷҪЈĸ (Nolan1993) 
_˹ͺ (Sachs and Woo,1999) @NlIЙʽČxጣ{ćڽٽеăݣ֑ɑBȣ19601995gʹ_СIyϵyҕԱFMLʽڙC԰lFӭҪ (Shea and Yang,1994)1979_ʼɻrЈ (ط̕r) ½ƶȄµҲ㽭ʡҊ (Liu,1992) f˽˲TY95%ɵ˽˽ڽM_IłXfṩط˽yЌlչشؕIȻѭֹ˽yИIҎP]Sط˽yС (Lardy,1998a,PP53-57) 
ҼmlIЙYҼՓ춃ɂҪ]Ҽֱ˽ЙSطƺҕЙ1978걻o著o˽Й࣬ЇJ鲻ͬ춂Й࣬1987űo著oIӛ˽Rҕ (ӛ) r幤IļwЙᘌҕҼNұoߡ(Zhang1993) áǼwlIQ^ⷡw˽IfHcطPз () rஔļwlIǼwlIҕطFǼwlIҕIȡyJ@ȡaأԭϺԴķ䣬fQg}̈́ϠIIȵȡCڶպ䷽棬ǼwlIR^ĸLUطȌwlIS،ǼwlI
֮ҼЩЇҴ_JЈʧ˽ЈеğoЧ(ⲿԺ͹ؔ)ɵģ@Щ^ЈʧHɇҏӵRΑBsɵġ؄eأyָʾṩolI˽IJKlIڵظЧطyJطǱõLUuߡ
ձͬlIȇI挦Ј (ӲAs) _˹ͺ (Sachs and Woo,1999) ָNlI͵ăɷNKͺ㽭ͣڱ|ஔ춼tñ˽IطنT˽˼lIڿhl悺ʹfنT;нˮܴIЧͰlչֱӰ (Oi1995) 鮔ؾ͹˶]ͨ^ϷʽȥʹЙķ֮lIɵطنTʽ˽лѽpίҼ톖}KlIȇIЧʡ@N˽мf˞ʲ (Peng,1992) lFr幫Ir˽IĹYQ^Ҽӡ
@Nʽ˽лĽиֻеطنTļw邀ӊZYaŬrlI^mЧʲпܡ҂1980ĽKɽ|wPIǌ@Щ؅^˽Ićҕ@Щ؅^ȱ[ӊZYaĽgĽYˆ΂نTӊZOlIļ]Ќ˽ЮaďҷҕӊZYaSذlͨ^쵽ķʽ˽лğoЧʌ׃øձ顣 @^c_ԒQԵӰǣ˽ITPҎģ̈́ڄӵLKطنTӊZYaļwĻA (ͨ^ӊZYaṩȫ[ص) ĶplIĿЧ
1992ᣬ198991ľosɵrʧIr˽ˮaҕMҼpSlIժļtñӡЇ~Јĕr˽IIXеӛtñӻwIıҪ˽I͹T֮gݴĲeѽsСҼ}wTFڱʾf]Ď˽IIܰlչ@Щ˾^ߡhMͨҪx项ĸ~aҪ@Щ˾cIρK (˽IIЄժtñӡЇՈ󡷣1994104) 
ЇćIĸ̓rɻ
p܉ƵĵЇćIĸ̓rɻ(Sachs and Woo,1999P17)1983꣬ҼϵćIаѽFҼIcܲTӆҼͬҎÿϽҵ (Bͬ) ĔҼŽoIؔӯļȻIȻܛAs֧䣬ؔսYѾͱ֧ͬҎ؟Ρߺ͹˺\Ԫ͸NNʽQʳYaYҰlFؔռGDPı½ñAӋöࡣ
1983꣬_ʼ붐аƣȻ@N붐ƶǶģHؔռGDP½҇IԇDcͶ՗lӑr߀rKQГ؟εrĹ1986꣬IDUĳаƣ@Nƶ£S߽wIЃrֵYaDƵYЉĂںͬćISаҲ܈ĺͬ (ҊI19957ڣP45) @K@aཛW,]ˌIʣԒ]мҵõĳа߁KЧ؈кͬ19941£аٴα붐档S (Yang and Ng, 1995 ҲҊSachs and Yang, 2001, 8) J飬IҷյֱӶrɱߵßoܣҼI˽ʣҪǌIҷgӶrĸˣI˽лǳɹĸĸЇIĸĽǷC@Ҽcه춽C_˹ͺ (Sachs and Woo,1999,PP1928) ?fIaʿЧȻҼ߶ȠՓĆ}ҼЩо߿ߣҼЩ]пȻuՓ@ЩՓǰֵӛסɂҪҼ^c (1) IaߣеԒҲ춷ǇIaߡ (2) ȫҪa (TFP) ߣеԒҲcIؔձFͬrlף (Bai,LiandWang,DSachs and Woo,1999) ЇTFP ߣеԒҲӽ@ǞʲЇ^mчIĸ￴ҼʧԭҼЩЇIa]N·ĮaƷaЧʡ^؛Y֧Ԯ@ҼՓ198093gЇĴ؛ͶYƽGDP7%ȶOECD (ϽM) ƽ23%ֻҼЩ|W1990ǰߵĴ؛ͶYʡ@ߵĴ؛ˮƽஔĮaƷ]Ј؄eأЇuĴ؛ҲIĮaˣ춮aYϵTFPĹӋ@߹ (Lardy,1998,P206) ҲļCuĴ؛Ķѷeɽ͇IӵĉĎ֮gP
ЇIĹҪgֻ󻯇Iķ֮ҼЇҼЩI߶ԣrgcŸPϵcaЧȣҲSؔϸÁֱ1990͇IԵЃra~յaNͶƷaaNͶƷĔߵԒ@N~ƶȌoIaߵ (Li,1997) ӋҼڶ~a֮ЈćI19861988gյЈ2.7𡣹xӑr߀rhhЈɈDӋҲSޣIĶՅfhյ𡣴殔r_ʼЧ55%ķʣI֧33%붐ʵTஔձ顣
W҂IĘOؔձFKoh1980Iķř׌ĸᣬI̝pӣ199091gԇDջҼЩƽoIěQߙr@Nr1992꣬˱K\Сƽ̖ټӿ콛ĸᣬ֙ŬڵطIĎ^¼ӿˣ벻ؽYǸߵĽLSćI̝p1992ꮔaL13%s2/3ćII̝p@ЩI̝pܚw춃rƣ1992rֻwIҼС֣ĴᣬI̝p^mӿ죬1996ҼȣIT1949A񹲺͇ԁ״λt^34|Ԫă̝p(ӛ䛵ćвT̝pA󡷣1996629)ҼЩWҏ{ߺ͹ˌI԰lǇIձ½ҪԭSӋĽKYؔ՛Qߙ·ŽoIIPIYӍҪԴɇIԼύĈ棬ڳmܛAsėl£ұOĽζIĹߎ׺]мƹYćIֵڃӹ˵ĸQġ İчIʧw춷֙ĸ1986ЇwƸĸоҼ݈棬@ָ݈ˇIFͨ^Nӛֶ΁^M^ͶYڅݡʹIЧM@ӏ-TҼwćҙCxˇIЧMԿ܁KǺ¡ЇҌW˽@cJcFҎtҲhֱӏ IԻӡĈ߱회I⽻oСҼЩWQIPµķǇIиpĆT׺]BϽ֧Nؓˣ˽˲TҎģ춇вTӕrIؔՠr⡣ (Lardy,1998,pp.53-57) ӛd@a;͘Iˮƽ͘IYͨأIҼֱڔUMĮa½ؔՠrɉŔćywṰJMˇIIͶҲmӡʾ^ȥĶʮ꣬MӵĸͳmЈɻIؔՠrѽIؓYaı1995ƽ85%@ҲSC (Lardy,1998p.119) ķЇĂҪyҼwăֵؓo僔@ڵĽΣCҪɇIؔՠrɵġָăʺ͇Ұl؛řYѽṩoÁ핺rwٹ̵ĽYԆ}ĽYԴc׵ (Bai,et.al,1999) ෴@^cЇɮ߃ʵĴƣǝڽΣCҼԴЇlչҼNƄҼ܉o˽ؔaֹӊZҼҲoϴXc֮ϵĸƶȻćҙCxS˽вTİlչЇ綐Ѹٜp˰׵ (Bai,etal,1999) cʵĿYϵƣg
綐ҼNЧʽ@ҼήaЧʺ͌ɵĲ֮găy_ͻi (1997,PP71-240) ӛdЈIĸ̓rĸp܉ɵĴҎģҎģĸձ鵽ʹº͙CxÿҼ䡣҂|^SЇJ飬@NҎģĸɵĲM΄Ӂyp܉@صĝK]еõЇĽW҂đ]⡣1995𣬈@ʾС͇IȫѽȫЇl֪ɽ|ʡTС1992T_ʼ˽лIrćI2/3̝p߄֧ƽ⡣Tǲ90%ĿhهIѽ˽лID׃ɷݺ˾ļٷӳIӵĿͨ^ƱЈϹ_CȯԼc˾Yľֲ˽лǳаƵҼMȻȱʽ˽лr£IĹ˾ɴҎģ
iЇɷN͵԰l˽лӛdfp܉ƺ͸֮gPϵ (1997,pp.101-138) ӛd198793gЇIͨ^ɷݻľֲ˽лҎtƶߡٲߺͅc߶ͬҼ˵[Ҏt£@N԰l˽лaҎģĸ@NȲ˿^еĵҼNʽֱӰчкϹɹ˾ĹɷݷoЩг͹@Щ˾ʙنTЙءyJҪYԴنT (,p.55) ڵڶNʽ£ۻ⽨˽˹˾ҺϹɹ˾ĺ߻ӹ˾Ȼͨ^ɂIgĸN (̓ru߃rIM) YaDƵǰ (He,P60,P69) ڵNʽ£@ӵĺϹɹ˾Y˽˹ɖ|Iͨ^NЙؽMӋoذĹɷDƽoǰߡ (,pp.57-60) ڵķNʽ£I˾ĺYIе͹YaărֵȻ˽µõYߵĈꡣKS˽˺Ϲɹ˾@ga@Щ˾֧߱ǳߵVTʹԵӛK\D (õغԭԼٷʺSԱ]պ˽I) ЇЙنT˽IOo˽I֮^Ҫlϣ(1996)ӛd˺ܶ˽˹˾İf1992ǰ˽˹˾ܵĘOҕʹ򉺣εĲʹ˽˹˾ILUӴ󡣶1992ᣬ˽IlչƶȭhMj(2000)ṩ˱㽭ԭʼYxlչFYxֹлlչĘOð
κЇW߈ԳfIͨ^ɷݻľֲ˽лҼʧɷݻćй˾ĿЧ]иM1994Їġ˾ͨ^ᣬЇġ˾ͬͬԭt@Щɷݻćй˾Y]؞ءеĹɷиͶƱ࣬Ȳ˽׺͸ǳձ飬ں (1997) ӛdУ@Nҿƹ˾԰l˽лS漰Yӡ (DSachs, Woo, and Yang, 2000) ,ЇćH֧ƽ'e`z©'µľ޴λӳ˴ҎģYӡ@1994199519961997քe98|178|156|169|Ԫ
 (1997,pp.71-100) ҲӛdصćЙʹÙཻ׵p܉£ʹÙ԰l˽лSӣ@ҼҎģ^̣@^YȡIuʙنTXuʙnُIصX󲿷ցԇyСˣ198894ҎģЇȦ\УSJćyйنT˾븯ҼΣp܉Ҽ愓ʹÙЈҼƶȻ˸͇ҙCx
1995꣬H͸ȡMе41Ҹس̶Ї̶ڶ(Sachs and Woo,1999)^m͇YaĞEÌMҼ͹Fƶȵ֧֡p܉ƵؓЧҲS^ͨ^HIȵӸĸ֧ߵЧ@N˾ģʽ׃˃Ȳ˸`ȡYaҼߡ
⣬p܉ƮacoЧYϵķǳƽȵ䡣ɑƶȻČrҕ˳l֮gЧʵĲƽ䡣o貿غ؅^QؙƶȻˌꑵ؅^ҕغ̓ꑵ؅^֮gЧʵĲƽ䡣ɺ_˹ּ{ (Jian, Sachs and Warner, 1996) ӛdغ̓ʡ^ԼҼӵĻϵHЈĹK˄ڄӷֹMҮaˌձďҲM@ѽS࿹hK܌´ҎģЇĻϵ19780.219940.433 (,1997,P25) Jٷ1994Ļϵ鸻[mĲ͹˲ƽȡԮҼϵǹٷĹӋ19950.59Їp܉ƁK]ṩطƶԇ򞲻ṩĶYӍ
ǡٴC˳ɹĽlչHҪЈ߀Ҫͷ΁ւ˙KṩЧƺ⡣mĵʄtОҎԼƈhΉŔǑγɵĸ2000꣬ЇI_ʼJRƶȵĸĸǽQƶȻ؝@PIWTOՄҲʹЇƶOӋȫɈhŔ࣬Їcƽӑr߀r^̛QЇĽڰʮ;ʮLMչ񷨣̷˾ƶȵȷ涼u֏͵ʮˮƽ؄eƶ෨lչشxСPʿ(1992)@Щ׃Чʺ˾Ӱ푡ЇWTOՄ^ʹЇJ濼]Mģ漆ԭt[ҎtųZWTOҎtҪҕ˾ٲã[Ҏt͸ƽšWTOɆTҪЇƶF@ЩҎtľwճ̱Uֹhļt^ļԽɵĵλľwڣUֹ˽˽IИIľwڡЇ^ʮַ]̫խ̫ʣ]гqՓa^Ҳ]Б˾(ͨmʽɸ淨ɣVʹɱ`)ʹ˾̷òďVJ֧ͬ֡